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 Current Affairs Study PDF – January 2025
Current Affairs for Competitive Exam

Table of Contents
NATIONAL AFFAIRS .......................................................................................................................................... 6
CABINET APPROVALS ............................................................................................................................................... 6
LAUNCHES & INAUGURATION ............................................................................................................................... 13
FESTIVAL................................................................................................................................................................... 38
OTHER NEWS............................................................................................................................................................ 38
STATE NEWS.................................................................................................................................................... 67
GOVT SHCEMES ................................................................................................................................................. 72
CENTRAL SCHEMES ................................................................................................................................................. 72
STATE GOVT SCHEMES ........................................................................................................................................... 81
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS .............................................................................................................................. 83
VISITS............................................................................................................................................................... 91
VISIT TO INDIA......................................................................................................................................................... 91
FOREIGN VISITS ....................................................................................................................................................... 96
BANKING & FINANCE NEWS............................................................................................................................ 98
BANKING NEWS ....................................................................................................................................................... 98
RBI IN NEWS ............................................................................................................................................................. 98
SEBI .......................................................................................................................................................................... 117
LOANS ISSUED BY BANKS..................................................................................................................................... 119
AGREEMENTS & MoUs SIGNED............................................................................................................................ 121
OTHER BANK NEWS .............................................................................................................................................. 128
FINANCE NEWS....................................................................................................................................................... 135
ECONOMY & BUSINESS NEWS ....................................................................................................................... 143
MoU’s & AGREEMENTS.................................................................................................................................. 150
COMMITTEES & MEETINGS........................................................................................................................... 167
SUMMITS, EVENTS & CONFERENCE.............................................................................................................. 178
INDEX ............................................................................................................................................................. 179
RANKING ................................................................................................................................................................. 179
REPORTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 191
AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS .......................................................................................................................... 213
APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS .............................................................................................................. 243

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ACQUISITION & MERGERS ............................................................................................................................ 262
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 269
DEFENCE ........................................................................................................................................................ 282
EXERCISE ................................................................................................................................................................. 282
TEST ......................................................................................................................................................................... 284
MoU SIGNED ........................................................................................................................................................... 285
OTHER DEFENCE NEWS ........................................................................................................................................ 287
SPORTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 292
OBITUARY ..................................................................................................................................................... 306
BOOKS & AUTHORS....................................................................................................................................... 314
IMPORTANT DAYS ........................................................................................................................................ 316
APPS & WEB PORTAL.................................................................................................................................... 342
ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................................. 347

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 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
CABINET APPROVALS
Cabinet approvals on January 1,2025
The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi has given approvals to various
schemes and projects on 1st January 2025.
The approvals are as follows,
• Continuation of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana(PMFBY) and Restructured Weather Based
Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) till 2025-26.
• Setting up a Fund for Innovation and Technology(FIAT).
• Extension of One-time Special Package on Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP)
• MoU on trade of Non-Basmati White Rice (NBWR) between India and Indonesia
Cabinet has approved the continuation of PMFBY And RWBCIS till 2025-26
The Union Cabinet chaired by the PM Modi has approved to continue the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima
Yojana(PMFBY) and Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme(RWBCIS) till 2025-26 with an
overall outlay of Rs.69,515.71 Crore from 2021-22 to 2025-26.
• The continuation of the schemes will provide the risk coverage of crops from unavoidable
natural disasters for farmers till 2025-26.
About Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana(PMFBY):
The PMFBY scheme was launched in 2016 with an aim to
provide affordable risk coverage for the crops to the farmers
in case of crop failure.
• It is monitored by the Department of Agriculture,
Cooperation & Farmers Welfare(DAC&FW),
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
(MoA&FW) and the concerned State in co-
ordination with various other agencies.
• Objective: ‘One Nation, One Crop, One Premium’
Risks covered:
i.Cover yields losses from non-preventable risks, such as natural fire and lightning storms, hailstorms,
cyclones, typhoons, tempest, hurricanes, tornados, etc.
ii.The farmers of a notified area, willing to sow/plant crops are prevented from sowing/planting due to
bad weather conditions, will be provided with claims upto a maximum of 25% of the sum insured.
iii.Insurance is provided upto a maximum period of 14 days from harvesting for those crops which are
kept in “cut & spread” condition to dry in the field after harvesting.
iv.Insurance against localized risks i.e. hailstorm, landslide, and Inundation affecting isolated farms in the
notified area.
Premium Rate:

Maximum Insurance charges payable by

Season Crops
the farmer (% of Sum Insured, SI)

Food & Oilseeds crops (all cereals, 2.0% of SI or Actuarial rate, whichever is
Kharif
millets, & oilseeds, pulses) less

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 Food & Oilseeds crops (all cereals, 1.5% of SI or Actuarial rate, whichever is
Rabi
millets, & oilseeds, pulses) less

Kharif Annual Commercial / Annual 5% of SI or Actuarial rate, whichever is

& Rabi Horticultural crops less
Note: The remaining premium is shared between the central and state governments. In the ratio of 50:50
in normal states and 90:10 in the case of north-eastern.
Exclusions:
Losses due to war and related dangers, nuclear risks, riots, malicious damage, theft, act of enmity, grazed
and/or destroyed by domestic and/or wild animals and harvested crop bundled and heaped at a place
before threshing in case of post-harvest losses.
Cabinet approves setting up of the FIAT:
The Union Cabinet has approved creation of Fund for Innovation and Technology(FIAT) with an outlay
of Rs.824.77 crore for integration of advanced technologies in insurance schemes.
• The fund will be used to make technological improvements in schemes like, YES-TECH, WINDS,
etc as well as Research and Development studies.
Key Facts:
i.Yield Estimation System using Technology (YES-TECH) uses Remote Sensing Technology for
estimating yields which have minimum 30% weightage to Technology based yield estimates.
• Madhya Pradesh(MP) has adopted 100% technology based yield estimation.
• Andhra Pradesh(AP), Assam, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh(UP), MP, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil
Nadu(TN) and Karnataka are currently implementing it.
ii.Weather Information and Network Data Systems (WINDS) involves setting up of Automatic Weather
Stations (AWS) at block level and Automatic Rain Gauges (ARGs) at panchayat level.
• Implementation of WINDS to assist state governments will begin in 2024-25.
Cabinet Approves Extension of Special Package for DAP Subsidy:
The Union Cabinet, has approved to extend the One-time Special Package on Di-Ammonium
Phosphate (DAP) beyond the Nutrient Based Subsidy(NBS) subsidy at Rs 3,500 per metric ton (MT) for
the period from 1st January 2025 till further orders to provide DAP to farmers at affordable prices.
• It would be allotted a tentative budget of approximately up to Rs. 3,850 cr.
Note: DAP is one of the most widely used fertilizers globally, providing essential nutrients nitrogen (N)
and phosphorus (P) for plant growth.
Key Points:
i.Farmers are provided subsidized prices for 28 grades of Phosphatic and Potassic(P&K) fertilizers
through fertilizer manufacturers/importers.
ii.This one-time Special Package was earlier approved from 1st April to 31st December 2024 with an
outlay of around Rs 2,625 crore.
Cabinet approves MoU on trade of NBWR between India and Indonesia:
i.The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the
Ministry of Cooperation(MoC), Government of India(GoI) and the Ministry of Trade, Indonesia with an
aim to trade one million metric tons(MT) of Non-Basmati White Rice (NBWR) annually based on
production and international prices.
ii.It will last four years and will be automatically extended for an additional four years.
iii.It will be implemented by New Delhi(Delhi) based National Cooperative Exports Limited (NCEL),
authorized by the MoC.

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 • NCEL is a cooperative society established in 2023 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies
Act, 2002.
• The initial paid up capital of NCEL is Rs. 500 Cr with contribution of Rs. 100 Cr each by the five
promoters and authorized share capital is Rs. 2,000 Cr.

Cabinet approvals on January 16th 2025

On January 16 2025, the Union Cabinet , chaired by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi has approved
the following proposals:
i.Construction of a Third Launch Pad (TLP) for Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO’s) Satish
Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP).
ii.Formation of the 8th Pay Commission to revise salaries of central government employees and
pensioners.
iii.Refarming of 687 megahertz (MHz) of spectrum from government ministries and ISRO to support 5th
Generation (5G) and future 6th Generation (6G) services.
iv.Revival plan for Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) at a total cost of Rs 11,440 crores.
v.Creation of 2 new Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) reserve Battalions.
Cabinet approves construction of TLP for ISRO
i.The Union Cabinet has approved the construction of a TLP at the ISRO’s SDSC in Sriharikota to enhance
its space infrastructure and support the development of Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV).
• The project costs Rs. 3,984.86 crore and is expected to be completed in 4 years.
ii.The TLP will be versatile, supporting both NGLV and Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) vehicles, including
advanced features like horizontal rocket integration.
iii.This new pad will boost India’s space capabilities, enabling the launch of heavier spacecraft, with the
ability to carry 30,000 tonnes (t) into low Earth orbit, compared to the current 8,000 t.
iv.The project aligns with India’s growing space ambitions, including upcoming missions like the
‘Bharatiya Antariksh Station(BAS)’ and crewed lunar missions.
Note: Indian Space Transportation Systems are completely reliant on two launch pads viz. FirstLaunch Pad
(FLP) & Second Launch Pad (SLP)
Cabinet approves formation of the 8th Pay Commission :
i.The Union Cabinet approved the formation of the 8th Pay Commission to revise the salary and pension of
over 1.2 crore central government employees and pensioners. The term of the 7th Pay Commission will
conclude on December 31 2025, after which the 8th Pay Commission will come into effect.
• This will increase the minimum basic salary of central government employees from Rs 18,000
to over Rs 40,000 per month.
ii.The salary hike, expected to be between 25% and 30%, will also include allowances, perks, and
performance pay.
• Approximately 50 lakh central government employees and 65 lakh pensioners will benefit,
including defence personnel and government employees in New Delhi (Delhi).
iii.The fitment factor is estimated to range between 2.6% and 2.85%, compared to 2.57% under the 7th
Pay Commission.
About Pay Commissions:
• Pay Commissions are typically formed once every 10 years to advise the government on
revising the pay structure and scale for its employees.
• Since 1947, a total of 7 Pay Commissions have been constituted, with the most recent one being
implemented in 2016.
• The 7th Pay Commission was formed by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government on
28 February 2014. It was chaired by Justice Ashok Kumar Mathur.

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Cabinet approves refarming of 687 MHz spectrum for 5G, 6G :
i.The Union Cabinet has approved the refarming of 687 megahertz(MHz) of spectrum from government
ministries and ISRO to support 5G and future 6G services.
• This spectrum, valued at Rs. 2 lakh crore, will be auctioned to telecom operators.
• Of the 687 MHz, 328 MHz will be released immediately, with the remaining portion becoming
available in phases by 2030.
ii.The refarming aims to address the rising demand for telecommunication spectrum, projected to
reach 2000 MHz by 2030.
iii.This initiative increases the total available spectrum from 900 MHz to 1,587 MHz, narrowing the gap to
413 MHz.
iv.The refarming reallocates spectrum from key government departments, including Ministry of
Defence(MoD), ISRO, and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoI&B), to the Department of
Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communication(MoC) .
CCEA Approves revival plan for RINL :
i.The Union Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved a revival plan for
Visakhapatnam(Andhra Pradesh, AP) based Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL),with a total investment
of Rs.11,440 crores.
• This plan includes an equity infusion of Rs.10,300 crores into RINL and the conversion of
Rs.1,140 crores of working capital loans into 7% Non-cumulative Preference Share Capital,
redeemable after 10 years.
ii.RINL is a Public Sector Enterprise under the Ministry of Steel(MoS), fully owned by the Government of
India(GoI), and operates the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP) in AP.
• The plant has an installed capacity of 7.3 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of liquid steel.
iii.The goal is for the plant to reach full production capacity, that includes starting full production with 2
blast furnaces in January 2025 and 3 blast furnaces by August 2025.
iv.This strategic move aligns with the ‘National Steel Policy of 2017’, and ensuring India’s self-reliance in
the steel sector as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
MHA approves Creation of 2 new CISF reserve Battalions
i.The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has approved the creation of two new battalions for the CISF to
enhance its capacity and manage increasing security demands.
• The two newly sanctioned battalions will consist of 1,025 personnel, bringing the total number
of CISF battalions from 13 to 15 and creating 2,050 new posts.
ii.With this expansion, the CISF’s total strength will rise to nearly 2 lakh personnel.
Note: The CISF is one of India’s Central Armed Police Forces(CAPF), established under the CISF Act, of
1968.

Cabinet Approvals on January 22 2025

On January 22 2025, the Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi has approved the
following proposals:
i.Apprised of Achievements under National Health Mission (NHM) (2021-24). It has also approved
continuation of the NHM for another 5 years.
ii.Approved the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of Rs 5,650 per quintal for raw jute (TD-3 grade) for
marketing season 2025-26. This marks an increase of nearly 6% i.e. Rs 315 per quintal compared to last
marketing season 2024-25.

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Cabinet Apprised of Achievements under NHM (2021-24): A Milestone in Improving India’s Public
Health Outcomes
The Union Cabinet was apprised of the achievements under the National Health Mission (NHM) during a
period of 3 years (from 2021-22 to 2023-24).
• It was also apprised of accelerated decrease in Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), Infant Mortality
(IMR), Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR), and Total Fertility Rate (TFR).
• It has also approved continuation of the NHM for another 5 years.
Key Progress Made under NHM
i.NHM provided the engagement of 2.69 lakh additional healthcare workers, in Financial Year 2021-22
(FY22). Also, 90,740 Community Health Officers (CHOs) were engaged.
ii.The NHM framework has also played an instrumental role in strengthening the public health system,
especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• NHM was crucial in administering more than 220 crore COVID-19 vaccine doses between
January 2021 and March 2024.
iii.MMR has decreased significantly by 25%, from 130 lakh live births (in 2014-16) to 97 per lakh(in
2018-20). It has decreased by 83% since 1990, which is higher than the global decline of 45%.
iv.U5MR has also declined from 45 per 1,000 live births (in 2014) to 32 (in 2020), which reflects a higher
decline of 75% in the reduction of mortality when compared with the global reduction of 60% since 1990.
v.IMR has decreased from 39 per 1,000 live births (in 2014) to 28 (in 2020). Also, TFR declined from 2.3
(in 2015) to 2.0 (in 2020), as per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) .
• These improvements reflect that India is on track to meet its United Nations (UN) Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) targets for maternal, child, and infant mortality well ahead of 2030.
Key Progress in eliminating and controlling various diseases:
NHM has played an important role in the elimination and control of various diseases such as:
i.Under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP), the incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) has
decreased from 237 per 1 lakh population (in 2015) to 195 (in 2023), and similarly, the mortality rate has
declined from 28 to 22 during the same period of time.
ii.The malaria cases and deaths have declined 13.28% and 3.22% respectively, in 2021 as compared to
2020.
• Malaria surveillance and cases have increased by 32.92% and 9.13% respectively in 2022,
whereas malaria deaths have declined by 7.77% as compared to 2021.
• For the year 2023, malaria surveillance and cases have increased by 8.34% and 28.91%
respectively as compared to 2022.
iii.Also, GoI’s efforts to eliminate Kala-azar have been successful, with 100% of endemic blocks achieving
the target of less than 1 case per 10,000 population by the end of 2023.
iv.The Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign, under the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI), has
vaccinated more than 34.77 crore children, achieving a 97.98% coverage.
Progress Made by Key Initiatives launched under NHM:
i.Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, launched in September 2022, has witnessed the registration of
1,56,572 Ni-kshay Mitra volunteers who have supported more than 9.40 lakh TB patients.
ii.Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme (PMNDP) has also been expanded, with more than 62.35
lakh hemodialysis sessions provided in FY24, which has benefitted over 4.53 lakh dialysis patients.
iii.In 2023, GoI launched the National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission, which has screened over
2.61 crore individuals in tribal areas, this progress will help in achieving the target of eliminating sickle
cell disease by 2047.
iv.U-WIN platform launched in January 2023, aimed to ensure the timely administration of vaccines to
pregnant women, infants, and children across India.

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 • The platform had expanded to 65 districts across 36 states/Union Territories (UTs) by the end
of FY24, ensuring real-time vaccination tracking and improving immunization coverage.
Other Key Points:
i.The NHM has also emphasized on strengthening healthcare infrastructure, including the certification of
public health facilities under the National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS).
• As of March 2024, 7,998 public health facilities have been certified, with more than 4,200 of
them receiving national certification.
ii.Also, the number of operational Ayushman Arogya Mandir (AAM) centers, which offer a range of health
services, has increased to 1,72, 148 by the end of FY24, with 1,34, 650 of these centers providing 12 key
healthcare services.
iii.By March 2024, 12, 348 Primary Health Centers (PHCs) had been converted to 24×7 services, and 3,133
First Referral Units (FRUs) were operational across the country.
• Additionally, the fleet of Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) has expanded, with 1,424 MMUs now
operating to ensure healthcare access in remote and underserved areas.
Background:
i.In 2005, GoI launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) with the objective of building public
health systems to provide accessible, affordable and quality healthcare to the rural population.
ii.The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) was conceptualized in 2012 and the NRHM was later
rebranded as the NHM with two sub-missions i.e. NRHM and the NUHM.
iii.In 2018, the Union Cabinet approved the continuation of NHM, with effect from 1st April, 2017 to 31st
March, 2020.
• Later, in 2022, Department of Expenditure (DoE), Ministry of Finance (MoF) has further
accorded the approval for continuation of NHM from 1st April, 2021 to 31st March, 2026.
iv.The implementation strategy of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW) under NHM is to
facilitate financial and technical support to States/ Union Territories (UTs) enabling them to offer
accessible, affordable, accountable and effective healthcare up to District Hospitals (DHs), especially to the
poor and vulnerable sections of the population.
CCEA Approved Rs 5,650 per Quintal MSP for Raw Jute for 2025-26 Season
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by PM Narendra Modi approved the
Minimum Support Price (MSP) of Rs 5,650 per quintal for raw jute (TD-3 grade) for marketing season
2025-26. This marks an increase of nearly 6% i.e. Rs 315 per quintal compared to last marketing season
2024-25.
• This increase in MSP for raw jute would ensure a return of 66.8% over the all India weighted
average cost of production.
Key Points:
i.Also, this new approved MSP for raw jute is in line with the principle of fixing MSP at a level of
minimum 1.5 times all India weighted average cost of production as announced by the Government of
India (GoI) in the Union Budget for FY19 (2018-19).
ii.The GoI has increased MSP of raw jute by 2.35 times (Rs 3,250 per quintal), from Rs 2,400 per quintal
(in 2014-15 season) to Rs 5,650 per quintal (2024-25 season).
iii.The Government revealed that the MSP amount paid to jute growing farmers during the period 2014-15
to 2024-25 was Rs 1,300 crore compared to Rs 441 crore paid to jute growing farmers during the period
2004-05 to 2013-14.
Note: Kolkata (West Bengal, WB)-based Jute Corporation of India (JCI) will continue to act as nodal agency
to undertake Price Support Operations and the losses incurred, if any in such operations, will be
completely reimbursed by the GoI.

