Mathematics-II (MATH F112)

Jitender Kumar
Department of Mathematics
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
Pilani-333031

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 1 / 50

 Module 05

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 2 / 50

 Module 05

Change of Basis, Transition Matrix

Matrices of Linear Transformations

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 2 / 50

Recall that if B = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is the (ordered)
basis for a vector space V , and

v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn

then the scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are called coordinates

of v relative to the ordered basis B.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 3 / 50

Recall that if B = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is the (ordered)
basis for a vector space V , and

v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn

then the scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are called coordinates

of v relative to the ordered basis B.
The vector (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) ∈ Rn constructed from
these coordinates is called the coordinate vector of
v relative to B; it is denoted by

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 3 / 50

Recall that if B = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is the (ordered)
basis for a vector space V , and

v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn

then the scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are called coordinates

of v relative to the ordered basis B.
The vector (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) ∈ Rn constructed from
these coordinates is called the coordinate vector of
v relative to B; it is denoted by

(v)B = (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn )

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 3 / 50

Remark: We shall also write a coordinate vector as
column matrix and in that case it will be denoted by
[v]B

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 4 / 50

Remark: We shall also write a coordinate vector as
column matrix and in that case it will be denoted by
[v]B i.e.  
c1
 c2 
[v]B = 
 ... 


cn

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 4 / 50

Remark: We shall also write a coordinate vector as
column matrix and in that case it will be denoted by
[v]B i.e.  
c1
 c2 
[v]B = 
 ... 


cn

Question: Let v be a vector of a finite dimensional

vector space V . If we change the basis for V from a
basis B to a basis B ′ , how are the coordinate
vectors [v]B and [v]B ′ are related?

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 4 / 50

Let B = {u1 , u2 } and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 } be the old and
new bases, respectively.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 5 / 50

Let B = {u1 , u2 } and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 } be the old and
new bases, respectively. Now let v ∈ V such that
 
k
[v]B ′ = 1
k2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 5 / 50

Let B = {u1 , u2 } and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 } be the old and
new bases, respectively. Now let v ∈ V such that
 
k
[v]B ′ = 1
k2
i.e. v = k1 u′1 + k2 u′2 .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 5 / 50

Let B = {u1 , u2 } and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 } be the old and
new bases, respectively. Now let v ∈ V such that
 
k
[v]B ′ = 1
k2
i.e. v = k1 u′1 + k2 u′2 . In order to find [v]B , we must
express v as a linear combinations of vectors in B.
This, yields
v = k1 (au1 + bu2 ) + k2 (cu1 + du2 )

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 5 / 50

Let B = {u1 , u2 } and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 } be the old and
new bases, respectively. Now let v ∈ V such that
 
k
[v]B ′ = 1
k2
i.e. v = k1 u′1 + k2 u′2 . In order to find [v]B , we must
express v as a linear combinations of vectors in B.
This, yields
v = k1 (au1 + bu2 ) + k2 (cu1 + du2 )
Thus,  
k a + k2 c
[v]B = 1
k1 b + k2 d
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 5 / 50
   
a c k1
[v]B =
b d k2
 
a c
[v]B = [v]B ′
b d

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 6 / 50

   
a c k1
[v]B =
b d k2
 
a c
[v]B = [v]B ′
b d
Thus, the old coordinate vector [v]B results when we
multiply the new coordinate vector [v]B ′ to the right of
the matrix
 
a c
P = = [ [u′1 ]B | [u′2 ]B ]
b d

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 6 / 50

   
a c k1
[v]B =
b d k2
 
a c
[v]B = [v]B ′
b d
Thus, the old coordinate vector [v]B results when we
multiply the new coordinate vector [v]B ′ to the right of
the matrix
 
a c
P = = [ [u′1 ]B | [u′2 ]B ]
b d

The matrix P is called the transition matrix from B ′

to B.
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 6 / 50
In general, if we change the basis for a vector space
V from an old basis B = {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } to new
basis B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 , . . . , u′n }, then for each vector
v ∈ V , the old coordinate vector [v]B is related to the
new coordinate vector [v]B ′ by the equation
[v]B = P [v]B ′
where
P = [ [u′1 ]B | [u′2 ]B | · · · | [u′n ]B ]
and it is called the transition matrix from B ′ to B.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 7 / 50

