STUDY OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A PROJECT WORK
Submitted by:
Name: Anjis Adhikari
Class: 11 B
Roll no: 024NEB203
Submitted to:
Department of Chemistry
St. Xavier’s College, Maitighar
Kathmandu, Nepal
2025
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The project entitled “Study of Organic and Inorganic Compounds” by (Anjis
Adhikari) under the supervision of (Dil Laxmi Sinkemana), is here submitted for the
partial fulfillment of project work of grade 11 ‘B’ has been accepted.
…………………
Supervisor
(Dil Laxmi Sinkemana)
Department of Chemistry
St Xavier’s College
Kathmandu, Nepal
Date:
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am truly indebted to all those who supported me throughout the process of preparing
this report.
Before anything, I want to express my sincere gratitude to St. Xavier’s College,
Maitighar, Kathmandu, for such a wonderful platform to learn, explore and discover my
potential. I am infinitely grateful for the opportunities, resources, and assistance I have
been given throughout my time as an academic here.
I can never forget the supports that were always there from the side of Department of
Chemistry for the necessary materials and also for the assistance that helped me to
successfully complete this project. I sincerely appreciate their commitment to providing
an environment conducive to working and learning that has enabled me to complete this
work.
I would like to acknowledge Ms. Neeva Rajbhandari, Head of Chemistry Department, for
her continued support, guidance, and encouragement for the project. She is a treasure of
knowledge in the field of research, which would not have been possible without proper
resources and constant encouraging guidance. Also, I would like to acknowledge my
project guide Ms. Dil Laxmi Sinkemana for her much-required and timely feedback and
mentorship.
I thank my co-fellows and colleagues for their encouraging presence and sensible
suggestions, which helped in improving this report.
Finally, to my friends and family, thank you for your understanding and patience while I
took time away from you and other pursuits to focus on this project.
Thank you to everyone who contributed to the completion of this manuscript.
Anjis Adhikari
Level: +2
Roll no: 024NEB203
January, 2025
iii
ABBREVIATIONS
AFM-IR Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy
UV Ultraviolet
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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ABSTRACT
The study of organic and inorganic compounds is essential for understanding the
chemical diversity that governs our surroundings and daily life. This report involves
observing everyday environments to identify and classify various compounds into
organic and inorganic categories. Organic compounds, primarily composed of carbon and
hydrogen, include substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, and plastics, while
inorganic compounds, often lacking carbon, include salts, metals, and minerals. The
fundamental differences between these two categories lie in their chemical composition,
structure, and reactivity. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for fields such as
environmental science, medicine, and industrial chemistry. By examining their roles and
interactions, this study highlights the importance of these compounds in natural
processes, technological advancements, and sustaining life.
Keywords:
Organic compounds, Inorganic compounds, Chemical diversity, Carbon and hydrogen,
Salts, Metals, Minerals, Composition, Structure, Reactivity, Environmental science,
Medicine, Industrial chemistry, Natural processes, Technological advancements,
Sustaining life.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
COVER PAGE………………………………………………………………..…………i
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL………………………………………………….......ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………….………………………………………..iii
ABBREVIATIONS…………………...………………………………………………....iv
ABSTRACT………………………...……………………………………………………v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………….………………………………iv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….1-3
1.1 Organic Compounds………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Inorganic Compounds………………………………………………………...2
1.3 Why should we study them?.............................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………………………4
CHAPTER 3: OBSERVATION………………………………………………………5-7
3.1 List of Compounds……………………………………………………………5
3.2 Studied Properties of the Compounds………………………………………...6
3.3 Digital image of the compounds………………………………………………7
CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………….…8-9
4.1 Studies on Organic and Inorganic Compounds……………………………..8-9
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………10-11
5.1 Differences between Organic and Inorganic Compounds…………..……10-11
5.2 Study of Materials in the surroundings………………………………………11
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION…………………...……………………………………12
CHAPTER 7: SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH…………………….13
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………….14
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Organic Compounds
Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or
more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most
commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not
classified as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.