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Cabinet approvals on January 29 2025
On January 29 2025, the Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi has approved the
following proposals:
i.Launch of the ‘National Critical Mineral Mission’ (NCMM) to build a resilient ‘Value Chain’ for critical
mineral resources essential for Green Technologies with a total cost of Rs. 34,300 crore over a period of 7
years.
ii.Revised Mechanism for Procurement of Ethanol by Public Sector Oil Marketing
Companies (OMCs) under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme – Price Adjustment for Ethanol
Supply Year (ESY) 2024-25.
Cabinet approves National Critical Mineral Mission(NCMM):
i.The Union Cabinet has approved the launch of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) with an
allocation of Rs.16,300 crore (USD 1.88 billion), envisaging a total outlay of Rs.34,300 crore over a period
of 7 years.
NCMM aims to attract an investment of Rs.18,000 crore (USD 2.08 billion) from Public Sector
Undertakings (PSUs) and other entities.
ii.The announcement for launching the NCMM was made by the Union Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman,
Ministry of Finance (MoF) in the Union Budget for 2024-25.
iii.The mission will cover all stages of the mineral value chain, including exploration, mining, beneficiation,
processing, and recycling.
Additionally, financial incentives will be provided for critical mineral exploration.
iv.The mission will also support Indian PSUs and private companies in acquiring critical mineral assets
abroad and strengthening trade ties with resource-rich countries.
v.This initiative aligns with the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ programme to address challenges in critical minerals,
essential for sectors like high-tech industries, clean energy, and defence.
Points to Note:
i.The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act or MMDR Act, 1957 was amended in 2023 to
promote exploration and mining of these minerals.
Following this, the Ministry of Mines (MoM) auctioned 24 blocks of strategic minerals.
ii.The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has undertaken 368 exploration projects for critical minerals over
the past 3 years, with 195 projects currently active in the first quarter of Financial Year 2025-26 (FY 26).
24 Critical Minerals: Beryl, Cadmium, Cobalt, Gallium, Glauconite, Graphite, Indium, Lithium,
Molybdenum, Nickel, Niobium, Phosphate (without uranium), Platinum group of elements, Potash,
Rare earth minerals (excluding Uranium and Thorium), Rhenium, Selenium, Tantalum, Tellurium,
Tin, Titanium and ores (ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene), Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium and ores
(including zircon).
iii.The Science and Technology – Promotion of Research and Innovation in Start-ups and MSMEs (S&T
PRISM) programme was launched in 2023 to foster innovation and Research and Development (R&D) in
this field.
Cabinet approves Revised Ethanol Procurement Prices
i.The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the revision of the ethanol
procurement price for Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY)
2024-25, starting from 1st November 2024 to 31st October 2025.
ii.This revision, part of the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme of the Government of India (GoI),
fixes the administered ex-mill price of ethanol from C Heavy Molasses (CHM) at Rs. 57.97 per litre (l), up
from Rs. 56.58 per l.
iii.The revised pricing ensures continued stability for ethanol suppliers, reducing crude oil imports and
promoting environmental sustainability.

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iv.The new pricing will ensure Goods and Service Tax (GST) and transportation charges are separately
payable to benefit sugarcane farmers.
v.As of ESY 2023-24, OMCs have achieved an average blending of 14.60%, up from 38 crore litres in 2013-
14 to 707 crore litres.
The program has led to savings of approximately Rs. 1,13,007 crore in foreign exchange and a
substitution of 193 lakh metric tonnes (MT)of crude oil.
Note:
i.The government has advanced its target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol from 2030 to ESY 2025-
26. OMCs plan to achieve 18% ethanol blending in ESY 2024-25.
ii.Investments are also being made to increase the capacity of ethanol distilleries to 1713 crore l per
annum.
iii.The EBP programme was launched in 2003 by the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) .

LAUNCHES & INAUGURATION

MoE Launches of ONOS Scheme to Enhance Access to Scholarly Resources for Government
Institutions
On January 1 2025, the Ministry of Education(MoE) launched first phase of the ‘One Nation, One
Subscription (ONOS)’, a Central Sector Scheme (CSS), aims to provide access to world-class scholarly
articles and journals for government-run Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Central Government
(CG) Research and Development (R&D) centers across India.
About One Nation, One Subscription (ONOS):
The scheme was approved by the Government of India(GoI) in November 2024, with a budget of Rs 6,000
crore allocated for its implementation over three years, from 1st January 2025 to 31st December 2027.
• The ONOS initiative aligns with the vision of the Prime Minister (PM) of India, Narendra Modi, to
enhance the nation’s innovation capabilities. In his Independence Day 2022 address, he
introduced the slogan “Jai Anusandhan” emphasizing the need to boost research and
development (R&D).
• The scheme aligns with the goals of Viksitbharat@2047 and the National Education Policy
(NEP) 2020, which prioritizes the creation of a research-oriented educational framework.
About ONOS phase I :
i.The ONOS phase I is coordinated by INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network), an Inter-University
Centre based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat under the University Grants Commission (UGC), operating under
the MoE.
• Access to journals will be facilitated through a dedicated web portal managed by the INFLIBNET
Centre.
• During the phase I period, it will provide access to over 13,000 journals for more than 6,300
government academic and R&D institutes including central and state-govt universities and
colleges.
ii.All journals will be available through a digital platform, making access easy and convenient while
reducing administrative challenges.
iii.The subscription fees for journals from 30 publishers under ONOS Phase I will be centrally managed
by INFLIBNET. Institutions not covered in Phase I will continue with their independent subscriptions.
iv.Additionally, the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) will periodically review the usage
of the ONOS initiative and assess the publications by Indian authors from participating institutions.

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Note: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) was established through the ANRF Act,
2023, with the purpose of offering strategic guidance in the areas of research, innovation, and
entrepreneurship.
v.This phase will establish the program’s framework and ensure that key research resources are made
available to a large number of institutions across India.
Click Here to Know more
Key Features:
i.A key feature of the ONOS initiative is the provision of discounts on Article Processing Charges (APCs),
which are typically required by publishers for publishing research articles.
• By negotiating reduced APC rates with publishers, the scheme will enable Indian researchers to
publish their work in top-tier journals without facing high financial burden.
ii.The Phase I ONOS initiative benefits approximately 1.8 crore students, faculty, and researchers across
various fields, including STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), Medicine, Social
Sciences, Finance, and Accounts).
iii. Additionally, ONOS allocates Rs 150 crore annually to support researchers in publishing their work in
high-quality Open Access (OA) journals.
iv.The scheme ensures equitable access to research resources for institutions in tier 2 and tier 3 cities,
helping bridge the gap in knowledge availability.
About Ministry of Education (MoE):
Union Minister– Dharmendra Pradhan (Constituency- Sambalpur, Odisha)
Minister of State (MoS)- Jayant Chaudhary (Constituency- Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, UP) Sukanta Majumdar
(Constituency- Balurghat, West Bengal, WB)

Government launched PLI Scheme 1.1 for specialty steel to boost domestic production
Union Minister of Steel and Heavy Industries, Haradanahalli Devegowda Kumaraswamy launched the
second round of Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Specialty Steel, termed as PLI Scheme
1.1 on 6th January, 2025 at the Vigyan Bhavan New Delhi.
• PLI Scheme 1.1 applications will remain open from 6th January to 31st January 2025.
• The scheme will work within the already allocated funds for the scheme,
i.e., Rs.6,322 crore and will be implemented for the period of Financial Year (FY) 2025-26 to
FY 2029-30.
Key Highlights:
i.The PLI Scheme 1.1 has been introduced for 5 product categories with respect to the existing PLI
Scheme, namely Coated / Plated Steel Products, High Strength / Wear resistant Steel, Specialty Rails, Alloy
Steel Products & Steel wires and Electrical Steel.
ii.In the 2nd round of PLI Scheme, investment and capacity creation thresholds for Cold-Rolled Grain-
Oriented (CRGO) steel has been reduced to Rs.3,000 crore and 50,000 tonnes to promote participation
in this category.
iii.The first round of PLI Scheme for Specialty Steel was notified on July 2021 by the Ministry of Steel(MoS)
with a budgetary outlay of Rs 6,322 Crore.
• In the first round, there were 44 active projects by 26 companies with an investment of
about Rs.27,106 crore and 24 million tons of downstream capacity creation.
• As of November 2024, the investment made by companies is Rs 18,300 crore till now.
About PLI Scheme:
i.The PLI Scheme was launched in March 2020 with an aim to boost India’s manufacturing capabilities,
reduce reliance on imports and promotion of exports by offering financial incentives directly related to
measurable outcomes such as higher production and incremental sales.

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ii.It was initially launched to target three industries –
• Mobile manufacturing and electric components,
• Pharmaceutical (critical key starting materials/active pharmaceutical ingredients),
• Medical device manufacturing
iii.Later it was extended to a total of 14 sectors with a total budgetary outlay of Rs.1.97 trillion.
iv.The 14 sectors include-
• Mobile Manufacturing and Specified Electronic Components
• Critical Key Starting Materials/Drug Intermediaries & Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
• Manufacturing of Medical Devices
• Automobiles and Auto Components,
• Pharmaceuticals Drugs
• Specialty Steel
• Telecom & Networking Products,
• Electronic/Technology Products,
• White Goods (ACs and LEDs)
• Food Products
• Textile Products: MMF segment and technical textiles
• High efficiency solar PV modules
• Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery
• Drones and Drone Components
v. As of August 2024, investments worth1.46 lakh crore have been utilizedleading to a boost in
production and sales, amounting to Rs.12.50 lakh crore, and directly and indirectly generating
approximately 9.5 lakh jobs.
Ministry of Steel:
Union Minister– Haradanahalli Devegowda Kumaraswamy (Mandya, Karnataka)
Minister of State (MoS)- Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma (Narasapuram, Andhra Pradesh)

MHA launches ‘e-student visa’ & ‘e-student-x visa’ for foreign students
On January 5 2025, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) introduced two new specialized visa categories:
the ‘e-student visa’ and the ‘e-student-x visa’, designed to facilitate foreign students pursuing higher
education at Indian academic institutions.
• The e-student visa is available to eligible foreign students registered on the SII portal, while the
e-student-x visa is designated for the dependents of e-student visa holders.
• All interested students are required to register on the Study in India (SII) portal, an initiative
launched by the Ministry of Education (MoE), to streamline the admission process for
international students seeking long-term or short-term courses in India.
About e-student visa :
i.Eligibility: The e-student visa is for foreign nationals enrolled in full-time Undergraduate (UG),
Postgraduate (PG), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), or other formal programs at institutions recognized by
India’s regulatory bodies.
• Students can apply for the visa once they receive an admission offer from an SII partner
institute.
ii.Duration:Valid for up to five years based on course duration, with extensions available in India.
• Visa holders may enter India via any authorized immigration checkpoint.
iii.Registration Process: Students must apply for a visa separately through
the https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/. The authenticity of their application will be verified using their SII
Identification(ID).

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About the Study in India (SII) portal:
i.The Study in India (SII) portal was launched in 2018 to streamline the admission process for
international students pursuing higher education in India.
ii.The platform connects students to over 600 partner institutes in India offering more than 8,000 courses
across disciplines like engineering, management, agriculture, sciences, arts, humanities, commerce, law,
paramedical sciences (pharmacy, nursing), and niche fields like Buddhist Studies and Yoga.
iii.Foreign students applying for the SII program can receive financial assistance through the Study in
India Scholarship or a Fee Waiver.
• The SII Scholarship, valued at USD 3,200, is awarded to students who excel in the PRAGATII
Exam.
Note: According to Henley Passport Index 2024, India’s passport ranked 83rd, providing its citizens with
visa-free access to 58 countries.
About Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA):
Union Minister – Amit Shah (Constituency – Gandhinagar, Gujarat)
Minister of State(MoS) – Nityanand Rai (Constituency – Ujiarpur, Bihar); Bandi Sanjay Kumar
(Constituency – Karimnagar, Telangana)

Union Minister Manohar Lal Khattar Launched the Toolkit for 9th Edition
of Swachh Survekshan
In January 2025, Union Minister Manohar Lal Khattar, Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs (MoHUA) launched the toolkit for 9th edition of ‘Swachh Survekshan(SS)’, the world’s largest
urban cleanliness survey, in its new version- simpler, sharper, systematic and all-inclusive.
• A special category- Super Swachh League (SSL) has been introduced for the year 2024, creating
a separate league of cities performing well in cleanliness.
• SS which was initially launched by MoHUA in 2016 promotes urban sanitation improvement
through citizen participation and 3rd party validation.
Key People: S. Katikithala, Secretary of MoHUA; Roopa Mishra, Managing Director (MD), Swachh Bharat
Mission Urban (SBM-U); Principal Secretaries of Urban Development, State Mission Directors, Municipal
Commissioners (MCs) representatives from various States and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and officials
from the MoHUA were present at the event.
Key Features :
i.Cities have been classified into 5 population categories: Very Small(less than 20,000 population),
Small (20,000- 50,000 population), Medium (50,000- 3lakh population), Big(3- 10 lakh
population), and Medium-Plus(more than 10 lakh population).
• Each category will be examined based on population and parameters customised to its specific
size and requirements.
• For each category, awards will be given to clean cities, thus making new SS inclusive.
ii.This year, the assessment will include Cleanliness Target Units (CTUs) and adopting
Swabhav Swachhata Sanskar Swachhata(4S) (behavior change in daily lives).
iii.The assessment will focus on key parameters like: eliminating dark spots, visible cleanliness, setting up
Reduce Reuse Recycle(RRR) Centres, and more.
• Also, school assessments have been introduced this year as part of SS, to foster the integration
of swachhata values in educational institutions and inspire young minds to adopt cleanliness
and sustainability.
iv.All indicators in the new SS toolkit have been organised into 10 buckets, with assessment parameters
simplified for better understanding by the ULBs.

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 • These are: visible cleanliness; segregation, collection and transportation of waste; solid waste
management; access to sanitation; used water management; mechanization of desludging
services; advocacy for Swachhata; strengthening of eco-system & institutional parameters;
overall welfare of sanitation workers and citizen feedback and grievance redressal.
v.The last and final phase of SS- Field Assessment for the 9th edition will start on February 15, 2025 and
will be completed by the end of March 2025.
About Super Swachh League:
i.The cities who have been in the top 3 rankings for minimum 2 years in the last 3 years (2021-23) will be
included in this league.
• Based on the above mentioned parameters, 12 cities have been included in the SSL.
• Also, top 3 ranking cities in each population category will be included in the league for the
subsequent years.
ii.ULBs in SSL will be evaluated on additional aspirational indicators and are required to maintain a score
of 85% or higher to retain their position.
iii.Cities which are included in the SSL are:

Category Selected City

Very Small Cities Panchgani (Maharashtra), Patan (Gujarat)

Small Cities Vita (Maharashtra), Saswad (Maharashtra)

Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh, AP), New

Medium Cities
Delhi Municipal Council (Delhi)

Big Cities Noida (Uttar Pradesh, UP), Chandigarh(Punjab).

Navi Mumbai (Mumbai), Indore (Madhya Pradesh, MP) and Surat

Million Plus Cities
(Gujarat)
About Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA):
Union Minister- Manohar Lal Khattar (Constituency- Karnal, Haryana)
Minister of State (MoS) – Tokhan Sahu (Constituency- Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh)

Union Ministers Ashwini Vaishnaw and Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Jointly launched Various
Initiatives ahead of 1st WAVES in Delhi
In January 2025, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) and
Union Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, Ministry of Tourism (MoT) and Ministry of Culture (MoC),
jointly launched various initiatives such as: WAVES Bazaar; 3 Create in India Challenges; WAVES
Awards, among others at the National Media Centre in New Delhi, Delhi.
These initiatives were launched ahead of the 1st World Audio Visual Entertainment
Summit (WAVES) scheduled to be held from February 5 to February 9, 2025 at Bharat Mandapam
in New Delhi.
During the event, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishanaw also announced new challenges aimed to
promote films that explore India’s rich tourism and cultural heritage. These challenges aim to
promote creativity, innovation, and international participation.