In general, if we change the basis for a vector space
V from an old basis B = {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } to new
basis B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 , . . . , u′n }, then for each vector
v ∈ V , the old coordinate vector [v]B is related to the
new coordinate vector [v]B ′ by the equation
[v]B = P [v]B ′
where
P = [ [u′1 ]B | [u′2 ]B | · · · | [u′n ]B ]
and it is called the transition matrix from B ′ to B.
Also, we shall denote it by PB ′ →B .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 7 / 50

In general, if we change the basis for a vector space
V from an old basis B = {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } to new
basis B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 , . . . , u′n }, then for each vector
v ∈ V , the old coordinate vector [v]B is related to the
new coordinate vector [v]B ′ by the equation
[v]B = P [v]B ′
where
P = [ [u′1 ]B | [u′2 ]B | · · · | [u′n ]B ]
and it is called the transition matrix from B ′ to B.
Also, we shall denote it by PB ′ →B . Similarly, the
transition matrix from B to B ′ is
PB→B ′ = [ [u1 ]B ′ | [u2 ]B ′ | · · · | [un ]B ′ ]
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 7 / 50
Thus, we have

[v]B = PB ′ →B [v]B ′

and
[v]B ′ = PB→B ′ [v]B

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 8 / 50

Exercise 109: Consider the bases B = {u1 , u2 } and
B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 }, where
       
1 0 ′ 3 ′ 2
u1 = , u2 = , u1 = , u2 =
0 1 4 3

1
Find the transition matrix (PB→B ′ ) from B to B ′ .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 9 / 50

Exercise 109: Consider the bases B = {u1 , u2 } and
B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 }, where
       
1 0 ′ 3 ′ 2
u1 = , u2 = , u1 = , u2 =
0 1 4 3

1
Find the transition matrix (PB→B ′ ) from B to B ′ .
2
Find the transition matrix (PB ′ →B ) from B ′ to B.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 9 / 50

Exercise 109: Consider the bases B = {u1 , u2 } and
B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 }, where
       
1 0 ′ 3 ′ 2
u1 = , u2 = , u1 = , u2 =
0 1 4 3

1
Find the transition matrix (PB→B ′ ) from B to B ′ .
2
Find the transition matrix (PB ′ →B ) from B ′ to B.
3
Compute [w]B , where
 
3
w= .
−5

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 9 / 50

Exercise 109: Consider the bases B = {u1 , u2 } and
B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 }, where
       
1 0 ′ 3 ′ 2
u1 = , u2 = , u1 = , u2 =
0 1 4 3

1
Find the transition matrix (PB→B ′ ) from B to B ′ .
2
Find the transition matrix (PB ′ →B ) from B ′ to B.
3
Compute [w]B , where
 
3
w= .
−5

4
Compute [w]B ′ , using PB→B ′ .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 9 / 50

Exercise 109: Consider the bases B = {u1 , u2 } and
B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 }, where
       
1 0 ′ 3 ′ 2
u1 = , u2 = , u1 = , u2 =
0 1 4 3

1
Find the transition matrix (PB→B ′ ) from B to B ′ .
2
Find the transition matrix (PB ′ →B ) from B ′ to B.
3
Compute [w]B , where
 
3
w= .
−5

4
Compute [w]B ′ , using PB→B ′ .
5
Check your work by computing [w]B ′ directly.
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 9 / 50
Solution:
1
To find the transition matrix PB→B ′ from B to B ′ ,
we have
PB→B ′ = [ [u1 ]B ′ | [u2 ]B ′ ]
To obtain [u1 ]B ′ and [u2 ]B ′ , we must solve
u1 = au′1 + bu′2
u2 = cu′1 + du′2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 10 / 50

Solution:
1
To find the transition matrix PB→B ′ from B to B ′ ,
we have
PB→B ′ = [ [u1 ]B ′ | [u2 ]B ′ ]
To obtain [u1 ]B ′ and [u2 ]B ′ , we must solve
u1 = au′1 + bu′2
u2 = cu′1 + du′2
On solving, we get a = 3, b = −4, c = −2 and
d = 3. Therefore
   
