BBS515 – Object Oriented Programming

Spring 2020

Introduction to Java &

Introduction to Object Orientation

‹#›
Today

Introduction to Java
Java as a Platform
Your First Java Program
Basic Programming Elements
Object Oriented Paradigm
Principles of Object Orientation
Classes and Objects
Sample Object Designs

‹#›
What is Java?
Informal. Brewed coffee.

‹#›
What is Java?

A technology which is both a programming language and a

platform.

Developed by Sun Microsystems.

First public version was released in 1995.

‹#›
Software Development with Java
All source code is first written in plain text files ending with the “.java”
extension.

Those source files are then compiled into “.class” files by the javac compiler.

A “.class” file does not contain code that is native to your processor; it
instead contains bytecodes — the machine language of the Java Virtual
Machine (Java VM).

The java launcher tool then runs your application with an instance of the
Java Virtual Machine, i.e. your code is run by JVM.

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/getStarted/intro/definition.html ‹#›
Platform Independence:
Write Once Run Anywhere
Because the Java VM is available on many different operating systems, the
same .class files are capable of running on Microsoft Windows, the Solaris™
Operating System (Solaris OS), Linux, or Mac OS.

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/getStarted/intro/definition.html ‹#›
The Java Platform
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs.
The Java platform has two components:
The Java Virtual Machine: It's the base for the Java platform and is ported onto
various hardware-based platforms
The Java Application Programming Interface (API): It is a large collection of ready-
made software components that provide many useful capabilities.

As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a bit

slower than native code.
However, advances in compiler and virtual machine technologies are bringing performance
close to that of native code without threatening portability.

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/getStarted/intro/definition.html ‹#›
Your First Java Program
HelloWorld.java

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello world!");
}

$ javac HelloWorld.java ß Compile

$ java HelloWorld ß Run
Hello world!

‹#›
Basic Programming Elements
Variables, Types and Expressions
Flow of Control
Branching
Loops

‹#›
Variables
Variables in a program are used to store data such as numbers
and letters. They can be thought of as containers of a sort.
You should choose variable names that are helpful. Every
variable in a Java program must be declared before it is used for
the first time.
A variable declaration consists of a type name, followed by a list
of variable names separated by commas. The declaration ends
with a semicolon.
Syntax:
data_type variable_name [ = initial_value ];

int styleNumber, numberOfChecks, numberOfDeposits;

double amount, interestRate;
char answer;
‹#›
Primitive Data Types

Type Name Kind of Value Memory Used Range of Values

byte Integer 1 byte -128 to 127

short Integer 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

int Integer 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

-9,223,372,036,8547,75,808 to
long Integer 8 bytes
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float Floating-point 4 bytes ±3.40282347 × 10+38 to ±1.40239846 × 10−45
±1.79769313486231570 × 10+308 to
double Floating-point 8 bytes
±4.94065645841246544 × 10−324
Single character
char (Unicode) 2 bytes All Unicode values from 0 to 65,535

boolean 1 bit True or false

There are also Class Data Types which we will cover later.

‹#›
Identifiers
The technical term for a name in a programming language, such as
the name of a variable, is an identifier.
An identifier can contain only letters, digits 0 through 9, and the
underscore character “_”.
The first character in an identifier cannot be a digit.
There is no limit to the length of an identifier.
Java is case sensitive (e.g., personName and personname are two
different variables).
Identifier Valid?
outputStream Yes
4you No
my.work No
FirstName Yes
_tmp Yes
public No public is a
reserved word.
‹#›
Java Reserved Words

abstract assert boolean break byte case

catch char class const continue default
double do else enum extends false
final finally float for goto if

implements import instanceof int interface long

native new null package private protected

public return short static strictfp super

switch synchronized this throw throws transient

true try void volatile while

‹#›
Naming Conventions
Class types begin with an uppercase letter (e.g. String).

Primitive types begin with a lowercase letter (e.g. float).

Variables of both class and primitive types begin with a

lowercase letters (e.g. firstName, classAverage).

Multiword names are "punctuated" using uppercase letters.