In general, organic compounds are substances that contain carbon (C), and carbon atoms
provide the key structural framework that generates the vast diversity of organic
compounds. All things on Earth (and most likely elsewhere in the universe) that can be
described as living have a crucial dependence on organic compounds. Foodstuffs—
namely, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates—are organic compounds, as are such vital
substances as hemoglobin, chlorophyll, enzymes, hormones, and vitamins. Other
materials that add to the comfort, health, or convenience of humans are composed of
organic compounds, including clothing made of cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fibers;
common fuels, such as wood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas and so on.
The study of organic compounds dates back to ancient times when natural substances like
oils, resins, and dyes were used for medicinal, cosmetic, and decorative purposes.
However, the formal understanding of organic chemistry began in the 18th century.
Initially, scientists believed in the "vital force theory," which suggested that organic
compounds could only be produced by living organisms. This perspective was overturned
in 1828 when Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea, an organic compound, from the
inorganic substance ammonium cyanate. This groundbreaking discovery demonstrated
that organic compounds could be created outside biological systems, revolutionizing the
field of chemistry.
The 19th century saw rapid advancements, with chemists such as August Kekulé
proposing structural theories that laid the foundation for understanding carbon's unique
bonding properties. This period also marked the development of synthetic dyes, plastics,
and pharmaceuticals, showcasing the vast potential of organic compounds in industrial
and everyday applications.
Today, organic chemistry is a cornerstone of modern science, playing a critical role in
fields such as biochemistry, materials science, and environmental studies, highlighting
the significance of organic compounds in life and technology.
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1.2 Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic compounds, which include minerals, metals, and salts, have been integral to
human civilization since prehistoric times. Early humans used naturally occurring
inorganic substances like flint for tools, clay for pottery, and salts for preservation and
flavoring. Ancient cultures also mastered metallurgy, extracting and utilizing metals like
copper, bronze, and iron, marking significant milestones in technological and cultural
advancement.
The formal study of inorganic compounds gained momentum during the 18th and 19th
centuries. Pioneers like Antoine Lavoisier, often referred to as the father of modern
chemistry, helped establish the distinction between organic and inorganic chemistry by
classifying substances based on their origin and composition. Further contributions by
Dmitri Mendeleev, who developed the periodic table, provided a systematic framework
for understanding elements and their compounds.
Modern inorganic chemistry has expanded far beyond natural substances, encompassing
synthetic materials that are vital to industry and technology. These include
semiconductors for electronics, catalysts for chemical processes, and advanced ceramics
for aerospace and biomedical applications. Additionally, inorganic compounds play
critical roles in environmental science, such as in water treatment, pollution control, and
renewable energy solutions like solar cells and hydrogen fuel systems.
Today, inorganic chemistry is a dynamic field that bridges fundamental science with
practical applications, shaping innovations in technology, medicine, and sustainability. It
underscores the importance of understanding these compounds for addressing global
challenges and advancing human progress.
1.3
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1.3 Why should we study them?
The study of organic and inorganic compounds forms the backbone of chemistry, a
science that explains the composition, structure, and behavior of matter. Organic
compounds, primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, are the cornerstone of life.
They include biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as synthetic
materials like plastics and pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, inorganic compounds,
which are typically mineral-based and often do not contain carbon, include salts, metals,
and oxides. These two classes of compounds collectively define the chemical diversity of
our world.
Organic compounds are essential for understanding biological processes, as they
constitute the molecular framework of living organisms. From the DNA that stores
genetic information to the enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, organic
molecules play critical roles in sustaining life. Meanwhile, inorganic compounds, such as
water, minerals, and oxygen, are equally indispensable, supporting physical and chemical
processes that underpin life and industrial activities.