3 −2
[u1 ]B ′ = and [u2 ]B ′ =
−4 3
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 10 / 50
Thus,  
3 −2
PB→B ′ =
−4 3

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 11 / 50

Thus,  
3 −2
PB→B ′ =
−4 3
3
To find the transition matrix PB ′ →B from B ′ to B,
we have
PB ′ →B = [ [u′1 ]B | [u′2 ]B ]
To obtain [u′1 ]B and [u′2 ]B , we must solve
u′1 = au1 + bu2
u′2 = cu1 + du2
Since u1 and u2 are standard basis vector, it is
easy to note a = 3, b = 4, c = 2 and d = 3.
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 11 / 50
Therefore
   
3 2
[u′1 ]B = and [u′2 ]B =
4 3
Thus,  
3 2
PB ′ →B =
4 3
4
Since B is a standard basis, we have
w = 3u1 − 5u2
implies  
3
[w]B =
−5
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 12 / 50
 5
Since
[w]B ′ = PB→B ′ [w]B ,
we get
  
3 −2 3
[w]B ′ = =
−4 3 −5

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 13 / 50

 5
Since
[w]B ′ = PB→B ′ [w]B ,
we get
    
3 −2 3 19
[w]B ′ = =
−4 3 −5 −27

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 13 / 50

 5
Since
[w]B ′ = PB→B ′ [w]B ,
we get
    
3 −2 3 19
[w]B ′ = =
−4 3 −5 −27

6
To obtain [w]B ′ directly, we have to solve

w = au′1 + bu′2

On substituting w, u′1 , u′2 , in the above we have

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 13 / 50

 3a + 2b = 3
4a + 3b = −5

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 14 / 50

 3a + 2b = 3
4a + 3b = −5

On solving, we get a = 19 and b = −27

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 14 / 50

 3a + 2b = 3
4a + 3b = −5

On solving, we get a = 19 and b = −27 so that

 
19
[w]B ′ =
−27

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 14 / 50

A Procedure for Computing PB→B ′ between bases
of Rn

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 15 / 50

A Procedure for Computing PB→B ′ between bases
of Rn
1
Write the matrix [B ′ |B].

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 15 / 50

A Procedure for Computing PB→B ′ between bases
of Rn
1
Write the matrix [B ′ |B].
2
Find RREF of the matrix written in Step 1.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 15 / 50

A Procedure for Computing PB→B ′ between bases
of Rn
1
Write the matrix [B ′ |B].
2
Find RREF of the matrix written in Step 1.
3
The resulting matrix will be [I | PB→B ′ ].

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 15 / 50

A Procedure for Computing PB→B ′ between bases
of Rn
1
Write the matrix [B ′ |B].
2
Find RREF of the matrix written in Step 1.
3
The resulting matrix will be [I | PB→B ′ ].
4
Extract the matrix PB→B ′ from the right side of
the matrix in Step 3.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 15 / 50

Exercise 111: Consider the bases B = {u1 , u2 , u3 }
and B ′ = {u′1 , u′2 , u′3 } for R3 , where
     
−3 −3 1
u1 =  0  , u2 =  2  , u3 =  6 
−3 −1 −1
     
−6 −2 −2
′ ′ ′
u1 = −6 , u2 = −6 , u3 = −3
0 4 7

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 16 / 50

 Find the transition matrix (PB→B ′ ) from B to B ′ .

Hint: Step 1: Construct

 
−6 −2 −2 −3 −3 1
 −6 −6 −3 0 2 6 
0 4 7 −3 −1 −1

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 17 / 50

 Find the transition matrix (PB→B ′ ) from B to B ′ .

