23VBX0S105

Digital Fluency & Financial Modelling

Unit 1
Introduction to Computers and
Internet Literacy
 Week 1 Introduction to Computers and Internet Literacy
Week 1 Quadrant 1 3. Before the live session, watch the eLearning content on “L1: Fundamental
eContent Computer Components and Roles”
4. Read the eLM on “Unit 1: Introduction to Computers and Internet
Literacy”.
Quadrant 2 6. Attend the live session #1 on Introduction to Computers and Internet
eTutorial Literacy
7. Attempt solving the Practice MCQs & Case Study #1.
Quadrant 3 1. Take a pre-assessment on “Introduction to Computers and Internet
eAssessment Literacy”.
2. Follow the additional learning plan to improve your competencies, based
on the report of the pre-assessment.
5. Take the formative assessment for “L1: Introduction to Computers and
Internet Literacy”.
8. After the live session, repeat the formative assessment for “L1:
Introduction to Computers and Internet Literacy” for self-assessment.
Quadrant 4 9. Participate in collaborative learning by discussing the Practice MCQs &
Discussions Case Study #1.
What is Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of tasks by processing data according
to a set of instructions (software).
It typically consists of hardware and software components that work together to execute operations.
Functions:
Input: Receives data from input devices.
Processing: Performs calculations or manipulations on the input data.
Output: Produces results in a human-readable form.
Storage: Saves data for later use.
What is Computer?
A computer is a programmable electronic device that takes data, perform instructed arithmetic and
logical operations, and gives the output.
They can perform a variety of tasks. In simple terms, a computer is a programmable electronic
machine used to store, retrieve, and process data.
Whatever is given to the computer as input is called 'data', while the output received after processing
is called 'information'.
Functions of Computer
• There are four core functions of the computer, as explained below:
• Input: Whatever is given to a computer is called the input. The input data is given to the computer
using the input devices. The computer only takes data in a binary form (raw format). The input devices
help convert the entered data in the binary form to be understandable by the computer. Data can be
inputted in various forms, such as letters, numbers, images, etc.

• Processing: Processing is the primary function of the computer. CPU helps to process the data
according to the instructions entered into the computer system. The processing of data is an internal
process of the computer system, and the data is executed in a queue. After the processing has been
completed, the data is further transferred as the output. The processor (CPU) is the computer's brain,
and it is a microchip..
• Typically, the following operations are performed on the data during the processing:
• Arithmetic Operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, differentials, square root,
etc.
• Logical Operations, such as equal to, not equal to, greater than, less than, opposite, etc.
Functions of Computer
• There are four core functions of the computer, as explained below:
• Output: Anything that comes out from the computer is called the output. It is the human-readable
data and displayed on the computer screen (monitor). Output can be stored in the storage devices
if desired. The output devices help convert the processed data of the CPU into the human-
understandable form.

