IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF TANZANIA
AT I RINGA
(CORAM; MWARI3A, 3.A., KWARIKO, 3.A., And MWAMPASHL 3,A.^
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 153 OF 2019
PETER MPALANZI ................... ........................................... . APPELLANT
VERSUS
CHRISTINA MBARUKA ........................................................ RESPONDENT
(Appeal from the decision of the High Court of Tanzania
at Iringa)
(Kihweld, 3.)
dated the 19th day of May, 2015
in
Land Appeal No. 16 of 2013
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
13lh & 23rd September, 2021
MWAMPASHL 3.A.:
This is a third appeal arising from a decision of Magulilwa Ward
Tribunal in Application No. 3 of 2008. The respondent, Christina Mbaruka
sued the appellant, Peter Mpalanzi, complaining that the latter who had
since 1983, allowed her to occupy and use a four (4) acres land (the suit
land), was now forcing her to leave and vacate the suit land despite
having built her two permanent houses and planted various permanent
crops and trees therein. She thus prayed to be declared the rightful owner
of the suit land.
After hearing evidence from both sides, the Ward Tribunal decided
for the respondent. The reason for deciding in the respondent's favour
was that the respondent had lived there since 1983 and that she had, with
the appellant's knowledge, built permanent houses and planted
permanent crops upon the suit land.
At this stage, we find it important to note that the evidence for the
respondent and on which the Ward Tribunal's decision was based, came
from her husband one Amosi Ngaga. This witness testified that the suit
land was, in fact, entrusted to him by the appellant on an agreement that
he would occupy and use it while taking care of the appellant's 100 acres
farm. He also told the Ward Tribunal that as he and the respondent were,
by then, living in another village, it took him two years to persuade her
wife, the respondent, to shift from their village and join him at the suit
land.
The decision of the Ward Tribunal aggrieved the appellant who
successfully appealed to the District Land and Housing Tribunal for Iringa
(the DLHT) whereby the decision by the Ward Tribunal was overturned.
The DLHT found that the mere fact that the respondent had been using
and occupying the suit land for many years and the fact that she had built
permanent houses and planted permanent crops in it, could not, under
the circumstances of the case, pass title to her.
When the matter reached the High Gourt in Land Appeal No, 16 of
2013, the decision of the DLHT was overturned and the Ward Tribunal's
decision was restored. The High Court found that the respondent had
acquired ownership of the suit land on account of the doctrine of adverse
possession. Among the issues raised in the High Court was the issue that
the respondent had no locus standi to sue the appellant. This issue was
brushed aside by the High Court on the ground that it had been sneaked
in through the back door, not by a notice of objection and also that it had
not been raised at the lower tribunals.
Being aggrieved by the High Court decision, the appellant has lodged
the instant appeal on the following two grounds;
1. That, the learned appellate Judge erred both in law and fact by
basing his decision on the doctrine of adverse possession failing to
take into account that the respondent's husband one Amos Ngaga
was just a tenant with an agreement of supervising the suit land.
3
2. That, the learned appellate Judge erred both in law and fact when
he decided the matter in favour of the respondent who is a third
party and/or has no locus standi on the subject matter.
At the hearing of the appeal, it was only Mr. Alfred Kingwe, learned
advocate, for the appellant who appeared. Since according to the affidavit
of the process server, the respondent had been duly served with the
notice of hearing but she had refused service, Mr. Kingwe sought and was
granted leave for the hearing to proceed in the absence of the respondent
in terms of Rule 112(2) of the Tanzania Court of Appeal Rules, 2009 as
amended.
Having adopted written submission he: had earlier filed, Mr. Kingwe
began with the second ground of appeal arguing that the Ward Tribunal
and the High Court erred in entertaining the respondent's complaints
while the respondent had no locus standi to institute the complaints over
the suit land. He submitted that there is evidence in abundance showing
that the appellant did not entrust the suit land to the respondent but to
her husband, one Amos Ngaga. Mr. Kingwe referred the Court to page 4
of the record of appeal where the respondent's husband is on record
testifying before the Ward Tribunal that the suit land was given to him by
the appellant on licence and on an agreement that he would occupy and
use it while taking care of the appellant's farm. It was also insisted by Mr.
Kingwe that there is also evidence to the effect that after Amos Ngaga
had settled at the suit land, the respondent refused to join him until after
two years.
It was further argued by Mr. Kingwe that the point on locus standi
was raised in the DLHT where it was not decided and when it was again
raised in the High Court it was disregarded on reasons that it had not
been properly raised and also that it had not been raised in the lower
tribunals. He contended that it was an error on the part of the High Court
not to consider the locus standi issue which being a point of law, can be
raised at any stage of the proceedings.