Hint: Step 1: Construct

 
−6 −2 −2 −3 −3 1
 −6 −6 −3 0 2 6 
0 4 7 −3 −1 −1

Step 2: (Show that) the RREF of the above matrix is

 3 3 1 
1 0 0 4 4 12
 0 1 0 − 4 − 12 − 17
3 17
 
12 
2 2
0 0 1 0 3 3

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 17 / 50

Step 3: Thus,
 3 3 1 
4 4 12
PB→B ′ =  − 43 17
− 12 − 17
 
12 
2 2
0 3 3

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 18 / 50

Step 3: Thus,
 3 3 1 
4 4 12
PB→B ′ =  − 43 17
− 12 − 17
 
12 
2 2
0 3 3

Compute [w]B , where

 
−5
w =  8 .
−5

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 18 / 50

Step 3: Thus,
 3 3 1 
4 4 12
PB→B ′ =  − 43 17
− 12 − 17
 
12 
2 2
0 3 3

Compute [w]B , where

 
−5
w =  8 .
−5

In order to find [w]B , we have to solve

w = au1 + bu2 + cu3
i.e.
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 18 / 50
The RREF of the augmented matrix of the
corresponding system is
 
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 19 / 50

The RREF of the augmented matrix of the
corresponding system is
 
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1

Thus, a = b = c = 1. Therefore, the coordinate vector

 
1
[w]B = 1 .

1

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 19 / 50

 Compute [w]B ′ , using PB→B ′ .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 20 / 50

 Compute [w]B ′ , using PB→B ′ .

Since
[w]B ′ = PB→B ′ [w]B
 3 3 1    19 
4 4 12 1 12
[w]B ′ = − 34 17 17     43 
− 12 − 12  1 = − 12 


0 2 2 1 4
3 3 3

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 20 / 50

Exercise 112: Consider the bases B = {p1 , p2 } and
B ′ = {q1 , q2 }, where

p1 = 1 + 2x, p2 = 3 − x, q1 = 2 − 2x, q2 = 4 + 3x

1
Compute the transition matrices PB ′ →B and
PB→B ′ .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 21 / 50

Exercise 112: Consider the bases B = {p1 , p2 } and
B ′ = {q1 , q2 }, where

p1 = 1 + 2x, p2 = 3 − x, q1 = 2 − 2x, q2 = 4 + 3x

1
Compute the transition matrices PB ′ →B and
PB→B ′ .
Hint: Since P1 is isomorphic to R2 , under the LT
T : P1 → R2 such that T (a + bx) = (a, b). Any
arbitrary element a + bx of P1 can be written as (a, b)
an element of R2 so that

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 21 / 50

p1 = (1, 2), p2 = (3, −1), q1 = (2, −2), q2 = (4, 3)
To find PB ′ →B , find RREF of
 
1 3 2 4
2 −1 −2 3
(Show that) RREF of the above matrix is
" #
1 0 − 47 13
7
.
0 1 7 75
6

Therefore, " #
− 47 13
7
PB ′ →B = 6 5
.
7 7

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 22 / 50

p1 = (1, 2), p2 = (3, −1), q1 = (2, −2), q2 = (4, 3)
To find PB ′ →B , find RREF of
 
1 3 2 4
2 −1 −2 3
(Show that) RREF of the above matrix is
" #
1 0 − 47 13
7
.
0 1 7 75
6

Therefore, " #
− 47 13
7
PB ′ →B = 6 5
.
7 7
Similarly, workout for PB→B ′ .
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 22 / 50
Theorem 4.6.1: If P is the transition matrix from a
basis B ′ to basis B for a finite dimensional vector
space V , then P is invertible and P −1 is the transition
matrix from B to B ′ .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 23 / 50

Exercise 125: Let
 
1 0 0
P =0 2 4
0 1 3

be the transition matrix from basis B to the basis

B ′ = {v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 1, 0), v3 = (0, 1, 0)} for
R3 . Then find B?

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 24 / 50

 Matrices for General Linear Transformations

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 25 / 50

Result: Let V and W be non-trivial vector spaces,
with dim(V ) = n and dim(W ) = m. Let
B = {v1 , . . . , vn } and B ′ = {w1 , . . . , wm } be ordered
bases for V and W , respectively. Let T : V → W be
a LT.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 26 / 50

Result: Let V and W be non-trivial vector spaces,
with dim(V ) = n and dim(W ) = m. Let
B = {v1 , . . . , vn } and B ′ = {w1 , . . . , wm } be ordered
bases for V and W , respectively. Let T : V → W be
a LT. Then there is a unique m × n matrix A defined
by

A = [ [T (v1 )]B ′ | [T (v2 )]B ′ | · · · |[T (vn )]B ′ ]

satisfies A[v]B = [T (v)]B ′ , for all v ∈ V .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 26 / 50

Result: Let V and W be non-trivial vector spaces,
with dim(V ) = n and dim(W ) = m. Let
B = {v1 , . . . , vn } and B ′ = {w1 , . . . , wm } be ordered
bases for V and W , respectively. Let T : V → W be
a LT. Then there is a unique m × n matrix A defined
by

A = [ [T (v1 )]B ′ | [T (v2 )]B ′ | · · · |[T (vn )]B ′ ]

satisfies A[v]B = [T (v)]B ′ , for all v ∈ V .

