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 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

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This page intentionally left blank
 A SHORT
HISTORY
OF THE
ANCIENT
WORLD
NICHOLAS K. RAUH
WITH HEIDI E. KRAUS

utppublishing.com

UTP Rauh SHAW Interior-F.indd 3 2017-10-18 3:50 PM

 Copyright © University of Toronto Press 2017
Higher Education Division

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All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Rauh, Nicholas K., author

A short history of the ancient world/ Nicholas K. Rauh with Heidi Kraus.

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1. History, Ancient. I. Kraus, Heidi, author II. Title.

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Cartography: Lawrence Theller, Purdue University

Artwork: John Hill and Herb Rauh
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Printed in Canada

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 To Henry C. Boren
who taught me how to write one of these

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This page intentionally left blank
 CONTENTS
List of Figures • viii
List of Sidebars • x
List of Maps • xi
List of Chronologies • xii
List of Tables • xii

Preface: The Approach to Classical World Civilizations • xiii

Introduction: From Human Prehistory to the Ancient World • 1

Part I. Emerging Civilizations: The Bronze Age

Chapter 1: The Near East in the Early and Middle Bronze Age
(3300–1600 BC) • 9
Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt (ca. 3100–1069 BC) • 35
Chapter 3: Aegean Civilizations and Wider Societal Collapse
(2200–1100 BC) • 63

Part II. Civilizations in Flux: The Classical/Early Iron Age

Chapter 4: Iron Age Near Eastern Civilizations (1000–300 BC) • 85

Chapter 5: Ancient Israel (the United and Divided Kingdoms)
(1850–539 BC) • 103
Chapter 6: Ancient Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent (South Asia)
(2600 BC–500 AD) • 123
Chapter 7: Classical Greek Civilization (1000–27 BC) • 147
Chapter 8: Ancient Chinese Civilization (2000 BC–200 AD) • 189

Part III. The Roman Era and Wider Societal Collapse

Chapter 9: State Formation in Ancient Rome (753–275 BC) • 217

Chapter 10: Roman Imperialism and the Formation of Empire
(275–27 BC) • 239
Chapter 11: The Pax Romana and the Sustained Trajectory of the Roman Empire
(27 BC–565 AD) • 257

Conclusion: The Ancient World System, Natural Adaptive Cycles, and Patterns
of Societal Collapse • 273
Glossary • 287
Credits • 307
Index • 309

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 FIGURES
1.1 Head of an Akkadian ruler, from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik), Iraq, ca. 2250–
2200 BC • 14
1.2 Stele with law code of Hammurabi, from Susa, Iran, ca. 1780 BC • 24
1.3 Votive disk of Enheduanna, from Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar), Iraq, ca.
2300–2275 BC • 31
2.1 The Rosetta Stone • 39
2.2 Detail of the Rosetta Stone • 39
2.3 Léon Cogniet, Portrait of Jean-François Champollion, 1831 • 39
2.4 Palette of King Narmer (back and front), from Hierakonpolis, Egypt,
Pre-dynastic, ca. 3000–2920 BC • 42
2.5 View of sphinxes, the first pylon, and central east-west aisle of the Temple of
Amon-Re, Karnak in Luxor, Egypt, ca. 1290–1224 BC • 50
2.6 The Weighing of the Heart and Judgment by Osiris, from The Book of the Dead of
Hunefer, 1285 BC • 51
2.7 Akhenaten and His Family, ca. 1355 BC • 58
3.1 The Toreador Fresco, from the palace at Knossos (Crete), Greece,
ca. 1450–1400 BC • 68
3.2 Octopus Vase, stirrup jar from Palaikastro, Crete, ca. 1500 BC • 70
3.3 Relief depicting Sea Peoples at Medinet Habu, from the Mortuary Temple of
Ramses III, Luxor, Egypt, 1178 BC • 77
4.1 Ivory plaque depicting a winged sphinx. Phoenician, ca. eighth century BC.
Found at Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud (ancient Kalhu), northern Iraq • 89
4.2 Assyrian warriors impaling Jewish prisoners after conquering the Jewish fortress
of Lachish (battle 701 BC) • 92
4.3 The Palace of Darius, ca. 500 BC • 97
4.4 Bull capital, from Persepolis, ca. 500 BC • 97
4.5 Sir Joshua Reynolds, Thais, 1781 • 98
5.1 The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Neo-Assyrian, 858–824 BC • 106
5.2 Detail of King Jehu of Israel bowing before the Assyrian King Shalmaneser III,
from the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III • 106
5.3 Rembrandt van Rijn and/or Studio of, Saul and David, ca. 1655 • 110
5.4 Depiction of the City of David with the palace complex in the
background • 112
5.5 Moses Receiving the Ten Commandments from Reuben Machsor mechol haschana ( Jewish
Holy Day Prayer Book for the Whole Year). Germany, ca. 1290 AD • 118
6.1 Robed male figure, from Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan, ca. 2000–1900 BC • 128
6.2 Nude male torso, from Harappa, Pakistan, ca. 2000–1900 BC • 128
6.3 Battle between Ghatotkacha and Karna from a manuscript of the Mahabharata,
ca. 1670 BC. Mysore or Tanjore, Southern India • 132

viii Figures

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 6.4 Lion capital of the column erected by Ashoka at Sarnath, India,
ca. 250 BC • 140
6.5 View from the south of the Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, third century BC to first
century AD • 141
7.1 Geometric krater, from the Diplyon cemetery, Athens, Greece,
ca. 740 BC • 151
7.2 Kouros, ca. 600 BC • 154
7.3 Kroisos, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BC • 154
7.4 Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon (Temple of Athena Parthenos, looking
southeast), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447–438 BC • 163
7.5 Three Goddesses, from the east pediment of the Parthenon,
ca. 438–432 BC • 163
7.6 Athena Battling Alkyoneos, detail of the gigantomachy frieze, from the Altar of
Zeus, Pergamum, Turkey, ca. 175 BC • 171
7.7 Raphael, (Philosophy) School of Athens, Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace,
Rome, 1509–1511 AD • 175
7.8 Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Socrates, 1787 AD • 180
8.1 You ritual vessel. Late Shang period • 193
8.2 Tortoise shell bearing inscribed oracular response • 195
8.3 Army of the First Emperor of Qin in pits next to his burial mound, Lintong,
China. Qin Dynasty, ca. 210 BC • 206
8.4 Kneeling archer. Life-size pottery figure from Pit no. 1, east of the tomb of Qin
Shih Huangdi at Lintong, China • 206
8.5 Funeral banner from tomb 1 (tomb of the Marquise of Dai), Mawangdui, China.
Han dynasty, ca. 168 BC • 209
8.6 Burial suit of Prince Liu Sheng (d. 113 BC). From tomb at Mancheng, Hebei,
Western Han Dynasty • 209
9.1 Capitoline Wolf, thirteenth and late fifteenth centuries AD • 222
9.2 Portrait of an anonymous Roman politician. Second century BC • 224
9.3 Togate male portrait with busts. Late first century BC • 224
9.4 View of the atrium of the House of the Menander • 232
9.5 Fourth Style wall painting, Ixion Room, House of the Vettii, Pompeii.
63–79 AD • 232
10.1 After Giulio Romano, The Battle of Zama. Tapestry.
Late seventeenth century AD • 243
10.2 Augustus of Prima Porta. Possibly Roman copy of a statue ca. 20 AD • 254
11.1 View of the Claudian Aqueduct on the outskirts of Rome • 260
11.2 The Colosseum, Rome, ca. 72–80 AD • 263