The distinction between organic and inorganic compounds is not merely academic; it is
practical and impactful. Organic chemistry has revolutionized medicine, agriculture, and
materials science, while inorganic chemistry has driven advancements in renewable
energy, metallurgy, and environmental science. By studying these compounds, scientists
and researchers can innovate solutions to address global challenges, such as climate
change, resource scarcity, and health crises.
Thus, understanding organic and inorganic compounds is not only crucial for advancing
scientific knowledge but also for improving quality of life and ensuring a sustainable
future. The exploration of these chemical classes bridges the gap between nature and
technology, providing insights that shape the modern world
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CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
Classification and Comparison
To identify organic and inorganic compounds in the surroundings, classify them based on
their chemical composition, and analyze the key differences in their properties and roles.
Understanding Importance and Applications
To explore the necessity of studying these compounds by examining their significance in
biological processes, environmental sustainability, technological advancements, and
everyday applications.
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CHAPTER 3
OBSERVATION
3.1 List of Compounds
Various compounds were observed in my surroundings (kitchen, school, shop etc.). The
compounds were classified and presented below along with their nature:
SN Surroundings Materials Chemical Formula / Organic /
Nature Inorganic
1. Kitchen Common salt NaCl Inorganic
Table sugar C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Organic
Baking soda NaHCO₃ Inorganic
Water H₂O Inorganic
LPG Gas Mixture of alkanes Organic
Kerosene Alkanes Organic
Rice (C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ Organic
Ghee Long chain fatty acids Organic
Turmeric A mixture of compounds Organic
Oil Liquid containing Organic
hydrocarbon
2. School Chalk CaCO₃ Inorganic
Ink Organic dyes Organic
Marble CaCO₃ Inorganic
3. Shop Wax Long aliphatic alkyl chains Organic
Ajinomoto C₅H₈NO₄Na Organic
(Monosodium
glutamate)
Vinegar CH₃COOH Organic
Quick lime CaO Inorganic
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3.2 Studied Properties of the Compounds
SN Experiments Compounds Observation
1. Solubility in Water Common salt Soluble
Oil Insoluble
Baking soda Soluble
Rice Insoluble
Table sugar Soluble
Kerosene Insoluble
turmeric Insoluble
Chalk Insoluble
Marble Insoluble
Ink Soluble
2. Combustion LPG Gas Combustible
Common salt Non-combustible
Kerosene Combustible
Baking soda Non-combustible
Oil Combustible
Turmeric Non-combustible
Chalk Non-combustible
3. Reaction with acids or bases Baking soda Reactive
Common salt Neutral
Quick lime Reactive
Water Neutral
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3.3 Image of the compounds
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CHAPTER 4
LITERATURE REVIEW
The study of organic and inorganic compounds is a vast field of chemistry. Therefore,
this section of the project provides some studies that focuses on the differences and
importance of studying these compounds.
4.1 Studies on Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Zhou et al., (2023) investigate hybrid organic-inorganic MXenes as well with amido-
and imido-terminated surfaces. Such a change in design improves the structural and
optical properties of the MXenes, making them suitable for use as next-generation
materials. The organic and inorganic hybridization takes place successfully,
suggesting a composite dependence between the two, something not often seen, yet
clearly present for both to properly function while in a bonded state to each other.