‹#›
Assignment Statements
An assignment statement is used to assign a value to a variable.
The "equal sign" is called the assignment operator
Syntax:
variable_name = expression;

where expression can be another variable, a literal or constant,

or something to be evaluated by using operators.

amount = 100;
interestRate = 0.12;
answer = ‘Y’;
fullName = firstName + “ “ + lastName;

‹#›
Initializing Variables
A variable that has been declared, but not yet given a value is said to
be uninitialized.
Uninitialized class variables have the value null.
Uninitialized primitive variables may have a default value.

Data Type Default Value

byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0L
float 0.0f
double 0.0d
char '\u0000'
String (or any
null
object)
boolean FALSE

It's good practice not to rely on a default value.

‹#›
Constants
Literal expressions such as 2, 3.7, or 'y' are called constants.

Integer constants can be preceded by a + or - sign, but cannot

contain commas.

Floating-point constants can be written with digits after a

decimal point or using e notation.
765000000.0 can be written as 7.65e8
0.000483 can be written as 4.83e-4

‹#›
Imprecision in Floating Point Numbers
Floating-point numbers often are only approximations since
they are stored with a finite number of bits.

Hence 1.0/3.0 is slightly less than 1/3.

1.0/3.0 + 1.0/3.0 + 1.0/3.0 is less than 1.

‹#›
Named Constants
Java provides a mechanism that allows you to define a variable,
initialise it, and moreover fix the variable’s value so that it
cannot be changed.

public static final Type Variable = Constant;

The convention for naming constants is to use all uppercase

letters, with an underscore symbol “_” between words.

public static final double PI = 3.14159;

public static final int DAYS_PER_WEEK = 7;
…
float area = PI * r * r ;
int daysInYear = 52 * DAYS_PER_WEEK ;

‹#›
Assignment Compatibility
Java is strongly typed.

A value of one type can be assigned to a variable of any type further to the
right (not to the left):

byte à short à int à long à float à double

You can assign a value of type char to a variable of type int.

‹#›
Type Conversion (Casting)
Implicit conversion

double doubleVariable = 5; // 5.0

int intVariable = 5; // 5
doubleVariable = intVariable; // 5.0

Explicit conversion

double doubleVariable = 5.0;

int intVariable = doubleVariable ; // Illegal
int intVariable = (int) doubleVariable ; // Legal, 5

‹#›
Operators and Precedence
Precedence
First: The unary operators: plus (+), minus(-), not (!), increment (++) and
decrement (--)
Second: The binary arithmetic operators: multiplication (*), integer division (/)
and modulus (%)
Third: The binary arithmetic operators: addition (+) and subtraction (-)

When binary operators have equal precedence, the operator on

the left acts before the operator(s) on the right.

When unary operators have equal precedence, the operator on

the right acts before the operation(s) on the left.

Parenthesis can change the precedence.

‹#›
Operators and Precedence - Example

Figure from “Java - An Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming, Walter Savitch, Pearson, 2012” ‹#›
Arrays
Array is a sequence of values.
Array indices begin at zero.
Defining Arrays
Base_Type[] Array_Name = new Base_Type[Length];
int[] numbers = new int[100]; // or,

int[] numbers;
numbers = new int[100];

Initialising Arrays
double[] reading = {3.3, 15.8, 9.7}; // or,

double[] reading = new double[3];

reading[0] = 3.3;
reading[1] = 15.8;
reading[2] = 9.7;

‹#›
Strings
A value of type String is a
Sequence (Array) of characters treated as a single item
Character positions start with 0

Can be declared in three ways:

String greeting;
greeting = "Hello World!”;

String greeting = "Hello World!”;

String greeting = new String("Hello World!”);

Figure from “Java - An Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming, Walter Savitch, Pearson, 2012” ‹#›
Concatenating Strings
You can connect—or join or paste—two strings together to
obtain a larger string. This operation is called concatenation
and is performed by using the “+” operator.

String greeting, sentence;

greeting = "Hello”;

sentence = greeting + “ my friend!”;

System.out.println(sentence); // Hello my friend!