From the submission made by Mr. Kingwe in support of the second
ground of appeal in regard to the point on locus standi and aIso from our
examination and observation of the record, we find that the appeal can
be disposed of on this ground alone.
Simply defined locus standi is the right or legal capacity to bring an
action or to appear in a court. In Lujuna Shubi Ballonzi v. Registered
Trustees of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (1996) TLR 203, Samatta, J (as he
then was) had the following to say on locus standi:
''''Locus standi is governed by common taw
according to which a person bringing a matter to
court should be able to show that his right or
interest has been breached or interfered with. The
High Court has the power to modify the applied
common law so as to make it suit local conditions."
Locus standi is a rule of equity that a person cannot maintain a suit
or action unless he has an interest in the subject matter. Unless a person
stands in a sufficient close relation to the subject matter so as to give a
right which requires protection or infringement of which he brings the
action, he cannot sue on it- see Godbless Lema v. Mussa Hamis
Mkanga and 2 Others, Civil Appeal No. 47 of 2012 (unreported).
Further, locus standi is a point of law rooted into jurisdiction . It is for
that reason that it must be considered by a court at the earliest
opportunity or once it is raised. In the instant case, the High Court Judge,
was, with respect, wrong when he brushed aside the issue of locus standi
once raised before him. The issue ought to have been considered by the
High Court regardless of having been improperly raised or raised at a late
stage. In Chama cha Wafanyakazi Mahoteli na Mikahawa Zanzibar
(HORAU) v. Kaimu Mrajis wa Vyama vya Wafanyakazi na Waajiri
Zanzibar, Civil Appeal No. 300 of 2019 (unreported), the High Court
Judge struck out a notice of preliminary objection in which one of the
issues raised was on locus standi. When the matter reached this Court, it
was observed, among other things, that:
"We observed that, although the learned High
Court Judge struck out the respondent's notice of
preliminary objection for being improperly moved,
still the issue regarding appellant's locus
standi was very vita! and we think, the High
Court ought to have considered it This is due
to the fact that, the appellant's claims could not
be established by a person who is not entitled to
claim before the court"
[Emphasis supplied]
In the case at hand, although in her claim before the Ward Tribunal
the respondent claimed that the suit land was entrusted to her by the
appellant, the truth, according to the evidence appearing on page 3 of the
record of appeal, is that the same was not entrusted to her but to her
husband, Amosi Ngaga. That, the suit land was not entrusted to the
respondent but to Amosi Ngaga was not only admitted by the appellant
but it also came from Amosi Ngaga himself. In his testimony he told the
Ward Tribunal how he and the appellant agreed for him to occupy and
use the suit land while taking care of the appellant's farm. As also alluded
on earlier, Amos Ngaga's evidence is to the effect that it took him two
years to persuade the respondent to shift from the village at which they
were living to the suit land.
Apart from the evidence from the respondent's husband, that the
suit land was not entrusted to the respondent but to him, there is also
evidence to that effect from Puliki Habari Ngaire whose evidence which
was taken by the DLHT as additional evidence appears on page 35 of the
record of appeal. The evidence from Emmanuel Kitosi and Anoton Mugabe
at pages 38 and 39 of the record of appeal, is also to the same effect.
The fact that the suit land was not entrusted to the respondent but
to her husband Amosi Ngaga and also the fact that the respondent was
not part to the agreement between the appellant and Amosi Ngaga on
the occupation and use of the suit land is what makes the respondent lack
locus standi to sue over the suit land. The occupation and use of the suit
land by the respondent and her husband Amosi Ngaga, is rooted into the
agreement between the appellant and Amosi Ngaga. If there is any
dispute over the suit land then it is Amos Ngaga who has locus standi to
sue, not the respondent.
For the reasons we have given above, we find that the respondent
had no iocus standi to sue the appellant over the suit land and the Ward
Tribunal did therefore err in entertaining the claim by the respondent. We
therefore allow the appeal on that ground, quash the proceedings and set
aside the decrees of the Ward Tribunal, the DLHT and the High Court.
Due to the nature of the relationship between the parties, we make no
order as to costs.
DATED at IRINGA this 22ndday of September, 2021.
A. G. MWARDA
JUSTICE OF APPEAL
M. A. KWARIKO
JUSTICE OF APPEAL
A. M. MWAMPASHI
JUSTICE OF APPEAL
The Judgment delivered this 23rd day of September, 2021 in the
presence of Mr. Alfred Kingwe, learned counsel for the Appellant and in
the absence of the Respondent duly served, is hereby certified as a true
