Lecture:

Organic
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Chemistry:
Carbon Chemistry
 TRIVIA
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• The visible
phenomenon of fire is
the product of a
combustion reaction,
in which a fuel and an
oxidant react to
release heat in
addition to what two
compounds in
gaseous form?
 TRIVIA
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• What is the
common name of
the colorless, highly
pungent gas whose
chemical formula is
NH3 ?
Let’s check your knowledge
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•What is pencil
lead made of,
if it is not a
Pb?
What is pencil lead made of, if it isn't lead?
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• Pencil lead is a mixture

of graphite and clay.
• Graphite is a mineral
form of the element
carbon.
• Other forms of carbon
are diamond - the
hardest naturally
occurring substance on
the earth, soot,
charcoal and coke.
Let’s check your knowledge
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•Why is it that the

human body is
called a complex
machine?
 Chemistry of Living Things
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• Your body is an incredibly complex chemical

machine taking in chemicals & food, (the food
that we eat and air we breathe) causing
countless reactions to occur every second.

• It consists of multiple parts that function

together to maintain life because our body
performs all the functions automatically and
being humans we can perform each and every
task as faster as we can.
What are living things made of?
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I’m made of what???
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• Guess how many elements
your body is made up of?
• 25 elements make up all
living things
• About 97% of your body’s
mass is made of just 4
elements: oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, & nitrogen.
• Two other major elements
are phosphorous &
sulfur.
 Minor
Elements _x001D_
• Of course, other
elements are also
important, but they’re
often found in small
amounts.
• They may seem
insignificant, but
they’re not.
• For example, iron
makes up only 0.004%
of your body mass, but
you can’t live without
it!
Major Compounds
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• The human body also relies on many
compounds, especially water & salt.

• The human body typically consists of 60-65%

water. In other words, 2/3 of your body
weight is water.

• Water is important because many of our

body’s chemical reactions can only occur in
solutions containing water.
• Blood, sweat, urine… all mostly water!
The most important
element is… _x001D_
Carbon
• If you take away the water, the rest of the human body
is 53% carbon.
• It may not be the most abundant element in living
things, but it certainly is the most important.

• The carbon molecules were so complex, scientists

thought they must have been made in some unknown
way. They called these carbon compounds organic
compounds.
• The word “organic” has lots of
meanings. Eventually, scientists
realized that the reactions
occurring inside the body could
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occur outside it as well.

• They also learned how important

carbon is in all living things,
because of its ability to bond
with other atoms.
• Not all substances made of
carbon are living. Diamonds &
graphite are pure forms of
carbon.

• Non-organic carbon
compounds, and compounds
without carbon, are called
inorganic compounds.
 What is organic
chemistry?
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• We used to describe organic chemistry as the

chemistry of living things.

• Since the chemistry of living things is based

on carbon, the chemistry of carbon
compounds has come to be known as
organic chemistry.
What Is Organic Chemistry?
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• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and

the study of the chemistry of life. Since not all
carbon reactions are organic, another way to
look at organic chemistry would be to consider
it the study of molecules containing the
carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond and their
reactions.
 What Organic Chemists Do?
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• Organic chemists usually conduct research and
development in a laboratory setting.
• Organic chemists would include the development of a
better painkilling drug,
• formulating a shampoo that would result in silkier
hair,
• making a stain resistant carpet, or finding a non-toxic
insect repellent.
• common household chemicals, foods, plastics, drugs,
fuels... .
 Why Is Organic Chemistry
Important?
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• Organic chemistry is important because it is
the study of life and all of the chemical
reactions related to life.

• Several careers apply an understanding of

organic chemistry, such as doctors,
veterinarians, dentists, pharmacologists,
chemical engineers, and chemists.
Importance of organic chemistry
are as _x001D_

• 1. Medicine: Medicine is the

prime store of organic
compounds. Though not all but
many drugs are made of organic
substances. Like antibiotics,
anticancer drugs, painkillers,
anti-depressant, anesthetics, etc.
• But organic chemistry can be
studied in three parts in medicine
as.
 Importance in Medicine
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• a) Drugs to cure disease: As said before many drugs used for

the treatment of diseases are made of organic compounds.
Hence they are water-insoluble, bitter and also easily movable
in the body tissues.