Figures ix

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 SIDEBARS

ART IN FOCUS
Akkadian Hollow-Cast Sculpture • 14
Hammurabi’s Law Code • 24
Votive Disk of Enheduanna • 31
The Character and Importance of Egyptian Art • 42
The Egyptian Book of the Dead • 51
Minoan Pottery • 70
Persepolis • 97
The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III • 106
Art of the Indus Civilization • 128
The Return of the Figure—The Geometric Period • 151
The Periclean Acropolis • 163
The Altar of Zeus at Pergamum • 171
Greek Philosophy and the Italian Renaissance—Raphael’s School of Athens • 175
The Terracotta Army of the First Emperor of Qin • 206
Republican Portraiture • 224
The Roman House • 232
Portrait Sculpture during the Early Empire • 254
The Roman Colosseum • 263

MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES

The Temple of Amon-Re at Karnak • 50
Frescos at Knossos • 68
Phoenician Art • 89
Buddhist Architecture • 141
Archaic Statuary • 154
Shang Dynasty Ritual Bronzes • 193
Art in the Han Dynasty • 209
The Claudian Aqueduct • 260

x Sidebars

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 PRIMARY SOURCE
The Rosetta Stone • 39
Persepolis • 98
Saul and David in the Old Testament • 110
The Decalogue of J • 118
An Edict of Ashoka • 140
Plato’s Phaedo and the Death of Socrates • 180
Romulus and Remus—Mythical Foundations of Rome • 222
Livy and the Battle of Zama • 242

MAPS
1. The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Near East • 11
2. Bronze Age Egyptian Empires • 37
3. Late Bronze Age Empires of the Mediterranean ca. 1250 BC • 73
4. The Persian Empire • 94
5. The Iranian Hegemony during the Iron Age • 100
6. Regional Map of Israel • 105
7. Sites of Interest in Ancient India • 124
8. Territorial Extent of Three Indian Empires (300 BC–176 AD) • 137
9. Archaic Aegean Dialects • 149
10. Greek (and Phoenician) Colonization • 153
11. Hellenistic Successor States, ca. 180 BC • 169
12. Sites of Interest in Ancient China • 191
13. Chinese Polities at the Time of the Warring States (480–222 BC) • 197
14. The Han Dynasty Empire (first century AD) • 212
15. Population Elements in Archaic Italy • 219
16. Roman and Carthaginian Territories at the Time of the Punic Wars • 244

Maps xi

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 CHRONOLOGIES
1. Bronze Age World • 12
2. Bronze Age Near East • 12
3. Bronze Age Egypt • 41
4. Ancient Israel • 104
5. Ancient India • 126
6. The Dynasties of Classical India • 138
7. Periodization of Ancient Greece • 148
8. The Persian Wars (499–478 BC) • 164
9. Ancient Chinese Dynasties • 190
10. Ancient Rome • 218
11. Conflict during the Roman Republic • 241
12. Early Roman Dynasties (27 BC–180 AD) • 258
13. Significant Dates for the Late Roman Empire • 264

TABLES
1. Mesopotamian Social Status According to Hammurabi’s Law Code • 25
2. Egyptian Population Estimates through Time • 43
3. Flowchart of the New Kingdom Egyptian Hierarchy • 56
4. Flowchart of the Mycenaean Hierarchy • 69
5. Flowchart of the Israelite Hierarchy • 119
6. Cleisthenic Constitutional Reforms • 160
7. Flowchart of the Roman Republican Government • 229

xii Chronologies

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 PREFACE

THE APPROACH TO CLASSICAL WORLD CIVILIZATIONS

Several of the terms used in this textbook require definitions. For example, what precisely
defines a civilization, not to mention a world system? To understand how the human
experience has undulated between dispersed rural populations and interconnected world
systems, we must delve somewhat deeper into some of the basic principles of social theory
and come to terms with concepts such as culture, state formation, civilization, world
system, and globalism.

DEFINING CIVILIZATION
Civilizations represent periods of heightened engagement in the processual (step-by-step)
development of human culture. Culture represents a crucial building block of civilization.
Human cultures evolve, expand, merge, and progress to the point where a “critical mass”
of civilization takes hold. So what does culture entail? Anthropologists define culture
as a uniquely human system of habits and customs acquired by humans through exosomatic processes,
carried by their society and used as their primary means of adapting to their environment. Inherent in
this definition is the insistence on learned as opposed to genetic behavior. Birds migrate
seasonally as a result of millions of years of genetic hard-wiring; humans harnessed fire
through a process of discovery, observation, and retention of acquired knowledge. In
other words, humans in isolated cultural contexts, such as those that existed in prehis-
tory, acquired skills, experience, and knowledge over time regarding ways to improve
their well-being and to adapt to a changing environment. They simultaneously handed
these skills down from one generation to the next through forms of education. Recursive
forms of education (that is, the transfer of knowledge that repeats itself indefinitely)
enable human cultures to sustain themselves across distances of space and time. Prehistoric
humans learned to fashion tools for specific purposes, to remodel landscapes for various
needs, to express themselves through language and art, to formulate hierarchies, to artic-
ulate a sense of awareness of their place in the universe, to revere deities, and ultimately
to devise appropriate ways to commemorate their dead. Handed down from one genera-
tion to the next, these recursive processes can be likened to memory. Societies rely on past
and living memory of their acquired attributes to perpetuate their existence. Awareness of
the existence of unique sets of cultural attributes holds the key to explaining past human
experience. In brief, culture reflects the single most distinctive trait that separates human-
kind from other natural species.

Preface xiii

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 Another essential component to urban civilization is something commonly referred to
as the process of state formation, or the identification of definable stages in human social orga-
nization. Since all ancient civilizations underwent some process of state formation, the
mechanisms by which this occurred in each instance become important to their devel-
opment. Social theorists have traditionally argued that the process of state formation
entailed an evolutionary progression from minimal forms of social organization such as
hunting bands, tribes, and chiefdoms to more advanced forms such as states, civilizations,
and world systems. Hunting bands and tribes, for example, are loosely organized forma-
tions based on lineage or kinship ties, or the perception of the group as an extended family or clan. A
chiefdom is defined as an autonomous political unit comprising a number of such enti-
ties under the permanent control of a paramount chief. A state, however, is organized
according to permanent institutions that exist and perpetuate themselves independent of
lineage connections. A state typically displays a centralized government that maintains
a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a specified territory. Social structure
within a state tended to be highly stratified.
For the purposes of this book, we define a civilization as a social organization that
transcended states both in terms of the breadth of its territorial extent and its popula-
tion base. A civilization typically incorporated numerous states within its reach. As such
it might be referred to as an extraterritorial state or an empire. We define a civilization as
a uniform society that exhibits the following characteristics.

THE SEVEN CRITERIA FOR ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Urban Centers (cities or large dense settlements)

All civilizations arose from settled agricultural communities. These communities produced
food surpluses to sustain growing populations. As clusters of small agricultural settlements
expanded within the limits of a given ecological niche, urban centers typically emerged.