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Key People:
Sanjay Jaju, Secretary, MIB; Arunish Chawla, Secretary, MoC; Filmmaker Shekhar Kapur and Gaurav
Dwivedi, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Prasar Bharati, among others were also present at the launch.
Key Initiatives Launched:
About WAVES Bazaar: Harnessing the potential of creative economy:i.It is an e-Marketplace, designed
to bring together creators, buyers, collaborators from across different sectors such as film, Television (TV),
music and firms dealing in creative content at one platform.
It aims to connect India’s vast creative talent pool with global markets.
ii.The platform will enable users to showcase their content, pitch projects and engage in meaningful
Business-to-Business (B2B) interactions that transcend geographical boundaries.
About 3 New Challenges under Create in India Challenges(CIC):
The main highlight of the event was the launch of 3 new challenges i.e. “Wah Ustad”, “Make The World
Wear Khadi” and “Resonate: The EDM Challenge”, under CIC.
i.Wah Ustad: This challenge is conceptualized by the MIB, driven by the ‘Dilli Gharana’ in partnership
with the Ministry of Culture (MoC) and Doordarshan. It will provide a platform for young, classically
trained vocalists to display their exceptional skills.
This challenge is open for participants aged 18 years and above, including international
participation.
It is a two-phased competition culminating in a Grand National finale at WAVES 2025 whose
registrations have been opened on the website of Prasar Bharti.
ii.Make The World Wear Khadi: This challenge is designed to invite advertising professionals and
freelancers to develop innovative campaigns that help to position Khadi as an international brand.
This challenge is open for international participation, which aims to promote Khadi within India
and globally.
The participants are required to explore innovative design concepts across different formats
(example: digital, print, video, and experiential).
iii.Resonate: The EDM Challenge: It is hosted by the Indian Music Association (IMA). The challenge
invites artists, composers, musicians, and performers from around the globe to showcase their exceptional
talent in Electronic Dance Music (EDM) production. All nationalities are allowed to participate in this
challenge.
About Create in India Challenges(CIC):
i.CIC, part of the WAVES, a flagship initiative by the MIB. It has witnessed over 70,000 registrations and
counting.
iii.Till date, 31 Create in India Challenges have been launched out of which 25 are still open for
registration with 22 attracting international participation.
About WAVES Awards:
i.As per MIB, WAVES Awards will start with nominations opening on February 15, 2025 .
ii.The awards feature categories like: Game of the Year, Film of the Year, and Advertising Campaign of the
Year. It also features Special Selection Awards, honouring lifetime achievements and significance in
various fields such as: technology and social influence.
About Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB):
Union Minister- Ashwini Vaishnaw (Rajya Sabha member- Odisha)
Minister of State (MoS)- Loganathan Murugan (Rajya Sabha member- Madhya Pradesh, MP)

DGFT Launched Enhanced ‘eCoO 2.0 System’ to Boost Trade Efficiency

In January 2025, the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) under the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry (MoC&I) has launched the enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 System to simplify the

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certification process for exporters and improve trade efficiency, with features like multi-user access under
a single Importer Exporter Code (IEC).
Starting from 1st January 2025, electronic filing of Non-Preferential CoO is mandatory through the
eCoO 2.0 platform, accessible to exporters via https://trade.gov.in.
About enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 System:
i.The platform handles more than 7,000 eCoOs daily, including both preferential and non-preferential
certificates, connecting 125 issuing agencies, such as 110 national and regional chambers of commerce,
over 650 issuing officers, and all Indian exporters in one unified system.
ii.The initiative simplifies the certification process and speeds up processing, benefiting global supply
chains that involve intermediary trade through India.
iii.The certificates are issued based on documentary proof from the foreign country of origin and ensure
transparency by clearly stating the origin details and supporting documents.
Key features of eCoO 2.0 :
i.The system now also supports Aadhaar-based e-signing in addition to digital signature tokens, offering
more flexibility.
ii.It also introduces an in-lieu Certificate of Origin feature for requesting corrections to previously issued
Certificates of Origin through a simple online application process.
iii.DGFT has introduced a process for obtaining online Back-to-Back Certificates of Origin (Non-
Preferential), which apply to goods not originally from India but intended for re-export, trans-shipment, or
merchanting trade.
iv.An integrated dashboard gives exporters easy access to eCoO services, Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
details, trade events, and other resources.
About Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT):
Director General(DG) – Santosh Kumar Sarangi
Headquarters – New Delhi (Delhi)
Established – 1991

Union Minister Piyush Goyal launches National Turmeric Board with Palle Ganga Reddy as
chairman
In January 2025, Union Minister Piyush Goyal, Ministry of Commerce and Industry(MoC&I), launched
the National Turmeric Board (NTB) in New Delhi, Delhi with an aim to boost the turmeric
industry(Golden Spice) in India.
• Palle Ganga Reddy has been appointed as its first Chairperson. The headquarters of the Board
has been set up at Nizamabad, Telangana.
• Union Minister of State(MoS) Bandi Sanjay Kumar, Ministry of Home Affairs(MHA) and Arvind
Dharmapuri, Member of Parliament(MP), Nizamabad also participated in the event.
About National Turmeric Board (NTB):
i.The NTB will function under theDepartment of Commerce(DoC), MoC&I. The board will include
representatives from Ministry of AYUSH(Ayurveda, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and
Homoeopathy); Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP) under Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (MoCF),
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers(MoC&F); Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare(DA&FW)
under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare(MoA&FW) and Department of Commerce, MoC&I.
• Moreover, representatives from the top turmeric growing states
of Maharashtra, Telangana and Meghalaya will also be part of the Board.
ii.The board will look into the challenges faced by turmeric farmers across 20 states, including
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu(TN), Andhra Pradesh(AP), Telangana, Madhya Pradesh(MP) and Meghalaya.

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iii.It will provide leadership, coordinate with other Government Departments/Agencies for the growth
and development of the Turmeric sector in the country.
• It will work on increasing trade of turmeric and its products, especially in view of its health and
wellness benefits.
iv.Moreover, the new Board will promote research and development of new turmeric products, add
value to the export related turmeric products and create awareness on the essential and medical
properties of turmeric.
• It will also help in increasing its yield and boost logistics and supply chain to promote trade into
newer markets and will also ensure quality and safety standards of turmeric production and
exports.
Points to Note:
i.According to the Spice Board of India, an area of 3.05 lakh hectare was under turmeric cultivation in
India in 2023-24 with a production of 10.74 lakh tons.
• During 2023-24, 1.62 lakh tons of turmeric and turmeric products valued at USD 226.5
million were exported.
ii.There are 30 varieties of turmeric produced with India being the largest producer, consumer and
exporter of turmeric in the world and has more than 62% share of world trade.
iii.The top turmeric-producing states in India are Maharashtra (325643 tonnes), Telangana ( 117049
tonnes) and Karnataka ( 129399 tonnes).
iv.The top buyers of Indian turmeric in 2023-24 are Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and
Malaysia.
About Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I):
Union Minister – Piyush Goyal (Constituency – Mumbai North, Maharashtra)
Minister of State (MoS) – Jitin Prasada (Constituency – Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

Union Minister Piyush Goyal launches Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform in New Delhi
On 10 January 2025, Union Minister Piyush Goyal, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I), unveiled
the ‘Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform’, an initiative at the inaugural Bharat Climate Forum
2025 in New Delhi, Delhi.
• It aimed to enhance India’s cleantech value chains in the solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery
storage sectors.
• He highlighted that the Product Linked Incentives (PLIs) and subsidies are harmful to the long-
term growth and development of the clean energy sector.
About Bharat Climate Forum 2025 :
i.It was hosted by the Centre for Indigenous Economic Understanding (CIEU) and Dalberg Advisors, the
Bharat Climate Forum is supported by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), National
Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog, and International Solar Alliance (ISA).
ii.The Bharat Climate Forum 2025 objective is to position India as a global leader in clean technology
manufacturing, with self-reliance as its foundational principle in achieving Net-Zero goals and developing
into a Viksit Bharat
About Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform:
i.The platform will enable Indian firms to innovate, collaborate, and attract global investments, positioning
India as a global leader in the cleantech sector.
• This effort aligns with the target of 500 Gigawatt (GW) clean energy capacity by 2030.
ii.The platform will serve as a hub for enabling technological advancements, global partnerships, and
scaling up India’s clean energy infrastructure.
iii.India remains the top performer in fulfilling the Nationally Determined Contributions (NCDs) that were

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submitted to the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) in 2015.

Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw Launches One VEGA-based SoC & Two DIR V VEGA processor
based Development Boards in Maharashtra
In January 2025, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
(MeitY) launched one VEGA-based System on-Chip (SoC) named THEJAS64 and two DIR V VEGA
processor based development boards, Artificial Intelligence for Environment &
Sustainability (ARIES) ECO and ARIES NOVA at an event held at Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing (C-DAC) campus in Pune, Maharashtra.
• These are designed and developed by C-DAC, as part of the Government of India (GoI)’s Digital
India RISC-V Microprocessor (DIR-V) program.
• While addressing the event, the Union Minister highlighted that Computing and technological
advancement is a core building block for India to become a developed nation by 2047.
Key People:
i.Krishnan, Secretary of the MeitY; Smt Sunita Verma, Group Co-ordinator (R&D), MeitY; E Magesh,
Director General(DG) of C-DAC and Sanjay Wandhekar, Centre Head of C-DAC Pune along with and other
senior officials
Launched Products:
i.THEJAS64 SoC ASIC: Fabricated at the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh(Punjab), this 64-bit
single-core chip.
• It is India’s 1st fully indigenous 64-bit VEGA based SoC. It is mainly designed for robust and
secure embedded applications.
• It highlights India’s self-reliance in advanced microprocessor technology, offering robust
solutions for embedded and industrial applications.
ii.ARIES NOVA Development Board: Designed for Internet of Things(IoT), wearable devices, and
robotics, this compact, breadboard-friendly hardware platform is powered by the VEGA ET1031
microprocessor. It offers an affordable and versatile option for developers and innovators.
• It provides an easily accessible platform for education, research, and development in the field of
embedded systems.
iii.ARIES ECO Development Board: A cost-effective platform tailored for embedded systems enthusiasts,
it features multiple communication interfaces and GPIOs, supporting standalone operation with various
power options.
• It is useful to students, facilitates a hands-on-platform for experimenting with applications like
sensor fusion, smart meters, and wearable devices.
About DIR-V Program:
i.In April 2022, GoI launched the DIR-V program, which aimed to develop future generations of
microprocessors to achieve India’s strategic priorities of mobility, computing, and digitization.
• Key Target: To commercialise India’s 1st indigenous chipsets by 2023-24.
ii.The program is part of the GoI’s Semicon India programme, which has a budget of Rs 76,000 crore to
enhance India’s semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem.
VEGA Series:
i.The series include 32 bit or 64 bit single/dual/quad core superscalar Out-of-Order high performance
processor cores based on Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC-V) architecture.
ii.The open-source RISC-V architecture provides flexibility and innovation and promotes hands-on
learning and development in embedded systems.

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About Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC):
It is one of the premier institutions in India, which works under the MeitY.
Director General (DG)- Magesh Ethirajan
Headquarters- Pune, Maharashtra
Established- 1988

NIFT Hyderabad launches ‘VisionNxt’, fashion forecasting platform

In January 2025, the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Hyderabad(Telangana)
launched ‘VisionNxt’, India’s first fashion forecasting platform that combines Artificial Intelligence (AI)
and Emotional Intelligence (EI). This was unveiled during NIFT’s 40th Foundation Day celebrations in
Hyderabad,
i.The platform, developed under the Ministry of Textiles ( MoT), is designed to offer trend insights
specifically for India’s fashion and retail industry.
ii.VisionNxt aims to reduce India’s dependency on international trend forecasting agencies by using India’s
strengths in Information Technology (IT) and textiles.

India’s Rubber Board unveils ‘iSNR’ & ‘INR Konnect’ to Boost Rubber Production
In January 2025, the Kottayam (Kerala) based Rubber Board (RB) under the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry (MoC&I) unveiled two initiatives’ iSNR (Indian Sustainable Natural Rubber)’ and ‘INR Konnect’
platform during the platinum jubilee celebrations of the Rubber Act, 1947, and the Rubber Growers’
Conference held in Kottayam.
• These initiatives aim to strengthen India’s global position in the rubber industry and increase
domestic production.
• Awards were also presented to the top performers of ‘mRube’, the digital marketing platform
for Natural Rubber (NR).
Note: The Rubber Act was enacted in 1947 to provide for the development under the control of the Union
of the rubber industry. The Act has been amended several times to address the changing needs of the
industry.
Key People: Union Minister of State (MoS) George Kurian, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and
Dairying (MoFAH&D) and Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA); M. Vasanthagesan IRS, Executive
Director(ED) of RB; and T. Siju, Rubber Production Commissioner in RB, along with several
dignitaries, attended the inaugural session.
About iSNR (Indian Sustainable Natural Rubber):
i.The initiative aligns Indian rubber production with the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)
standards.
ii.It includes iSNR traceability certification, ensuring the rubber’s origin and confirming its compliance
with EUDR requirements.
iii.It also provides stakeholders in the rubber supply chain with a pathway to access European Union (EU)
markets.
About INR Konnect:
i.It is a web-based platform designed to connect owners of untapped rubber plantations with adopters to
enhance productivity.
ii.It certifies the credibility of all parties involved while also providing training in production management
and sustainable practices as needed.
iii.Significance: To address the 20-25% of untapped rubber plantations in India, which are affected by
low prices, high production costs, and neglect from absentee landlords.

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Rubber Production Status of India:
i.India is the 3rd largest producer and 4th largest consumer of natural rubber (NR), and the 5th largest
consumer of both natural and synthetic rubber worldwide.
• Thailand is the world’s largest producer of NR, followed by Indonesia.
ii.Top producing states: Kerala produces over 90% of India’s NR, with additional production in states
like Tamil Nadu (TN), Karnataka, Tripura, Assam, and Meghalaya.
About Rubber Board (RB) of India:
Executive Director (ED) – M. Vasanthagesan
Headquarters – Kottayam, Kerala
Founded – 1947

AICTE Launches NEAT 4.0 Online Learning

On January 2025, the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) launched Phase 4 of the National
Educational Alliance for Technology (NEAT 4.0) at the AICTE Headquarters in Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
(Delhi).
Objective:
NEAT 4.0 initiative aims to bridge the gap between students and essential
industry skills, prioritizing accessibility and inclusivity for learners
nationwide.
• The event was graced by Professor T.G. Sitharam, Chairman of AICTE, Professor Anil
D. Sahasrabudhe, Chairman of National Educational Technology Forum
(NETF), Buddha Chandrasekhor, Chief Coordinating Officer (CCO) of NEAT, AICTE, and
representatives from various EdTech companies.
i.The launch event, which included a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signing ceremony,
where 22 EdTech companies signed MoUs with AICTE for 40 innovative products.
• The companies that signed the MoU with AICTE for NEAT 4.0 include Amypo Technologies
Private Limited, Ansys Software, Culturelligence Private Limited, and others.
• The products underwent a thorough evaluation process consisting of four rounds, with more
than 300 evaluations by domain expert assessments to ensure to met stringent quality
standards before being added to the NEAT portal.
ii.NEAT 4.0, through the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, brings advanced EdTech solutions within
reach of students. The addition of emerging fields like Biomedical Engineering, Health & Wellness, and
Space Technology showcases the portal’s adaptability.

NeGD Launches ‘Entity Locker’ for Business Document Management

In January 2025, the National electronic (e)Governance Division (NeGD), under the Ministry of Electronics
and Information Technology(MeitY), has introduced ‘Entity Locker’, a modern digital platform designed
to simplify the way organisations manage and verify their documents.
• The platform aligns with India’s Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI) and the Union Budget 2024-
25’s goal of advancing digital governance and simplifying business processes.
About Entity Locker:
Entity Locker is a secure, cloud-based system that helps businesses, including large corporations, Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), trusts, startups, and societies, store, share, and verify
documents. It provides a consolidated platform for secure document management.
i.The platform integrates seamlessly with key systems like the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), Goods
and Services Tax Network (GSTN), and Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), reducing delays and
operational challenges in document handling.

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ii.Entity Locker supports various use cases, including vendor verification during procurement and
registration, speeding up loan applications MSMEs and simplifying compliance documentation for the
food industry under the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).
iii.It also streamlines corporate filings, such as annual returns and other essential documents.
Note: Individuals do not have direct access to Entity Locker; instead, they can connect their personal
account to the organization’s account to manage and access digital documents.
Key Features:
i.The platform ensures real-time access and accuracy by instantly verifying documents through
integration with government databases.
ii.Sensitive information is shared securely with user consent, Aadhaar authentication ensures secure
and accountable access.
iii.The platform provides 10 gigabytes (GB) of encrypted cloud storage for secure document management
and enables authentication through legally valid digital signatures.
iv.With built-in features, the platform simplifies regulatory reporting and compliance, while tracking all
document-related activities to enhance accountability.

WEP Launches ‘EmpowHER Biz’ Partners with New Shop to Empower Women Entrepreneurs
On January 8 2025, the Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of the National Institution for
Transforming India (NITI) Aayog partnered with New Shop, a 24/7 convenience retail chain based in New
Delhi(Delhi), to launch the initiative ‘EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan’. It was part of WEP’s Award to
Reward (ATR) initiative.
• This collaboration aims to empower women entrepreneurs and drive growth in the organized
retail sector.
Note: ATR initiative was launched in 2023, provides a framework for collaborative projects that deliver
measurable impact.
About EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan Initiative:
This program is designed to provide women with essential skills and support to succeed
in retail entrepreneurship.
i.The initiative is open to women from Delhi- National Capital Region (NCR), Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh (UP) , Haryana, Madhya Pradesh (MP), and Gujarat, ensuring support across these states.
ii.Fifty women, aged between 18 and 35 years, will be selected through an online application process.
• Among them, the top 20 participants will receive a full waiver on New Shop franchise
fees, enabling them to establish their ventures with greater ease.
iii.The initiative will offer expert mentorship to participants, along with training in retail management,
financial literacy, digital tools, and business development, aiming to enhance their entrepreneurial
capabilities.
iv.Through this partnership, New Shop aims to assist 10,000 entrepreneurs by 2030, enhancing its
franchising model to provide opportunities and support for first-time entrepreneurs across India.
About Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP):
The WEP is an initiative of NITI Aayog, launched in 2018 as an online platform.
• It became a Public-Private Partnership(PPP) in 2022 and now collaborates with over 30
partners from both the public and private sectors to develop programs that support and
empower women entrepreneurs.
• Since 2023, WEP’s ‘Award to Reward’ initiative offers a flexible framework for stakeholders to
design and implement impactful programs.