String solution = “The answer is ” + 42;

System.out.println(solution); // The answer is 42

// Java converts the number constant 42 to the

// string constant "42" and then concatenates the
// two strings
‹#›
String Methods
Homework: Investigate the methods given below. You will be
responsible in the exams.

charAt (Index) length()

compareTo(A_String) replace(OldChar, NewChar)
concat(A_String) substring(Start)
equals(Other_String) substring(Start,End)
equalsIgnoreCase(Other_String) toLowerCase()
indexOf(A_String) toUpperCase()
lastIndexOf(A_String) trim()

‹#›
Boolean Type
Java has the logical type boolean

Type boolean has two literal constants

true
false

int number = −5;

boolean isPositive = (number > 0); // False

‹#›
Java Comparison Operators

Figure from “Java - An Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming, Walter Savitch, Pearson, 2012” ‹#›
Java Logical Operators

Figure from “Java - An Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming, Walter Savitch, Pearson, 2012” ‹#›
Flow of Control
Flow of control is the order in which a program performs
actions.

A branching statement chooses between two or more possible

actions.
If-else, switch statements

A loop statement repeats an action until a stopping condition

occurs.
For, while, do-while loops

‹#›
Basic if Statement
Syntax
if (Expression)
Action

If the Expression is true then execute Action

Action is either a single statement or a group of statements
within braces

if (value2 < value1) { // Rearrange numbers so

int tmp = value1; // value2 variable should
value1 = value2; // hold the bigger value
value2 = tmp;
}

‹#›
if-else Statement
Syntax
if (Expression)
Action1
else
Action2
If Expression is true then execute Action1 otherwise execute
Action2
The actions are either a single statement or a list of statements
within braces
int maximum;
if (value1 < value2) { // is value2 larger?
maximum = value2; // yes: value2 is larger
}
else { // (value1 >= value2)
maximum = value1; // no: value2 is not larger
}
‹#›
if-else Statement
If statements can be nested (also called as multi-way, multi-
branch if statement)
if (a == ‘0’)
System.out.println (“zero”);
else if (a == ‘1’)
System.out.println (“one”);
else if (a == ‘2’)
System.out.println (“two”);
else if (a == ‘3’)
System.out.println (“three”);
else if (a == ‘4’)
System.out.println (“four”);
else
System.out.println (“five+”);

‹#›
Switch Statement
Switch statement can be used instead of multi-way if
statement.
Syntax
switch(controlling_expression) {
case expression1:
action1;
break;
case expression2:
action2;
break;
…
default:
actionN;
}

Every case ends with break statement.

‹#›
Switch Statement
Switch statements are more readable than nested if statements

switch (a) {
case ‘0’:
System.out.println (“zero”); break;
case ‘1’:
System.out.println (“one”); break;
case ‘2’:
System.out.println (“two”); break;
case ‘3’:
System.out.println (“three”); break;
case ‘4’:
System.out.println (“four”); break;
default:
System.out.println (“five+”); break;
}

‹#›
The Conditional (Ternary) Operator
The ? and : together are called the conditional operator or
ternary operator.

if (n1 > n2)

max = n1;
else
max = n2;

can be written as:

max = (n1 > n2) ? n1 : n2;

‹#›
for Loops
The for loop is a pretest loop statement. It has the following
form.

for (initialisation; boolean-expression; increment){

nested-statements
}

initialisation is evaluated first.

boolean-expression is tested before each iteration of the loop.
increment is evaluated at the end of each iteration.
nested-statements is a sequence of statements. If there is only
one statement then the braces may be omitted

‹#›
Varying Control Variable
for ( int i = 1; i <= 100; i++ )
from 1 to 100 in increments of 1

for ( int i = 100; i >= 1; i-- )

from 100 to 1 in increments of -1

for ( int i = 7; i <= 77; i += 7 )

from 7 to 77 in increments of 7

for ( int i = 20; i >= 2; i -= 2 )

from 20 to 2 in decrements of 2

‹#›
For Loop Example
String[] classList = {"Jean", "Claude", "Van",
"Damme"};

for (int i=0; i<classList.length; i++) { Jean

System.out.println(classList[i]); Claude
} Van
Damme

for (String name : classList) { Jean

System.out.println(name); Claude
} Van
Damme

‹#›
While Loop
The while loop is a pretest loop statement. It has the following
form.

while (boolean-expression) {
nested-statements
}

boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.

nested-statements is a sequence of statements. If there is only
one statement then the braces can be omitted.
The boolean expression is tested before each iteration of the
loop. The loop terminates when it is false.