• Storage: The device used to store the data of a computer system is called the storage. Storage
devices help to store digital data. They can store the data while the computer is operating and after
processing. There are volatile and non-volatile storage options. The volatile storage can store the
data as long as the power source is connected, whereas non-volatile can store the data permanently
even after the power source is disconnected.
A Brief History of Computer
• The term 'Computer' was first introduced in 1640 and referred to as 'one who calculates'. It was
derived from the Latin word 'computare', which meant 'to calculate’.
• In 1897, it was known as the 'calculating machine'. Later in 1945, the term 'computer' was
introduced as 'programmable digital electronic computer, which is now called a 'computer'.
• When the computers were introduced, they were large and could fill an entire room. Some
computers were operated using large-sized vacuum tubes.
• In 1833, Charles Babbage (known as the father of the computer) invented an early calculator,
which was named as the 'difference engine’.
• Later in 1837, he introduced the first mechanical, general-purpose computer 'Analytical Engine’.
• Over time, computers became powerful in performance and small in size.
Components of Computer
• Input Unit: Input Units or devices are used to input the data or instructions into the computers.
Some most common input devices are mouse and keyword.
• Output Unit: Output Units or devices are used to provide output to the user in the desired format.
The most popular examples of output devices are the monitor and the printer.
• Control Unit: As its name states, this unit is primarily used to control all the computer functions
and functionalities. All the components or devices attached to a computer interact with each other
through the control unit. In short, the control unit is referred to as 'CU’.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit: The arithmetic logic unit helps perform all the computer system's
arithmetic and logical operations. In short, the arithmetic logic unit is referred to as 'ALU'.
• Memory: Memory is used to store all the input data, instructions, and output data. Memory
usually has two types: Primary Memory and Secondary Memory. The memory found inside the
CPU is called the primary memory, whereas the memory that is not the integral part of the CPU is
called secondary memory.
Components of Computer
Importance of Understanding Computer Components
• Interconnectedness: Computers are made up of multiple components that must work together
seamlessly. Understanding each component helps in diagnosing problems, upgrading systems, and
optimizing performance.
• Real-world Applications: From everyday use in personal computing to specialized tasks in fields
like engineering, medicine, and science, knowing how each component functions allows for better
utilization of technology.
• Career Relevance: For those pursuing careers in IT, software development, hardware
engineering, and related fields, a solid understanding of computer components is foundational
knowledge.
CPU - Central processing Unit
• CPU is the abbreviated form of Central processing unit.
• It is also known as the central processor or the primary or main processor. Sometimes it is also
referred as the processor.
• An electronic circuit known as a central processing unit (CPU), main processor, or simply processor
executes instructions contained in a computer programme.
• Just like how our brain controls our body and processes information, the CPU carries out instructions
from programs and performs calculations. It’s made up of smaller components that work together to
execute tasks, making it the heart of any computing device.
• All types of data processing operations from simple arithmetic to complex tasks and all the important
functions of a computer are performed by the CPU.
• It helps input and output devices to communicate with each other and perform their respective
operations. It also stores data which is input, intermediate results in between processing, and
instructions. The CPU’s job is to make sure everything runs smoothly and efficiently.
Different Parts of CPU
Now, the CPU consists of 3 major units, which are:

Memory or Storage Unit

Control Unit
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Different Parts of CPU
Memory or Storage Unit
• As the name suggests this unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. The memory unit
is responsible for transferring information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also
known as an internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access
Memory (RAM) as all these are storage devices.
• Its size affects speed, power, and performance.
• There are two types of memory in the computer, which are primary memory and secondary memory.
Some main functions of memory units are listed below:
• Data and instructions are stored in memory units which are required for processing.
• It also stores the intermediate results of any calculation or task when they are in process.
• The final results of processing are stored in the memory units before these results are released to
an output device for giving the output to the user.
• All sorts of inputs and outputs are transmitted through the memory unit.
Different Parts of CPU
Control Unit
• As the name suggests, a control unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but it does
not carry out any data processing operations.
• It instructs the computer by using the electrical signals. It takes instructions from the memory unit
and then decodes the instructions after that it executes those instructions. So, it controls the
functioning of the computer. Its main task is to maintain the flow of information across the processor.
• Some main functions of the control unit are listed below:
• Controlling of data and transfer of data and instructions is done by the control unit among other
parts of the computer.
• The control unit is responsible for managing all the units of the computer.
• The main task of the control unit is to obtain the instructions or data that is input from the
memory unit, interpret them, and then direct the operation of the computer according to that.
• The control unit is responsible for communication with Input and output devices for the transfer
of data or results from memory.
Different Parts of CPU
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical functions or
operations. It consists of two subsections, which are:
• Arithmetic Section: By arithmetic operations, we mean operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, and all these operations and functions are performed by ALU. Also,
all the complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the mentioned operations by
ALU.
• Logic Section: By Logical operations, we mean operations or functions like selecting,
comparing, matching, and merging the data, and all these are performed by ALU.
Memory
• The computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to process raw data and produce
output.
• It is the same as a human mind, where data, information, and instructions are stored. It is a data
storage device or a data storage component where instructions for processing data are kept along
with the data that has to be processed.
• Both the input and the output can be held here.
• The computer memory is divided into large number of small parts known as cells. Each cell has a
unique address which varies from 0 to memory size minus one.
• Computer memory is of two types: Volatile (RAM) and Non-volatile (ROM). The secondary
memory (hard disk) is referred as storage not memory.
Memory
The main component of every computer is a memory hierarchy, a layered form that classifies memory
based on access to speed, potential, and expense. This hierarchy typically consists of registers, cache,
RAM (Random Access Memory), and storage devices, which incorporate HDDs and SSDs.
• Registers: Registers are the fastest and smallest figure of memory, residing inside the CPU (Central
Processing Unit). They keep the fact that the CPU is actively used or manipulated. Registers provide
the fastest feasible way to get entry to stored data. However, their limited capacity means they're
capable of saving a small amount of data.
• Cache Memory: Cache memory is the mediator between registers and RAM. It's quicker than RAM
but larger than registers. The CPU uses cache memory to save often-accessed data and instructions,
decreasing the time it takes to fetch data from the slower RAM.
Memory
The main component of every computer is a memory hierarchy, a layered form that classifies memory
based on access to speed, potential, and expense. This hierarchy typically consists of registers, cache,
RAM (Random Access Memory), and storage devices, which incorporate HDDs and SSDs.
• RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is the volatile memory. It allows for rapid read-write
operations. However, its content material is erased even when the computer is powered off. RAM is
vital for multitasking, allowing speedy switching among various applications.
• Storage Devices: Beyond RAM, we encounter storage devices like hard drives and solid-country
drives. These provide non-volatile memory, retaining facts even if the power goes off. While storage
devices have big capacities in terms of RAM, they need to be faster in terms of information access.
Input Devices
• Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and processes it to produce the output.
• Some of the popular input devices are:
• Keyboard: The keyboard is a basic input device that is used to enter data into a computer or any
other electronic device by pressing keys. It has different sets of keys for letters, numbers,
characters, and functions. Keyboards are connected to a computer through USB or a Bluetooth
device for wireless communication.