• b) Pathophysiology of the diseases: The study of disease is

well supported by organic chemistry. Most diseases in humans
have some course or pathway before complete death ensues.
• Ex: In gout, there is a disturbance in the purine metabolism,
the uric acid formed does not break into Urea and gets
accumulated. This causes gout.
 Importance in Medicine
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• c) To diagnose the disease: Here organic chemistry uses some
diagnosing aids to detect the organic part of the deficiency or
disturbed substance.
• In diabetics, there is increased sugar levels and in severe cases
even the ketone levels. Sugars have aldehyde groups (CHO)
and ketones (C=O) groups. These groups are the targets in
analysis. The more these groups during estimation, the more
is the sugar levels and vice-verse.
• So organic chemistry in diagnosis aims to check for the
organic functional group levels as a parameter of the
disturbed substance in the body.
• In heart patients, the cholesterol levels from blood are
estimated using study of ester and carboxylic acid groups.
 Importance in food
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• 2. Food: Food materials are solely made of carbon

compounds carbohydrates (CHO), proteins
(NH2-CH-COOH), and fats (CH-COO-CH).

• Even vitamins are organic in nature. Study of the

requirement of the body for various purposes like
pregnancy, disease condition, body fitness, etc. experts
advice use of vitamins (FOLIC acid in pregnancy), fat
(minimize in heart diseases) and (protein rich diet for
body building).

• Among beverages alcohol is an organic substance.

Importance as cleansing agents
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• 3.Cleansing agents: In industries and labs,

organic solvents are widely used to clear of
impurities.
• Example in drug extraction from plants, the
fatty matter from the pulp is removed using
petroleum ether.
• Thus organic chemistry through its knowledge
of polarity, solubility, partition factors uses
solvents to separate components for better use.
 Importance as Sterilizing
agents: _x001D_
• 4. Sterilizing agents: Most of the sterilizing agents and
disinfectants like phenol, formaldehyde etc are carbon
compounds. Due to their properties like solubility, pH they
can kill microbes and even human body cells.

• These kill the bacteria and other microbes due to either

dissolving the microbe cell wall or damaging the protein
layer etc. Their efficiency is enhanced by making small
tweaks in the chemistry.

• Besides these solvents, there are gases like ethylene oxide

which are used for sterilization of drugs and manufactured
substances.
 Importance as Analytic
substances:
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• 5. Analytic substances: Most substances we use

like drugs, pesticides, etc., are analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively using different
types of titrations, chromatography techniques,
and spectrophotometry.

• Here the reagent use like acids or bases or

reductive oxidative species is organic in nature.
Further, the endpoint indicators in titration are
developed by organic chemistry.
 Importance as Valuables
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• 6. Valuables: Diamonds, graphite, petroleum. Interestingly the

carbon compounds are found to be highly valuable, durable and
hardest in the world.

• Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon alone compound

without any other elements inside. They are both highly used
and expensive. Their properties are studies in organic
chemistry.

• Petroleum is the other most valued resources on the earth for

fuels needs in the world. These petroleum products are further
diversified for various uses. And petroleum is one of the factors
which influence the world economy.
Applications of organic chemistry:
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• Organic chemistry finds its application to a large extent in the
field of medicine, pesticides, petroleum sector, textile etc.

• 1. For analysis: Not all organic substances are soluble in

water. So they can be analyse by non-aqueous titration. For
this they use organic solvents like pyridine, methanol, acetone
etc.

• Further other methods like chromatography, spectroscopy

(infra red spectroscopy) also employ organic solvents for
analysis. This analysis helps to test the given compound for
its purity, quantity etc.
 Applications of organic
chemistry:
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• 2.For synthesis: Organic chemistry helps us synthesis many
compounds which are needed on a large scale.

• Example we find a drug molecule in nature by chance or as

bi-product of some reaction. Then that drug molecule can be
synthesized by knowledge of organic chemistry for
large-scale use.

• Many drug manufacturing companies fighting for patents to

manufacture the same drug in their own method. The same
molecule can be made by using different steps of reaction.
But pharma companies try to make it by an organic reaction
which is inexpensive for better profits.
 Applications of organic
chemistry:
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• 3. For better molecules: If a molecule is already

been used for a long time. It can be replaced by
similar molecule with slight change in its
chemistry. This change is aimed at more
effective performance. This is possible by
substituting some organic functional groups.
 Thus organic chemistry plays an
immense role in human life.
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• The following list clearly illustrates the importance of organic

compounds.