‹#›
While Loop Example

int[] numbers = { 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 };
int i=0, key
key == 33;
3; Let’s look for something that does not exist.

boolean found = false;

while (!found){ Is there a problem here?

if (numbers[i++] == key)
found=true;
}

if (found)
System.out.println("Key is found in the array");
else
System.out.println("Key is NOT found!");

‹#›
While Loop Example

int[] numbers = { 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 };
int i=0, key
key == 33;
3;

boolean found = false; Make sure that the loop ends somehow.

while (!found && i<numbers.length){

if (numbers[i++] == key)
found=true;
}

if (found)
System.out.println("Key is found in the array");
else
System.out.println("Key is NOT found!");

Figure from “Java - An Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming, Walter Savitch, Pearson, 2012” ‹#›
Do-While Loop
The do-while loop is a post-test loop statement. It has the
following form.

do {
nested-statements
} while (boolean-expression);

nested-statements is a sequence of statements. If there is only

one statement then the braces may be omitted.
boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
The boolean expression is tested after each iteration of the
loop. The loop terminates when it is false.

‹#›
Do-While Example

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

int myNumber;

do {
System.out.println(
"Enter a number between 0 and 100: ");

myNumber = scan.nextInt();

} while (!(myNumber >= 0 && myNumber <= 100));

System.out.println("You entered a valid number");

‹#›
Break Statement
The break statement is used in loop (for, while, and do-while)
statements and switch statements to terminate execution of
the statement. A break statement has the following form.

break;

After a break statement is executed, execution proceeds to the

statement that follows the enclosing loop or switch statement.

Use break statements sparingly (if ever).

‹#›
Continue Statement
A continue statement
Ends current loop iteration
Begins the next one

Use of continue statement is not recommended

Introduce unneeded complications

‹#›
Breaking a Loop

int[] numbers = { 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 };
int i = 0, key = 3;

while (i < numbers.length) {

if (numbers[i] == key)
break;
i++;
}

if (i < numbers.length)
System.out.println("Key is found in the array");
else
System.out.println("Key is NOT!");

‹#›
Object-Oriented Paradigm
Centered on the concept of the object
Object

Is data with methods

Data (attributes) can be simple
things like number or character
strings, or they can be other
objects.
Defines things that are responsible
for themselves
Data to know what state the
object is in.
Method (code) to function
properly. ‹#›
What is an Object?
Informally, an object represents an entity which is either
physical, conceptual or software.

Physical entity
Truck

Conceptual entity

Bank Account
Software entity
Chemical
Process

Linked List

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
Basic Principles of Object Orientation

Object Orientation

Encapsulation
Abstraction

Modularity

Hierarchy
OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
 Abstraction is one of the
What is Abstraction? fundamental ways that
we as humans cope with
complexity.

Salesperson
Not saying
which salesperson
just a salesperson in general!
Product
Customer

Dahl, Dijkstra, and Hoare suggest that “abstraction arises from a recognition of similarities
between certain objects, situations, or processes in the real world, and the decision to
concentrate upon these similarities and to ignore for the time being the differences”.

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
What is Abstraction?

Abstraction focuses upon the essential characteristics of some object,

relative to the perspective of the viewer.

‹#›
What is Abstraction?
Abstraction is the process of removing physical, spatial, or
temporal details or attributes in the study of objects or
systems in order to more closely attend to other details of
interest.

The essence of abstractions is preserving information that is

relevant in a given context, and forgetting information that
is irrelevant in that context.

‹#›
 What is Encapsulation?
¢ Hide implementation from clients
§ Clients depend on interface

Information Hiding:
How does an object encapsulate?
What does it encapsulate?

Abstraction and encapsulation are complementary concepts: Abstraction focuses on the observable
behavior of an object, whereas encapsulation focuses on the implementation that gives rise to this
behavior.
OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
What is Encapsulation?

