MTH 101 SEQUENCE AND SERIES Dr. Abimbola Abolarinwa Department of mathematics University of Lagos 2024/2025 Academic SessionAim and Objectives At the end of this chapter students should be able to: * Define and identify sequence and series. + Form and find general terms of a sequence and a series. * Define arithmetic and geometric progressions (A.P. & G.P). * Derive the formula for the nth terms, sum of the first n-terms of arithmetic and geometric series. + Find the nth terms, sum of the first n-terms of arithmetic and geometric series. * Solve problems involving A.P. and G.P.4.1 Sequence Start up Questions: * What is a sequence? * How do | understand a rule for a sequence? * How do | find its terms? * Can | sum up the terms in a sequence? e.t.c. 2Sequence cont’d Consider the following set of numbers a) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9,10 b) 1,3,5,7, e) 1,4,9,16,.. d) -1,4,-1,1 e) 2,5,9,14,20,27,... f) 4,2/3, %, 4/5,... 8) 2/3, 4/9, 8/27, 16/8. Exercise: e * Which of these are finite sets of numbers? * Write down the next three terms in each of the sequence. * Add the terms of each of the sequence.Sequence cont’d Note: * Each set is written down ip a definite order and the terms are obtained by a simple rule. * Each set is an example of a sequence, element of each set are terms of the sequence. * Sequence (a) and (g) above are examples of finite sequence, since they have finite number of terms * Sequence (b) to (f) are example of infinite sequence. + If the terms of a sequence are considered as a sum, then it is called a SERIES. * Similarly, there are finite series and infinite series.Sequence cont’d Mathematical notation of a sequence and series Sequence finite sequence {a,,}",_, ,infinite sequence {a;,}*,_, Series finite series Yj'_, ay, infinite series 7, ay The nth term The nth term will be denoted by T,,bo Sequence cont'd { a} Mathematical notation of a sequence and series kel Sequence finite sequence {a,}",_, infinite sequence {a;.}",_, — Series “ finite series }\_, a,. infinite series So, a, Z A. =/ The nth term The nth term will be denoted by 7, Te4.2 Series Here we will evaluate a summation and write a series as a summation. * Series # * Sum of a sequence * Sequence +2468 * Series 12444648 isindex 1 = lower limit n= upper limit,Series cont’d * Find each sum Bhatti 1) Le =549413 Dye ese Zes ees) = 10+29+ 66427 = 232Series cont'd * Shortctit formulas 14141414 1424344405) 1easosiee ay ea MAT NGnty =e -netnent) t=14.2 Series * Summation Notation Here we will evaluate a summation + (Sigma Notation) and write a series as a summation. * Series + Sum of a sequence Ya eae hea oh * Sequence + 24,68 * Series + 2444648Series cont’d . fvaluate Solution >. Gi? -5) SaFa ef fal ‘n(n + 1)(2n +1) ‘n(ne + 1) neste pee a = + te + th aes 2) =90Exercise 44 1. Write down the first five terms of of the following sequence. Find their 50" terms (a). 2,4,. spate: (b). 1,3,...(2n-4),... e. T= mt 44 (d). Th = ant. ee the rule for the n” term. {a).1,5,9,13,17,... (2). 2, -9, 28, -65, 3. Givena, = (=F). Find ay,@3,as. 4, Find the first 4 terms and they 23" term of the sequence whose general term is given by a,, = (—1)” 5. Find a possible general term for the follawing sequences: (a) 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, .. (b) 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000,.... {e) 3,2,3, B79"* ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ‘OR SEQUENCE (A.P.) sabesArithmetic Sequence (or Progression)- A. P. Here we will: * Write the explicit rule for an arithmetic sequence. * Write the recursive rule for an arithmetic sequence. * Evaluate the sum for an arithmetic series.Arithmetic Sequence (or Progression)- A. P. Definition: * An Arithmetic progression (AP) or sequence is the one in which each term of the sequence is obtained from the preceding term bf adding a specific number, called the common difference (d). * Thus if ap and aq, are two consecutive terms of an AP with the common difference d, then @ni1 =a, +d for any integer n = 1. * For each of the following arithmetic sequences, identify the first term a, and the common difference d (i) 4,9, 14, 19, 24, .. (ii) -7, -2, 3, 8, 13, ... (iil) 6, 4, 2,0,-2,...The nth term of an A.P. The nth tggm {ay} of an arithmetic sequence is given by ay = a, F (n= 1)d,for any integer n 21, where ay is the first term of the sequence, n is the number of terms and. d is the common difference between the terms. Find the rule for the n® term for 3, 7, 11. 