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PM Narendra Modi inaugurates several development projects in New Delhi
Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi has inaugurated and laid foundation stones of various development
projects including 1,675 flats for residents of Jhuggi Jhopri (JJ) clusters and the World Trade Centre(WTC)
in New Delhi, Delhi on 3rd January 2025.
• The projects are part of the Government of India’s(GoI) ongoing efforts to enhance Delhi’s
infrastructure and improve the quality of life for its residents.
1,675 newly constructed flats for the EWS :
PM Modi inaugurated 1,675 newly constructed flats for the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) residents of
JJ clusters at Swabhiman Apartments in Ashok Vihar, Delhi.
• These apartments have been constructed under the In-Situ Slum Rehabilitation Project by the
Delhi Development Authority(DDA).
Key Features:
i.The eligible beneficiaries have to pay less than 7% of the total of Rs 25 lakh been spent on construction of
each flat by the government which includes Rs 1.42 lakh as a nominal fee and Rs 30,000 for five years of
maintenance.
ii.The apartments consist of all essential amenities including sanitation, water supply, and community facilities
to improve the quality of life for residents.
Two urban redevelopment projects:
PM Narendra Modi inaugurated two urban redevelopment projects- the World Trade Centre (WTC) at Nauroji
Nagar and the General Pool Residential Accommodation (GPRA) Type-II Quarters at Sarojini Nagar.
• The projects have been developed by NBCC (India) Limited, formerly known as National Buildings
Construction Corporation Limited, under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in
order to advance commercial and residential infrastructure in the area.
About the Projects:
i.The WTC has been built by replacing over 600 worn-out quarters with advanced commercial towers
consisting of 34 lakh square feet of commercial space with modern facilities.
• It is also equipped with sustainable technologies such as zero-discharge concept, solar energy
generation, and rainwater harvesting systems.
ii.The GPRA Type-II Quarters consists of 28 towers with around 2,500 residential houses equipped with
modern facilities.
• The project also consists of harvesting systems, sewage and water treatment plants, and solar-
powered waste compactors for an eco-friendly life.
CBSE’s Integrated Office Complex:
i.PM Narendra Modi inaugurated Central Board of Secondary Education’s (CBSE) Integrated Office
Complex at Dwarka, Delhi which has been built with an outlay of Rs 300 crore.
• It has been constructed and designed sustainably as per Platinum Rating standards of the Indian
Green Building Council (IGBC).
ii.It includes facilities like offices, auditorium, advanced data center and comprehensive water management
system.
iii.The foundation stone of the Integrated Office Complex was laid in 2019.
PM Narendra Modi lays foundation stone of Veer Savarkar College at Roshanpura, Najafgarh
i.PM Narendra Modi also commenced the development of three new projects in Delhi University (DU), New
Delhi with an outlay of over Rs 600 crore.
• It includes Eastern Campus at Surajmal Vihar in East Delhi and Western Campus at Dwarka.
• It also includes building Veer Savarkar College at Roshanpura, Najafgarh, with technologically
advanced facilities for education.
ii.The Veer Savarkar College will be built at a cost of Rs 140 crore in an area of 18,816.56 square metres(sq m).
• It will comprise of facilities like 24 classrooms, 8 tutorial rooms, 40 faculty rooms, department
libraries, conference rooms, and a canteen.

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About Delhi:
Chief Minister (CM)– Atishi Marlena Singh
Governor– Vinai Kumar Saxena
Capital – New Delhi

PM Narendra Modi Inaugurates and Lays Foundation Stone for Rs 12,200 Crore Infrastructure
and Metro Expansion Projects in Delhi
On January 05 2025, Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation stone for
development projects worth over Rs 12,200 crore, including metro expansions and infrastructure
upgrades, in Delhi.
• These initiatives aim to enhance regional connectivity and ensure more convenient travel for
the public.
Key Attendees: The event was attended by several dignitaries, including the Union Minister Manohar Lal,
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA),Lieutenant (Lt.) Governor of Delhi, Vinay Kumar
Saxena, and Chief Minister (CM) of Delhi, Atishi Marlena Singh along with others.
Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Project:
PM Narendra Modi inaugurated a 13-Kilometer(km) stretch of the Namo Bharat corridor between
Sahibabad in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh(UP) and New Ashok Nagar in Delhi costing around Rs 4,600 crore.
• This is the first Namo Bharat corridor in Delhi and will improve travel between Delhi and
Meerut in UP.
About Delhi – Meerut RRTS Project:
i.This semi-high-speed rail corridor spans 82.15 km, connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut.
• The corridor will have 22 stations in total, with a mix of elevated and underground structures.
ii.Trains are designed to travel at a maximum speed of 180 kilometers per hour (km/h) with operational
speeds up to 160 km/h, cutting travel time to less than 60 minutes for the full corridor.
Janakpuri-Krishna Park Section of Delhi Metro Phase-IV:
PM Narendra Modi also inaugurated the 2.8-km Janakpuri-Krishna Park stretch of Delhi Metro Phase-IV, a
project worth Rs.1,200 crore.
i.With the addition of Krishna Park Extension station, the Delhi Metro network now comprises 289
stations spanning 394.448 km.
ii.This new section will enhance connectivity for key areas in West Delhi, including Janakpuri, Krishna
Park, and Vikaspuri, improving travel options for thousands of commuters.
Rithala-Kundli Section of Delhi Metro Phase-IV:
i.The PM Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the 26.5-km Rithala-Kundli section of Delhi Metro
Phase-IV, valued at Rs 6,230 crore.
ii.This new corridor will connect Rithala in Delhi to Nathupur in Haryana, improving connectivity to key
areas like Rohini, Bawana, and Narela in Delhi, while extending the Red Line into Haryana.
Central Ayurveda Research Institute (CARI) in Rohini, Delhi:
i.PM Narendra Modi also laid the foundation stone for a modern campus of the Central Ayurveda Research
Institute (CARI) in Rohini, New Delhi, to be built at a cost of Rs 185 crore.
ii.The facility will include administrative, outpatient (OPD), inpatient (IPD), and treatment blocks,
offering advanced healthcare services and supporting research in Ayurveda.
Note: A special AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) visa has been introduced to
facilitate foreign nationals in accessing AYUSH treatments in India.
Key facts:
i.Over the last 10 years, India has added 752 km of metro lines, making its metro network the third-largest
in the world, with over 1,000 km operational.

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ii.The budget for infrastructure development has grown significantly from Rs 2 lakh crore to over Rs 11
lakh crore in the last decade.

PM Narendra Modi inaugurates & lays foundation stone for railway projects in J&K, Telangana
& Odisha
On January 06 2025, Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation stones for
various railway projects including Jammu Railway Division, Jammu & Kashmir
(J&K), Rayagada Railway Division Building of East Coast Railway, Odisha & Charlapalli New Terminal
Station, Telangana via video conferencing in New Delhi (Delhi).
• These projects aim to create employment opportunities, infrastructure development, promote
tourism and lead to overall socio-economic development of the region
Key Dignitaries:
Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of Railways (MoR);Union Minister of State (MoS) G Kishan
Reddy, Ministry of Science & Technology (MoS&T),Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES);Union MoS Dr.
Jitendra Singh, (MoES), MoS&T, Prime Minister’s Office (PMO); Union MoS V. Somanna, MoR ,Union MoS
Ravneet Singh Bittu, MoR; Union MoS Bandi Sanjay Kumar, Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA); Governor of
Odisha Hari Babu Kambhampati;Governor of Telangana Jishnu Dev Varma;Lieutenant Governor of J&K,
Manoj Sinha; Chief Minister (CM) of J&K Omar Abdullah;CM of Telangana A Revanth Reddy and CM of
Odisha Mohan Charan Majhi were present among other dignitaries at the event.
Jammu Railway Division:
i.PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the new Jammu Railway Division spanning a total length
of 742.1 kilometers(km).
ii.The division includes:
• Pathankot-Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla section (USBRL) (423 route km)
• Bhogpur-Sirwal-Pathankot section (87.21 route km)
• Batala (excluding)-Pathankot section (68.17 route km)
• Pathankot-Joginder Nagar narrow gauge section (163.72 route km)
iii.The USBRL is a milestone in India’s engineering, technological and infrastructural strength.
• It involves the construction of 38 tunnels spanning a total length of 119 km, including India’s
longest transportation tunnels, the Sumber-Arpinchala T49 (12.75 km) and the Pir Panjal T-80
(11.2 km).
• Additionally, the project features 931 bridges with a combined length of 13 km, including the
world’s highest railway bridge, the Chenab Bridge, and India’s first cable-stayed rail bridge,
the Anji Bridge.
iv.This project, worth Rs.11,000 crores, is part of India’s ‘Made in India’ initiative aims to improve
connectivity, create jobs, boost tourism, and drive socio-economic development.
Note: As of December 2024, the Indian Railways (IR) operates 17 zones with 68 divisions across India.
With the creation of this division, the IR will have 70 divisions.
Charlapalli Terminal Station :
i.PM Narendra Modi also inaugurated the Charlapalli New Terminal Station in the Medchal-Malkajgiri
District of Telangana ,a new coaching terminal along with provision of second entry with a cost of
around Rs 413 crore.
iii.With this new terminal, Cherlapalli will handle an additional 15 pairs of train services. .It will serve to
ease the growing demand for rail transport in the Hyderabad–Secunderabad twin city region.
iii.The station now has 4 new high-level platforms, and the existing 5 platforms have been extended to
accommodate full-length trains.
• Additionally, the station has 10 more lines, bringing the total capacity to 19 lines.

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Rayagada Railway Division Building in Odisha:
i.PM Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the Rayagada Railway Division Building under the
East Coast Railway, Odisha, valued at Rs 107 crore.
ii.This state-of-the-art facility will serve as the division’s new headquarters, offering modern amenities
such as a Divisional Control Office, a G+2 Digital Rights Management (DRM) Office Building
with 12,000 square metres (sqm) of space, and dedicated housing for officers and staff.
iii.The new headquarters will streamline railway operations across Odisha, Andhra Pradesh (AP), and
surrounding regions.
Points to Note:
i.The inauguration of the ‘Namo Bharat’ train in Delhi-NCR (National Capital Region) along with the launch
of Delhi Metro project in January 2025, India has been expediting its initiatives in connectivity, with its
metro rail network expanding to over 1,000 km across 11 states and 23 cities.
• Now India has the third-largest metro network in the world after China and the United States
of America(USA).
ii.In 1984, the first metro line in India, covering 3.4 km between Esplanade and Bhowanipur, opened in
Kolkata, West Bengal(WB).
iii.Kochi(Kerala) became the first city in India to launch a Water Metro Project, connecting 10 islands
around the city with electric hybrid boats. This initiative ensures seamless connectivity, with the first boat
launched in December 2021.
iv.In 2020, India launched its first-ever driverless metro service on Delhi Metro’s Magenta Line, setting a
new benchmark for automation in public transport.
v.In 2024, India’s first under-water metro tunnel was inaugurated in Kolkata, where the Esplanade-
Howrah Maidan section passes beneath the Hooghly River.

Union Minister Piyush Goyal Launched 8th Edition of NPOP in New Delhi
On January 09 2025, Union Minister Piyush Goyal, Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoC&I) launched
the 8th edition of National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) at the Bharat Ratna C.
Subramaniam Auditorium, National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), Pusa in New Delhi (Delhi). The
event was organized by the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
(APEDA) in collaboration with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI).
• During the event, he unveiled NPOP portal, TraceNet2.0, Organic Promotion Portal, Agricultural
and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) portal and AgriXchange
portal.
• He also distributed the 1st 5 registration certificates generated on newly launched, TraceNet2.0
to organic operators during the event.
• While addressing the event, the Union Minister highlighted that the total export value of organic
farming in India has the potential to reach Rs 2,000 crore in the next 3 years.
Key Dignitaries:
i.Union Minister of State (MoS) Jitin Prasada, MoC&I; Union MoS Murlidhar Mohol, Ministry of Cooperation
(MoC); Dr. Ashish Kumar Bhutani, Secretary of MoC and other senior government officials were present at
the event.
ii.Representatives from major trading partners like: the United States of America (USA), European Union
(EU), Australia, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, New Zealand, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
iii.Industry Leaders from international organisations like: Rome (Italy)-based Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO), Bonn (Germany)-based International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
(IFOAM), and Germany-based Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL).
About NPOP:

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i.NPOP was launched in May 2001, since then, it has undergone various revisions. The last revision of
NPOP was made in 2014.
ii.The standards set by NPOP for crop production have been recognised by the European Commission(EC),
Switzerland and the United Kingdom (UK).
iii.The implementation of NPOP is being monitored by APEDA, the apex body under MoC&I.
Key Features of 8th NPOP:
i.The 8th edition of NPOP has introduced key amendments, which aimed to promote ease of operations
and enhance transparency for stakeholders, including farmers.
• Key Target: The programme aims to strengthen India’s organic export sector, with an
ambitious target of reaching USD 2 billion in organic food exports by 2030.
• Currently, India exports organic produce worth Rs 5,000- Rs 6,000 crore annually.
ii.The Certification process required for organic grower groups has been simplified and these groups are
now granted legal status in place of the Internal Control System (ICS).
• The revised derogation provisions allow for a potential reduction of up to 3 years in the land
conversion period to organic farm, subject to conditions and safeguards.
ii.Transparency is improved through the disclosure of information about organic farmers and other
relevant information in the public domain, strengthening system credibility.
iii.Also, oversight mechanisms have been bolstered with the integration of Information Technology (IT)
tools and the web-based traceability system, Tracenet, for monitoring, surveillance, and data analytics.
iv.The revised NPOP includes provisions for reduced conversion time from non-organic to organic farming
and offers flexibility for farmers to switch service providers or production groups, ensuring they receive
fair compensation.
Key Portals Unveiled at 8th NPOP:
i.NPOP portal: This portal is designed to provide more visibility and ease of operations for Organic
stakeholders.
ii.Organic Promotion Portal: Through this portal, farmers, FPOs and exporters can demonstrate their
certified organic products, generate Trade Leads and connect with international buyers.
• The portal will also feature online training and capacity building sessions for operators on
Organic Production and also information on Organic Trade events.
iii.TraceNet 2.0: It is the upgraded online organic traceability system for seamless operations and
improved tools for regulatory oversight.
• It will ensure transparency, traceability, and adherence for organic agricultural and processed
food products from farm to market.
• This new version of TraceNet, which has integrated technology with agriculture, will empower
the stakeholders to streamline operations and meet international organic certification
standards.
iv.Redesigned APEDA portal: It is the redesigned and revamped version of APEDA portal with enhanced
user experience and information for the benefit of Agric and Processed food products’ stakeholders.
v.AgriXchange portal: It is the redesigned and revamped version of APEDA portal , which will enable
more user-friendly data analysis and generation of reports and data of Agricultural exports, thus making it
accessible for the general public.
• This portal will enable the exporters to easily connect with global buyers and sellers as well as
explore comprehensive trade insights at their convenience.
About Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I):
Union Minister- Piyush Goyal (Constituency- Mumbai North, Maharashtra)
Minister of State (MoS)- Jitin Prasada (Constituency- Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

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Union MoS Dr. Jitendra Singh unveiled Indian Genomic Data Set & IBDC Portals
On January 9, 2025, Union Minister of State (MoS) (Independent Charge, IC) Dr. Jitendra Singh, Ministry
for Science and Technology (MoS&T) unveiled the Indian Genomic Data Set at the Genome India Data
Conclave held at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, Delhi.
• He also launched the Framework for Exchange of Data (FeED) Protocols and the Indian
Biological Data Centre (IBDC) Portals, providing researchers in India and globally access to
10,000 whole genome samples.
• During the conclave, he announced a future target of sequencing 10 million genomes to
accelerate India’s advancements in genomics and personalized medicine.
• These initiative will create an ecosystem as a knowledge and innovation hub, contributing to the
goal of Viksit Bharat by 2047.
About Indian Genomic Data Set:
i.A compilation of 10,000 human genomes from 83 population groups in India, covering approximately 2%
of the country’s 4,600 population groups.
• This collection will serve as a foundation for future research on disease and drug therapies.
ii.It is now accessible to researchers worldwide to study genetic variations and develop more precise
genomic tools. It is stored at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) in Faridabad, Haryana.
iii.This initiative aims to position India as a leader in genomics, facilitating the creation of genomic chips
tailored to the Indian population, thus improving the accuracy of genetic studies.
About ‘Framework for Exchange of Data (FeED)’ Protocols:
The launch of FeED protocols under the Biotech-PRIDE Guidelines ensures that nation-specific data is
shared transparently, fairly, and responsibly, reflecting India’s commitment to ethical and secure data
sharing.
Key Facts:
i.India’s bioeconomy has expanded from United States Dollar (USD) 10 billion in 2014 to more
than USD 130 billion in 2024, with forecasts predicting it will reach USD 300 billion by 2030.
ii.India currently holds the 12th position globally in biotech and 3rd in the Asia-Pacific region.
iii.India is the largest producer of vaccines globally and has the third-largest startup ecosystem.
iv.The number of biotech startups in India has surged from 50 in 2014 to over 8,500 in 2023, highlighting
the country’s growing leadership in biotechnology and its potential to transform the global bioeconomy.

MEITY in association with DSCI Launches CSGC 2.0 for Advancing Cybersecurity Innovations
On January 15, 2025, S. Krishnan, Secretary of the Ministry of Electronics & Information
Technology (MEITY), introduced the second edition of the Cyber Security Grand Challenge (CSGC
2.0).This initiative is implemented by the Data Security Council of India (DSCI) based on Noida, Uttar
Pradesh (UP) to boost India’s cybersecurity capabilities and prepare for a secure digital future
• The total prize money for CSGC 2.0 has been substantially increased to ₹6.85 crores, compared
to ₹3.2 crores in its first edition
• Registration is open from January 15 ,2025 and will continue until February 14, 2025.
I.Participants will develop innovative solutions in six key areas: Application Programming Interface (API)
Security, Data Security, Wearable Device Security and Privacy, Clone and Fake Application (App)
Mitigation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Threat Detection and Incident Response, and Securing Next-
Generation Biometric Systems.
II.The challenge is divided into four stages:
i.Idea Stage: A total of 36 startups (6 per problem area) will be selected, each receiving INR 5 lakh.
ii.Minimum Viable Product (MVP) Stage: 18 startups will be chosen and awarded INR 10 lakh each.
iii.Final Product Stage: Winners for each problem area will receive INR 25 lakh.

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iv.Go-to-Market Stage: At this final stage, three top winners will be announced:Platinum Winner
receiving Rs 1 crore, Gold Winner receiving Rs 50 lakh, and Silver Winner receiving Rs 25 lakh.

Revolutionizing Digital Commerce: The ONDC Initiative launched by DPIIT, MoC&I

The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), a transformative initiative led by the Department for
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoC&I),
Government of India (GoI), aimed at revolutionizing digital commerce in India.
• The initiative also aimed to promote open networks for all aspects of goods and services over
digital or electrical networks.
• It was 1st launched as pilot project in April, 2022 in 5 Indian cities: New Delhi (Delhi),
Bengaluru (Karnataka), Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu (TN)), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh (MP)) and
Shillong (Meghalaya).
About ONDC:
i.It is based on open-sourced methodology, which uses open specifications and open network protocols
independent of any specific platform.
ii.It was incorporated as a ‘non-profit’, Section-8 company on December 31, 2021 with an authorized
capital of Rs. 500 crore and was incubated at the Quality Council of India (QCI), an independent
organisation with DPIIT.
• QCI was joined by Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Protean eGov Technologies Limited as the co-
founder for ONDC.
iii.It aspires to create a level playing field for sellers, buyers, and service providers across India,
particularly Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
iv.It serves as unified platform where stakeholders can interact freely without constraints of exclusive
ecosystems.
Key Investors of ONDC:
• India’s largest Public Sector Bank (PSB), State Bank of India (SBI);
• National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development(NABARD);
• HDFC Bank Limited;
• Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE);
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI);
• ICICI Bank Limited;
• National Securities Depositories Limited (NSDL), among others.

