Module 1

Class 6

Measurement of length and Motion

Prepared by :
Jyoti Gonsalves TGT
(Chem/Bio)
A.E.C.S, KAIGA
 How do people know how far they have My
travelled? height is
100 cm.
This is done by a term called Measurement.
Measurement means the comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity

The known fixed quantity is called as

unit
The result of the measurement is expressed in two parts.
One part is a number. The other part is the unit of the
measurement.
The length of the pencil is 13 cm

13cm

The number 13
forms one part cm is the unit
(unknown (fixed quantity)
quantity)
 Arbitrary Units of Measurement
• In ancient times, people used arbitrary units of
measurement.

• Handspan, foot span, finger-length, cubit, arm length are some of the
examples.
 Early Units of Measurement

Early units of measurement

included are:

• The length of a foot

• The distance of a step

• The width of a hand

Non-Standard units
Non-Standard units: Non-Standard units of measurement are units
that give different measure when used by anyone. e.g. Hand Span,
Cubit, Foot and Yard.
• Hand span • Cubit
A hand span is the distance measured The cubit is the measure from
by a human hand, from the tip of the your elbow to the tip of your
thumb to the tip of the little finger. middle finger when your armis
extended.
Measurement of width using Non standard unit
Disadvantages of arbitrary
units of Measurement
• Arbitrary units are made up of lengths of
different body parts.
• Vary from one person to another.
• Create lot of confusion.
• No uniformity

Therefore some standard units of measurements are needed

that do not change from time to time.
 Standard units of measurements

In 1790, the French created a standard unit of

measurement called the metric system.

For the sake of uniformity, scientists all over the world have
accepted a set of standard units of measurement known as the
International System of Units (SI units)
 Standard units
Standard units: Standard units of measurement are units that give same
measure when used by anyone. e.g. CGS, MKS or SI and FPS units of
measurement.
 Units of Time

Units of Time
1 min 60 sec 1 week 7 days

1h 60 min 1 year 365 days

1 day 24 h 1 decade 10 years

 Different units of measurement

Each meter (m) is divided into

The SI unit of length is a 100 parts called centimetres
Meter (m) (cm)

For measuring large

Each centimetre has 10 distances we use a larger
parts called millimetres (mm) unit of length called
kilometre (km)
Rules for writing symbols of units

• Symbols for units are usually written in small letters.

• Symbols are not written in plural form.

• Symbols should not be followed by a full stop unless they are

at the end of the sentence.
For example:
Kilogram is kg, Metre is m, Centimetre is cm, Kilometre is km
Instruments used for measuring length
In taking measurement of a length, we need to take care of the
following:

• Place the scale in contact with the object along its length.
• Take the reading from the zero mark of the scale.
• In some scales, the ends may be broken. You may not be able to
see the zero mark clearly.
• In such cases you should avoid taking measurement from the zero
mark of the scale.
• You can use any other full mark of the scale. Then you must subtract
the reading of this mark from the reading at the other end.
 For example:
• The reading at one end is 1.0 cm and at the other end it is 17.5 cm.
• Therefore the length of the table is:
(17.5-1.0) cm = 16.5 cm
• The correct position of the eye is important for measurement.
• Your eye must be exactly above the point where the measurement is to
be taken as shown below. Position ‘A’ is the correct position of the eye.
From positions ‘B’ and ‘C’, the readings may be different.
 Estimation
Estimation: To round off a measured value is called Estimation.
Rules: If the digit to be dropped is-
( Estimate the following measured values up to second decimal.)
a) more than 5 then the preceding digit is raised by 1
eg - 67.866 ans- 67.87
(b) less than five then the preceding digit remains as it is.
eg - 67.843 ans- 67.84
(c) equal to 5 then the preceding digit is raised by 1 if it is odd.
eg- 67.835 ans - 67.84
(d)equal to 5 then the preceding digit remains as it is if it is even.
eg - 67.825 ans- 67.82
 Accuracy
Accuracy: Accuracy is the measure as how close a measured value to an expected
(Theoretical) value.
Note: Rounding Off numbers will decrease Accuracy.
Measurement of Length: Length is the distance from one end of an object to the other or
from the beginning to the end of the object.
Using a Ruler Correctly:
The value of the smallest division marked on the Ruler has to be counted.
The Ruler should be placed along the length of the object, with the edge of the object at 0
cm.
If the edge of the ruler is worn out, we should place the object at the next clear marking on
the ruler.
While taking measurement, we should directly look above the point where we wish to take
measurement to minimize parallax errors.
 Parallax Error
A parallax error refers to an error that occurs due to the wrong position of eyes
while taking a reading on measuring scale.
 Measuring the Length of a Curved Line:
Measuring the Length of a Curved Line:
Procedure:
1. Let us take a long piece of string and make a knot at one end.
2. Let us place this knot at the starting point of the line.
3. Let us place the string along the curve of the line till the entire length
has been covered.
4. Let us use Ink to mark on the thread where the line ends.
5. Let us place the stretched thread along the length of a ruler.
6. The distance between the knot and the mark made with Ink is the
length of the Curved Line.
 Questions?
1. What instruments are used to take measurements?
2. What do you mean by Measurements?
3. Define the terms (i) Hand span (ii) Cubit (iii) Foot
4. What is the disadvantage of non-standard units?
5. What is Standard units of Measurements?
6. What do you mean by SI System of Measurements?
7. What are the SI Unit of Mass, Length, Time and Temperature?
 Questions
1. What is the full form of MKS System?
2. What is Estimation?
3. What is Accuracy?
4. What do you mean by Length?
 Questions and Answers
1. In what unit do we measure Rice?
2. In what unit do we measure Mustard Oil?
3. What is the need of Measurement?
4. If we use Hand Span as a standard unit of measurement what
difficulties would we experience?
5. Why should we use standard units of measurement?
6. What are the possible errors that one might make while measuring
the length of a metal of a metal bar with the help of a metre rod?
 Questions