15, 19, .. * Rule for the n term *a,=dnt+c + Where c = a, —d "a, =a,+(n-1)d Find the 14* term of the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, The 3 term of an arithmetic sequence is 8, and the 16% term is 47. Find ay and d.The nth term of an A.P. The nth term {an} of an arithmetic sequence is given by ay = a, + (n~ 1)d, for any integer n & 1, where ay is the firxt term of the sequence. n is the number of terms and d is the cdmmon difference between the terms Examples {1}. Find the rule for the n* term for 37, 11, 15, 19, d= 7-394) 11-794, 15-11" 4) 19-1584 as3 a, = a, + (w= 1)d dy = 3+ (n— 14 a, =3+4n—4 a, =4n=1 (2). Find the 14" term of the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10, Bysass aed4da7—4e3n01b an =a; + (n= 1d 44(14-1).35 44133 = 43 (3). The 3 term of an arithmetic sequence the 16" term is 47. Pind a, ane d.2 Exercise * The 8" term of an arithmetic sequence is 25, and the 12" term is 41. Write the rule for the n® term.Sum of the first n-terms of an A.P. Recursive Rule for Arithmetic Sequences sa = *a,=a,+d *a3=a,+d * dy = Qn, +d * Sn =3(@,+a_) The sum of the first n termsSum of the first n-terms of an A.P. + Arithmetic Series Findthesum: 14+3+5+7+9+114+13+15+17+19 “14+ 34+ 5+ 7+9 *19+174+15+134+11 - 20-+20-+20+20-+20 = 5(20) = 00) + Apply the formula S,, = (a, +a) + Exercise: Find the sum of the integers 1 to 45.Sum of the first n-terms of an A.P. = Sy =F(a +n) @ Sy = Sq + L), where L is the last term. *L=a,+(n-1)d The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is given by * $n = 3 (ai + On) = Flay +a; + (m — 1d )=5 [Zax + (n— 1d]Exercise 4B 1. Find the sum of the first 15 terms of the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, 2. Find the sum of all the numbers from 50 to 256. 3. Find the (i) common difference and (ii) 20" term of each of the sequences (a8, 14, 20, 26,.... (8)30, 27, 24, 21, .... 4. The third and twentieth terms of an A. P. are 7 and —18 1/,, respectively. Find its first term, common difference and fifth term. 5. In an A.P., the 13 term is 27 and 7® term is three times the 2” term. Find the first term, the common difference and the sum of the first ten terms. 6. Given that (2-3k), (2k#3) and (k+7), where k is a constant, are consecutive terms of a linear sequence (AP). Find its common differgnce.Exercise 4B 1. Find the sum of the first 15 terms of the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, 2 2. Find the sum of all the numbers from 50 to 256. 3. Find the (i) common difference and (ii) 20" term of each of the sequences (a), 14, 20,2 (6730, 27, 24, 21, 4. The third and twentieth terms of an A. P. are 7 and —18 1/,, respectively. Find its first term, common difference and fifth term. 5. In an AP, the 13'* term is 27 and 7“ term is three times the 2" term. Find the first term, the common difference and the sum of the first ten terms. 6. Given that (2-3k), (2k+3) and (k+7), where k is a constant, are consecutive ‘terms of a linear sequence (A.P). Find its common difference.Geometric Progression + A Geometric Progression (GP) or Geometric sequence is the one in which each term of the sequence is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a constant number r, called the common ratio (r). + If t; =a,and ty; = a,41 are two consecutive terms of a GP, then, Mc or equivalently tai, = ayy, = tty = Taq Exercise: For each of the following geometric sequence, identify the common ratio (i) 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, ... nazz. 72222, * Solution (i) Common ration r = £Geometric Progression + Are these geometric 1. 2,4, 8, 16, ..., formula?, ... Yes, T,p= Vie 2, 12, 36, 108, 324, ..., formula? Yes, T, = 4(3)" 3, 1,4, 9, 16, ...5 tormula?, «++ No, T, =n* ae 4. No, T=(+Geometric Progression + A Geometric Progression (GP) or Geometric sequence is the one in which each term of the sequence is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a ‘constant number r, called the common ratio (r). If ty “Ay and they = ays are two consecutive terms of a GP, then, a Ines _ Mkts re or equivalently tay, = ayy =Tty = ray Exercise: For each of the following en en identify the common ratio (i) 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, w7.2222 24°" 16" * Solution (i) Common ration r =Practice Exercise 1). The 2™ term of a geometric sequence is - 18, the S™ term is 2/3. Find the rule for the n™ term. 