Key Objectives:
i.Democratization of Commerce: To break the monopoly of large e-commerce platforms by enabling
interoperability across networks.
ii.Inclusivity: To promote small businesses, retailers, and local artisans to access the digital marketplace.

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iii.Cost Efficiency: To reduce the cost of customer acquisition and transaction processing for sellers.
iv.Market Expansion: To fix regional and linguistic gaps, bringing untapped markets into the fold of
digital commerce.
v.Customer Empowerment: To increase options for buyers by offering access to a wider array of sellers.
How ONDC Operates?
ONDC uses open network protocols to provide seamless interaction between participants. It allows buyers
and sellers from various platforms to transact with each other using standardized APIs.
Key Components of ONDC:
i.Decentralised Architecture: ONDC does not own or operate e-commerce services like conventional
platforms. It acts as an enabler for interconnectivity.
ii.Open Protocols: ONDC which is based on open standards, ensures that any seller or buyer platform
complying to these protocols can participate.
iii.Role Segregation: Participants are categorised into different roles like: buyer applications, seller
applications, and logistics providers, ensuring clear dissemination of responsibilities.
About MSME TEAM Initiative:
i.In June 2024, the Ministry of MSME launched a sub-scheme “MSME Trade Enablement and Marketing
Initiative” (MSME-TEAM initiative) under the central sector scheme (CSS) “Raising and Accelerating
MSME Performance”, with total budget outlay of Rs 277.35 crore for a period of 3 years up to March
2027.
ii.The primary objective of the scheme is to provide financial assistance to 5 lakh MSMEs across the
country to onboard the ONDC platform, through Seller Network participants, for catalogue preparation,
account management, among others.
iii.Out of the total target beneficiaries of 5 lakh MSMEs, 2.5 lakh (50%) MSMEs would be women owned
MSMEs.
iv.As per the scheme, awareness workshops will be conducted preferably in Tier-2 and Tier-3 Indian cities
and MSME clusters for greater outreach, especially among women and Scheduled Caste (SC)/ Scheduled
Tribe (ST) owned MSMEs.
ONDC Startup Mahotsav:
i.In May 2024, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, organised the “ONDC Startup Mahotsav”, a 1st of its kind event held in New
Delhi (Delhi).
ii.ONDC Startup Mahotsav is a unique collaboration between Startup India initiative and ONDC, both are
flagship initiatives of DPIIT.
About DRC Portal:
i.In February 2024, ONDC in collaboration with QCI launched the DigiReady Certification (DRC) portal,
which aimed to assess and certify digital readiness of MSME entities.
ii.The certification process examines various aspects of digital readiness, including the presence of
important documentation, for online operations, proficiency in using software and technology, among
others.
Key Initiatives to Promote ONDC:
i.ONDC has been organising awareness workshops in partnership with various industry associations like:
Retailers Association of India (RAI),Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI),
National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), among others, across the country to
educate the small sellers and businesses about ONDC and its benefits.
ii.ONDC has developed a Handbook to help sellers, especially 1st-time sellers succeed in digital commerce
in 14 Indian languages.

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 • ONDC is in partnership with Bhashini to enhance app development and e-commerce in Indian
languages.
iii.In 2023, ONDC has launched a Feet on Street(FoS) program to support the Network Participants (NPs),
to identify and educate sellers about the benefits of ONDC.
iv.WhatsApp Bot “ONDC Sahayak” launched in 5 different languages to help sellers and buyers to get
access of information about ONDC.
Key Accomplishments of ONDC:
Since its launch in 2022, ONDC has achieved significant milestones:
i.Pilot Programs: It has been implemented successfully in select cities like Bengaluru and Delhi.
ii.First ONDC Fair Price Shop: The Department of Food and Public Distribution (DoF&PD), GoI launched a
pilot project to onboard the Fair Price Shops (FPSs) in Una and Hamirpur districts of Himachal Pradesh
(HP) on the ONDC.
iii.Expansion of services and products available on ONDC network: The ONDC network was initially
launched with only two categories i.e. Food and Beverage (F&B) and Grocery, and have gradually
expanded to 11 more categories such as: mobility, fashion, beauty and personal care, home & kitchen,
electronics and appliances, among others.
Awards and Recognitions:
i.Global IP Convention (GIPC) bestowed the ONDC with the “Disruptive Technology” award in 2023.
ii.It was awarded with the Start-up of the Year at 14th India Digital Awards (IDA)in New Delhi, Delhi in
2024.
iii.ONDC was honoured with the prestigious National Awards for e-Governance (NAeG 2024) under
“Application of Emerging Technologies for providing citizen centric services” during the 27th National
Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) held in Mumbai, Maharashtra in September, 2024.
About Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC):
Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Thampi Koshy
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi

Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy Inaugurated “5G Use Case Test Lab” at CMPDI in Jharkhand
On January 09 2025, Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy, Ministry of Coal (MoC) and Ministry of Mines
(MoM) inaugurated the “5G Use Case Test Lab” and launched a new corporate logo of Central Mine
Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDI), a subsidiary of Coal India Limited(CIL), in Ranchi,
Jharkhand.
• Aim: To promote digital transformation in the coal sector in India through 5G technology and
also address the industry’s evolving key challenges.
Key People: Vikram Dev Dutt, Secretary of MoC; Vismita Tej, Additional Secretary of MoC, P.M. Prasad,
Chairman of Coal India Limited (CIL), Manoj Kumar, Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of CMPDI,
Nilendu Kumar Singh, CMD of Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Satish Jha, CMD of Eastern Coalfields
Limited (ECL) and other senior officials were present at the event.
Key Points:
i.MoC has designated CMPDI as the Centre of Excellence (CoE) for setting up a 5G Use Case Test lab for the
coal industry to leverage 5G technology effectively.
ii.During the event, Union MoS also unveiled ‘Replica of CMPDI services’ sculpture made from scrap
material from CMPDI like: delivery hose pipe, NQ drilling rod, core box, among others.
• This replica structure reflects the commitment of CMPDI to sustainable practices through
intricate depictions of its services such as: geomatics, exploration, planning and design and
environmental monitoring.

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About 5G Use Case Lab:
i.The facility will serve as a testbed for developing, testing, and adapting 5G-based applications(app),
customized to cater the specific requirements of coal mining operations.
• It is a lab-scale representation of an industry-specific 5G network, designed to support the coal
mining industry.
ii.It will integrate 5G radio and core technologies with advanced Information Technology (IT)/
Operational Technology (OT) applications and equipment.
iii.It will test and develop 5G use cases like: voice, video and data communication applications, Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT) sensors, and real-time monitoring in coal mining operations.
iv.The key focus areas of this facility include: to develop high-resolution video and IoT applications for
mission specific tasks like: smart mining, mines digital twin, Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), among
others.
About Ministry of Coal (MoC):
Union Minister- G. Kishan Reddy (Constituency- Secunderabad, Telangana)
Minister of State (MoS)- Satish Chandra Dubey (Rajya Sabha- Bihar)

Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw Inaugurated NIELIT Deemed to be University in Assam

In January 2025, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of Railways (MoR), Ministry of Information
& Broadcasting (MIB) and Ministry of Electronics & Information (MeitY) and Governor of
Assam Lakshman Prasad Acharya along with Chief Minister (CM) of
Assam Himanta Biswa Sarma jointly inaugurated ‘National Institute of Electronics & Information
Technology’ (NIELIT) Deemed to be University’ at 12 locations including five locations in the North
Eastern States at an event held in Guwahati, Assam.
• Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw informed that the new campus of NIELIT will be developed
in Jagiroad(Assam), which will focus on semiconductor manufacturing and electronics
manufacturing.
About NIELIT:
i.The NIELIT, the only University under the MeitY, established in 1994 to enhance education and research
in Electronics and Information Technology(IT).
• It aims to train more than 3.7 million students in emerging technologies over the next five years.
ii.It follows the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which focuses on making education more
accessible, flexible, and relevant to industry needs.
iii.In July 2024, the Ministry of Education (MoE) following the recommendation of the University Grants
Commission (UGC), issued a notification declaring NIELIT Ropar (Punjab) and its 11 constituent units as
Deemed to be University.
• The 11 centers in cities include Aizawl (Mizoram), Agartala (Tripura), Aurangabad
(Maharashtra), Kozhikode (Kerala), Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh, UP), Imphal (Manipur), Itanagar
(Arunachal Pradesh, AR), Kekri (Rajasthan), Kohima (Nagaland), Patna (Bihar), and Srinagar
(Jammu and Kashmir, J&K), aims to transform higher education in digital technologies.
iv.The university will offer advanced education in digital technologies in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities and rural
areas, preparing skilled students and positioning the North East as a “New Engine” for national growth.
v.The advanced technologies include Semiconductor & Manufacturing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine
Learning(ML), Block chain Technology, Automotive Electronics, Drone Technology, Cyber Security &
Forensics, Bioinformatics, Industry 4.0 and Quantum Computing.
vi.NIELIT, with over 50 centers, 700 accredited institutes, and 9,000 facilitation centers, has been
providing students and professionals across India.

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NIELIT & TEPL Signed MoU for Skill Development:
During the event, NIELIT and Bengaluru (Karnataka) based Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL)
signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance the semiconductor skill development
ecosystem in India.
• The MoU was signed by Madan Mohan Tripathi, Director General (DG) of NIELIT,
and Randhir Thakur, Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of TEPL.
i.The partnership aims to establish skill centers, develop diploma and certification programs, and organise
workshops focused on Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) technologies.
ii.Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test Private Limited(TSAT) will offer technical expertise and
internships, while NIELIT will handle education, training, and outreach, with both organizations
collaborating on research, funding, and creating opportunities in Northeast India.
About Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL):
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Randhir Thakur
Headquarters – Bengaluru, Karnataka
Incorporated – 2020

PM Narendra Modi Inaugurates Z-Morh Tunnel in J&K

On January 13 2025, Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi inaugurated the Z-Morh Tunnel in Sonamarg,
located in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
• The tunnel, also known as the Sonamarg Tunnel, enhances connectivity to the Ladakh region,
which has defence and tourism value.
Key People:
Union minister Nitin Gadkari, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways(MoRTH), J&K Lieutenant
Governor Manoj Sinha and Chief Minister(CM) Omar Abdullah were also present at the event.
About Z-Morh Tunnel :
i.The two lane, bi-directional Z-Morh Tunnel, measuring 6.5 kilometer (km) long
and 10 metres(m) wide was built between Gagangir and Sonmarg on the Srinagar-Leh National Highway
(NH).
• It was built at a cost of Rs.2,700 crore using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) in
view of the fragile Himalayan Geology.
ii.It includes the main tunnel (10.8 m long), parallel escape tunnel (wide 7.5 km), D-shaped ventilation
tunnel (8.3 m), 2 major culverts of 110 m and 270 m length, and one small culvert of 30 m long.
iii.It is located at an altitude of 8,650 feet above sea level which facilitates all-weather connectivity
between Srinagar and Sonamarg enroute Leh, bypassing landslide and avalanche route.
iv.The tunnel is designed for the flow of 1,000 vehicles an hour at an approved maximum speed of 80
km per hour (km/h) enabling uninterrupted travel even during winter months.
• The western portal of the tunnel (towards Srinagar) is located in the village Rezan just after
Gagangir and the eastern portal (towards Sonamarg) is located at village Shetkari.
iv.The foundation stone for the Z-Morh tunnel was laid in 2012.
• The construction work commenced in May 2015, was completed in 2023 and had its soft launch
in February 2024.
• The project was initially tendered to Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited(IL&FS)
and was re-tendered in 2019 and awarded to APCO Infratech Private Limited.
Points to Note:
i.The longest road tunnel in India – ‘Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Tunnel’, also known as the ‘Chenani-
Nashri Tunnel’ measuring 9.28 km located in J&K.
ii.The shortest road tunnel in India – ‘Bhanwar Tonk Tunnel’ measuring 1,024 m located in Chhattisgarh.

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Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh inaugurated ‘Entrepreneurship Development Conclave’ in
Pune, Maharashtra
In January 2025, Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh alias Lalan Singh, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal
Husbandry and Dairying(MoFAHD) and Ministry of Panchayati Raj(MoPR), inaugurated the
‘Entrepreneurship Development Conclave’ at G.D. Madgulkar Natyagruha in Pune, Maharashtra.
• The event was organized by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) under
the MoFAHD with an aim to bring together key policymakers, industry leaders, and
stakeholders from the livestock sector to boost innovation and accelerate growth.
• The theme of the event was “Empowering Entrepreneurs: Transforming Livestock Economies”.
Key People:
The event was attended by Union Minister of State (MoS) Satya Pal Singh Baghel, MoFAHD and MoPR;
Union MoS George Kurian, MoFAHD and Ministry of Minority Affairs(MoMA) along with Maharashtra
Deputy Chief Minister(CM) Ajit Pawar and Maharashtra’s Minister for Animal Husbandry & Dairying,
Pankaja Pradnya Munde.
Key Highlights:
i. During the event, Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh launched a total of 40 projects. 20 projects each
under the National Livestock Mission (NLM) and the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund
(AHIDF) with an outlay of Rs 545.04 crores.
• He also launched two compendiums showcasing success stories of AHIDF and NLM
beneficiaries.
ii.NLM – Entrepreneurship Development Programme(NLM-EDP) Dashboard was launched to provide an
organized summary of project information to the public.
• The updated NLM Operational Guidelines 2.0 and a compilation of success stories were also
launched.
iii.The top-performing states Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu(TN) for AHIDF,
and Karnataka, Telangana, and Madhya Pradesh (MP) for the Entrepreneurship Programme were
awarded during the event.
• Banks such as Canara Bank Limited, State Bank of India(SBI), and HDFC(Housing Development
Finance Corporation) Bank Limited were also recognized for their credit support under these
schemes.
v.The DAHD declared14th January to 13th February as ‘Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare
Month’ during which awareness campaigns and educational activities will be held in the country.
vi.The conclave also conducted panel discussions on topics like Catalyzing Growth in Livestock Sector:
Entrepreneurship, Processing, and Opportunities and Role of Banks and Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSMEs) in Livestock Sector and Credit Facilitation.
About Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF):
AHIDF, launched under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Package in 2020, supports projects in dairy processing,
meat processing, feed production, and veterinary infrastructure with an outlay of Rs 17,296 crore.
• As of now, 362 projects worth RS 10,356.90 crore have been approved, with Rs 247.69 crore in
interest subventions released.
About National Livestock Mission (NLM):
NLM launched in financial year 2014-15 and it has been realigned during 2021-22 with an outlay of Rs.
2,300 crores.
• The re-aligned NLM is having three Sub-Missions viz. Sub-Mission on Breed improvement of
Livestock and Poultry, Sub-Mission of Feed & Fodder and Sub-Mission on Innovation and
Extension.

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About Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD):
Union Minister- Rajiv Ranjan Singh (Constituency – Munger, Bihar)
Minister of State (MoS) – Satya Pal Singh Baghel (Constituency – Agra, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated India’s 1st of its kind CSIR Innovation
Complex in Mumbai
In January 2025, Union Minister of State(MoS) (Independent Charge, IC) Dr. Jitendra Singh, Ministry of
Science and Technology(MoS&T) and Ministry of Earth Sciences(MoES), inaugurated India’s first-of-its-
kind Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) Mega “Innovation Complex” through virtual mode
and dedicated it to StartUps and Industry stakeholders in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• The event was attended by Dr. V.K. Saraswat and Dr. V.K. Paul, Members of NITI Aayog; Dr. N.
Kalaiselvi, Secretary of Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) and Director
General (DG) of CSIR; and Dr. Ram Vishwakarma.
i.The new “Innovation Complex” is a huge state-of-the-art facility that spans nine floors and has 24 “ready-
to-move” incubation labs in addition to furnished office and networking spaces for industry, CSIR labs,
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), and innovative startups.
ii.CSIR signed 6 Memorandums of Association (MoA) with 6 esteemed institutions, including the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, iCreate, and the National Research Development Corporation
(NRDC), to promote innovation, industrial collaboration, and job creation.
iii.Additionally, 50 technology transfers from CSIR institutes to start-ups, MSMEs, and other organizations
were formalized, further boosting industry collaboration and employment generation.
Note: India is the third-largest start-up ecosystem in the world, with over 100 unicorns that stand as
testaments to India’s entrepreneurial spirit.

Union Minister Giriraj Singh Inaugurates ‘Handloom Conclave – Manthan’ in New Delhi;
Launched e-pehchaan portal
On January 29 2025, Union Minister Giriraj Singh, Ministry of Textiles (MoT), inaugurated the ‘Handloom
Conclave – Manthan’ at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre in New Delhi, Delhi.
The conclave aligned with Prime Minister (PM) of India, Narendra Modi’s 5F vision :“Farm to Fibre
to Factory to Fashion to Foreign”, emphasizing a holistic approach to boosting the handloom
industry.
The event also explored ways to make the sector a driving force in achieving the vision of Viksit
Bharat 2047.
Key Highlights:
i.The event featured three specialized sessions aimed at strengthening the handloom sector. The sessions
focused on:
Encouraging Start-ups in Handloom: Discussed ways to support new businesses in the industry.
Effective Marketing for Handloom Products: Focused on expanding market reach and improving
sales strategies.
Inspiring Youth to Join Handloom Weaving: Explored methods to attract and retain young
artisans in the sector.
ii.The key outcomes of the technical sessions include: integrating handloom weaving into formal
education, focusing on niche products to stand out in the market, and promoting sustainable employment
opportunities in the handloom sector.
iii.He emphasized the need to promote sustainable, eco-friendly handloom products, especially with the
online market projected to reach USD 325 billion by 2030.