Professions (the separation of population into specialized occupational

groups)
All civilizations developed labor elements that specialized in activities other than food
production. Craft, artisan, metallurgy, forestry, mercantile, finance, and other nonagricul-
tural professions emerged by exchanging the results of their labor (metal wares, pottery,
timber, stone) for food produced by farming populations.

xiv Preface

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 Elites (a social hierarchy that was exempt from subsistence labor)
At the top of all stratified population elements in a civilization were the elites, which
usually included some combination of warrior elites, priestly castes, noble aristocracies,
and/or royal dynasties. Elite elements dominated “inferior” social orders and drew upon
their surpluses to sustain themselves, thus freeing themselves from participation in every
day subsistence labor. These elites invariably justified their elevated status by furnishing
military protection, religious direction, political representation, legal authority, infra-
structure, and civic order to those below.

Public Wealth (the ability to extract and store surpluses in the form of
taxes and tribute)
In addition to rents and dues obtained by elites to sustain themselves, ruling hierarchies
also imposed various forms of taxes in the interest of the state. These resources would be
used to finance activities to benefit the common good, such as offerings to the gods or the
construction of urban defenses. Poll taxes, property taxes, income taxes, import and export
duties, manumission, and sales taxes were all devised by early civilizations. Tribute was
slightly different in that it was a tax imposed on subject states by a dominant state, which
indicated the existence of an empire or extraterritorial state. From the perspective of a
dominant imperial hierarchy, tribute enabled it to sustain itself, to obtain prestige goods
from distant populations, and to deploy its forces against outside threats, thus furnishing
security to subject states. From the vantage point of the subject states, however, tribute
amounted to a form of extortion imposed on an already overburdened native popula-
tion. Tribute payments inevitably provoked impoverishment, resentment, and rebellion.

Canonical Expressions of Aesthetic Achievement (or fine arts and

monumental architecture)
Civilizations encouraged the development of formal schools of art and design, which
enabled the inhabitants to generate more finely articulated expressions of aesthetic achieve-
ment than those possible in less complex societies. Most high art during antiquity was
rooted in religion and was used to articulate a prevailing ideology. While the fine arts
of any civilization inevitably emerge from more primitive forms of artistic expression,
recursive institutions were essential to the development and sustainability of high art. As
schools emerged, their graduates designed canonical forms of aesthetic expression that
became recognized and reproduced as the emblems of their society’s collective cultural
memory. The vestiges of these expressions in monumental architecture, sculpture, and
the arts tended to distinguish the cultural attributes of one civilization from another and
are very much a part of their historical record.

Preface xv

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 Creature Comforts (or the development of permanent forms of domestic
shelter)
One of the principal requirements of any urban civilization is to generate habitats or safe,
secure means of shelter for its inhabitants. Most civilizations developed primitive systems
of urban infrastructure to improve the general quality of life. Houses might contain indoor
plumbing; means of heating and cooking; furnishings such as tables, chairs, and beds; and
bathing and toilet facilities. Large-scale, well-organized water systems were essential to
direct and distribute fresh, clean water across urban landscapes. Sewerage systems were
equally necessary to draw away waste materials and to diminish the risk of contagion or
disease. Streets and roads were used to import bulk quantities of agricultural goods from
surrounding hinterlands, just as massive storage facilities and market places distributed
surplus commodities throughout the population. One of the ways to assess the achieve-
ments of past civilizations is to calibrate the quality of creature comforts (quality of life
or well-being) that it furnished to its residents.

Literacy (a system of writing)

All great civilizations developed a system of writing, preserving for us at least some partial
record of their historical experience. Writing enabled inhabitants to record their accom-
plishments and cultural achievements, and usually some manifestation of an articulated
worldview, whether philosophical or religious. Even when restricted to a limited elite,
literacy helped to sustain the recursive process of stored cultural memory. It not only
enabled societies to hand down knowledge from one generation to the next, but it also
facilitated the assimilation of that knowledge by newly arrived outsiders, or the expor-
tation of the same to neighboring societies (something referred to as cultural diffusion),
thus enabling outsiders to adapt to their new situation and gradually to merge with the
core population.
Due to their superior labor power, surplus resources, stratified societies, military
capacity, accessible technologies, and in many instances the advantageous environments
in which they settled (something referred to as geographical determinism), certain
civilizations managed to exert authority over less developed populations and natural
resources within their horizons. These states successfully tapped into new and different
resources further abroad, while retaining neighboring peoples in subordinate positions.
Asymmetrical relationships, in which more advanced civilizations, or core polities, domi-
nated the activities of subordinate or periphery polities form the basis of social constructs
known as world systems. Simply put, a world system emerged when a more advanced
civilization assumed control over the economic activities of less advanced neighboring
populations, particularly by exploiting the neighboring peoples’ available natural resources.
Invariably, the relationship emerged as one in which the core polity exported costly,
technologically more advanced finished goods (such as metal wares, ceramic finewares,

xvi Preface

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 household furnishings, textiles, works of art, wine, and olive oil) to peripheral states in
exchange for abundant, unfinished natural resources such as timber, stone, metals, human
prisoners, and raw foodstuffs. The more advanced core polity used its wealth and power
to manipulate flows of material, energy, and people at a macro-regional (world-system)
scale through the establishment of ties of super ordinance and dependency.
One scenario posits that the wider the range of a civilization’s trading capacity the larger
its capacity for growth. This is where globalism enters the picture. Implied in each of
these assumptions is the tendency for urban societies to expand and grow to some unde-
terminable size. Typically, a society will expand to the limits of the carrying capacity of
its immediate ecological niche. The question at that point becomes one of sustainability.
Control of peoples and resources on the periphery typically enabled localized economies
to continue to expand; they could also lead to contact with civilizations further removed.
The extension of communications further and further abroad formed the basis of an
emerging macro-regional or global world system. This is what appears to have occurred
during the Early and Late Bronze Ages and again during the Roman Era. It needs to be
emphasized, however, that no past civilization was monolithic in character; each civiliza-
tion consisted of a patchwork of neighboring cultural entities that tended more often than
not to preserve their own separate identities while assimilating some veneer of the main-
stream culture espoused by the hierarchy. In each instance, however, cultural attributes
of the dominant society tended to remodel those of neighboring peoples. This propelled
them through space and time along common cultural trajectories.