Thus, this finding can revolutionize fields of energy storage, catalysis, and
optoelectronics. Ultimately, these scientists take the charge for a successful
intersection of legacy materials with current developmental needs for high-
performance, multifunctional materials.[1]
Johnson et al., (2021) conducted a study about a lead-free organic-inorganic hybrid
double perovskite (i.e. (CsMA)NaBiX₆) which, via thorough assessment of the
material's structural, electronic, and optical properties, found that this material is
suitable for future use in the field of optoelectronics. This is a tremendous
breakthrough in addition to similar breakthroughs by many others in the pursuit of a
sustainable, effective substitute for fatal lead perovskites. This article is relevant to a
global socioeconomic push for sustainable technology, and this finding can be
implemented into new devices for energy efficiency or just new optoelectronic
devices.[2]
Van T. H. Phan et al., (2022) used atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy
(AFM-IR) to study nanoscale mineralogy and organic structures in carbonaceous
chondrites. The research revealed crucial insights into the complex interactions
between organic and inorganic compounds within the meteorites. Analyzing these
materials on a very minute scale, a new approach in the understanding of their
composition and structure unraveled. The current study significantly advances the
knowledge on prebiotic chemistry and provides at least partial clues as to the origins
of life on Earth, possibly elsewhere. These findings will form part of the broader
investigation into astrobiology.[3]
5
Trilochan Sahoo et al. (2019) reported some zinc-based hybrid organic-inorganic
compounds with studies on their electronic and optical features for UV application
purposes. They outlined the most advanced optical materials regarding energy
management and light management applications. In turn, the efficiency and versatility
of these compounds in testing unveiled their potentials toward application for UV
light absorption-emission and other related optical applications such as sensors and
displays, etc. The present work narrates how hybrid materials will drive innovation
and performance for next-generation energy-efficient and high-performance
technologies. [4]
Dragomir Yankov et al., (2015) Separation of organic and inorganic compounds has
been a very important research area, considering the wide applications involved in
both industrial and environmental processes. The recent developments in the
technique have empowered the researcher to such separations in more functional and
specific ways in answering certain challenges imposed by either class of compounds.
Organic compounds, mainly carbon-based structures, normally need chromatography
techniques, solvent extraction, or distillation methods, whereas inorganic compounds
utilize processes involving precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration.
Moreover, traditional techniques that have been combined to attain hybrid techniques
can be identified for improving separation efficiency, especially complex mixtures.
The precision of such separation processes has been further increased with the help of
advanced analytical tools like mass spectrometry and spectroscopy. Applications span
water purification, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals to nanotechnology, where
precision in separation often forms the basis of product quality and performance.
Even so, challenges remain, not least in the energy cost of some methods and the
development of more sustainable and eco-friendly approaches. Future research is
centered on the development of green technologies and scalability enhancement to
meet industrial requirements. [5]
5
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Among the various compounds available in the surroundings, some are organic
compounds while some others are inorganic compounds. Usually, but not all
synthetic compounds are pure. Some compounds are pure, and it is relevant to write
their chemical formula. However, many but not all naturally available compounds are
a mixture of various constituents. In each case, it is difficult to write their chemical
formula and mention some specific properties. However, it is possible to classify as
organic and inorganic compounds.
5.1 Differences between organic and inorganic compounds available in our
surroundings
The compounds available in our surroundings display different properties. Usually,
they are differing in their physical state, color, odor, solubility, ignition behavior, etc.
Some differences between these compounds are as follows:
1. Composition:
o Organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
o Inorganic compounds usually do not contain C-H bonds.
2. Origin:
o Organic compounds are primarily derived from living organisms.
o Inorganic compounds are derived from non-living matter, such as minerals.
3. Complexity:
o Organic compounds are typically large and complex molecules.
o Inorganic compounds are often smaller and simpler in structure.
4. Combustibility:
o Organic compounds are combustible and often produce sooty flames.
o Inorganic compounds are usually non-combustible.
5. Melting and Boiling Points:
o Organic compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points.
o Inorganic compounds usually have higher melting and boiling points.
6. Solubility:
o Organic compounds are mostly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
o Inorganic compounds are generally soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.
7. Bond Type:
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o Organic compounds primarily have covalent bonds.
o Inorganic compounds can have ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds.
8. Electrical Conductivity:
o Organic compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
o Inorganic compounds can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states (if ionic).
9. Stability:
o Organic compounds are less stable under heat or extreme conditions.
o Inorganic compounds are more stable under heat and extreme conditions.
These points outline the fundamental distinctions between the two types of
compounds.
10. Examples:
o Organic: Proteins, carbohydrates, alcohols, and fats.
o Inorganic: Salts (e.g., NaCl), acids (e.g., HCl), bases (e.g., NaOH), and metals.