• Mouse: The mouse is a hand-held input device which is used to move cursor or pointer across
the screen. It is designed to be used on a flat surface and generally has left and right button and a
scroll wheel between them. Laptop computers come with a touchpad that works as a mouse. It
lets you control the movement of cursor or pointer by moving your finger over the touchpad.
Some mouse comes with integrated features such as extra buttons to perform different buttons.
Input Devices
• Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and processes it to produce the output.
• Some of the popular input devices are:
• Scanner: The scanner uses the pictures and pages of text as input. It scans the picture or a
document. The scanned picture or document then converted into a digital format or file and is
displayed on the screen as an output. It uses optical character recognition techniques to convert
images into digital ones.

• Microphone: The microphone is a computer input device that is used to input the sound. It
receives the sound vibrations and converts them into audio signals or sends to a recording
medium. The audio signals are converted into digital data and stored in the computer. The
microphone also enables the user to telecommunicate with others. It is also used to add sound to
presentations and with webcams for video conferencing.
Input Devices
• Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and processes it to produce the output.
• Some of the popular input devices are:
• Digital camera: It is a digital device as it captures images and records videos digitally and then
stores them on a memory card. It is provided with an image sensor chip to capture images, as
opposed to film used by traditional cameras. Besides this, a camera that is connected to your
computer can also be called a digital camera.

• Gesture recognition devices: These devices take human gestures as input. There are many such
devices that respond to gestures. For example, Kinect is one such device that observes the
movement of a player's body and interprets these movements as inputs to video games. This
feature is also available in certain tablets and smartphones where you can perform certain tasks
such as taking pictures using finger gestures such as swiping, pinching, etc.
Output Devices
• The output device displays the result of the processing of raw data that is entered in the computer
through an input device. There are a number of output devices that display output in different ways
such as text, images, hard copies, and audio or video.
• They bridge the gap between digital data and human perception, letting users engage with computer-
generated information. Understanding the many forms of output devices and their importance in
computing is essential for making informed decisions while selecting the right devices for certain
applications.
• Some of the devices are:
• Monitor: The monitor is the display unit or screen of the computer. It is the main output device that
displays the processed data or information as text, images, audio or video.
Output Devices
• Projector: A projector is an output device that enables the user to project the output onto a large
surface such as a big screen or wall. It can be connected to a computer and similar devices to project
their output onto a screen. It uses light and lenses to produce magnified texts, images, and videos.
So, it is an ideal output device to give presentations or to teach a large number of people.