FURTHER READING
Davies, Stephen. The Philosophy of Art. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.
Dewey, John. Art as Experience. New York: Penguin, 2005.
Earle, Timothy. How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1997.
Giddens, Anthony. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1984.
Olson, Steve. Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common Origins. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 2003.
Service, Elman R. Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution. New York:
Norton, 1975.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
Yoffee, Norman. Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Preface xvii

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This page intentionally left blank
 INTRODUCTION
FROM HUMAN PREHISTORY TO THE
ANCIENT WORLD

The purpose of this book is to examine the emergence of ancient urban civilizations on
three continents: Africa, Europe, and Asia. We will identify the classical traits of each civi-
lization—traits that gave each regional culture its individual character and traits that are
inherently recognizable in modern cultures that evolved in the same regions. The chief
premise is that civilizations thriving in distant continents during these eras increasingly
came in contact with one another to form an interconnected or global world system.
At the height of the second century AD, interconnectivity enabled societies such as the
Roman Mediterranean, East Africa, various principalities in India, and the Han Dynasty
in China to attain their greatest levels of urban expansion, material prosperity, and cultural
achievement prior to modern times. By 600 AD all these societies collapsed. In the case
of Rome, collapse was dramatic; in India and China, however, traditional societies recov-
ered within a relatively brief period of time.
It is important to stress the lack of commonality to the patterns of growth and decline.
Each era of interconnectivity between civilizations exhibited variable characteristics and
was exponentially larger (in size, in expanse, in cultural attributes) than the one that
preceded. Yet, each of the four ancient phases of global world system (Early Bronze
Age, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, Roman Era) ultimately came unraveled and
collapsed. This suggests that there is something implicitly unsustainable about the foun-
dations of complex urban societies, not to mention the demands they impose on their
environment and human resources. The undulating pattern of development, interdepen-
dency, and growth, followed by economic disruptions, political disturbances, and societal
collapse, appears to furnish an essential rhythm to the history of human experience. The
transition from scattered, highly diverse rural populations to more centralized complex
urban societies (what archaeologists refer to as the transition from dispersed to nucleated
settlements) forms a central theme and underlying premise to this text.
Therefore, this introduction will contextualize the development of human societies and
determine the key factors in the transition from human prehistory—characterized by small
groups of migrating hunter-gatherers—to ancient civilizations, “periods of heightened
engagement in the processual (step-by-step) development of human culture,” as defined
in this volume’s preface. Additionally, the three eras (the Bronze Age [Early, Middle,
Late], the Classical/Iron Age, and the Roman Era) will be generally defined, and we will

UTP Rauh SHAW Interior-F.indd 1 2017-10-18 3:50 PM

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Hath seized the wasteful king. O, what pity is it
[1523]55

That he had not so trimm'd and dress'd his land[1522]

[1524]

As we this garden! We at time of year[1522][1525]

Do wound the bark, the skin of our fruit-trees,[1525]
Lest, being over-proud in sap and blood,
With too much riches it confound itself:60
Had he done so to great and growing men,
They might have lived to bear and he to taste
Their fruits of duty: superfluous branches[1526]
We lop away, that bearing boughs may live:[1527]
Had he done so, himself had borne the crown,65
Which waste of idle hours hath quite thrown down.
[1528]

Serv. What, think you then the king shall be deposed?

[1529]

Gard. Depress'd he is already, and deposed

'Tis doubt he will be: letters came last night[1530][1531]
To a dear friend of the good Duke of York's,[1530]
[1532]70

That tell black tidings.[1533]

Queen. O, I am press'd to death through want of

speaking![1533][1534]

[Coming forward.
Thou, old Adam's likeness, set to dress this garden,
[1533][1535]
How dares thy harsh rude tongue sound this
unpleasing news?[1533][1536]
What Eve, what serpent, hath suggested thee75
To make a second fall of cursed man?
Why dost thou say King Richard is deposed?
Darest thou, thou little better thing than earth,
Divine his downfal? Say, where, when, and how,
Camest thou by this ill tidings? speak, thou wretch.
[1537]80

Gard. Pardon me, madam: little joy have I

To breathe this news; yet what I say is true.[1538]
King Richard, he is in the mighty hold
Of Bolingbroke: their fortunes both are weigh'd:
In your lord's scale is nothing but himself,[1539]85
And some few vanities that make him light;
But in the balance of great Bolingbroke,
Besides himself, are all the English peers,
And with that odds he weighs King Richard down.
Post you to London, and you will find it so;[1540]90
I speak no more than every one doth know.

Queen. Nimble mischance, that art so light of foot,

Doth not thy embassage belong to me,
And am I last that knows it? O, thou think'st[1541]
To serve me last, that I may longest keep95
Thy sorrow in my breast. Come, ladies, go,[1542]
To meet at London London's king in woe.
What, was I born to this, that my sad look
Should grace the triumph of great Bolingbroke?
Gardener, for telling me these news of woe,[1543]100
Pray God the plants thou graft'st may never grow.
Pray God the plants thou graft st may never grow.

[Exeunt Queen and Ladies.[1544]

Gard. Poor queen! so that thy state might be no

worse,
I would my skill were subject to thy curse.
Here did she fall a tear; here in this place[1545]
I'll set a bank of rue, sour herb of grace:[1546]105
Rue, even for ruth, here shortly shall be seen,
In the remembrance of a weeping queen.
[Exeunt.[1547]

FOOTNOTES:

[1290] Act III. Scene I. Bristol. Before the Castle.] Capell.

