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Other documents randomly have
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 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
FRONTISPIECE Automatic Finishing of Pianos
Fig. 1. Section through Paint Tank 8
" 2. Stirrers and Blinds for Paint Dipping Tank 10
" 3. Longitudinal Vertical Section 10
" 4. Tank for Painting Steel Sheets 12
" 5. Paint-Proof Bearings and Gear Box 13
Shafting and Driving Gear Designed for
" 6. 14
Implements
" 7. Triple-tank plant 15
" 8. Joist and Wheels supporting Hanger 16
" 9. Hook for Hanging 17
" 10 to 14. Hoists and Crabs 18
" 15.Typical Hoist for Painting by Immersion 19
" 16.Morris Standard Electric Trolley Hoist 23
" 17. Electric Hoist Suitable for Heavy Goods 27
" 18.Sprayed Show Card 30
" 19.Dipping and Stoving Bedsteads 31
" 20.Immersing Mangle Frames 35
" 21.Iron Hanger 38
" 22.Carrier filled with Six Complete Pianos 39
" 23.Introductory Carrier for Piano Frame 43
" 24. Lowering Piano Cases into the Varnish Tank 47
" 25.Piano Cases nearly Immersed 49
" 26.Piano Cases wholly Immersed 51
" 27. Piano Cases about to be Dipped 53
" 28.Coach Body ready to be Dipped 55
" 29.Paint Dipping Room at Woolwich 55
" 30.Store Room, Woolwich 61
Dipping Casements at the Crittall
" 31. 61
Manufacturing Co.
" 32.Hook for Suspending Boxes 64
" 33.Dipping Casements at Braintree 65
" 34. Design for Show Card done by Spraying 69
" 35.The Aerograph Spraying Instrument 81
" 36.Another form of Aerograph 82
" 37. Aerograph Electric Motor Outfit 83
" 38.Painting a Gasometer 83
" 39.Aerograph for Delicate Work 85
" 40.The Aeron Sprayer 89
" 41. " " (angle barrel) 89
" 42. " " with agitator 89
" " with double nozzle
" 43. 89
head
The G Aeron Sprayer, with double nozzle
" 44. 89
head
" 45.The G Aeron Sprayer, with attachments 91
The G Aeron Sprayer, with parts
" 46. 91
disassembled
" 47. The G Aeron Sprayer 91
" 48.The M Aeron Sprayer 95
" 49.The M Aeron Sprayer, with Types L & M 95
" 50.Block and Tackle 95
" 51.Standard Tackle 95
" 52.Air Transformer Set 95
" 53.Air Transformer 95
" 54. Section showing Construction of Airostyle 98
Airostyle Type "Record" with union for
" 55. 99
continuous supply
" 56.Airostyle Type "Ultra" 101
" 57. " Pistol "M" 102
" 58.The Crane "Eureka" 103
" 59. " " "Record" 104
" 60.The "Invincible" Sprayer 105
" 61. " " with adjustable cup 105
" 65.The Midland Sprayer 108
" 66.The "Paasche" Sprayer 109
" 67. Larger "Paasche" Sprayer 110
" 68.General form of "Paasche" Sprayer 111
" 69."Paasche" Oil and Water Separator 111
" 70."Paasche" Automatic Electric Controller 111
" 71.Airostyle Air Compressor 115
" 72.DeVilbiss Air Compressors 115
" 73. " " " 115
" 74. " " " 115
" 75.Aerograph Air Pumps and Tank Combined 118
Aerograph Type of Air Pumps for Larger
" 76. 119
Installations
" 77. Airostyle Plant General Arrangement 121
" 78."Paasche" Motor Dryer Fan 124
" 79.Airostyle Central Draught Steel Plate Fan 125
DeVilbiss Auto Cool Electric Exhaust Fan
" 80. 125
closed and opened for cleaning
" 81.Sketch of Spraying Cabinets 127
" 82.Aerograph Spraying Cabinets 128
" 83."DeVilbiss Fumexer" or Spraying Cabinet 131
" 84. " " " " 131
" 85. " " " " 131
" 86. " " " " 131
" 87. Aerograph Turntable 134
" 88.Two forms of Fumexer 135
" 89.The Fumexer in use 135
" 90.A Paasche Turntable 135
" 91.Auto Electric Air Heater 139
" 92.Masks for Gas Meter 142
" 93.The Hart Patent Mask 143
" 94. Bin for Spraying Light Articles 148
" 95.Aerostyle Plant for sixteen operators 155
" 96.Airostyle Plant showing Ventilator 155
" 97. Side Elevation of Plant for 12 operators 158
" 98.End Elevation of Plant for 12 operators 159
" 99.Plan of Figs. 84 and 85 160
Airostyle Plant installed for The Davis Gas
" 100. 161
Stove Co., Ltd.
" 101. Compressor, etc., for Airostyle Plant 165
Airostyle Plant installed for Gas Fire and
" 102. 165
Radiator Work
View from one end of Messrs. Lucas, Ltd.,
" 103. 169
Airostyle Plants
" 104 & 105. Airostyle Plant at Messrs J. Lucas, Ltd. 173
" 106. " " View of Racks and Fan 175
" 107. " " Two Bays of one Unit 181
Airostyle Plant installed for The Gas Light
" 108. 181
and Coke Co., Ltd.
Airostyle Plant installed for The Gas Light
" 109. 185
and Coke Co., Ltd.
" 110. Operator at Work 193
" 111. Airostyle Plant showing Ventilator 199
" 112. Elevation of Spraying Plant 199
" 113. Elevation of Spraying Plant 200
" 114. Plans of Figs. 112 and 113 200
" 115. Designs for Lamp Shades 203
" 116. Show Card done by Spraying 209
" 117.Another Example 209
" 118. Shaded Effects 213
" 119. Fruit Dish decorated by Spraying 217
" 120. Table Cover 219
" 121. Trough Tank 222
" 122. Floco System of Painting Motor Bodies 224
225 &
" 123 & 124.Show Card done by Spraying
229
" 125. Design for Show Card 233
" 126. The Perkins' Stove 236
" 127.Typical Goodyear Stove 237
" 128. Dipping Trough 238
" 129. Show or Menu Card 239
" 130. Example of Metal Decoration 241
" 131 & 132. Whitewash Sprayer 244
" 133 & 134.Limewashing with Bamboo Pole 245
" 135. The Brown Extension Sprayer 246
" 136. The Merryweather Limewhite Sprayer 247
" 137.A Tumbling Barrel 248
" 138. Another Form 248
" 139. Paint Sprayer for Freight Cars 252
" 140. Elevation of above 253
" 141. Details of above 254
" 142. The Metal Spraying "Pistol" 256
" 143. The Metal Sprayer 257
" 144. Sectional Drawing of Metal Sprayer 258
Diagrammatric Representation of Melting
" 145. 259
and Spraying Jets in Action
" 146. Sprayed Decorative Work 261
" 147.Shaded Work by the Aerograph 263
" 148. Show Card, Sprayed 265
" 149. Sprayed Frieze 267
 CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Until recent years, it appears to have been generally supposed that
paint used for either the protection or ornamentation of various
surfaces must necessarily be applied by means of painters' brushes
made of hog's bristles. But it has been clearly demonstrated during
the past few years that the application of the paint may be made by
means of either total immersion of the article to be painted in a tank
or by spraying the paint on to the surface with the aid of
compressed air. The rapid increase in the use of both processes is
principally due to the immense saving of time which is effected, and
this may be approximately estimated at from five to nine-tenths. In
other words, one man can do the work of from five to ten men, or
even more. To put it another way, if a piece of work costs 20s. for
labour in painting by the old process, it may be safely assumed that
it can be done by dipping or spraying at a cost of from two to four
shillings.
The question will at once suggest itself: "Is paint applied by dipping
and spraying as durable as that applied by the brush?" As the paint
in the greater part of work of this character is used solely for
protective purposes, the question is clearly one of considerable
importance. The answer to the question is that when properly
prepared paint is used, both methods give an equal, or even better
result from the point of view of durability than that which would be
obtained if a painter's brush was employed, while, in the case of
painting by immersion or by spraying, the paint finds its way into
places which a brush could not reach, such as open joints of a
waggon, the intricate parts of certain agricultural machinery, the
inside of small metal boxes, etc.
Both methods are successfully employed in practically every branch
of the engineering, metal and many other trades. Heavy steel sheets
may be dipped provided that adequate plant is employed for
lowering and raising them into the tank, or they may be sprayed
without much difficulty. Children's toys (to take the other extreme),
costing less than a penny each, may also be economically painted by
dipping. Speaking generally, anything large or small which can be
handled or moved by lifting machinery or on a turn table, can be
painted by either one process or the other. For example, a hundred
or so of very small iron castings, or wrought iron ware, may be
placed in a wire basket and dipped together in a few seconds, or the
body of a motor car, or parts of a bicycle, can be painted by spraying
in a fraction of the time it would take to do the work by means of
brushes.
Thus far the processes are not much used in house painting,
excepting for the first or priming coat, before the work is fixed in
position, but certain types of the simpler form of spraying machines
are employed with great advantage in applying lime white or
whitewash to rough walls of factories, etc. In this case, a far better
job is produced in one-tenth of the time. The whitewash, when
sprayed on, enters and covers the open joints and inequalities of
surface in a complete manner, which would be impossible were a
brush used.
On the next page is a list of some of the principal purposes for which
these methods are at present used, and these are being constantly
added to. It is not too much to say that in any industry in which
paints are used, one or other of the methods, or both in conjunction,
may be employed with very great advantage in a saving of time.
An erroneous idea prevails in some quarters that to install a paint
dipping or a paint spraying plant will involve a considerable
expenditure. As a matter of fact, if the work is of a simple character,
and the articles to be dealt with small, an expenditure of something
like £25 will be sufficient for the purpose. For example, a small tank,
with a draining board attached, would cost less than the sum
mentioned, even when the overhanging plant was included. As such
work is usually done in engineering shops, the lifting apparatus and
the rails, can easily be made on the premises. In some cases the
lifting plant even might be dispensed with, and the articles, such as
paint cans, could be dipped by hand. A spraying plant need not be
expensive, and £25 to £40 will cover the expense of spraying
apparatus, compressor for air spray, exhaust and everything else.
This, however, refers to a small plant. More extensive installations
would, of course, cost very much more, but whatever they may cost,
it may be accepted as a fact that, within reasonable limits, the outlay
will be fully returned in two or three years' working at most.
In the following pages an attempt has been made to cover the
whole subject of painting by mechanical means. Many plants are
described and illustrated, and some lengthy explanation is given of
the requirements of different trades or goods. In many cases these
have really nothing to do with the painting proper, but success
depends upon the system adopted for handling and conveying.
Take, for example, celluloid buttons, which are usually sprayed. They
are placed in wire trays made specially for the purpose, the bottom
side uppermost. These are first sprayed all over with a spirit paint,
and when sufficiently dry to handle, say, in a quarter of an hour,
they are all turned over and the top sides are sprayed. The wire
trays and a handy cabinet to contain them are the important details
in this case.
List of the Principal Products to which Paint
Spraying and Paint Dipping are Applied.