We call A as the matrix for T relative to the bases
B and B ′ and it will be denoted by [T ]B ′ ,B . Thus,

[T ]B ′ ,B = [ [T (v1 )]B ′ | [T (v2 )]B ′ | · · · | [T (vn )]B ′ ]

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 26 / 50
Also, it satisfies

[T ]B ′ ,B [v]B = [T (v)]B ′ for all v ∈ V

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 27 / 50

Also, it satisfies

[T ]B ′ ,B [v]B = [T (v)]B ′ for all v ∈ V

In the case of linear operator, i.e. V = W , it is usual

to take B = B ′ when we construct matrix of T . In this
case the resulting matrix is called the matrix for T
relative to the basis B, then we have

[T ]B = [ [T (v1 )]B | [T (v2 )]B | · · · | [T (vn )]B ]

satisfies

[T ]B [v]B = [T (v)]B for all v ∈ V

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 27 / 50
Remark: Let TA : Rn → Rm defined by TA (x) = Ax
and B and B ′ are standard bases of Rn and Rm ,
respectively. Then

[T ]B ′ ,B = A

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 28 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : P1 → P2 , given by
T (p(x)) = xp(x)
with bases B = {v1 = x, v2 = 1} and
B ′ = {x2 , x − 1, x + 1} of P1 and P2 , respectively.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 29 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : P1 → P2 , given by
T (p(x)) = xp(x)
with bases B = {v1 = x, v2 = 1} and
B ′ = {x2 , x − 1, x + 1} of P1 and P2 , respectively.
Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 29 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : P1 → P2 , given by
T (p(x)) = xp(x)
with bases B = {v1 = x, v2 = 1} and
B ′ = {x2 , x − 1, x + 1} of P1 and P2 , respectively.
Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Solution: Since
[T ]B ′ ,B = [ [T (v1 )]B ′ | [T (v2 )]B ′ ]

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 29 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : P1 → P2 , given by
T (p(x)) = xp(x)
with bases B = {v1 = x, v2 = 1} and
B ′ = {x2 , x − 1, x + 1} of P1 and P2 , respectively.
Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Solution: Since
[T ]B ′ ,B = [ [T (v1 )]B ′ | [T (v2 )]B ′ ]
T (x) = x2 = 1(x2 ) + 0(x − 1) + 0(x + 1) so that

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 29 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : P1 → P2 , given by
T (p(x)) = xp(x)
with bases B = {v1 = x, v2 = 1} and
B ′ = {x2 , x − 1, x + 1} of P1 and P2 , respectively.
Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Solution: Since
[T ]B ′ ,B = [ [T (v1 )]B ′ | [T (v2 )]B ′ ]
T (x) = x2 = 1(x2 ) + 0(x − 1) + 0(x + 1) so that
 
1
[T (v1 )]B ′ = 0 .

0
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 29 / 50
Similarly, T (1) = x = 0(x2 ) + 21 (x − 1) + 12 (x + 1)
implies

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 30 / 50

Similarly, T (1) = x = 0(x2 ) + 21 (x − 1) + 12 (x + 1)
implies  
0
[T (v2 )]B ′ = 1/2 .

1/2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 30 / 50

Similarly, T (1) = x = 0(x2 ) + 21 (x − 1) + 12 (x + 1)
implies  
0
[T (v2 )]B ′ = 1/2 .