Enter Bolingbroke....] Ff Q5. Enter Duke of Hereford, Y., N., B. and
G. prisoners. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1291] too] two Q4 Q5.
[1292] deaths] death Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1293] possession] profession Q4.
[1294] by] Q1. with Q2 Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
[1295] you] they Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1296] sigh'd] sight Q1 Q2.
clouds] climes Long MS.
[1297] Whilst] Q1. While Q2 Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
[1298] my] Q1 Q2. mine Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
[1299] imprese] Q5. impreese Q1 Q2 Q3. impresse Q4 F1 F2 F3.
impress F4.
[1300] over] om. Pope.
[1301] Lords, farewell] Omitted in Ff Q5.
[1302] see] seem Capell (corrected in Notes).
[Exeunt....] Capell. om. Qq Ff.
[1303] God's] Heavens Ff Q5.
[1304] deliver'd] delivered Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1305] lords] my lords Pope. After this line S. Walker would
supply And lead we forth our well appointed powers.
[1306] To fight ... complices] Omitted by Theobald.
Glendower] Glendor Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. Glendoure Ff. Gendoure Q5.
[1307] Scene II. The coast ... view.] Capell. Changes to the coast
of Wales. Pope.
Drums ... colours.] Ff Q5. Flourish: drums, and colours. Rowe (ed.
1). Flourish: drums and trumpets. Rowe (ed. 2).
Enter....] Enter the King, Aumerle, Carleil, &c. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
(Carlile. Q3 Q4). Enter Richard, Aumerle, Carlile, and Souldiers. Ff
Q 5.
[1308] Barkloughly] Berkley Grey conj.
they] Q1. you Q2 Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
[1309] Yea] Even so Keightley conj.
my lord] my good lord Pope. good my lord Grant White conj.
[1310] your late] your Pope. late Steevens (1793).
[1311] with] from Rann (Capell conj.).
[1312] tears and smiles] teares and smiles Q1 Q3. teares, and
smiles Q3 Q4 Ff Q5. tears and smiles, Knight.
meeting] weeping Capell (withdrawn).
[1313] weeping, smiling] weeping-smiling Dyce (S. Walker and
Delius conj.).
my] the F2 Q5 F3 F4.
[1314] favours] Q1. The rest favour.
[1315] thy] my Q4.
[1316] pray thee] prethee Ff Q5.
[1317] rebellion's] Q1 Q2. rebellious Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
[1318] The means ... redress] Omitted in Ff Q5.
[1319] heaven yields] Pope. heavens yeeld Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
heaven's yield Anon. conj.
[1320] neglected; else, if] Pope. neglected. Else Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
neglected then: else, Capell.
[1321] will not] Q1 Q2. would not Q3 Q4.
will not, heaven's offer we refuse,] would not heav'n's offer, we
refuse Theobald.
[1322] The proffer'd] Q1 Q2 Q3. The poofered Q4. That proffers
Capell conj.
succour] Pope. succors Q1 Q2. succours Q3 Q4.
[1323] our] their F2 Q5 F3 F4.
[1324] power] Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. friends Ff Q5.
[1325] know'st] knowest Ff Q5.
[1326] is hid, Behind ... world] that lights The lower-world is hid
behind the globe Malone conj.
[1327] that] and Hammer.
[1328] boldly Dyce (Collier conj.). bouldy Q1. bloudy Q2. bloodie
Q3 Q4. bloody Ff Q5.
[1329] this] his Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1330] light] lightning Ff Q5.
light ... every] lightning through each Long MS.
[1331] Whilst ... antipodes] Omitted in Ff Q5.
[1332] sit] set F3 F4.
[1333] his sin] themselves Seymour conj.
[1334] rough rude] rough-rude S. Walker conj.
rude] wide Collier conj.
[1335] off from] from Ff Q5.
an anointed] a'nointed Anon. conj.
[1336] worldly] wordly F2.
cannot] can cannot Q4.
[1337] press'd] prest Qq Ff.
[1338] shrewd] sharp Pope.
[1339] God] Heaven Ff Q5.
Richard] Ric: Q1 Q2 Q3.
[1340] Scene III. Pope.
lord] lo: Q1 Q2.
[1341] day too ... lord] day (too ... lord) Pope.
me] Q1 Q2. my Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
lord] lo: Q1 Q2 Q3.
[1342] thy] my F2 Q5.
[1343] twelve thousand] See note (XIX).
[1344] O'erthrows] Orethrowes F1 F2 Q5. Orethrows F3.
O'rethrows F4. Overthrowes Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
friends] frindes Q2.
state] tate F2.
[1345] and] or Collier MS.
[1346] twenty thousand] 20000. Q1 Q2.
[1347] And ... dead] Put in the margin, as spurious, by Pope.
[1348] coward] Q1. coward, Q2 Q3 Q4. sluggard Ff Q5.
coward majesty!] sluggard! majesty Seymour conj.
[1349] twenty] forty Ff Q5.
[1350] Hath ... here?] As two lines in Ff Q5 ending turn ... here?
Capell ends the first line at who.
enough] om. Pope.
[1351] Scene IV. Pope.
[1352] and decay] loss, decay Ff Q5.
[1353] makes] Q1 Q2. make Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
shores] showers Q4.
[1354] swells] swell Steevens (1778).
[1355] harder] more hard Pope.
[1356] White-beards] White beards Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. White Beares
F1 F2 Q5. White Bears F3 F4.
[1357] boys] boies Q1. and boyes Q2 Q3 Q4 F1 F2 Q5. and boys
F 3 F 4.
[1358] clap] clasp Pope. clip Ritson conj.
female] feeble Collier (Collier MS.).
[1359] arms ... crown:] armes ... crowne, Q1 Q2. armes, ...
crowne, Q3 Q4. armes: ... crowne F1 F2 Q5. armes: ... crown F3.
arms: ... crown F4.
arms against] armour 'gainst Collier MS.
[1360] Thy] The Rowe.
bows] browes Q3 Q4.
[1361] double-fatal] Warburton. double fatal Qq Ff. doubly-fatal
Hanmer.
yew] Hanmer. ewe Q1 Q2 F4. woe Q3 Q4. Eugh: F1 F2 Q5 F3.
state;] state, Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. state Ff Q5.
[1362] bills ... seat:] bils ... seate, Q1. billes, ... seate Q2. billes:
... seate Q3 Q4. bills: ... seat Ff Q5.
[1363] where is Bagot] Omitted by Hanmer.
Bagot] he got Theobald.
[1364] heads] hands F2 Q5 F3 F4.
[1365] they have] they've Pope.
Bolingbroke] Bulling. Q1.
[1366] have they] they have Rowe.
[1367] won] woon Q1 F1. woonne Q2. wonne Q3 Q4.
[1368] offence] om. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4, ending line 133 at hell (hel,
Q1. hell, Q2. hell Q3 Q4).
[1369] love, I see, changing] love (I see) changing Ff Q5. love I
see changing Q1. love I see changing, Q2. love's (I see)
changing: Q3. Iove's (I see) changing Q4.
[1370] heads] head Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1371] wound] hand Ff Q5.
[1372] hollow] hallow'd Warburton.
[1373] Ay] I Q1. Ye Q2. Yea Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
Bristol] Bristow Qq Ff.
[1374] on] in F2 Q5 F3 F4.
[1375] model] modle Q1.
[1376] God's] Heavens Ff Q5.
[1377] the ghosts] their ghosts Jervis conj.
have deposed] dispossess'd Pope. have depriv'd S. Walker conj.
[1378] little] lettle Q3.
[1379] through] thorough Q1.
wall] Q1. walls Q2 Ff Q5. walles Q3 Q4.
[1380] blood With ... reverence:] Ff Q5. blood, With ... reverence
Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4.
[1381] Tradition] Addition Roderick conj.
[1382] I live with ... king?] Left as in Qq Ff. I live on ... want like
you ... friends, like you ... king? Pope, ending the lines at you, ...
thus, ... king? Steevens ends the lines grief ... thus ... king.
[1383] friends:] friends, fear enemies S. Walker conj.
subjected] and being subjected Seymour conj.
[1384] need ... say] As one line. Keightley conj.
[1385] king] kin Q3.
[1386] sit ... woes] wail their present woes Ff Q5.
[1387] And so ... yourself] Omitted in Ff Q5.
[1388] Fear ... limb] Put in the margin by Pope.
[1389] to fight] from fight Pope (in margin).
[1390] destroying] defying Johnson conj. (withdrawn).
[1391] To change ... own] Put in the margin by Pope.
[1392] Speak ... say] Put in the margin by Pope.
[1393] is] hath Capell (corrected in Notes).
with] to F4.
[1394] party] faction Ff Q5.
[1395] [To Aumerle] Theobald.
[1396] them] 'em Ff Q5.
[1397] hath] have Delius conj.
[1398] hence away] away Pope. hence, away Theobald.
[1399] Bolingbroke's] Bullingbrooke F2.
[1400] Scene III.] Scene V. Pope.
Wales ...] Capell. Bolingbroke's camp. Pope. B.'s camp near Flint.
Theobald.
Enter ...] Enter ... Attendants. Ff Q5. Enter Bull., Yorke, North. Q1
Q 2 Q 3 Q 4.
[1401] alack] ah Pope.
[1402] mistakes] mistakes me Rowe. mistaketh Delius conj.
[1403] his] this Q5.
[1404] The ... him] As in Ff Q5. As one line in Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1405] Would you] Should you Q3 Q4.
[1406] Have ... length.] Have been so brief, to shorten you the
head. Pope.
[1407] with you] Ff Q5. om. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4, reading He would ...
you as one line.
[1408] taking so] taking off Keightley conj.
your] the Theobald.
[1409] further] farther Ff Q5.
[1410] mistake the] mistake, the Q5 F4. mistake; the Rowe.
o'er our heads] over our heads Q1 Q2. over your heads Q3 Q4.
ore your head Ff Q5.
[1411] and oppose not] nor oppose Pope. and will not oppose
Capell (ending the line here). and do not oppose or and I not
oppose Seymour conj. and oppose me not Anon. conj.
myself] om. Steevens conj.
[1412] Against] Againe F2.
will] willes Q3 Q4.
here?] here? 'tis Percy Hanmer.
[1413] Welcome,] Well, Hanmer.
[1414] royally is] is royally Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1415] thy] your Pope.
[1416] Royally!... king?] As one line in Qq Ff. So Hanmer, reading
doth contain. Royally! how so? Capell, reading Against ... so? as
one line. Royally, say'st thou Seymour conj.
[1417] King] Kind F2 F3.
[1418] yon] yond Ff Q5.
[1419] are the] Q1. the Q2 Q3 Q4 Ff Q5. om. Pope.
[1420] O] om. Pope.
O, belike it is the] Believe me Seymour conj.