• Printer: A printer produces hard copies of the processed data. It enables the user, to
print images, text or any other information onto the paper. Users can pick from
various printer types, such as inkjet, laser, or dot matrix, to meet their printing
demands. Printers enable the generation of tangible copies for record-keeping,
presentations, marketing materials, and other purposes, from household to
professional settings. Printers are essential for personal and commercial use due to
their simplicity and adaptability.
Output Devices
• Speakers: Speakers are important output devices that transform electrical impulses into audible
sounds. They're essential to many modern devices, including computers, televisions, music players,
and mobile phones. The audio system improves the multimedia experience by providing high-quality
audio output, whether listening to the song, viewing films, playing video games, or participating in
virtual meetings. They help ensure that consumers enjoy audio material with clarity and depth by
contributing to clean and clear sound reproduction.
What is a Motherboard?
• A motherboard is the principal printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer or laptop that serves as the
primary hub for connecting numerous hardware additives.
• It affords the electrical and physical connections for the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM
(Random Access Memory), storage devices, picture playing cards, and unique crucial hardware. The
motherboard additionally includes connectors and ports for peripherals, together with USB devices,
networking, and audio.
• It acts because of the communication spine, allowing these types of additives to create artwork
collectively and enabling the computer system or laptop to function.
• In essence, the motherboard is the inspiration upon which the computer is built, and it performs an
essential function in figuring out a system's compatibility and overall performance.
• A motherboard is the primary board and foundation of a computer that is also known as mboard,
mobo, mainboard, modb, base board, backplane board, system board, planar board, or main circuit
board. On Apple computers, it is called a logic board.
What is a Motherboard?
• The CPU, memory RAM expansion slots, ROM, USB
ports, and PCI slots are attached to the motherboard in
the computer. It provides connectivity between the
RAM, CPU, and all other hardware components.
• Also, it contains controllers for devices such as a
keyboard, mouse, hard drive, and DVD drive.
• Each motherboard has chipset, which is the collection
of controllers and chips. Every new motherboard uses
a new chipset at the time they are developed.
• Although these motherboards are usually faster and
more efficient as compared to their predecessors, the
older components often do not work with new
chipsets.
What is Power Supply Unit (PSU)?
• Power supply unit is a hardware component of every
computer system its main function is to convert
external electrical power into the specific voltage and
current required by various components within the
computer, in short, it is the heart of the system
responsible for stable and reliable power delivery
which is important for the seamless operation of the
entire computing infrastructure.
Operating System
• An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer
hardware. In short its an interface between computer hardware and user. The purpose of an
operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs
conveniently and efficiently.
• An operating system is software that manages computer hardware. The hardware must provide
appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system and to prevent
user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.
• A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all times
on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being application programs.
Operating System

• An Operating System can be

defined as an interface
between user and hardware.

• It is responsible for the

execution of all the processes,
Resource Allocation, CPU
management, File
Management and many other
tasks.
Structure of a Computer System

A Computer System consists of:

• Users (people who are using the computer)

• Application Programs (Compilers,
Databases, Games, Video player, Browsers,
etc.)
• System Programs (Shells, Editors,
Compilers, etc.)
• Operating System ( A special program
which acts as an interface between user and
hardware )
• Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, etc)
Features of the Operating System
• Memory Management: An operating system manages the computer's memory, ensuring each
program has enough memory to run properly. It includes allocating memory to programs, freeing
up memory when a program is closed, and preventing programs from accessing memory that
does not belong to them.
• Process Management: An operating system is responsible for running processes. It includes
creating new processes, terminating existing processes, and managing operations scheduling to
ensure that the computer's resources are used efficiently.
• File Management: An operating system manages the file system, which stores and organizes
files on the computer's hard drive. It includes creating, deleting, and moving files and managing
permissions and access to files.
• Security: Operating systems include security features to prevent unauthorized computer and
resource access. It may consist of user authentication, encryption, and firewalls.
Features of the Operating System
• Hardware Management: An operating system communicates with the computer's hardware,
such as the CPU, memory, and storage devices. It allows the operating system to control and
manage the computer's hardware resources.

• Networking: Operating systems also include features for connecting to networks, such as
TCP/IP networking protocol support and support for wired and wireless networks.

• User Interface: An operating system includes a user interface, which allows the user to interact
with the computer. It may consist of a command-line interface, a graphical user interface (GUI),
or a combination.
Types of Operating Systems
• Windows: Windows is one of the world's most widely used operating systems. Microsoft
developed and distributed it, used mainly on personal computers and servers. Windows is known
for its user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) and wide range of software compatibility.

• MacOS: MacOS is an operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. for its
Macintosh line of computers. It is known for its sleek and modern design and is often favored by
creative professionals for its advanced graphics and video editing capabilities.