Acetylene Machines.
Adding Machines.
Addressing Machines.
Advertising Novelties.
Advertising Signs.
Aeroplane Work.
"Agate" Hollow Ware.
Agricultural Implements.
Air Compressors.
Aluminium Goods.
Antiques, Bric-a-brac.
Architectural Brass Works.
Architectural Iron Works.
Art Glasses and Mirrors.
Artificial Flowers.
Artificial Jewellery.
Artificial Marble.
Artificial Limbs.
Artistic Statuaries.
Automatic Vending Machines.
Automobile Lamps.
Automobile Licences and Number Plates.
Automobile Parts.
Automobile Parts and Motor Bodies.
Automobile Supplies
Automobile Tyres.
Automobile Tops and Canopies.
Axes.

Baby Carriages.
Badges.
Banners and Flags.
Bar Fixtures.
Barber Equipment.
Barrels.
Barrows.
Basket and Rattan Ware.
Bath Room Sundries.
Baths.
Bed Springs.
Bedsteads (Iron).
Bedsteads (Sheet Metal).
Beer Pumps.
Bells.
Bicycles.
Billiard Tables.
Bird Cages.
Blocks and Falls.
Blowers.
Boats.
Bobbins and Spools.
Boiler Work.
Book Cases.
Boxes, Cigar.
Bowling Alleys.
Boxes, Mail.
Brass Bedsteads.
Brass Goods.
Broom Heads and Handles.
Brushes.
Buckles and Snaps.
Builders' Hardware.
Burial Caskets.
Buttons (metal).