1/2
Hence,  
1 0
[T ]B ′ ,B = 0 1/2 .
0 1/2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 30 / 50

Exercise: Let T : P2 → P2 be the linear
transformation defined by

T (p(x)) = p(2x − 1)

1
For B = {1, x, x2 }, compute [T ]B (matrix of T
with respect to basis B).
2
Compute T (3 + 2x − x2 ), using part 1.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 31 / 50

Method for computing [T ]B ′ ,B : Let B = {v1 , . . . , vn }
and B ′ = {w1 , . . . , wm } be ordered bases for Rn and
Rm , respectively. Also, let T : Rn → Rm be a LT.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 32 / 50

Method for computing [T ]B ′ ,B : Let B = {v1 , . . . , vn }
and B ′ = {w1 , . . . , wm } be ordered bases for Rn and
Rm , respectively. Also, let T : Rn → Rm be a LT.
Compute T (vi ) for all i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 32 / 50

Method for computing [T ]B ′ ,B : Let B = {v1 , . . . , vn }
and B ′ = {w1 , . . . , wm } be ordered bases for Rn and
Rm , respectively. Also, let T : Rn → Rm be a LT.
Compute T (vi ) for all i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Form the augmented matrix

[w1 w2 . . . wm | T (v1 )| T (v2 )| . . . |T (vn )]

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 32 / 50

Method for computing [T ]B ′ ,B : Let B = {v1 , . . . , vn }
and B ′ = {w1 , . . . , wm } be ordered bases for Rn and
Rm , respectively. Also, let T : Rn → Rm be a LT.
Compute T (vi ) for all i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Form the augmented matrix

[w1 w2 . . . wm | T (v1 )| T (v2 )| . . . |T (vn )]

Find RREF of

[w1 w2 . . . wm | T (v1 )| T (v2 )| . . . |T (vn )].

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 32 / 50

 It will be of the form

[Im |[T (v1 )]B ′ | [T (v2 )]B ′ | . . . |[T (vn )]B ′ ].

Extract the matrix [T ]B ′ ,B from the right hand

side of the matrix in Step 4.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 33 / 50

Exercise 91: Consider a LT

T : R2 → R2 given by
   
x1 x1 − x2
T =
x2 x1 + x2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 34 / 50

Exercise 91: Consider a LT

T : R2 → R2 given by
   
x1 x1 − x2
T =
x2 x1 + x2
and let B = {u1 , u2 } be the basis for which
   
1 0
u1 = , u2 =
−1 1

Compute [T ]B .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 34 / 50

Solution: Note that
   
2 −1
T (u1 ) = , T (u2 ) =
0 1

In order to find [T (u1 )]B and [T (u2 )]B , construct

 
1 0 2 −1
−1 1 0 1

the RREF of the above matrix is

 
1 0 2 −1
0 1 2 0

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 35 / 50

Hence,  
2 −1
[T ]B =
2 0

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 36 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : R2 → P2 , given by
T (a, b) = (−a + 5b)x2 + (3a − b)x + 2b
with ordered bases
B = {(5, 3), (3, 2)} and
B ′ = {3x2 − 2x, −2x2 + 2x − 1, x2 − x + 1}
of R2 and P2 , respectively.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 37 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : R2 → P2 , given by
T (a, b) = (−a + 5b)x2 + (3a − b)x + 2b
with ordered bases
B = {(5, 3), (3, 2)} and
B ′ = {3x2 − 2x, −2x2 + 2x − 1, x2 − x + 1}
of R2 and P2 , respectively. Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 37 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : R2 → P2 , given by
T (a, b) = (−a + 5b)x2 + (3a − b)x + 2b
with ordered bases
B = {(5, 3), (3, 2)} and
B ′ = {3x2 − 2x, −2x2 + 2x − 1, x2 − x + 1}
of R2 and P2 , respectively. Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Solution: Since T (5, 3) = 10x2 + 12x + 6

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 37 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : R2 → P2 , given by
T (a, b) = (−a + 5b)x2 + (3a − b)x + 2b
with ordered bases
B = {(5, 3), (3, 2)} and
B ′ = {3x2 − 2x, −2x2 + 2x − 1, x2 − x + 1}
of R2 and P2 , respectively. Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Solution: Since T (5, 3) = 10x2 + 12x + 6 and

T (3, 2) = 7x2 + 7x + 4. Consider

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 37 / 50

Example: Consider the LT T : R2 → P2 , given by
T (a, b) = (−a + 5b)x2 + (3a − b)x + 2b
with ordered bases
B = {(5, 3), (3, 2)} and
B ′ = {3x2 − 2x, −2x2 + 2x − 1, x2 − x + 1}
of R2 and P2 , respectively. Compute [T ]B ′ ,B .