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Launch of Digital Initiatives:
During the event, Union Minister Giriraj Singh launched the Handloom Weavers Electronic (e)-
Pehchaan portal and an online module for Handloom Awards, marking a significant step in digitizing
the sector.
The MoT will introduce an award for corporates, producer companies, and start-ups that create
sustainable job opportunities for weavers, ensuring they have work for at least 300 days a year.
This initiative aims to provide social security and fair wages to handloom workers.
About Ministry of Textiles (MoT):
Union Minister– Giriraj Singh (Constituency -Begusarai , Bihar)
Minister of State (MoS)– Pabitra Margherita ( Rajya Sabha – Assam)

FESTIVAL
Sikkim Celebrates Annual Kagyad Dance Festival at Gangtok
Sikkim celebrated the annual Kagyad Dance festival at Tsuklakhang Palace in Gangtok,city of Sikkim
with great traditional enthusiasm. The festival, observed on the 28th and 29th days of the 10th month in
the Tibetan calendar (December), honours the eight Tantrik deities, known as Kagyad.
• Kagyed Dance, also known as Chaam, is a unique Buddhist festival in Sikkim.
i.The festival is celebrated by Buddhists in monasteries, especially at the Old Rumtek Monastery, Phodong
Monastery, and Tshuklakhang Palace.
ii.Monks, dressed in traditional attire with ceremonial swords and masks, dance gracefully to the beat of
drums and trumpets, telling stories from Buddhist mythology, particularly those of Guru Padmasambhava,
who brought Buddhism to Sikkim
Note –Sakewa Silior is a another kind of dance form specific to the Kirat Rai (Khambu) community of the
transborder Eastern Himalayan region located in present-day Nepal, Bhutan, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, as
well as Sikkim and other states of Northeast India.
• This kind of dance involve dancers mimicking the movements and sounds of birds, animals, and
nature, holding cultural significance.

OTHER NEWS
76th Republic Day of India- 26 January 2025
India celebrated its 76th Republic Day (R-day) on 26 January 2025 with great patriotism. The Republic
Day parades and events took place at Kartavya Path (formerly known as Rajpath) in New Delhi, Delhi.
Republic Day commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26
January 1950, making India a sovereign, democratic, and republic nation.
President of India, Droupadi Murmu, unfurled the National Flag, followed by the National
Anthem and a 21-gun salute using 105-millimeter (mm) Light Field Guns, an indigenously made
weapon.
Theme of the Republic Day 2025:
The 76th Republic Day celebrations, themed ‘Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas,’ (Golden India:
Heritage and Development) highlighted India’s military strength, cultural heritage, and development.
About the Chief Guest:
The President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto, was the Chief Guest for the 76th Republic Day
celebrations, marking him as the fourth Indonesian leader to be invited for this honor.
About the 76th Republic Day Parade: The ceremony began with a visit from Prime Minister (PM) of
India,Narendra Modi. The parade was led by Lieutenant (Lt.) General Bhavnish Kumar, General Officer
Commanding, Delhi Area.

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i.A highlight of the parade was a 148-member all-women marching contingent from the Central
Reserve Police Force (CRPF).
ii.A 160-member marching contingent and a 190-member band contingent from Indonesia participated
in the Republic Day parade for the first time.
Highlights of Awards:
President Confers 942 Awards on Defence Personnel:
During the Republic Day 2025 event, a total of 942 personnel from the Police, Fire, Home Guard & Civil
Defence (HG&CD), and Correctional Services were awarded Gallantry and Service Medals.
It is important to note that the Government of India has simplified the award system by combining
16 different gallantry and service medals into four main categories. These are President’s Medals
for Distinguished Service (PSM), Gallantry Medals (GM), Medals for Meritorious Service (MSM),
State wise/ force wise Medals
Breakup of Medals Given on Republic Day 2025:

Name of the Medals Number of Awardees

Gallantry Medals (GM) 95

President’s Medals for Distinguished Service (PSM) 101

Medals for Meritorious Service (MSM) 746

About the Awards:
i.The GM is awarded to individuals who perform acts of exceptional bravery, such as saving lives or
property, preventing crimes, or capturing criminals, with consideration of the risk involved in relation to
their duties.
ii.The PSM is awarded for extraordinary service, MSM recognizes outstanding contributions marked by
dedication and responsibility
Key Points:
I Among the 95 Gallantry Medals, 28 were given to personnel from Left Wing Extremism-affected areas,
28 from Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), 3 from the North-East, and 36 from other regions for their acts of
courage.
Click here for official list of gallantry medals
ii.Out of 101 PSM, 85 were awarded to Police Service, 5 to Fire Service, 7 to Civil Defence & Home Guard,
and 4 to Correctional Service.
Click here for official list of PSM
iii For the 746 MSM, 634 went to Police Service, 37 to Fire Service, 39 to Civil Defence & Home Guard, and
36 to Correctional Service.
Click here for official list of MSM
Click here for official list of State wise/Force wise medals
iv.President approves the Jeevan Raksha Padak Awards:
The President of India approved the Jeevan Raksha Padak Series of Awards – 2024 for 49 individuals,
including 17 recipients of Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak, 9 of Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak, and 23 of
Jeevan Raksha Padak. Among them, six awards were given posthumously.

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Break-up of Awards Jeevan Raksha Padak Awards 2024:

Number of
Awards
Awardees

Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha

17
Padak

Uttam Jeevan Raksha

9
Padak

Jeevan Raksha Padak 23

Click here for full list of Jeevan Raksha Padak 2024
About the Jeevan Raksha Padak:
The awards were established in 1961. These awards recognize acts of bravery where individuals risk their
lives to save others. Each recipient receives a medal, a certificate and a monetary reward.
The awards are given in three categories:
i.Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak – Awarded for extraordinary courage in saving lives when the rescuer
faces extreme danger.
Monetary allowance: Rs 2 lakh
ii.Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak – Given for significant bravery in rescuing lives under great risk.
Monetary allowance: Rs 1.5 lakh
iii Jeevan Raksha Padak – Conferred for notable courage in life-saving efforts under dangerous
circumstances.
Monetary allowance: Rs 1 lakh
The President approved the President’s Tatrakshak Medal (PTM) and Tatrakshak Medal (TM) for eight
Indian Coast Guard (ICG) personnel on the 76th Republic Day.
Since January 26, 1990, these awards have been presented every year on Republic Day to recognize
the courage and commitment of ICG personnel in safeguarding India’s maritime borders.

Medal Recipient

Additional Director General (ADG) Anil Kumar

President’s Tatrakshak Medal
Harbola,
(Distinguished Service) (PTM)
Inspector General (IG) Homesh Kumar Sharma

Commandant (Comdt) Anshuman Raturi

Tatrakshak Medal (Gallantry) (TM) – Assistant Commandant (Asst Comdt) Manish Singh
– Sameer Ranjan, Uttam Navik (U/Nvk)

Inspector General (IG) Jyotindra Singh, Deputy

Tatrakshak Medal (Meritorious
Inspector General (DIG) Atul Joshi, Shanmugham
Service) (TM)
Sankar, Pradhan Adhikari (P/Adh)
Click here for official list

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President approves 58 Mentioned-in-Despatches awards
President Murmu approved 58 Mentioned-in-Despatches awards for Armed Forces personnel,
including four posthumous awards.These awards honor courage, dedication, and exceptional service in
various military operations.
i.The Indian Army (IA) received 55 awards, including 14 for Operation Rakshak (with four posthumous),
8 for Operation Snow Leopard, 6 for Operation Hifazat, 2 for Operation Sahayta, 1 each for Operations
Rhino, Meghdoot, Mulkhyama, Reconnaissance, Zokhawthar, and Falcon, 2 for Operation Gurihajan, 4 for
Operation Casualty Evacuation (CAS Evacuation), 1 for Internal Security (IS) Duty, and 12 for
Miscellaneous Operations.
ii.The Indian Air Force (IAF) received 3 awards for Operation Sankalp.
Click here for official list
The President approved Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces and Central Armed Police Forces personnel,
including 12 posthumous. These include two Kirti Chakras, including one posthumous; 14 Shaurya
Chakras, including three posthumous; one Bar to Sena Medal (Gallantry); 66 Sena Medals, including seven
posthumous; two Nao Sena Medal (Gallantry) and eight Vayu Sena Medals (Gallantry), including one
posthumous.
Click here to see full list
31 Tableaux and First-Ever Tri-Services Tableau at Kartavya Path on Republic Day
This year, 31 tableaux from 16 states and Union Territories (UTs) and 10 ministries and departments of
the Central Government (CG) displayed the theme ‘Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas’, showcasing
India’s diverse heritage and its forward-moving, inclusive growth.
i.For the first time, a Tri-services tableau was featured at Kartavya Path, representing the coordinated
efforts of the three branches of India’s armed forces.
ii.Haryana’s tableau focused on the Bhagavad Gita, and Uttar Pradesh’s(UP) tableau highlighted the
ongoing Mahakumbh 2025.
iii.The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) showcased a captivating tableau at the Republic
Day parade at Kartavya Path.The display focused on India’s progress in renewable energy (RE).
Click here for full details about the tableau
Points to Note:
i.For the first time, three government school bands, including two all-girl teams, performed at the 76th
Republic Day parade, captivating the audience. These school bands were part of the 16 teams that
competed in the National School Band Competition held on January 24-25 at Major Dhyan Chand National
Stadium, New Delhi.
ii.The Sinhtoo dance, a traditional folk dance from the Hatti community of Sirmaur district of Himachal
Pradesh (HP) was showcased for the first time at the Republic Day celebrations. The name “Sinhtoo”
means “lion cub” in the Pahari dialect
Around 200 artists performed, with lion masks central to the performance, symbolizing wildlife
conservation.
iii.The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) based in New Delhi showcased its
innovations for national security through its tableau, highlighting major achievements of 2024.
A key attraction was the Pralay missile, a short-range tactical missile developed in India, which was
displayed for the first time.
National School Band Competition Prizes Awarded during 76th Republic Day Celebrations
During the 76th Republic Day Celebrations (RDC), Sanjay Seth , Minister of State (MoS), Ministry of
Defence (MoD) awarded prizes to the winners of the National School Band Competition on January
25, 2025 in New Delhi.

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Culmination of India’s 76th Republic Day Celebrations with Beating Retreat Ceremony
The grand finale of 76th Republic Day celebrations took place on 29 January , 2025 with the Beating
Retreat ceremony at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi.

TN CM Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin unveils India’s 1st glass bridge at Kanniyakumari

On December 30, 2024, the Chief Minister (CM) of Tamil Nadu (TN), Muthuvel
Karunanidhi Stalin, inaugurated India’s 1st bowstring arch glass bridge which connects the 133-
foot Thiruvalluvar Statue and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanniyakumari, TN.
• The bridge was inaugurated as part of the Silver Jubilee (25th year) celebration of the
Thiruvalluvar Statue’s installation.
• He further declared that the Thiruvalluvar Statue will now be referred to as the ‘Statue of
Wisdom’.
About India’s 1st bowstring arch glass bridge:
i.Measuring 77 meters in length and 10 meters in width, the bridge has been constructed using advanced
technology to withstand corrosion and the force of strong sea winds.
ii.Built by the TN government at a cost of Rs. 37 crore, the bridge aims to save tourists’ time by
eliminating the need for a ferry ride between the two monuments.
• Currently, the Poompuhar Shipping Corporation operates a ferry service from the Kanyakumari
boat jetty to the Vivekananda Memorial, and then to the Thiruvalluvar Statue.
iii.The glass bridge is expected to become a major new attraction in Kanyakumari, which draws thousands
of visitors daily to witness its famous sunrise and sunset.
About the Thiruvalluvar Statue:
i.Saint-poet Thiruvalluvar, believed to have lived 2,000 years ago, authored 1,330 couplets known as the
Thirukkural.
ii.The 133-foot-tall, 7,000-tonne weight statue, located on a rock in the sea off the Kanyakumari coast, was
unveiled by former TN CM M. Karunanidhi on January 1, 2000.
• It was designed by the renowned sculptor V. Ganapati Sthapati.
• The 133-foot height of the statue represents the 133 chapters of the Thirukkural.
About Tamil Nadu(TN) :
Chief Minister (CM) – Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin
Governor – Ravindra Narayana Ravi
Folk Dance – Bharatanatyam, Karagattam, Bommalattam, Kavadi Attam, Oyilattam

Kaamya Karthikeyan Becomes the Youngest Female in World to Scale Highest Peaks in all 7
Continents
Kaamya Karthikeyan, a 17-year old student from Navy Children School (NCS) in Mumbai (Maharashtra),
scripted history by becoming the world’s youngest female to scale the 7 highest peaks across seven
continents.
• She achieved this remarkable significant milestone after she successfully climbed Mount
Vinson Massif (4,892 metres, m) in Antarctica along with her father Commander S. Karthikeyan
on December 24 2024.
• In 2021, she was conferred with the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Shakti Puraskar, India’s
highest national honour for young achievers.
Kaamya Scaled World’s Highest Peaks:
i.She 1st climbed Mt. Kilimanjaro(5,685 m), highest peak in Africa continent in 2017.
ii.Later, In 2018, she scaled Mt. Kosciuszko (2,228 m) in Australia continent, as well as Mt.
Elbrus (5,642m) in Europe, in the same year.

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iii.She climbed Mt. Aconcagua (6,962 m), highest peak in South America in 2020 followed by Mt.
Denali (6,190 m) in North America in 2022.
iv.In May 2024, she scaled the summit of Mt. Everest (8,849 m) in Asia at the age of 16, becoming India’s
youngest climber and the world’s 2nd youngest girl to summit the world’s highest peak and Asia’s highest
peak from Nepal side.
About the Seven Peaks of the Seven Continents :
1.Mount Vinson Massif:
• The 4892 m mountain is a large mountain massif in Antarctica and is located about 1,200
kilometres(km) from the South Pole, one of the coldest places on Earth.
• It is situated in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains of western Antarctica.
• It was named after Carl Vinson, a United States(US) Representative from Georgia who served in
Congress from 1935 to 1961.
2.Mount Kilimanjaro:
• Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Tanzania. It is the African continent’s highest peak at 5,895 m.
• It is the largest free-standing mountain in the world.It is made up of three cones: Kibo, Mawenzi
and Shira.
3.Mount Kosciuszko:
• Mount Kosciuszko is the tallest mountain peak in mainland Australia at 2,228 m. It is located in
the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales.
• It was named in honour of Tadeusz Kościuszko, a Polish patriot and statesman by the Polish
explorer Paul Strzelecki in 1840.
4.Mount Elbrus:
• Mount Elbrus is the highest peak of the Caucasus mountains, southwestern Russia.
• It is an extinct volcano with twin cones reaching 18,510 feet (5,642 m) and 18,356 feet (5,595
m).
5.Mount Aconcagua:
• At 6961 m, Aconcagua is the highest mountain in the Americas. It lies in the Southern Andes
Mountains of the South American continent.
• It is the highest mountain in the world outside Asia.
6.Mount Denali :
• It is the highest mountain peak in North America, located in Alaska, the United States of
America(USA).
• It is a block of granite with a height of 6,190 m.
• The name of the peak was changed from “Mount McKinley” to “Denali.”
7.Mount Everest:
• It is the world’s highest mountain peak situated in the Greater Himalayas along the boundary
of Nepal and Tibet.
• The height of the peak is 8,849m.
• The peak was named Mount Everest in 1865 in honour of Sir George Everest who was the head
of the Survey of India when its height was accurately measured.

Seven Products from Andaman and Nicobar Islands Granted GI Tags

In December 2024, the Geographical Indications (GI) Registry in Chennai, Tamil Nadu (TN), under the
Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
(MoC&I), granted GI tags to seven indigenous and distinctive products from the Andaman and
Nicobar(A&N) Islands, recognizing their cultural and traditional importance.

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 • The seven products are: Nicobari Mat (Chatrai-hileuoi), Nicobari Hut (Chanvi Pati – Nyi hupul),
Nicobari Hodi craft, Padauk Wood Craft, Andaman & Nicobar Coconut, Nicobari Tavi-i-Ngaich
(Virgin Coconut Oil) and Andaman Karen Musley Rice.
• This is the first time in the country that a single Union Territory ( UT) has been granted GI tags
for seven products in a single instance.
Note: As of December 31,2024 India has a total of 658 registered GI tags
Key Points:
i.This achievement was made possible through the collaborative efforts of the regional office of National
Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in Vijayapuram(Andhra Pradesh, AP), along with
various stakeholders.
ii.Several local organisations, including The Tribals Development Cooperative Society Limited, Sahara
Women’s Maketing Cooperative Society Ltd., Tribal Development Council, and the Centre for Participatory
Training and Learning, contributed significantly to securing the GI tags.
iii.The initiative was coordinated by the Human Welfare Association(HWA) under the guidance of Padma
awardee Rajani Kant, also known as “the GI Man of India.”
7 New GI Products:

GI Product Goods Type

Nicobari mat (Chatrai-hileuoi)

Nicobari Hut (To Chanvi Pati-Nyi hupul) Handcrafts

Nicobari Hodi craft

Padauk Wood Craft Furniture

Nicobari Tavi-i-Ngaich (virgin coconut oil) Oil

Andaman Karen Musley rice Crop

Andaman & Nicobar coconut Plant

Overview of New GI Products:
i.Nicobari mat (Chatrai-hileuoi): The Nicobari mat is a significant cultural artefact made from sun-dried
screw pine leaves. Used for sleeping, sitting, and during festivals.
• Nicobari mats are available only in the selected Andaman emporiums and markets.
ii.Nicobari Hut: These huts are made from locally sourced materials such as cane, sticks, and planks, with
roofs crafted from cane leaves, grass, or other durable leaves.
• Its round, dome-shaped design offers stability, efficient airflow, and temperature regulation.
iii.Nicobari Hodi Craft: Hodi is a traditional outrigger canoe of the Nicobari tribe, used in the Nicobar
Islands. Built using local trees or materials from nearby islands, the design of each hodi varies by island.
iv. Padauk Wood Craft :Padauk furniture is made locally in the Andamans using ornamental Padauk
wood. It has a low carbon footprint as the wood waste is fully recyclable
v.Nicobari Tavi-i-Ngaich (virgin coconut oil) : Virgin coconut oil is a pure and natural product,
indicating no chemical processing or oxidation. It is made from fresh coconut meat, coconut milk, or its
residue, without any added chemicals.