Cabinet Hardware.
Cabinets.
Cameras.
Candies and Confectionery.
Canners, Vegetables and Fruit.
Canoes.
Cans.
Cars.
Carpets.
Carpet Sweepers.
Carriages.
Carriage Hardware.
Casements (metal).
Cartridges.
Cash Registers.
Cash Carriers.
Celluloid Sheets.
Chairs (metal).
Children's Carriages.
China and Crockery.
Church and Lodge Goods.
Church and School Furniture.
Churns.
Clocks.
Colour Specimens.
Constructional Ironwork.
Corset Steels.
Coffins and Caskets.
Couches.
Cream Separators.
Curtain Poles.
Cutlery.
Cycles.
Cycle parts.

Desks (metal).
Display Fixtures.
Dolls.
Doors.
Drills.
Dynamos.

Edge Tools.
Electric Fixtures.
Electrical Apparatus.
Electrical Supplies.
Electro Platers.
Enamelled Metal Goods.
Enamelled Ware.
Engines.
Etching (metal).

Factory Fittings.
Fancy Baskets.
Fans.
Fenders.
Filing Cabinets.
Firearms.
Fire Extinguishers.
Fishing Rods.
Fixtures, Display.
Foundries.
Fountains, Soda.
Furniture (metal).

Garden Implements.
Gas Apparatus.
Gas Cookers.
Gas Engines.
Gas Fires.
Gas Fixtures.
Gas Meters.
Gas and Gasolene Stoves
Golf Clubs.
Grates and Mantels.
Gramophones.
Grille Work.

Hats, Straw.
Hair Pins.
Hames.
Handles.
Harness Trim.
Harrows.
Hardware.
Hollow Ware.
Hooks and Eyes.
Horns.

Incandescent Lamps.

Japanned Goods.
Jewellery.

Kegs and Pails.

Kitchen Cabinets.
Kitchen Utensils.
Knitting Machines.

Lacing Studs.
Lamps and Lanterns.
Lasts.
Lawn Mowers.
Lead Pencils.
Leather Work.
Letter Files.
Locks.
Lockers (metal).
Looms.
Locomotives.

Machinery.
Malleable Castings.
Mathematical Instruments.
Meat Safes.
Metal Spinners.
Model Makers.
Motors.
Motor Cycles.
Musical Instruments.

Novelties.
Office Furniture.
Optical Instruments.
Ornamental Ironwork.

Pattern Makers.
Pen Holders.
Phonographs.
Physical Supplies.
Piano Plates.
Pianos and Organs.
Picture Frames.
Pins.
Plated Ware.
Ploughs.
Plumbers' Supplies.
Porcelain Goods.
Projectiles.
Pulleys (metal).
Pumps.

Radiators (auto).
Railway Carriages.
Rakes.
Refrigerators.
Regalia.
Rubber Goods.
Rules and Levels.

Saddlery Hardware.
Safes.
Safe Deposit Vaults.
Sashes (metal).
Scales.
Screens (metal).
Sewing Machines.
Shoe Buttons.
Show Cases.
Side Cars.
Signs, Enamelled.
Silverware.
Sleds and Sleighs.
Soda Fountains.
Sporting Goods.
Steel Stampings.
Stoves (gas).
Slate, Enamelled.
Statuary.
Steam Gauges.
Steel Castings.
Street Railway Companies.
Surgical Supplies.
Switchboards.

Tables.
Tanks.
Telephones.
Telephone Supplies.
Textile Machinery.
Tinwares.
Thermometers.
Tools.
Toys.
Trunk Hardware.
Typewriters.

Vacuum Cleaners.
Vending Machines.
Veneers.
Ventilators.

Wagons.
 Wall Papers.
Washing Machines.
Watering Cans.
Weighing Machines.
Wheels.
Willow Ware.
Wire Cloth.
Wire Mattresses.
Wire Work.
Wringers.

In addition to the above, paint is applied by spraying for many

artistic purposes, such as for show cards, photographic work,
lithography, church decoration, etc. These are referred to in another
chapter.
 CHAPTER II.
Painting by Immersion.