[1421] it is ... lords] As one line by S. Walker.
[1422] lords] lord Ff Q5. lord [To North. Rowe.
[1423] parley] parlee Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. parle Ff Q5.
[1424] Into ... Bolingbroke] S. Walker arranges as two lines, the
first ending ears.
[1425] Henry Bolingbroke] Henry Bullingbrooke Ff Q5. H. Bull. Q1
Q2. H. Bul. Q3 Q4. Henry of Bolingbroke Pope. Harry of
Bolingbroke Capell.
[1426] Henry ... hand] As one line in Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. That Harry ...
knees Doth, in his duty, kiss ... hand Seymour conj.
[1427] On both] Upon Ff Q5 ending the lines kisse ... allegeance
... come.
[1428] true] om. Pope.
[1429] To his most] Q1 Q2. To his Q3 Q4 Ff Q5. unto his Pope
ending the lines knees ... allegiance ... person.
hither come] om. Pope.
[1430] to lay] I lay Pope.
[1431] slaughter'd] Ff Q5. slaughtered Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1432] Bolingbroke] Bulling. Q1.
[1433] bedrench] be drench Q3. be drencht Q4.
[1434] [Nor. bows; and approaches the Castle, with a Trumpet,
&c. Capell.
[1435] this] the Capell. See note (XX).
tatter'd] Ff Q5. tottered Q1 Q2. tattered Q3 Q4.
[1436] shock] shocke Q1. smoke Q2. smoake Q3 Q4 F1 F2 Q5.
smoak F3 F4.
[1437] Be he ... him.] Put in the margin by Pope.
[1438] whilst] while Ff Q5.
rain] raigne. Q1 Q2. raigne Q3 Q4.
[1439] waters; on] Rowe (ed. 2). water's on Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. waters
on Ff Q5.
[1440] Parle ...] Parle ... Richard, Carlile ... Ff Q5. The trumpets
sound. Richard appeareth on the walls. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 (trumpet Q3
Q4).
[1441] Scene VI. Pope.
See ...] Ff Q5. Bull. See ... Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. York. See ... Hanmer
(Warburton), continuing the speech of York to show! line 71.
Percy. See ... Dyce conj.
[1442] track] tract Ff Q5.
[1443] alack, alack] alacke Q3 Q4.
[1444] harm] storm Singer (Collier MS.).
[1445] fearful] faithful Collier MS.
[To North.] Rowe.
[1446] thy] the Q3 Q4.
[1447] And if] An if S. Walker and Delius conj.
[1448] their] the F2 Q5 F3 F4.
to our] of our Q5.
[1449] master] masters Capell conj.
[1450] yond] Ff Q5. yon Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. he stands] he is Ff Q5. is
he Capell conj.
[1451] my] the Rowe.
[1452] open] ope Ff Q5.
[1453] live in] light in Warburton. give him Anon. conj. apud
Halliwell conj.
peace,] peace. F2.
[1454] ill become the flower of] ill become the floor of Theobald
conj. mis-become the flow'ry Hanmer.
face] race Heath conj.
[1455] face ... peace] peace ... face Malone conj.
[1456] her] om. Q4.
[1457] pastures'] Capell. pasture's Theobald. pastors Qq Ff.
pastor's Pope.
[1458] Thy] no, thy Pope. This thy S. Walker conj.
[1459] Bolingbroke] of Bolingbroke Pope.]
humbly] om. Pope.
[1460] buried ... warlike] warlike ... buried Warburton.
[1461] a prince, is just] Ff Q5. princesse just Q1 Q2. a prince just
Q3 Q4. a prince, as just Seymour conj.
[1462] I am] om. Collier MS.
gentleman] gentlem Q3.
[1463] thus] Q2. thus, Q1. thus: Q3 Q4 Ff Q5.
[1464] contradiction: ... hast,] Ff Q5. contradiction, ... hast, Q1
Q2. contradiction, ... hast; Q3 Q4.
[1465] thou] that thou Capell conj.
[1466] [Northumberland retires to Bolingbroke. Collier.
[1467] We do] King. We do Q1 Q2.
ourselves] our selves Q1 Q2 Q3. Q4. our selfe F1 F2 Q5. our self
F3 F4. us Capell.
cousin] coz S. Walker conj.
[To Aumerle.] Rowe.
[1468] lord;] lo: Q1.
[1469] helpful] hopeful F2 Q5 F3 F4.
[1470] yon] Q1 Q2 Q3. you Q4. yond Ff Q5.
[1471] king] a king Q2 Q3 Q4.
o'] Ff Q5. a Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1472] almsman's] almshouse Johnson (1771).
[1473] trade] tread Theobald (Warburton).
[1474] For ... Head?] Put in the margin by Pope.
[1475] weep'st] weepest Q3 Q4.
[1476] shedding] sheading Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1477] As] And Q2 Q3 Q4.
thus,] thus: Ff Q5. thus Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1478] Within ... at me] Put in the margin, as spurious, by Pope.
[1479] there] their Q3 Q4 F2.
lies] lie Roberts MS. apud Halliwell.
[1480] laugh] Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. mock Ff Q5.
[1481] may it] may't Pope.
[1482] [North. retires again to Boling. Collier.
[1483] In ... sing.] Put in the margin by Pope.
[1484] court?] FF Q5. court, Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1485] court?... down?] Capell. court ... downe: Qq Ff.
[1486] shriek] shreeke Q1 Q3 Q4. shreek Q2 F4. shrike F1 F2 Q5
F 3.
[Exeunt ...] Capell.
[1487] his majesty] he now Seymour conj.
and grief] om. Pope.
[1488] Yet ... lord] S. Walker reads as two lines, ending show.
lord; Pope has three, the first ending show.
[1489] come] come, my lord Capell.
Enter ...] Capell.
[1490] [He kneels down.] Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. om. Ff Q5.
[1491] Fair ... knee] As in Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4; as two lines in Ff Q5.
[1492] Up ... low] Put in the margin by Pope.
[1493] [raising him. Capell.
[1494] [touching his own head. Steevens.
[1495] you deserve] you deserv'd Ff Q5 (reading line 200 as two
lines ending deserv'd ... have).
[1496] hands] Q3 Q4. handes Q1 Q2. hand Ff Q5.
[1497] my] om. Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1498] Set ... so] Printed as two lines in Ff Q5.
on] one F2.
[1499] [Flourish. Exeunt.] Ff Q5. om. Q1 Q2. Exeunt. Q3 Q4.
[1500] Scene IV.] Scæna Quarta. F1. Scæna Quinta. F2 Q5 F3 F4.
Scene VII. Pope.
Langley ... garden.] Capell. A garden. Pope. A garden in the
Queen's Court. Theobald.
Enter ...] Ff Q5. Enter the Queene with her Attendants. Q1 Q2 Q3
Q4 (Quenne Q4).
[1501] Lady.] 1 L. Capell (and passim).
[1502] we'll ... sorrow ... of joy] we will ... joy ... grief Capell,
reading as one line Madam ... grief.
[1503] joy] Rowe (ed. 2). griefe Qq Ff.
[1504] Of neither] No, of neither Capell.
[1505] had] sadd Q4.
[1506] what] of what Hanmer.
[1507] And ... sing ... thee.] An ... sing ... thee? Jackson conj.
[1508] sing ... weeping] Qq Ff. weep ... weeping Pope. sing ...
singing Staunton conj. See note (XXI).
[1509] Enter ...] Ff Q5. Enter Gardeners. Q1. Enter Gardiners. Q2
Q3 Q4. Pope (after line 26).
[1510] But stay ... gardeners] Placed by Pope after line 26.
stay] stay, girl Keightley conj.
come] Q1 F2 Q5. commeth Q2 Q3 Q4. comes F1 F3 F4.
gardeners] gardiners of this place Capell.
[1511] unto ... pins] suits with a row of pines Pope.
pins,] pinnes, F1 F2 Q5 F3. pines, Q1 Q2 F4. pines. Q3 Q4.
[1512] change; woe] Ff Q5. change woe Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
with woe] with mocks Warburton.
[Queen....] Pope.
[1513] yon] Q2 Q3 Q4. yond Ff Q5. yong Q1.
apricocks] aphricokes Q1. aphricockes Q2. apricots Johnson.
[1514] too] Ff Q5. two Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1515] which] Q1. The rest that.
[1516] Serv.] Ser. Ff Q5. Man. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 (and passim).
[1517] as] om. Q2 Q3 Q4.
estate] state F2 Q5 F3 F4.
our firm estate] a firm state Warburton.
[1518] disorder'd] Ff Q5. disordered Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1519] suffer'd] Ff Q5. suffered Q1 Q2 Q3. suffred Q4.
[1520] which] Q1. The rest that.
[1521] pluck'd] pluckt Q1 Q2. puld Q3 Q4. pull'd Ff Q5.
[1522] They are ... year] Arranged as by Capell; in Qq Ff the lines
end are ... king ... trimm'd ... year.
[1523] seized] ceasde Q1 Q2.
O,] om. F2 Q5 F3 F4.
is it] it is Q2 Q3 Q4. is't Theobald.
[1524] had] hath Q5.
so] om. F2 Q5 F3 F4.
[1525] garden! We at time of year Do wound] Capell. garden at
time of yeare Do wound Q1 Q2. garden, at time of yeare Do
wound Q3 Q4. garden, at time of yeare; And wound F1 F2 Q5.
garden at time of year; And wound F3 F4. garden dress, And
wound Pope. garden, who at times of year Do wound Steevens
(1773). garden! who at time of year Do wound Id. (1785). garden
at the time of yeare We wound Collier MS. garden do at time of
year And wound Delius conj. garden. At due time of year We
wound Grant White conj.
in] Q1. The rest with.
[1526] duty:] duety: Q1. dutie: Q2. duetie: Q3 Q4. dutie. F1.
dutie. All F2. duty. All Q5 F3 F4. duty. The S. Walker conj.
[1527] live] line Q4.
[1528] of ... hath] and ... hath Ff Q5. and ... have Pope.
[1529] then] Pope. om. Qq Ff. that Long MS.
[1530] 'Tis ... York's] 'Tis doubted he will be. Letters last night
Came to a dear friend of the duke of York Pope.
[1531] doubt] doubted Ff Q5.
[1532] good] Q1 Q2. The rest omit.
York's] Yorkes Q1 Q4 F1. Yorks Q2 Q3. Yorke F2 Q5. York F3 F4.
[1533] Malone arranges as four lines, ending death ... likeness ...
dares ... news?
[1534] [Coming forward.] Starting from her concealment. Capell.
[1535] old] om. Pope.
set] set here Steevens conj.
dress this garden] dress out this garden. Say, Malone conj.
[1536] harsh rude] harsh F2 Q5 F3 F4. om. Pope. harsh-rude
Steevens (1793).
this] these Dyce.
[1537] this] these Pope.
[1538] this] Q1. The rest these.
[1539] lord's] Lo. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1540] you will] you'l Ff Q5.
[1541] knows] know Q5.
think'st] Ff Q5. thinkest Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4.
[1542] Thy] The Hanmer.
[1543] these] this Ff Q5.
[1544] Pray God] I would Ff Q5.
[Exeunt....] Pope. Exit. Qq Ff.
[1545] fall] Q1. The rest drop.
[1546] rue, sour] rewsowre Q4.
[1547] the] om. Q2 Q3 Q4.
[Exeunt.] Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4. Exit. Ff Q5.
Westminster Hall.] Malone. London. Pope.
 ACT IV.