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vi.Andaman & Nicobar Coconut : Coconut plants grow in the coastal areas of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, with the Nicobar Islands being a key source of coconut genetic diversity.
• The plant is crucial to the islands’ ecology, economy, and cultural traditions.
vii.Andaman Karen Musley rice: Musley rice is a traditional food crop of the Andaman Islands, cultivated
by the Karen community for generations. Over 50% of the rice fields in the islands still grow traditional
varieties.
Note: As of December 2024, India has recorded 1,408 GI filings, of which 658 have been registered,
positioning the country as a global leader in recognising and protecting unique products linked to specific
geographies.
About Geographical Indications (GI) Registry:
Headquarters – Chennai, Tamil Nadu(TN)
Established – 2003

Mission MAUSAM: Enhancing Weather and Climate Resilience for India

Mission MAUSAM, an initiative led by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), is designed to position India
as a world leader in the field of weather and climate sciences. It aimed to make India “Weather Ready” and
“Climate Smart”, complying with the international standards by 2026. It was approved by the Union
Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi in September 2024, with a total budget outlay
of Rs 2,000 crore for period of 2 years.
• It aims to revolutionize India’s weather and climate services, ensuring timely and precise
observation modeling, and forecasting information for various sectors like: agriculture, disaster
management and rural development.
About Mission MAUSAM:
i.It is a transformative initiative which aims to boost India’s capacity in weather and climate-related
sciences and services.
• Key Target: To setup 50 Doppler Weather Radars (DWR), 60 Radio Sonde /Radio Wind
(RS/RW) stations, 100 disdrometers, 10 Wind Profilers, 25 radiometers, 1 urban test-bed, 1
process test-bed, 1 ocean research station and 10 marine automatic weather stations with
upper air observation.
ii.The mission is being implemented by MoES through its 3 premier institutions: New Delhi (Delhi)-based
India Meteorological Department (IMD), Noida (Uttar Pradesh, UP) based National Centre for Medium-
Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) and Pune (Maharashtra)-based Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology (IITM).
• The IMD will mainly focus on observations, services, decision support systems, and
dissemination. The IITM will focus on specialized field campaigns, research testbeds, process
studies, and modeling. The NCMRWF will focus on data assimilation and seamless weather
prediction.
• The mission further received support from allied bodies of MoES like: Hyderabad (Telangana)-
based Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and Chennai (Tamil
Nadu, TN)-based National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT).
iii.The mission is based on ‘multi-pronged approach’ which will help in achieving its key objectives that
include:
• Infrastructure Development: It includes the installation of Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs),
Automatic Weather Stations (AWS), and rain gauges across India.
• Supercomputing Power: It involves the use of high-performance computing systems like:
Pratyush and Mihir for advanced climate modelling.

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 • Collaborative Research: The mission fosters partnerships with international organisations
like: World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) to improve forecasting techniques.
• Public Outreach: It includes dissemination of user-friendly advisories through mobile
applications (apps) for example: Mausam app; Short Message Service(SMS) services and media
channels.
Key Objectives:
The mission has outlined some of its key objectives that include:
i.To develop cutting edge weather surveillance technologies & Systems;
ii.To implement higher resolution atmospheric observations with better temporal and spatial sampling or
coverage for improved accuracy in forecasting monsoon behaviour;
iii.To implement next-generation radars, and satellites with advanced instrument payloads;
iv.To develop enhanced earth system models, and data-driven methods including the use of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Machine Language (ML);
v.To build capacity by fostering research collaborations with national and international organisations;
vi.To improve India’s capability in weather forecasting across different scales i.e. short-term, medium
term, extended-range, and seasonal.
Key Progress:
i.So far, more than 37 DWRs have been installed across India to bolster real-time monitoring capabilities.
ii.The Mausam app facilitates location-specific weather forecasts for 450 cities in India.
iii.Seasonal prediction models have witnessed significant improvement under the National Monsoon
Mission framework.
iv.MoES has initiated specialized programs on urban flooding prediction and cyclone monitoring.
About Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES):
Union Minister of State (MoS) (Independent Charge, IC)– Dr. Jitendra Singh (Constituency- Udhampur,
Jammu & Kashmir, J&K)

SAIL Earns ‘Great Place to Work’ Certification for 2025-2026

In December 2024, New Delhi(Delhi) based Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) has been awarded
the ‘Great Place to Work’ certification for the period January 2025 to January 2026, by the Great Place to
Work Institute, India.
• This marks the 2nd consecutive year SAIL has earned this recognition, having previously
received it for December 2023 to December 2024.
i.The certification is awarded after a thorough evaluation of an organization’s workplace culture, including
extensive employee feedback.
ii.With this certification, SAIL aims to continue expanding its HR programs and employee engagement
initiatives, ensuring a resilient, well-equipped workforce.
• Key programs include flexible work policies like Work from Other than Workplace(WoW),
advanced Information Technology and digital training in partnership with National Association
of Software and Service Companies(NASSCOM), leadership development programs with IIMs,
enhanced healthcare services with Deloitte, and e-learning platforms such as LinkedIn Learning
Hub and e-Pathshala.

IMD Celebrated its 150th Foundation Day

On January 15 2025, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) under the Ministry of Earth
Sciences (MoES) celebrated its 150th Foundation Day. A series of events, activities and workshops were
organised which demonstrated the contributions of IMD in making India climate-resilient and providing
critical weather and climate services.

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 • Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi attended the celebrations held at Bharat Mandapam in
New Delhi, Delhi.
Key People: Union Minister of State (MoS) (Independent Charge, IC) Dr. Jitendra Singh, MoES; Professor
Celeste Saulo, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) were present among
the other key dignitaries at the event.
Key Highlights of the Event:
i.During the event, PM launched ‘Mission Mausam’, an initiative aimed to transform India into a
‘Weather-Ready’ and ‘Climate-smart’ country through advanced weather surveillance technologies, high-
resolution atmospheric observations, among others.
• The Government of India(GoI) approved Mission
Mausam in September 2024, with a budget outlay of
2,000 crores over two years.
ii.He also released commemorative postage stamp of Rs.5
denomination and coin to mark the 150 years of IMD.
• The coin is circular in shape with a denomination
of Rs 150. It has been minted in 99.99% silver and
weighs 40 grams (gms).
• On the obverse side of the coin, ‘satyamev jayate’ is
inscribed in Hindi below the Lion Capital of Ashoka
Pillar at its centre.
• The coin’s periphery is inscribed with ‘Bharat’ in Hindi on its left and India on the right.
• The reverse side of the coin has the special logo marking the 150 years of IMD. The lower
periphery of the coin is inscribed with ‘150 Years of India Meteorological Department and the
year 1875-2025 is written below the logo in international numbers.
iii.He also unveiled a vision document titled “IMD Vision 2047” which outlines a framework for weather
resilience and climate change adaptation as India prepares to mark 100 years of independence in 2047.
• It also outlines targets for the next two years, the next 10 years (by 2035) and the next 22 years
(by 2047), considering advancements in science and technology.
• According to the document, released on the eve of the IMD’s 150th anniversary, the weather
department targets 100% forecast accuracy for up to three days, 90% for up to five days, 80%
for up to seven days and 70% for up to 10 days, covering all severe weather events at the block
and panchayat levels.
iv.IMD also organised a ‘Undivided India'(Akhand Bharat) seminar as part of the celebration.
About IMD:
i.IMD was established on January 15, 1875 during the British-colonial era. Since, its inception in 1875,
IMD has played a vital role in advancing meteorology as a physical science.
ii.It has been playing an important role in alleviating the impact of natural disaster, supporting agriculture,
water management, aviation, public safety and other key sectors and contributing to the socio-economic
development of India and the wider region.
iii.It has 6 Regional Meteorological Centres: Mumbai(Maharashtra), Chennai(Tamil Nadu, TN), New
Delhi(Delhi), Kolkata(West Bengal, WB), Nagpur(Maharashtra) and Guwahati(Assam).
Key Accomplishments of IMD:
i.Pioneering Weather Observations: By 2023, IMD has replaced all mercury barometers with digital
barometers according to the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) Minamata Convention at
all Class-I observations.
• Improved agro-meteorological services with the deployment of 200 AGRO Automatic Weather
Stations(AWS) stations.

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 • Sustenance of 25 Global Positioning System (GPS) based PB stations in which 5 stations
equipped with IMD manufactured and 20 are outsourced from Indian manufacturers.
ii.Communication and Outreach: In 2021, IMD launched its Crowdsource web interface and the mobile
application (app) ‘Public Observation’ on 14th January, 2022, which permits the users to provide their
weather feedback at anytime from anywhere.
• Since 2021, IMD has started an online platform to collect information of the weather that has
occurred and also the associated impact information for 6 weather events initially: rain, hail,
duststorm, wind speed, thunderstorm or lightning and fog.
iii.Advances in Numerical Weather Prediction: Overall forecast accuracy saw an improvement of 40%
in 2023 as compared to 2014.
• Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) network has expanded from 15 (in 2014) to 39 (in 2023) with
land area of coverage increased by about 35% from 2014.
• With the precise cyclone warning by IMD, the number of deaths has decreased from 10,000(in
1999) to 0 (in 20202-24).
iv.Technological Advancements: High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model for Nowcasting of
Rainfall & Reflectivity forecasts.
• In January 2024, Vice President (VP) of India Jagdeep Singh Dhankar launched Mausamgram, an
interactive and dynamic meteogram which provides location specific weather forecasts for
public usage.
• The number of Automatic Rain Gauges (ARG) has increased from 1350 (in 2014) to 1382 (in
2023).
About India Meteorological Department (IMD):
Director General (DG)- Dr. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 1875
About Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES):
Union Minister of State (MoS) (Independent Charge, IC)– Dr. Jitendra Singh (Constituency- Udhampur,
Jammu & Kashmir, J&K)

MoF Kept Interest Rate on Small Savings Schemes Unchanged for Q4FY25
In December 2024, the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA-Budget Division), Ministry of Finance
(MoF) has kept the interest rate on Small Savings Schemes (SSS) unchanged for its 4th Quarter of Financial
Year 2024-25( Q4 FY25) i.e. from 1st January 2025 to 31st March 2025 from those notified for Q3FY25.
• This is for the straight 4th consecutive quarter of FY25 that interest rate on SSS remains
unchanged.
Points to Note:
i.The Government of India (GoI)had increased the interest rates on most of the small savings schemes
through a series of hikes announced since Q3FY23, cumulatively increasing the interest rates in the range
of 70 to 250 basis points (bps).
ii.The PPF rates have remain unchanged since April 2020. It was last changed in April-June 2020, when it
declined from 7.9% to 7.1%.

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Interest Rates on Small Savings Schemes for Q4FY25:

Rate of Interest from 1st January, 2025 to

Instruments
31st March, 2025

Savings Deposit 4.0%

1-Year Post Office Time Deposits

6.9%
(POTD)

2-Year Post Office Time Deposits

7.0%
(POTD)

3-Year Post Office Time Deposits

7.1%
(POTD)

5-Year Post Office Time Deposits

7.5%
(POTD)

5-Year Post Office Recurring

6.7%
Deposits (PORD)

Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP) 7.5% (will mature in 115 months)

Public Provident Fund (PPF) 7.1%

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) 8.2%

National Savings Certificate (NSC) 7.7%

Senior Citizens’ Savings Scheme(SCSS) 8.2%

Post Office Monthly Income Scheme

7.4%
(PO-MIS)

Mahila Samman Savings Certificate

7.5%
(MSSC)
About Small Savings Schemes (SSCs):
i.These are savings instruments managed by the GoI to encourage citizens to save regularly.
ii.These SSCs are broadly classified into 3 categories: savings deposits, social security schemes, and
monthly income plans.
iii.Interest rates for SSCs are notified on a quarterly basis by the GoI.
• The methodology to determine the interest rates for SSCs was recommended by
the Shyamala Gopinath Committee in January 2023.
• The committee suggested that interest rates for these schemes should range from 25 to 100 bps
above the yields on corresponding government bonds.
iv.Some of these SSCs have some tax benefits such as: NSC, SCSS, SSY and PPF, get tax benefits under
Section 80C of the Income Tax Act of 1961.

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Recent Related News:
In December 2024, DEA, MoF released its latest Monthly Economic review for November 2024.
• As per the report, Indian economy is likely to grow at 6.5% in FY25 compared to its previous
projection of 6.5% to 7%, due to challenges posed by global uncertainties and triggers.

Govt Forms Expert Panel headed by Ramesh Chand to Revise WPI Base Year 2022-23
On January 2 2025, the Government of India (GoI) formed an expert panel to review and revise the
Wholesale Price Index (WPI) base year from 2011-12 to 2022-23 and develop a new Producer Price
Index (PPI).
• It was notified by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT),
Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I).
• The working group is tasked with submitting its final report to the Office of the Economic
Adviser, MoC&I by June 30, 2026.
Composition of the Panel:
i.The working group was headed by National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) member Ramesh
Chand, along with 18 other members from various ministries, public and private sectors.
• The panel includes 8 officials from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(MoSPI), Ministry of Finance (MoF), Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP & NG),
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoA & FW) and Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Food and Public Distribution (MoCAF & PD) including a Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
representative, 5 non-official members from the private sectors.
ii.The panel was also instructed to suggest improvements in the price collection system, decide on the
computational methodology for both indices, to enhance the presentation formats of the PPI and to
recommend any additional changes that could boost the accuracy and reliability of WPI and PPI data.
Terms of Reference (ToR):
• Reviewing the current commodity basket for both WPI and PPI to reflect economic changes.
• Examining the compilation methodology and proposing improvements.
• Suggesting enhancements to the reliability of the WPI/PPI indices.
• Determining an appropriate linking factor for WPI/PPI.
• Developing a roadmap for transitioning from WPI to PPI.
Key Terms:
i.Wholesale Price Index (WPI): WPI measures the average change in the selling prices of goods sold in
bulk by wholesalers to businesses.
• It focuses on the prices of goods at the wholesale or producer level and is used to gauge inflation
in the early stages of production.
• The prices of a total of 697 items are tracked under the 2011-12 series of the WPI, which
includes 117 primary items, 16 items of fuel and power and 564 manufactured products.
Note:
The WPI was first introduced in 1942, with the base year set as 1939. Since then, the index has
undergone 7 revisions, each updating the base year to better reflect changes in the economy.
• The base years for these revisions have been: 1952-53, 1961-62, 1970-71, 1981-82, 1993-94,
2004-05, and 2011-12.
ii.Producer Price Index (PPI): PPI is a measure of the average change over time in the selling prices
received by domestic producers for their output including prices at various stages of production, from raw
materials to finished goods.
• It was increasingly adopted by most G20 countries.

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First Made-in-India Surgical Robot ‘SSI Mantra’ Installed at Maharashtra’s Noble Hospitals
Noble Hospitals and Research Centre in Pune, Maharashtra has installed the ‘SSI Mantra(Multi-Arm
Novel Tele Robotic Assistance) surgical robot’, the 1st made-in-India robotic system. This cutting-edge
technology, developed by Indian med-tech start-up SS Innovations International Inc, was approved by
New Delhi(Delhi) based Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).
• It features a modular design with 5 robotic arms with immersive 3D HD headset and 3D 4K
imaging system ensuring exceptional visual clarity, assisting surgeons with enhanced control
during operations.
• It was used for its 1st successful procedure, a robotic right extended hemicolectomy on a
patient diagnosed with colon carcinoma.
i.SS Innovations has become the 1st company in India to receive CDSCO approval for Telesurgery and
Teleproctoring.
ii.The SSI Mantra system was developed in 2017 by Dr. Sudhir Srivastava, became the 1st Indian-made
surgical robot.
Note:The 1st Indian-made surgical robot system was installed at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and
Research Centre (RGCI) in New Delhi and has undergone successful trials in 26 surgeries. It was later
installed in Hyderabad, Telangana and Raipur,Chhattisgarh.

GoI Announces USD 500,000 Relief Assistance to Vanuatu

On January 2, 2025, the Government of India (GoI) announced a relief assistance worth USD 500,000(Rs
4.3 crore) to Vanuatu, a Pacific island nation, to help with relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction efforts
following a devastating earthquake.
• The earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.4, struck near the coast of Vanuatu on December 17,
2024, causing widespread destruction and loss of life.
i.Vanuatu is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters and has been ranked as the most at-risk
country globally on the United Nations (UN) World Risk Index(WRI) since it was introduced in 2011.
ii.India has been a reliable partner in humanitarian efforts, especially under the Forum for India-Pacific
Islands Cooperation (FIPIC).
• India’s commitment to providing Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) reflects
its broader commitment to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, which is a key part of the
Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative announced by Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi in 2019.

EPFO Completes Rollout of CPPS in All Regional Offices

On January 3, 2024, New Delhi (Delhi) based Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) successfully
completed the nationwide implementation of the Centralized Pension Payments System (CPPS) under the
Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS) 1995, aiming to improve the ease of living for pensioners by
streamlining pension disbursements across all regional offices.
• The initiative allows pensioners to access their pensions easily from any bank branch
nationwide, removing the need for physical verification and streamlining the disbursement
process.
• This marks a transition from the current decentralized pension disbursement system, where
each zonal or regional office of EPFO has separate agreements with only three to four banks.
Key Points:
i.In October 2024, the initial pilot of the CPPS was completed at the Karnal (Haryana), Jammu (Jammu &
Kashmir, J&K) and Srinagar (J&K) regional offices, disbursing approximately Rs. 11 crore in pensions to
more than 49,000 EPS pensioners.

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ii.In November 2024, a second pilot was completed across 24 regional offices, disbursing
approximately Rs. 213 crore in pensions to over 9.3 lakh pensioners.
iii.In December 2024, approximately Rs. 1,570 crore in pensions was disbursed to over 68 lakh
pensioners through all 122 regional offices of EPFO.
About the Centralised Pension Payments System (CPPS):
i.The CPPS enables over 78 lakh EPS pensioners to receive their pensions from any bank branch
nationwide, streamlining payments, removing the need for physical verifications, and ensuring seamless
disbursement.
• It is implemented by the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), New Delhi(Delhi).
ii.It ensures nationwide pension disbursement without requiring Pension Payment Orders (PPO)
transfers, even if pensioners relocate or change their bank or branch. This provides significant relief to
those retiring to their hometowns.
iii.Pensioners will no longer need to visit a branch for verification when their pension begins, as it will be
credited immediately upon release.
iv.CPPS will enable a smooth transition to Aadhaar-based payment system (ABPS) in the next phase.
Note: EPFO has invested Rs. 34,207.9 crore in Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) in the Financial Year 2024-
25(FY25).
About Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):
The EPFO is a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoL&E) responsible for
regulating and managing provident funds in India.
• The board is chaired by the Union Minister of Labour and Employment (MoL&E), Government
of India (GoI).
Central Provident Fund Commissioner (CPFC) – Ramesh Krishnamurti
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Founded – 1952

MoT extended Deadlines for Compliance with Medical Textile QCO until April 1, 2025
On January 2 2025, the Ministry of Textiles(MoT) extended the compliance deadline of the Medical
Textiles (Quality Control Order, QCO), 2024 until April 1, 2025 to address the challenges faced by
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).While Large and Medium Enterprises(LME) must adhere to the
earlier timeline of January 1, 2025.
• This extension and transition period aims to support the industry in meeting the new
quality and ensures safer products, boosts consumer confidence, and enhances the efficacy of
critical healthcare items.
i.Manufacturers and importers are also granted a 6-month period, ending on June 30, 2025, to clear
existing legacy stock & to facilitate a smooth transition,
ii.The QCO applies to products like sanitary napkins, baby diapers and reusable sanitary pads/period
panties, which are listed under Schedule A of the order.
iii.The order establishes stringent quality standards, including testing protocols and labeling requirements
for key products.