The process of painting various articles by dipping them bodily into

specially prepared paint contained in a tank or other receptacle is a
very old idea. It has, however, developed considerably in late years,
and is now largely employed in many industries, particularly in the
finishing of agricultural implements of various kinds, iron work and a
hundred and one other articles. It is sometimes used in conjunction
with paint spraying; that is to say, the first coat or coats may be put
on by immersing the article to be painted in the paint, or varnish,
and the final coat of enamel or varnish may be put on by means of a
spray. In some cases, the final coat is applied by means of brushes
in the ordinary manner.
Perhaps the simplest form of paint dipping is that applied to various
articles, such as bolts, rings and small parts, which are placed in a
wire basket and plunged into the paint. The basket is then hung up
for a quarter of an hour or so to drain, and afterwards in another
place, until such time as the paint becomes hard.
Another familiar example of painting by dipping is that of ordinary
tapered cans, such as those which are used to contain varnish, etc.
In this case, a piece of wood is introduced into the neck, the can is
immersed in the paint up to almost the top of the neck, and is then
placed upside down to drain and to dry. A paint which dries with a
gloss is usually employed for this purpose, and it may be remarked
that a good deal of this work is now done by spraying; in fact, a
great deal of difference of opinion exists as to the respective merits
of the two processes for this particular purpose.
 Fig 1.—Cross Section Through Paint Tank.
Going a step farther, we come to the consideration of articles such
as iron sashes and casements, parts of staircases, etc., which may
be dipped into a tank containing, say, five to ten gallons or so. Such
tanks are usually made to slant at the bottom in order to facilitate
cleaning when necessary. Adjacent to them is provided a platform,
usually lined with sheet iron upon which the paint can drip after the
articles are removed from the tank, and a system of overhead rails
for moving the articles from one part of the works to another. No
agitating apparatus for the paint is required, but after the tank has
been used for some time, say, for example, at the week-end, it is
necessary to stir it up by means of a pole before the work
commences. As a matter of fact, the articles being plunged in the
tank, and their withdrawal, in itself stirs the paint sufficiently for the
purpose.
In dealing with the larger-sized articles which are to be painted,
such as reaping machines, the construction of the tank which may
hold several tons of paint is naturally of a more elaborate character.
Such a plant will consist, first, of the tank itself; next, the system of
overhead railing; third, the apparatus upon which the articles to be
painted are hung; and fourth, the hoists for lowering and raising
such articles into and from the tank. It will be convenient to consider
these parts which go to form a complete installation under their
several heads, taking a more elaborate plant by way of example, it
being understood that the plant may be simpler in form when the
size of the articles to be painted is small, or under other
circumstances, such as will be presently suggested.
The Tank.
 Stirrers and Blinds for Paint Dipping Tank. Fig 2.—Plan.
Fig. 3.—Longitudinal Vertical Section.
There are two forms of special tanks in general use, one having at
the bottom paddles for agitating purposes, and the other worms
provided with the same object. Fig. 1. shows a cross section of a
tank made on the McLennan patented system. In this two series of
paddles revolving in opposite directions are provided, and above
them is an appliance which may be likened to a horizontal venetian
blind, consisting of iron laths, which are nearly horizontal when
closed, forming a platform upon which the paint can settle, and
vertical when open. This blind is left open when the tank is in use,
and is closed when it is at rest. The illustration gives the dimensions
of the parts, although these, of course, will be varied according to
circumstances. Above the blind is sometimes a grating, which,
together with the blind, form a protection to the agitating gear from
articles dropped into the tank by mistake, the two together
preventing the heavy, pigment in the paint from clogging the
paddles when the agitating gear has been stopped for some time.
Figs. 2 and 3 show respectively longitudinal plan and section, from
which the construction will be clear.
Messrs. Wilkinson, Heywood & Clark, Ltd., of Poplar, who own the
McLennan patents, in a little book, entitled "Painting by Immersion,"
state that there were certain disadvantages in the design of this
tank, inasmuch as should it become necessary to remove or repair
the paddles, it would be necessary to empty the tank and bodily
remove the parts. They have, therefore, a new design, which is
shown in Fig. 4, in which this remedy is overcome. The agitating
gear, in this case, is on a sub-frame, separate and independent from
the tank itself. The drive is in the tank, and is taken by means of a
claw clutch through a right angled bevel to the agitating shaft. This
design has proved very satisfactory for small tanks. For very large
tanks a gear is recommended in which the agitating gear is enlarged
and the shafting is supported or stiffened to prevent whipping. This
entails a design of some special bearing, which should be paint proof
and oil proof, for the reason that the bearing is immersed in the
paint itself. In Fig. 5 is shown drawings of this bearing, on which the
firm named hold patents. The perfected plants now consist of a tank
with an independent and removable chassis frame, on which are
mounted the Venetian blind arrangements, already mentioned,
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