Scene I. Westminster Hall.

Enter as to the Parliament, Bolingbroke,

Aumerle, Northumberland, Percy, Fitzwater,
Surrey, the Bishop of Carlisle, the Abbot of
Westminster, and another Lord, Herald,
Officers, and Bagot.[1548]
Boling. Call forth Bagot.[1549]
Now, Bagot, freely speak thy mind;[1550]
What thou dost know of noble Gloucester's death;
Who wrought it with the king, and who perform'd
The bloody office of his timeless end.5

Bagot. Then set before my face the Lord Aumerle.

Boling. Cousin, stand forth, and look upon that man.

Bagot. My Lord Aumerle, I know your daring tongue

Scorns to unsay what once it hath deliver'd.[1551]
In that dead time when Gloucester's death was
plotted,10
I heard you say, 'Is not my arm of length,
That reacheth from the restful English court
As far as Calais, to mine uncle's head?'[1552]
Amongst much other talk, that very time,
I heard you say that you had rather refuse[1553]15
The offer of an hundred thousand crowns
Than Bolingbroke's return to England;[1554][1555]
Adding withal, how blest this land would be[1555][1556]
In this your cousin's death.[1555]

Aum. Princes and noble lords,[1557]

What answer shall I make to this base man?20
Shall I so much dishonour my fair stars,[1558]
On equal terms to give him chastisement?[1559]
Either I must, or have mine honour soil'd[1560]
With the attainder of his slanderous lips.[1561]
There is my gage, the manual seal of death,25
That marks thee out for hell: I say, thou liest,[1562]
And will maintain what thou hast said is false[1563]
In thy heart-blood, though being all too base[1564]
To stain the temper of my knightly sword.

Boling. Bagot, forbear; thou shalt not take it up.30

Aum. Excepting one, I would he were the best

In all this presence that hath moved me so.

Fitz. If that thy valour stand on sympathy,[1565]

There is my gage, Aumerle, in gage to thine:
By that fair sun which shows me where thou stand'st,
[1566]35
I heard thee say, and vauntingly thou spakest it,
That thou wert cause of noble Gloucester's death.
If thou deny'st it twenty times, thou liest;[1567]
And I will turn thy falsehood to thy heart,
Where it was forged, with my rapier's point.40

Aum. Thou darest not, coward, live to see that day.