Solution: Since T (5, 3) = 10x2 + 12x + 6 and

T (3, 2) = 7x2 + 7x + 4. Consider
 
3 −2 1 10 7
 −2 2 −1 12 7 
0 −1 1 6 4
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 37 / 50
RREF of the above matrix is
 
1 0 0 22 14
 0 1 0 62 39 
0 0 1 68 43

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 38 / 50

RREF of the above matrix is
 
1 0 0 22 14
 0 1 0 62 39 
0 0 1 68 43

so that  
22 14
[T ]B ′ ,B = 62 39
68 43

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 38 / 50

Exercise: Consider the LT T : R3 → R2 , given by
T (x, y, z) = (x + y, y − z).

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 39 / 50

Exercise: Consider the LT T : R3 → R2 , given by
T (x, y, z) = (x + y, y − z). Compute [T ]B ′ ,B with
respect to bases B = {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)} and
B ′ = {(1, 2), (−1, 1)}.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 39 / 50

Exercise: Consider the LT T : R3 → R2 , given by
T (x, y, z) = (x + y, y − z). Compute [T ]B ′ ,B with
respect to bases B = {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)} and
B ′ = {(1, 2), (−1, 1)}.
 
0 1/3 2/3
Answer: [T ]B ′ ,B =
−1 −2/3 −4/3

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 39 / 50

Exercise: Consider the LT T : P3 → M22 , given by
 
−3a − 2c −b + 4d
T (ax3 + bx2 + cx + d) = .
4b − c + 3d −6a − b + 2d

Compute [T ]B ′ ,B with respect to the standard bases

B and B ′ of P3 and M22 , respectively.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 40 / 50

Exercise: Consider the LT T : P3 → M22 , given by
 
−3a − 2c −b + 4d
T (ax3 + bx2 + cx + d) = .
4b − c + 3d −6a − b + 2d

Compute [T ]B ′ ,B with respect to the standard bases

B and B ′ of P3 and M22 , respectively.

Answer:
 
−3 0 −2 0
 0 −1 0 4
[T ]B ′ ,B =
 0 4 −1 3


−6 −1 0 2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 40 / 50

Example: Let the matrix of LT T : P1 → P1 with
2 3
respect to basis B = {x + 1, x − 1} be .
−1 −2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 41 / 50

Example: Let the matrix of LT T : P1 → P1 with
2 3
respect to basis B = {x + 1, x − 1} be .
−1 −2
Find the matrix of T with respect to basis B ′ = {x, 1}.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 41 / 50

Example: Let the matrix of LT T : P1 → P1 with
2 3
respect to basis B = {x + 1, x − 1} be .
−1 −2
Find the matrix of T with respect to basis B ′ = {x, 1}.
 
2 3
Solution: Since [T ]B = , we have
−1 −2

T (x + 1) = 2(x + 1) − 1(x − 1) = x + 3
T (x − 1) = 3(x + 1) − 2(x − 1) = x + 5

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 41 / 50

  
a+b a−b
T (ax + b) = T (x + 1) + (x − 1)
2 2
 
a+b a−b
T (ax + b) = (x + 3) + (x + 5)
2 2

so that T (x) = x + 4 and T (1) = −1.

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 42 / 50

  
a+b a−b
T (ax + b) = T (x + 1) + (x − 1)
2 2
 
a+b a−b
T (ax + b) = (x + 3) + (x + 5)
2 2

so that T (x) = x + 4 and T (1) = −1.Hence,

 
1 0
[T ]B ′ = .
4 −1

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 42 / 50

Exercise: Let B = {(1, 2), (2, −1)} and
B ′ = {(1, 0), (0, 1)} be ordered bases forR2 . If 
4 3
T : R2 → R2 be a LT such that [T ]B ′ ,B = .
2 −4
Find T (5, 5), Also, find T (x, y) for all (x, y) ∈ R2 .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 43 / 50

Exercise: Let B = {(1, 2), (2, −1)} and
B ′ = {(1, 0), (0, 1)} be ordered bases forR2 . If 
4 3
T : R2 → R2 be a LT such that [T ]B ′ ,B = .
2 −4
Find T (5, 5), Also, find T (x, y) for all (x, y) ∈ R2 .