• 1. Food: Carbohydrate, Proteins, Fats, vitamins, Enzymes, etc.

• 2. Clothes: - Cotton, Silk, Wool, Nylon, Rayon, Dacron, etc.
• 3. Fuels: - coal, Wood, Natural gas, Petrol, etc.
• 4. Medicines: - Penicillin, Streptomycin, Chloromycetin,
Sulphadiazine, Morphine, Aspirin, Iodoform, Cocaine, etc.
• 5. Explosives: - Nitroglycerine, Nitrocellulose, T.N.B, T. N.T,
etc.
Thus organic chemistry plays an
immense role in human life.
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• 6. Dyes: - Indigo, Malachite green, Alizarin, etc.

• 7. Insecticides: - D.D.T, Gammexane, Malathion, etc.
• 8. Household and other common articles:- soaps, Cosmetics,
Perfumes, Detergents, paper, Rubber, Plastics, Leather, Resins,
Inks, Paints, Varnishes, Photographic films, etc.

• So one can see that most substances in our everyday life are
organic compounds. Some examples include, edibles like milk,
bread, sugar or are made of organic materials. Also clothes,
shoes, belts, computers, tires, medicines, etc. come under this
category.
 Why is life based on the
element carbon?
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• There are two important properties of carbon that

make it a suitable element to form the compounds in
living things:
• Firstly, carbon atoms can link together to form
stable chains of great length.
 Why is life based on the element carbon?
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• 2.Carbon atoms bind

strongly to each other
and form very large
molecules which are
built around this
carbon 'backbone'.

• The covalent bond between two carbon

atoms is strong so that the backbones are
stable . In all of these compounds simple
sub-units called monomers are linked
together by condensation reactions.
 What makes carbon so
special?
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• It has a “central” role in all living
organisms.
• It has 4 valence electrons.
• It makes 4 covalent bonds.
• It can bond with any
element,
but really loves to bond with other
carbon atoms and make long
chains
Lots of ways to draw this…
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3 Types of Carbon
Backbones
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Carbon forms long chains
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• One carbon chain may contain hundreds of

carbon atoms.
• Unlike other elements, carbon atoms can bond
to each other to form very long chains.
• One carbon chain may contain hundreds of
carbon atoms. Notice how the CH2 units
repeat.
• A very large carbon-based molecule made of
repeating units is called a polymer . Each unit
of a polymer is called a monomer .
Carbon forms Rings
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• Carbon-based molecules also can be shaped

like rings. Most carbon rings contain 5 or 6
carbon atoms.
• One of the most important carbon rings is
benzene .
• It has 6 carbons & 6 hydrogens , with
alternating double bonds.
Carbon forms Rings
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• Many compounds are based on

Benzene.
• They often have very strong smells
or aromas, so they are called
aromatic compounds.
• An example of one aromatic
compound is a molecule called
 _x001D_
•You have
probably
heard lots of
science
fiction
programs on
TV talking
about human
beings as
'carbon-base
d life forms'.
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Prepare to be assimilated…
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Why are there no life

forms based on
silicon?
 Silicon is similar to carbon.
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Silicon is unsuitable because, although it

is a valence IV element like carbon (4
electrons to share),
BUT the silicon-silicon covalent bond is
not strong enough for it to form long
stable chains.

So, it can not form molecules of the

complexity needed to make up cells
like carbon can!
Why are there no life forms based on
silicon?
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-Reactions of Silicon are much slower than

reactions of Carbon.
- Bonds between Si and Si or between Si and
H are not as stable as the bond between Si and
O.
- Molecules based on Si and H are not very
stable in presence of water.
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• Silicone is a substance that comes in liquid, gel, or

rubber-like form. It is used in breast implants
during augmentation or reconstructive surgery.
• Solid silicone (dimethylsiloxane) implants have
been use in facial cosmetic surgery since the
1950's. Unlike liquid-filled silicone breast
implants, solid silicone implants do not leach into
the body and have been used for many years in
medical procedures such as joint prostheses and
heart valve replacement.
We are not silicon based
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life forms!