‹#›
What is Modularity?
The breaking up of something complex into manageable pieces.

Order Entry

Order Processing Order Fulfillment

System

Billing

‹#›
What is Hierarchy?
Increasing
abstraction Vehicle

Car Bus Truck

Decreasing SUV MPV Mini Midi

abstraction

Elements at the same level of the hierarchy should be at the same level of
abstraction. ‹#›
What is Really an Object?
Formally, an object is a concept, abstraction, or thing with sharp
boundaries and meaning for an application.

An object is something that has:

State (property, attribute)
Behavior (operation, method)
Identity

‹#›
What is a Class?
A class is a description of a group of objects with common
properties (attributes), behavior (operations), relationships, and
semantics
An object is an instance of a class

A class is an abstraction in that it:

Emphasizes relevant characteristics
Suppresses other characteristics

‹#›
Example Class

Class
Course
Attributes Behavior
Name Add a student
Location Delete a student
a + b = 10
Days offered Get course roster
Credit hours Determine if it is full
Start time
End time

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
Representing Classes
A class is represented using a compartmented rectangle

Professor a + b = 10

Professor Clark

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
Class Compartments
A class is comprised of three sections
The first section contains the class name
The second section shows the structure (attributes)
The third section shows the behavior (operations)

Class Name Professor

name
Attributes
empID Represented in UML
(Unified Modeling
submitGrades( )
Language)
Operations setQuota4Class( )
takeSabbatical( )

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
How Many Classes do you See?

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
Relationship between Classes and Objects
A class is an abstract definition of an object
It defines the structure and behavior of each object in the
class
It serves as a template for creating objects
Objects are grouped into classes

Objects Class

Professor

Professor Mellon
Professor Smith

Professor Jones

‹#›
 State of an Object (property or attribute)
The state of an object encompasses all of the (usually static)
properties of the object plus the current (usually dynamic)
values of each of these properties.
Object Attribute
Value
Class
CourseOffering
number = 101
startTime = 900
CourseOffering endTime = 1100
Attribute
number
startTime
endTime CourseOffering
number = 104
startTime = 1300
endTime = 1500
‹#›
Behavior of an Object (operation or method)
Behavior is how an object acts and reacts, in terms of its state
changes and message passing.

Class CourseOffering
addStudent
Operation deleteStudent
getStartTime
getEndTime

‹#›
Identity of an Object
Each object has a unique identity, even if the state is identical to
that of another object.

Professor “J Clark” teaches Professor “J Clark” teaches

Biology Biology

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software ‹#›
Sample Class: Automobile
Attributes
manufacturer’s name
model name
year made
color
number of doors
size of engine

Methods
Define attributes (specify manufacturer’s name, model, year, etc.)
Change a data item (color, engine, etc.)
Display data items
Calculate cost

‹#›
Sample Class: Circle
Attributes
Radius
Center Coordinates
X and Y values

Methods
Define attributes (radius and center coordinates)
Find area of the circle
Find circumference of the circle

‹#›
Sample Class: Baby
Attributes
Name
Gender
Weight
Decibel
# poops so far

Methods
Get or Set specified attribute value
Poop

‹#›
Summary
So far, we covered basics of objects and object oriented
paradigm.
We tried to think in terms of objects.

From now on, we should be seeing objects everywhere J

Or, we should be realizing that we were seeing objects
everywhere already.
This is actually something you do naturally. Why not do
programming that way?

We will continue next week with actually creating objects by using

Java.

‹#›
Acknowledgments
The course material used to prepare this presentation is mostly
taken/adopted from the list below:
Software Enginering (9th ed) by I.Sommerville, Pearson,
2011.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications, Grady
Booch, Robert A. Maksimchuk, Michael W. Engle, Bobbi J.
Young, Jim Conallen and Kelli A. Houston, Addison Wesley,
2007.
OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v
4.2, 1998-1999 Rational Software
Java - An Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming,
Walter Savitch, Pearson, 2012.
Ku-Yaw Chang, Da-Yeh University.
‹#›