Answer: T (5, 5) = (15, 2).

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 43 / 50

Exercise: Let
B = {(1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 0, 1)} and
B ′ = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), (1, 0, 0)}
be ordered bases for R4 and R3 , respectively.
 If 
1 1 0 0
4 3
T : R → R be a LT such that [T ]B ′ ,B = 0 1
 1 0.
0 1 0 1
Find T ?

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 44 / 50

Exercise: Let
B = {(1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 0, 1)} and
B ′ = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), (1, 0, 0)}
be ordered bases for R4 and R3 , respectively.
 If 
1 1 0 0
4 3
T : R → R be a LT such that [T ]B ′ ,B = 0 1
 1 0.
0 1 0 1
Find T ?

Answer:
T (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (−2x1 + 3x2 + x4 , x2 + 2x3 , x2 + 3x3 ).
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 44 / 50
Theorem 8.4.1: Let U, V and W be finite
dimensional vector spaces with bases B, B ′′ and B ′ ,
respectively. Let T1 : U → V and T2 : V → W are
linear transformations. Then

[T2 ◦ T1 ]B ′ ,B = [T2 ]B ′ ,B ′′ [T1 ]B ′′ ,B

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 45 / 50

Exercise 100: Let T1 : P1 → P2 be the linear
transformation defined by

T1 (c0 + c1 x) = 2c0 − 3c1 x

and let T2 : P2 → P3 be the linear transformation

defined by

T2 (c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 ) = 3c0 x + 3c1 x2 + 3c2 x3 .

Let B = {1, x}, B ′′ = {1, x, x2 } and B ′ = {1, x, x2 , x3 }.

Then
Compute [T2 ]B ′ ,B ′′ and [T1 ]B ′′ ,B , and hence
Compute [T2 ◦ T1 ]B ′ ,B .
Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 46 / 50
 Compute, T2 ◦ T1 .

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 47 / 50

 Compute, T2 ◦ T1 .
Answer:
 
  0 0 0
2 0 3 0 0
[T1 ]B ′′ ,B = 0 −3 and [T2 ]B ′ ,B ′′ =
0

3 0
0 0
0 0 3

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 47 / 50

 Compute, T2 ◦ T1 .
Answer:
 
  0 0 0
2 0 3 0 0
[T1 ]B ′′ ,B = 0 −3 and [T2 ]B ′ ,B ′′ =
0

3 0
0 0
0 0 3

 
0 0
6 0 
[T2 ◦ T1 ]B ′ ,B = [T2 ]B ′ ,B ′′ [T1 ]B ′′ ,B = 
0 −9
0 0

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 47 / 50

Since T2 ◦ T1 : P1 → P2 and let v = a + bx ∈ P1 . We
know that for any v ∈ P1 , we have

[T2 ◦ T1 ]B ′ ,B [v]B = [(T2 ◦ T1 )(v)]B ′

   
0 0   0
6 0  a  6a 
[(T2 ◦ T1 )(v)]B ′ =  
0 −9 b = 
−9b


0 0 0
so that
(T2 ◦ T1 )(v) = 6ax − 9bx2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 48 / 50

Since T2 ◦ T1 : P1 → P2 and let v = a + bx ∈ P1 . We
know that for any v ∈ P1 , we have

[T2 ◦ T1 ]B ′ ,B [v]B = [(T2 ◦ T1 )(v)]B ′

   
0 0   0
6 0  a  6a 
[(T2 ◦ T1 )(v)]B ′ =  
0 −9 b = 
−9b


0 0 0
so that
(T2 ◦ T1 )(v) = 6ax − 9bx2

(T2 ◦ T1 )(a + bx) = 6ax − 9bx2

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 48 / 50
Theorem 8.4.2: If T : V → V is a linear operator on
a finite dimensional vector space V , and B is a basis
of V , then the following are equivalent.
T is one-to-one.
[T ]B is invertible.
Moreover,
[T −1 ]B = [T ]−1
B

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 49 / 50

 Thank You

Jitender Kumar (BITS PILANI) Mathematics-II (MATH F112) 50 / 50