1. Define standard units of measurement.

2. Why do we need to estimate the measured values?
3. How to measure length using a Ruler?
4. What is the relation between Estimation and Accuracy?
5. How can we use a ruler to take correct measurement?
 Questions

1. Explain how do we measure the length of a Curved line?

2. Write a short note on the history of Transport.
3. What is Accuracy?
4. Name a measuring device used to measure length.
5. How do you measure the length of a Curved Line?
6. How did our ancestors move from one place to another?
 Motion and Stationary
Motion: If an object changes its position with respect time then the object
is said to be in motion.
Stationary: If an object does not change its position with respect to time
then the object is said to be Stationary.
1. What is Transport?
2. Name three mediums of Transport.
3. What is the Movement required?
4. Do we always move in a fixed pattern?
5. What is motion? What do you mean by stationary?
6. Name three types of motions which are path dependent.
Types of Motion:
Translatory Motion: Motion in which all points of a moving body move
uniformly in the same direction e.g. A ship sailing in the sea, an arrow
moving towards a target. It can occur in any direction.
Rectilinear Motion: If an object moves along a straight path then it is
called Rectilinear motion or Straight line motion. e.g. A car travelling
on a straight road.
 Types of Motion
Curvilinear Motion: If an object moves along a curve then it
is known as Curvilinear motion. e.g. a car travelling around
a corner.

Circular Motion: If an object moves along a circular path

then it is known as Circular Motion. e.g. A merry go round

Random Motion: If the motion of an object cannot be

predicted beforehand then the motion of the object is known
as Random motion. e.g. Motion of a free electron inside a
metal piece, Motion of a butterfly moving from one flower to
another flower.
Types of Motion:
Oscillatory Motion: When an object moves from side to side about a fixed
position then the motion of the object is called oscillatory motion. OR If
the motion of the object is repetitive in nature then the motion is termed
as Oscillatory motion. e.g. motion of a Pendulum
Periodic Motion: If an object is repeating its motion after a fixed interval
of time then the motion is termed as Periodic motion. e.g. Motion of Earth
around the Sun.
 Types of Motion
Non-Periodic Motion: If an object is repeating its motion but not after a
fixed interval of time then the motion is termed as Non- Periodic motion.
e.g. A child playing on a swing.
Rotational Motion: If an object rotates about a fixed axis then the motion
of the object is termed as Rotational motion. e.g. A spinning top.
Multiple types motion: If different parts of an object executes different
types of motion at the same time then the object is said to execute multiple
types of motion. e.g. A ball rolling along a ground. Rolling motion of the
ball executes rotational motion and the linear distances covered while
rolling executes translatory motion.
 Questions
1. What is Motion?
2. What is Translatory Motion?
3. Name the type of motion executed by a Pendulum.
4. Can different parts of a body simultaneously execute different types of
motion?
5. A periodic motion may not be Oscillatory but an Oscillatory motion is
always Periodic. Comment.
6. Give an example where different parts of an object simultaneously
execute different types of motion.
A. Multiple Choice questions

