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Chapter 2 Basic Laws

Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in electrical circuits, expressed as v = iR. It emphasizes the importance of current direction and voltage polarity, with resistance values ranging from zero (short circuit) to infinity (open circuit). Additionally, Kirchhoff's laws are introduced, stating that the sum of currents at a node equals zero and the algebraic sum of voltages around a loop also equals zero.

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4 views

Chapter 2 Basic Laws

Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in electrical circuits, expressed as v = iR. It emphasizes the importance of current direction and voltage polarity, with resistance values ranging from zero (short circuit) to infinity (open circuit). Additionally, Kirchhoff's laws are introduced, stating that the sum of currents at a node equals zero and the algebraic sum of voltages around a loop also equals zero.

Uploaded by

good56game
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Ohm’s Law formula is used


to calculate the relationship
between voltage, current
and resistance in an
electrical circuit.
Chapter 1
Basic Laws
Ohm’s law states that the
voltage v across a resistor is
directly proportional to the
current i flowing through the
resistor.

v = iR
Ohm’s Law
To apply Ohm’s law as stated in Eq. (2.3), we must
pay careful attention to the current direction and
The resistance R of voltage polarity.
R can range from
an element The direction of current i and the polarity of zero to infinity, it is
denotes its ability voltage v must conform with the passive sign important that we
to resist the flow of convention, consider the two
electric current; it
• current flows from a higher potential to a extreme possible
is measured in
lower potential in order for v = i R. values of R
ohms (Ω).
• If current flows from a lower potential to a
higher potential, v = −i R.
Ohm’s Law
• short circuit → circuit element with
resistance approaching zero.

R=0 • v=iR=0

• open circuit → circuit element with


resistance approaching infinity

R=∞
𝑣𝑣
• i = lim = 0
𝑅𝑅→∞ 𝑅𝑅
Branches, Nodes and Loops
Single element such as a voltage source or
Branch a resistor

Node A is the point of connection between two


or more branches.

Loop A is any closed path in a circuit.


The sum of the
currents entering a The algebraic sum of
node is equal to the all voltages around a
𝑁𝑁 𝑀𝑀
sum of the currents closed path (or loop)
leaving the node � 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 = 0 � 𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚 = 0 is zero.
𝑛𝑛=1 𝑚𝑚=1
N is the number M is the number
of branches of voltages in the
connected to the Kirchhoff’s Kirchhoff’s loop (or the
node and in is the current law
Kirchhoff’s voltage number of
nth
entering
current
(or
(KCL) Laws law (KVL) branches in the
loop) and vm is
leaving) the node the mth voltage.

Currents entering a node


The sign on each voltage is
may be regarded as positive,
the polarity of the terminal
while currents leaving the
encountered first as we
node may be taken as
travelaround the loop.
negative or vice versa.
KVL
Series Resistors And Voltage
Division/Voltage Divider
Rule (VDR)
VDR → When the voltage has to be divided among various resistors in series.

• Apply KVL around the loop

Therefore :
Parallel Resistors
and Current
Division/Current
Divider Rule
(CDR)
CDR - When a current has to divide among various resistors connected in parallel

Applying Ohm’s law

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