[1568]

Fitz. Now, by my soul, I would it were this hour.

Aum. Fitzwater, thou art damn'd to hell for this.[1569]

Percy. Aumerle, thou liest; his honour is as true

In this appeal as thou art all unjust;45
And that thou art so, there I throw my gage,
To prove it on thee to the extremest point
Of mortal breathing: seize it, if thou darest.

Aum. An if I do not, may my hands rot off[1570]

And never brandish more revengeful steel50
Over the glittering helmet of my foe!

Another Lord. I task the earth to the like, forsworn

 Aumerle;[1571][1572]
And spur thee on with full as many lies[1571]
As may be holloa'd in thy treacherous ear[1571][1573]
From sun to sun: there is my honour's pawn;[1571]
[1574]55

Engage it to the trial, if thou darest.[1571]

Aum. Who sets me else? by heaven, I'll throw at all:

[1571]

I have a thousand spirits in one breast,[1571]

To answer twenty thousand such as you.[1571]

Surrey. My Lord Fitzwater, I do remember well[1575]

[1576]60

The very time Aumerle and you did talk.[1575][1577]

Fitz. 'Tis very true: you were in presence then;[1578]

And you can witness with me this is true.

Surrey. As false, by heaven, as heaven itself is true.

[1579]

Fitz. Surrey, thou liest.[1580]

Surrey. Dishonourable boy![1581]65

That lie shall lie so heavy on my sword,[1581]
That it shall render vengeance and revenge
Till thou the lie-giver and that lie do lie[1582]
In earth as quiet as thy father's skull:
In proof whereof, there is my honour's pawn;[1583]70
Engage it to the trial, if thou darest.

Fitz. How fondly dost thou spur a forward horse!

If I d t di k b th li [1584]
If I dare eat, or drink, or breathe, or live,[1584]
I dare meet Surrey in a wilderness,
And spit upon him, whilst I say he lies,75
And lies, and lies: there is my bond of faith,[1585]
To tie thee to my strong correction.
As I intend to thrive in this new world,[1586]
Aumerle is guilty of my true appeal:
Besides, I heard the banish'd Norfolk say,[1587]80
That thou, Aumerle, didst send two of thy men
To execute the noble duke at Calais.

Aum. Some honest Christian trust me with a gage,

That Norfolk lies: here do I throw down this,
If he may be repeal'd, to try his honour.[1588]85

Boling. These differences shall all rest under gage

Till Norfolk be repeal'd: repeal'd he shall be,
And, though mine enemy, restored again
To all his lands and signories: when he's return'd,[1589]
Against Aumerle we will enforce his trial.90

Car. That honourable day shall ne'er be seen.[1590]

Many a time hath banish'd Norfolk fought
For Jesu Christ in glorious Christian field,[1591]
Streaming the ensign of the Christian cross
Against black pagans, Turks, and Saracens;95
And toil'd with works of war, retired himself[1592]
To Italy; and there at Venice gave
His body to that pleasant country's earth,[1593]
And his pure soul unto his captain Christ,
Under whose colours he had fought so long.100

Boling. Why, bishop, is Norfolk dead?[1594]

Car. As surely as I live, my lord.[1595]

Boling. Sweet peace conduct his sweet soul to the
bosom[1596][1597]
Of good old Abraham! Lords appellants,[1597][1598]
Your differences shall all rest under gage[1597]105
Till we assign you to your days of trial.

Enter York, attended.[1599]

York. Great Duke of Lancaster, I come to thee[1600]
From plume-pluck'd Richard; who with willing soul
Adopts thee heir, and his high sceptre yields[1601]
To the possession of thy royal hand:110
Ascend his throne, descending now from him;
And long live Henry, fourth of that name![1602]

Boling. In God's name, I'll ascend the regal throne.

Car. Marry, God forbid![1603][1604]

Worst in this royal presence may I speak,[1605]115
Yet best beseeming me to speak the truth.[1606]
Would God that any in this noble presence[1607]
Were enough noble to be upright judge
Of noble Richard! then true noblesse would[1608]
Learn him forbearance from so foul a wrong.120
What subject can give sentence on his king?
And who sits here that is not Richard's subject?[1609]
Thieves are not judged but they are by to hear,
Although apparent guilt be seen in them;
And shall the figure of God's majesty,125
His captain, steward, deputy, elect,[1610]
Anointed, crowned, planted many years,[1611]
Be judged by subject and inferior breath,[1612]
And he himself not present? O, forfend it, God,[1613]
That in a Christian climate souls refined130
Should show so heinous, black, obscene a deed!
I speak to subjects, and a subject speaks,
Stirr'd up by God, thus boldly for his king.[1604]
My Lord of Hereford here, whom you call king,
Is a foul traitor to proud Hereford's king:135
And if you crown him, let me prophesy;
The blood of English shall manure the ground,
The blood of English shall manure the ground,
And future ages groan for this foul act;[1614]
Peace shall go sleep with Turks and infidels,
And in this seat of peace tumultuous wars140
Shall kin with kin and kind with kind confound;
Disorder, horror, fear and mutiny
Shall here inhabit, and this land be call'd
The field of Golgotha and dead men's skulls.
O, if you raise this house against this house,[1615]145
It will the woefullest division prove
That ever fell upon this cursed earth.
Prevent it, resist it, let it not be so,[1616]
Lest child, child's children, cry against you 'woe!'[1617]

North. Well have you argued, sir; and, for your

pains,150
Of capital treason we arrest you here.
My Lord of Westminster, be it your charge
To keep him safely till his day of trial.
May it please you, lords, to grant the commons' suit.
[1618][1619]

Boling. Fetch hither Richard, that in common

view[1618][1620]155
He may surrender; so we shall proceed[1618][1620]
Without suspicion.[1618][1620]

York. I will be his conduct.[1618][1621] [Exit.

Boling. Lords, you that here are under our arrest,[1618]

[1622]

Procure your sureties for your days of answer.[1618]

Little are we beholding to your love,[1618][1623]160
And little look'd for at your helping hands.[1618][1624]
Re-enter York, with Richard, and Officers bearing the
regalia.[1618][1625]
K. Rich. Alack, why am I sent for to a king,[1618][1626]
Before I have shook off the regal thoughts[1618]
Wherewith I reign'd? I hardly yet have learn'd[1618]
To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my limbs:[1618]
[1627]165

Give sorrow leave awhile to tutor me[1618][1628][1629]

To this submission. Yet I well remember[1618][1628]
[1630]

The favours of these men: were they not mine?[1618]

[1628]

Did they not sometime cry, 'all hail!' to me?[1618][1628]

[1631]

So Judas did to Christ: but he, in twelve,[1618]

[1628]170
Found truth in all but one; I, in twelve thousand, none.
[1618]

God save the king! Will no man say amen?[1618][1632]

Am I both priest and clerk? well then, amen.[1618]
[1632]

God save the king! although I be not he;[1618][1632]

And yet, amen, if heaven do think him me.[1618]
[1632]175

To do what service am I sent for hither?[1618]

York. To do that office of thine own good will[1618]

Which tired majesty did make thee offer,[1618]
The resignation of thy state and crown[1618]
To Henry Bolingbroke.[1618][1633]180

K. Rich. Give me the crown. Here, cousin, seize the

[1618][1634]
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