1. Which of the following is not a standard unit of length?

(a) Kilometer (b) Foot (c) Centimeter (d) Millimeter
2. Which of the following is not a unit of temperature?
(a) Kelvin (b) Degree North (c) Degree Celsius
(d) Degree Fahrenheit
3. A piece of ribbon is 125 cm long. Its length cannot be expressed as ---------------.
(a) 1.25m (b) 1250mm (c) 12.5km (d) 1m 25cm
4. What kind of motion does the minute hand of a clock show?
(a) Rectilinear Motion (b) Periodic Motion (c) Non-Periodic Motion
(d) Random motion
 Questions
5. Jay is travelling in a bus on the highway. He observes things around him. Which of
the following will appear to be stationary?
(a) the trees along the road (b) birds sitting on electricity wires
(c) the milestones along the way (d) the passengers sitting beside him
6. Pick out the example that shows Vibratory motion
(a) the movement of food down the food pipe (b) the blinking of the eyelids
(c) the movement of a sleeping person (d) the movement of blood through the body
7. What are the two main kinds of motion seen in a helicopter flying straight?
(a) Vibratory and rotational (b) Rotational and Translatory
(c) Random and vibratory (d) Circular and Curvilinear
 B. Very Short answer Questions

Write the appropriate unit for the following.

(i) the length of a book- Cm (ii) the length of your thumb- Mm,
(iii) the thickness of a button -mm (iv) the width of a door- CM
(v)The distance between cities- Km (vi) the thickness of a book – Cm,Mm
Fill in the blanks.
(i) CGS unit of length is --cm---------.
(ii)MKS unit of mass is ----kg----------.
(iii)100 mm is equal to ---0.1------- m.
(iv)If an object does not move with respect to time, then the object is said to be --Stationary-----------.
(v)All Oscillatory motions are Periodic , but all Periodic motions may not be ---Oscillatory--------------.
Pick the odd one out in each case.
(i) Millimeter, Meter, Kilometer, Gram
(ii) Centimeter, Gram, Second, Kilogram
(iii) CGS, MKS, FPS, RSS
Say whether the following statements are true or false?
(i) There are three standard systems of unit of measurement. – True- CGS, MKS (SI)FPS
(ii) All Periodic motions are Oscillatory, but all Oscillatory motions may not be Periodic. Flase
(iii) Random motion can occur at a fixed interval of time. False
(iv) Change in the position of an object with respect to time is known as Motion. True
(v) Hand span, Cubit, Foot etc. are examples of non-standard units of measurement. True
Give the definitions of the following:
(i) Stationary Object (ii) Motion (iii) Measurement
(iv) Standard Units (v) Rotational Motion (vi) Non-Standard units
(vii) Translatory Motion (viii) Rectilinear Motion (ix) Curvilinear Motion
(x) Circular Motion (xi) Oscillatory Motion (xii) Random motion
(xiii) Periodic Motion (xiv) Non- Periodic Motion
Two marks questions
1. Why is measurement important?
2. Name the SI units for Length, Mass, Time and Temperature.
3. What is Rectilinear Motion? Give an example.
4. Identify two types of motion exhibited by a swinging pendulum.
5. Give the definition of (i) Oscillatory Motion (ii) Periodic Motion
6. What is random Motion? Give an example.
7. Define a Cubit.
8. What is one Hand Span?
9. Define one Foot.
10. Give the definition of (i) Rotational motion (ii) Random Motion
Three marks questions
1. Why should we use standard units of measurement?
2. Describe CGS unit of standard unit of Measurement.
3. Describe MKS unit of standard unit of Measurement.
4. All Oscillatory motions are Periodic, but all Periodic motions may not be Oscillatory. Justify
5. Motion is a relative term. Explain this with an example.
6. If the edge of a ruler is worn out, how do you use it to take a correct measurement?
7. What are Parallax Errors?
8. Differentiate between Standard unit of measurement and Non Standard unit of measurement.
9. What are Parallax Errors?
10. Why is measurement important? Name the SI units for Mass and Temperature.
 Five marks questions
1. What is Measurement? Why is measurement important? Why should we use standard units of
measurement?
2. Give the definition of Motion. Motion is a relative term, explain this with an example. Compare
Translatory motion and Rotational motion.
3. What are the possible errors that one might make while measuring the length of a metal bar with
the help of a meter rod?
4. Why should we use standard units of measurement? Describe MKS unit of standard unit of
Measurement.
5. Motion is a relative term, explain this with an example. Describe CGS unit of standard unit of
Measurement.
6. Describe how do you measure the thickness of a page of you science textbook?
7. Describe how do you measure the length of a Curved line?
8. What is an Error? What are Parallax Errors? How do you minimize Parallax Errors?
9. Describe (i) Hand Span (ii) Cubit (iii) Foot.