2). Given the geometric sequence 5, 15, 45, .... Find the next two terms and the seventh term. 3). The third term of a G.P. is 10 and the sixth term is 80, Find the common ratio and the tenth term. Solutions: 7, = ar"~? a= 54(-3) 5(3*) = 3645, ‘The common ratio is 2 and the first term is 52. To find the 10° term, use T, = ar™', that is, Typ = X21 = ‘The 10 term of the G. P. isSum of n-terms of a Geometric Series * The sum of all the terms of a geometric sequence is called a geometric series, * We can write the sum of the first » terms of a geometric series as: 5, = a+ ar+ ar + ar +... + ar * For example, the sum of the first 5 terms of the geometric series with first ‘term 2 and common ratio 3 is: Sq= 2 + (2 * 3) + (2 x 32) + (2 x 39) + (2 x34) =2+6+18+54+162= 242 When nis large, a more systematic approach for calculating the sum of a given number of terms is required.Sum of a Geometric series * Start by writing the sum of the first n terms of a general geometric series with first term a ee ie et = (S, =atartart+ar+..tar™ * Multiplying both sides by r gives: 1S, =artar+ar+..tar tsar Zz + Now if we subtract the first equation from the second we have: r§,,- S,=ar"-a S,(r = 1) = a(r"= 1) | t= iSum of a Geometric series * If we multiply the numerator and the denominator by -1 we can also write the sum of the first 7 terms as: (1 ry 1-r * This form is more useful when |r| < 1 since it avoids the use of negative numbers.Solution: ) Example 1. Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the series 4(0.3” 2. Find the sum of the first 5 terms of the series 5/3+5+15+... e 3. Given the geometric sequences {ay} = 6, 18,54, .... Find S>.Sum of.a G.P. to infinity * Recall _ a(i-r") iff<1 ors, = 20-2 ifr>1 if i Sn Remark 3.5: Expressions given above are valid ifr # 1. Note that if r<1 then, r” > 0,as n> ©, This means that _ a(1-0) _ a a 1i=r =FExample * Question: a The second and fourth terms of a G.P. of positive terms are 9 and 4, respectively. Find (a) the common ratio and the first term (b) sum of the first n-terms of the sequence.Example Question: The second and fourth terms of a G.P. of positive terms are 9 and 4, respectively. Find (a) the ‘common ratio and the first term (b) sum of the first n- terms of the sequence. Solution: Given T, = 9 and T, = 4. Use the formula 7, = ar“ to obtain two equations ar? =10 ar = 80 - Q) Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Since the G.P. is of positive terms, the common ratio is, 2/, and the first term is 27/2 + To find the sum of n-terms, use ‘The sum of the first n-terms of the G.P. is Gy)Example | Find an expression for the nth -partial sum of the series: 2 ae) 24+(2) +--+ (2) + (Z)’ + and determine the sum to infinity. ‘Solution: We notice that t, By means of formula eePractice Exercise 1. A ball falls from the top of 25cm high platform and bounces on the floor. vot tof bounce on the floor, the ball rises to a vertical height of = of the distance it previously fell. Deduce that after n bounce, ihe total distance traveled by the ball is 225 [1 - OQ | and determine the total distance traveled forever. 2. Find the 25‘ term and sum of the first 25 terms of the sequence of numbers 30, 33, 37, 42,... . 3. The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by S, = 3n? + 5n — 7. Find its 7" term.Exercise 4C 1)A GP has a sum to infinity of 3 and = as its second term, determine the two possible values of the common ratio r, and the corresponding values of the first term a. 2) The n-th term of a series is (Sr + Bn) where r and Bare constants and r # 1. If the n-th term of the series 18 + 36 + 64 +... is given as the formula above, determine the values of rand B and find an expression for the sum of the first n terms. 3) Given that m—2, m — 1 and 3m —5 are three consecutive terms of a GP. Find the possible values of m and the common ratio of the progression.Exercise 4C 4) The first, third and ninth terms of a linear sequence (A.P) are the first three terms of an exponential sequence (GP). If the seventh term of the linear sequence is 14. Calculate {a) the twentieth term of the linear sequence _(b) the sum of the first twelve terms of the G.P. 5) The second, fourth and eight terms of an A.P are in geometrical progression (G.P), and the sum of the third and fifth term is 20. Find the first four terms of the progression.The end * QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION: “ATTENDANCE * FINAL COMMENT aye