• Linux: Linux is an open-source operating system known for its stability, security, and flexibility.
It is widely used on servers and can also be used on personal computers. Linux is highly
customizable and can be modified to suit an organization's or user's needs.
Types of Operating Systems
• UNIX: UNIX is a multi-user and multitasking operating system known for its stability and
security. It is primarily used on servers and workstations and is often used in enterprise and
academic environments.
• Chrome OS: Chrome OS is a lightweight, cloud-based operating system developed by Google.
It is primarily used on Chromebooks, laptops, and tablets that run on the Chrome browser.
Chrome OS is known for its speed, security, and simplicity.
• Mobile OS: Mobile operating systems such as iOS, Android, and Windows Phone are designed
for smartphones and tablets. They have different features and capabilities than traditional
desktop operating systems and are optimized for touchscreens and mobile usage.
Advantages of Operating Systems
1. Resource management: An operating system manages the computer's resources, such as
memory and processing power, to ensure that all programs run efficiently.
2. Security: Operating systems include security features to protect the computer from
unauthorized access and viruses.
3. User interface: Operating systems provide a user-friendly interface that makes it easy for users
to navigate and perform tasks on the computer.
4. Compatibility: Operating systems are designed to work with a wide range of hardware and
software, making it easy for users to add new devices and programs to the computer.
5. Multitasking: Operating systems allow multiple programs to run simultaneously, making
switching between tasks easy.
Disadvantages of Operating Systems
1. Cost: Operating systems can be expensive, especially for commercial software.
2. Complexity: Operating systems are complex programs that can be difficult to learn and use.
3. Security vulnerabilities: Despite the built-in security features, operating systems are
vulnerable to viruses and other forms of malware.
4. Resource hog: Some operating systems are resource-intensive and require powerful hardware
to run efficiently.
5. Limited customization: Some operating systems are proprietary and have limited options for
customization.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

1. Use Strong, Unique Passwords

• Create complex passwords with a mix of letters (both uppercase and lowercase), numbers,
and symbols.
• Avoid using easily guessable information like birthdays or common words.
• Use a unique password for each of your online accounts.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

2. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

• Enable 2FA on your accounts to add an extra layer of security.
• This usually involves receiving a code on your phone or using an authentication app in
addition to entering your password
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

3. Keep Software and Devices Updated

• Regularly update your operating system, applications, and antivirus software to protect
against the latest threats.
• Enable automatic updates whenever possible.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

4. Be Cautious with Emails and Links

• Avoid clicking on links or downloading attachments from unknown or suspicious emails.
• Verify the sender's email address and be wary of phishing attempts that mimic legitimate
organizations.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

5. Use a Secure Connection

• When accessing sensitive information online, ensure the website uses HTTPS, indicated by
a padlock icon in the address bar.
• Avoid using public Wi-Fi networks for transactions or accessing sensitive information. If
necessary, use a VPN (Virtual Private Network).
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

6. Limit Personal Information Sharing

• Be mindful of the personal information you share on social media and other online
platforms.
• Avoid sharing details like your home address, phone number, or financial information
publicly.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

7. Backup Important Data

• Regularly back up your important data to an external drive or cloud storage to protect
against data loss from cyberattacks or hardware failures.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

8. Use Antivirus and Anti-Malware Software

• Install reputable antivirus and anti-malware software to protect your devices from
malicious software.
• Run regular scans to detect and remove any potential threats.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

9. Monitor Your Accounts

• Regularly check your bank accounts, credit cards, and online accounts for any
unauthorized transactions or activities.
• Set up alerts for suspicious activity.
Safe Internet Practices
• Safe internet practices are essential for protecting your personal information, devices, and online
accounts from threats such as hackers, malware, and phishing. Here are some key practices to
follow:

10. Educate Yourself

• Stay informed about the latest cybersecurity threats and safe practices.
• Regularly update your knowledge to adapt to new security challenges.
Week 2 Week 2 Email Etiquette and Communication Skills
Quadrant 1 2. Watch the eLearning content on “L2: Email Etiquette and
eContent Communication Skills- Email Communication Etiquette”
3. Read the eLM on “Unit 2: Email Etiquette and Communication Skills”
Quadrant 2 1. Revise “L1: Introduction to Computers and Internet Literacy” recording
eTutorial of the live Session
5. Attend the live session #2 on “Email Etiquette and Communication
Skills”.
Quadrant 3 4. Take the formative assessment for “L2: Email Etiquette and
eAssessment Communication Skills”
6. Repeat the formative assessment for “L2: Email Etiquette and
Communication Skills” for self-assessment
7. Attempt solving the Practice MCQs & Case Study #2 on “Email Etiquette
and Communication Skills”
Quadrant 4 8. Participate in collaborative learning by discussing the Practice MCQs &
Discussions Case Study #2