5.2 Study of the materials in the surroundings
In some cases, the materials available in our surrounding plays an important role. To
understand their properties, it is worthwhile to understand their properties. These
properties and working are possible only when their properties are well-understood.
For example, some compounds are soluble in water. Sodium chloride, urea, etc., are
quite soluble in water. Their properties are executed in their application. Sodium
chloride's solubility makes it appropriate for use in food to be used in cooking.
Solubility properties of urea make it appropriate fertilizer to be used in a farm.
Furthermore, solubility plays a vital role in industry. Agricultural scientists suggest
not to use urea on a rainy field or in a rainfed region, which otherwise gets dissolved
soon and percolated or gets drained away. These days, another physicist says if
materials used in daily life, are their proper disposal. Environmental awareness must
be used for materials to discard them scientifically with appropriate ways until and
unless its properties are not understood. It is hard to dispose the material with the
ways and unless its properties are not understood.
5
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, observing our surroundings reveals a diverse range of organic and
inorganic compounds, each playing distinct and important roles in the environment.
Organic compounds, primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are
essential for life, forming the building blocks of biological systems such as proteins,
carbohydrates, and lipids. In contrast, inorganic compounds, which lack carbon-
hydrogen bonds, are found in minerals, water, salts, and gases, and play crucial roles
in processes like respiration, nutrient cycling, and environmental stability.
Understanding the differences between these two types of compounds helps in
recognizing their unique characteristics and their contributions to various natural and
industrial processes. Organic compounds are central to life and metabolism, while
inorganic compounds often serve as the foundation of geological and atmospheric
systems.
Studying both organic and inorganic compounds is essential for several reasons. It
enhances our understanding of life’s complexity, supports advancements in medicine,
agriculture, and environmental science, and aids in developing sustainable practices.
The interaction between these compounds also offers insights into ecological
dynamics, fostering a more profound appreciation of the natural world and its
interconnected systems. Therefore, such studies are crucial for advancing scientific
knowledge and addressing global challenges like health, climate change, and resource
management.
5
CHAPTER 7
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
Here are some suggestions for further research works:
Impact on Ecosystems: Study how organic and inorganic compounds interact in
ecosystems and affect biodiversity, soil, and water quality.
Synthetic Organic Compounds: Research environmental and health impacts of
synthetic compounds like plastics and pharmaceuticals, focusing on biodegradability
and alternatives.
Green Chemistry: Explore sustainable synthesis of organic and inorganic
compounds to reduce pollution and energy consumption.
Industrial Applications: Investigate the use of inorganic compounds in emerging
technologies, such as renewable energy and nanotechnology.
Biomolecular Interactions: Study how organic and inorganic compounds interact in
the human body for insights into nutrition and disease prevention.
Carbon Cycle & Climate Change: Explore the role of organic and inorganic
compounds in the carbon cycle and their impact on climate change.
5
REFERENCES
Following is the list of all the relevant research papers, websites an all sources of
information used throughout the work:
[1] Dragomir Yankov, Editorial Separation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds for
Specific Applications, 2015
[2] Investigation of (CsMA)NaBiX₆ (MA= Methylammonium; X=Cl, Br, I)
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Double Perovskites for Optoelectronic Applications: A
First Principles Study, 2023
[3] Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Two-Dimensional Metal Carbide MXenes with Amido-
and Imido-Terminated Surfaces, 2023
[4] Electronic and Optical Properties of Zinc-Based Hybrid Organic-Inorganic
Compounds for Ultraviolet Applications, 2019
[5] Phan (2021) AFM-IR in CI and CR chondrites, 2022
[6]https://byjus.com/chemistry/classification-organic-compounds/ (accessed
January, 2025)
[7]https://www.britannica.com/science/inorganic-compound(accessed January,2025)
[8] https://study.com/academy/course/alberta-education-diploma-chemistry-30-
exam-prep-study-guide.html (accessed January, 2025)
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