CSIR-NPL Celebrates 79th Foundation Day: Advancing Metrology for National Development
On 4th January 2025, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL) celebrated its 79th Foundation
Day in New Delhi (Delhi).
• CSIR-NPL is India’s National Metrology Institute (NMI), entrusted with the development,
maintenance, and dissemination of National Standards across industries, strategic sectors, and
scientific research.

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i.During the event CSIR-NPL signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoU) with IITM (Indian Institute
of Technology Madras) (Chennai,Tamil Nadu,TN) for academic and research collaboration and with
CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) for producing
Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya (BND) (Certified Reference Materials) in plant-based materials.
ii.During the event, CSIR-NPL introduced 2 new BNDs:
• Lanthanum Hexaboride Powder (BND-2025) for calibration standards in powder X-ray
diffraction.
• White Portland Cement Standard (BND-5064), developed with the National Council for Cement
and Building Materials (NCCBM).

Chhattisgarh: India’s 1st State to Integrate Forest Ecosystems into Green GDP
In January 2024, Chhattisgarh has become the first state in India to introduce an innovative plan that
connects the ecosystem services of its forest with the Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP).
• The initiative aims to directly link the environmental contributions of forests like clean air,
water conservation, biodiversity and the state’s economic progress.
• It aligns with Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi’s vision of a ‘Developed India 2047’.
• Chhattisgarh, where forests cover 44% of the land, relies on its rich natural resources to
support the livelihoods of millions.
Key Points:
i.Forests play a dual role in Chhattisgarh’s economy and environment, significantly boosting the rural
economy through products like tendu leaves, lac, honey, and medicinal plants, while also helping combat
climate change by acting as carbon sinks.
ii.The action plan seeks to balance economic growth with environmental conservation to protect the
ecosystem for future generations.
iii.By linking these benefits to Green GDP, Chhattisgarh aims to improve budget planning and promote
policies for sustainable development.
iv.It recognizes the key benefits of forests, like climate regulation, soil enrichment, water purification, and
carbon absorption, and incorporates these into the state’s economic planning.
v.Scientists will evaluate the essential ecosystem services of forests to estimate their economic value
accurately. This involves
Clean Air: The amount of Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) absorbed by trees and converted into oxygen will be
quantified, and its market value will be included in the Green GDP.
Water Conservation: The economic impact of water supplied by forests through rivers and springs will
be calculated.
Biodiversity: The role of forest fauna, including animals, birds, and insects, in maintaining ecological
balance and supporting agriculture will be assessed.
About Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP):
i.Green GDP is a metric for measuring economic growth that takes into account the environmental costs of
economic activities.
ii.Green GDP Calculation: When calculating Green GDP, the environmental and social costs associated
with economic development are taken into account.
Green GDP = GDP − Environmental Costs − Social Costs
About Chhattisgarh:
Capital – Raipur
Chief Minister (CM) – Vishnu Deo Sai
Governor – Ramen Deka
Dance – Saila Dance, Karma, Sua Nacha, Panthi Dance

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India-Malaysia First Security Dialogue to Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation
On January 7, 2025, India and Malaysia held their 1st inaugural India-Malaysia Security Dialogue in New
Delhi (Delhi) to enhance bilateral cooperation. It aims to strengthen defence and security ties between the
2 nations for deeper cooperation in areas crucial to their mutual interests.
• The 1st India-Malaysia Security Dialogue was co-chaired by India’s National Security Adviser
(NSA) to Indian Prime Minister, Ajit Doval and Malaysia’s Director General (DG) of the National
Security Council, Raja Dato’ Nushirwan Bin Zainal Abidin.
Highlights:
i.Collaboration: The meeting centered on strengthening collaboration in counter-terrorism,
deradicalisation, cybersecurity, defence industry and maritime security.
ii.Institutionalisation: The 2 countries agreed to institutionalise the dialogue with annual meetings to
ensure regular discussions and continued cooperation.
iii.Enhancement: They also explored opportunities for enhancing cooperation in the strategic fields of
critical minerals and rare earths.
iv.Both sides exchanged views on the evolving global and regional security environment, reflecting their
shared commitment to addressing security challenges in the world.
v.This security dialogue follows the visit of Malaysian Prime Minister (PM) Dato’
Seri Anwar bin Ibrahim in August 2024 to India at PM Narendra Modi’s invitation.
Points to be noted:
• Malaysia is India’s 13th largest trade partner and the 3rd largest among Association of
Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) members.
• In 2023, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated Hindustan Aeronautics Limited’s (HAL)
first regional office in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.
About Malaysia:
Prime Minister (PM)– Anwar bin Ibrahim
Capital- Kuala Lumpur
Currency- Malaysian ringgit (MYR)

Titagarh Rail Delivers India’s First Driverless ‘Make-in-India’ Trainset to Bengaluru Metro
In January 2025, Titagarh Rail Systems Limited, formerly Titagarh Wagons Limited, has made a
significant stride in India’s urban mobility sector by delivering India’s 1st driverless, Made-in-India
trainset to Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL).
• The delivery marks a pivotal moment for the Yellow Line of the Bengaluru Metro, which covers
an 18-kilometer (km) stretch from Electronics City. This initiative aligns with the national goal
to achieve a Viksit Bharat by 2047.
i.The trainset is an automated, stainless steel-bodied model built for superior performance.
ii.It was constructed at Titagarh Rail’s metro manufacturing facility in Uttarpara, West Bengal(WB).
iii.Titagarh Rail will provide two additional trainsets to BMRCL by April 2025 and ramp up production to
two units per month by September 2025.
iv.This achievement showcases India’s commitment to advancing urban mobility solutions while
promoting local manufacturing under the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ (Self-Reliant India) initiative.

MFIN Defers new rule to Limit Lenders to 3 per Borrower to April 1 2025
In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Microfinance Institutions Network (MFIN), the self-
regulatory organization (SRO) for the microfinance sector, announced a further three-month
postponement for implementing its new rule that limits the number of lenders per borrower to 3, down
from 4, to manage microfinance risks.

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 • Initially set to take effect on January 1, 2025, but now the implementation of this regulation
postponed to April 1, 2025.
• The new regulations are aimed at ensuring better financial management and preventing over-
indebtedness.
i.The postponement is to provide financial institutions enough time to adapt their Information Technology
(IT) systems and business rule engines for smoother implementation.
ii.Other regulations, such as capping outstanding loans at Rs.2 lakh per borrower and stopping lending to
delinquent customers took effect on January 1, 2025. And also directed its members to stop providing
loans to customers whose overdue amounts exceed ₹3,000 and have been pending for more than 60 days.
Note- The Microfinance Institutions Network (MFIN) and Sa-Dhan (Self-Regulatory Organization for
Microfinance Institutions) are two self-regulatory organizations (SROs) that play important roles in the
microfinance sector in India.

India became a Member of UN-CEBD

On January 11 2025, India became a member of the United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and
Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD). This membership highlights India’s growing influence in the
global statistical community and emphasizes its commitment to utilizing data and technology for
effective policy-making.
Note: India assumed membership of the United Nations Statistical Council(UNSC) in 2024.
Key Points:
i.India’s inclusion in this expert committee contributes to shaping global standards in Big Data and Data
Science for official statistics and also will highlight its pioneering initiatives, including the establishment
of:
• Data Innovation Lab: A platform to experiment with new data technologies.
• Exploring Alternate Data Sources: Including satellite imagery and machine learning for
policy-making.
ii.Data science is a multidisciplinary field that combines statistics, mathematics, programming, and domain
knowledge to extract insights from data.
iii.Big data refers to extremely large and complex datasets that traditional data processing tools and
methods cannot effectively handle.
Key Goals of Membership:
i.Aligning Domestic and Global Goals: To align its national advances in Big Data with international
objectives, positioning India as a leader in the field.
ii.Modernizing Statistical Processes: By incorporating non-traditional data sources like Internet of
Things (IoT), satellite imagery, and private sector data, India aims to improve the accuracy, timeliness,
and efficiency of its statistical processes.
iii.Improving Decision-Making: This engagement will help policymakers gain real-time, evidence-based
insights, enabling better responses to socio-economic challenges.
iv.Streamlining Statistical Production: India’s efforts will include reducing delays in data availability by
innovating in data collection, processing, and analysis.
About UN-CEBD:
i.The UN-CEBD headquartered in New York, the United States of America (USA) was established
in 2014 with Australia as its 1st chair. It explores the opportunities and challenges posed by Big Data in
the production and dissemination of official statistics.
• The aim is to enhance the monitoring and reporting on Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) using Big Data.

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ii.The UN-CEBD consists of 31 member states and 16 international organizations.
iii.The Advisory Board is the management body of the UN-CEBD.
The Advisory Board members include South Africa (Chair), the United Kingdom (UK) , Brazil, China,
Rwanda, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the United Arab Emirates (UAE),
Canada, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Netherlands, African Development Bank(AfDB), Eurostat, United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific(UNESCAP) and United Nations Statistics Division(UNSD).

Indichip Semiconductors to Establish India’s First Private Semiconductor Facility in AP

In January 2025, Indichip Semiconductors Limited, headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh(UP), in
collaboration with its Joint Venture (JV) partner Yitoa Micro Technology Limited (YMTL) from Japan, has
signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) to
establish India’s first private semiconductor manufacturing facility at the Orvakal Mega Industrial Hub in
Kurnool, AP.
• The project entails an investment of over Rs 14,000 crores.
Key Signatories : The MoU was signed between Piyush Bichhoriya, Managing Director (MD) of Indichip
Semiconductors Limited, and Saikanth Varma, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the AP Economic
Development Board (APEDB).
Key Points:
i.This initiative aligns with AP’s Semiconductor Policy, launched in November 2024, which aims to make
the state a hub for electronics and semiconductor manufacturing.
• It also supports India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision by boosting domestic production and
reducing reliance on imports.
ii.The AP government will allocate land for the facility in the Orvakal Mega Industrial Hub.The state has
also committed to providing the necessary infrastructure and support to ensure the success of this project.
iii.The facility will specialize in manufacturing Silicon Carbide (SiC) chips, which are critical for energy-
efficient technologies, Electric Vehicles (EVs), and Renewable Energy (RE) systems.
iii.Initially, the plant will produce 10,000 wafers per month, with plans to scale up production to 50,000
wafers per month within 2–3 years.
iv.This development is anticipated to generate substantial local employment opportunities, foster
advancements in technology, and play a crucial role in strengthening India’s self-reliance in the
semiconductor industry.
Key Facts:
• In November 2024, the Gujarat government launched India’s first ‘Gujarat Semiconductor Policy
2022-2027’.
• India’s first semiconductor will be set up in Sanand district of Gujarat.
• India’s first Artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled semiconductor fabrication plant has officially
started construction in Dholera, Gujarat.
About Andhra Pradesh (AP):
Chief Minister (CM)– N. Chandrababu Naidu
Governor– Syed Abdul Nazeer
Capital– Amaravati
National Parks (NP)– Sri Venkateswara NP, Papikonda NP

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India-Nepal IGC on Trade, Transit, and Cooperation to Combat Unauthorised Trade Held in
Kathmandu, Nepal
The India-Nepal Inter-Governmental Committee (IGC) on Trade, Transit, and Cooperation to
Combat Unauthorised Trade was held from January 10 to January 11, 2025 in Kathmandu, Nepal. This
meeting is a bilateral mechanism which aims at bolstering trade and ties between both countries.
• Both countries carried out a comprehensive review of the whole scenario of bilateral trade and
economic relationship.
• They also reviewed mutual market access issues, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)and duty
related issues.
Participants:
i.The Indian delegation was led by Sunil Barthwal, Secretary of Department of Commerce (DoC), Ministry
of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I), which also includedsenior officials from various ministries and the
Embassy of India in Nepal.
ii.Gobinda Bahadar Karkee, Secretary, Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies, represented Nepal
at the meeting. He was accompanied by representatives from various ministries and departments of the
Government of Nepal.
Key Highlights of India-Nepal IGC:
i.The key issues which were discussed during the meeting: review of the Treaty of Transit and The Treaty
of Trade, proposed amendments to existing agreements, synchronized development of trade
infrastructure including, the electrification the Raxaul (Bihar, India)-Birgunj(Kathmandu, Nepal) rail
line.
ii.India informed that the request of Nepal for supply of 2 lakh Metric Tonne (MT) Wheat had been
accepted by the Government of India (GoI).
ii.Also, at the request of Nepal, India may apply the existing regulations of Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways (MoRTH) which include maximum axle weight of 18.5 tonnes for two axle vehicles and 28
tonnes for three axle vehicles to Nepali vehicles with respect to the cargo-in-transit on Kakarbhitta
(Nepal)-Banglabandha (Bangladesh) via Phulbari (India) route.
iii.India has informed that Sal seeds and Chayote have been included in the Plant Quarantine of India.
• It has further accepted the request to include Jatamansi-Root extract; Sugandhkokila berry
extracts; Sungandhwal Rhizome extract and Timur berry extracts into the list of Processed
Items (Plant Products).
iv.Nepal expressed willingness to review the documentation regarding the reclassification of products
like: EPAQUE and POLYHIDE 28 in their technical systems.
v.They also agreed to form a Joint Working Group(JWG) for discussion on the acceptance of Online
Certificate of Origin (CoO) with Nepal and South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA).
vi.During the meeting, India raised concerns about the problems faced in milk exports to Nepal. Nepal
agreed to consider the request of India for milk products not adequately produced in Nepal like: whey and
cheese.
2nd Joint Business Forum:
i.On the sidelines of India-Nepal IGC, the 2nd edition of Joint Business Forum (JBF) was held between India
and Nepal on January 11, 2025 in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• The forum was co-chaired by N. Sethil Kumar, Director of Pipelines, Planning & Business
Development, Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) and Bhawani Rana, Member of Investment Board of
Nepal.
ii.It was organised by Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and Federation of Nepalese Chambers of
Commerce and Industry (FNCCI).

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iii.This forum provides a platform to both countries to explore business opportunities on both sides and
highlight their suggestions to enhance ease of doing business in the context of bilateral trade and
investment.
About Nepal:
Prime Minister (PM)- Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli
President – Ram Chandra Poudel
Capital- Kathmandu
Currency- Nepalese Rupee (NPR)

TRAI Released Draft Telecommunication Tariff (71st Amendment) Order, 2025 to Boost PM-
WANI Scheme
On January 15 2025, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) under the Ministry of
Communications (MoC) released a ‘Draft Telecommunication Tariff (71st Amendment) Order,
2025’ which proposes the rationalization of broadband tariffs for Public Data Offices (PDOs) under the
Prime Minister’s Wireless Fidelity(Wi-Fi) Access Network Interface (PM-WANI) scheme.
• The main objective of this draft is to address the challenges obstructing the growth of public Wi-
Fi hotspots and ensure affordable connectivity for users across the country.
Background:
i.In August 2024, TRAI released the Draft Telecommunication Tariff (70th Amendment) Order, 2024,
which suggested that broadband tariffs for PDOs under the PM-WANI scheme be aligned with retail
broadband tariffs.
ii.Later, On September 16 2024, the DoT introduced some key amendments to the PM-WANI framework
like: eliminating the requirement for PDOs to enter commercial agreements with Telecom Service
Providers (TSPs) for internet connectivity and PDOs were allowed to network up to 100 access points to
set-up single Wi-Fi hotspot.
Key Points:
i.The regulator has proposed that the broadband tariff i.e. Fiber to the Home (FTTH) for PDOs under the
PM-WANI scheme should not be more than twice the tariff applicable for retail broadband (Fiber to the
home , FTTH) services of corresponding capacity offered by service providers.
• This move aimed to boost the effective proliferation of PM-WANI hotspots and will foster
sustainable ecosystem that ensures a balanced relationship between PDOs and service
providers.
ii.PM-WANI scheme aimed to contribute to the wider objectives of the National Digital Communications
Policy, 2018 and Bharat 6G Vision, and has set the target for the deployment of 50 million public wi-fi
hotspots by 2030.
• As of July 2024, there are 207,642 PM-WANI Wi-Fi hotspots deployed in India.
About PM-WANI:
i.It was launched by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications (MoC)
in 2020.
ii.It aims to establish public wi-fi networks by Public Data Office Aggregators (PDOAs) to provide public
wi-fi services through PDOs across the country.
• It will also boost proliferation of broadband internet services through public wi-fi networks in
the country.
iii.Under the scheme, PDOs will set-up, operate, and maintain WANI compliant Wi-Fi hotspots based on
their techno-commercial considerations and deliver internet services to subscribers.
iv.As on December 15 2024, number of unique PM-WANI users in the country are 18,19,674 and total data
consumed is 58.55 petabytes (PB).

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About Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI):
It is a statutory body established under the TRAI Act, 1997. It works under the DoT, MoC.
Chairman- Anil Kumar Lahoti
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 1997

INROAD Project Received Rs 100 Crore to Enhance Natural Rubber Quality in Northeast India
In January 2025, the Indian Natural Rubber Operations for Assisted Development (INROAD) project
received financial support of Rs 100 crore for improving the quality of natural rubber in Northeast India.
• INROAD is the world’s first project in which the tyre industry directly contributes to the growth
of rubber plantations. The project also focuses on women’s economic empowerment in rubber
cultivation.
i.It was implemented by the Rubber Board of India and financially supported by four members of
Automotive Tyre Manufacturers’ Association (ATMA), including Apollo Tyres Limited, CEAT Limited, JK
Tyre & Industries Limited, and MRF Tyres.
ii.New Natural Rubber (NR) plantations across 94 districts in the Northeast and parts of West
Bengal(WB) covered 1,25,272 hectares in the first four years of the project.
iii.Under the project, skill-based training will be provided through digital mode, and infrastructure will be
built, including Model Smoke Houses and Model Processing and Grading Centres that are tailor-made for
the region.

GoI Reconstituted AEC with Ajith Kumar Mohanty as Chairman

In January 2025, the Government of India (GoI) has reconstituted the high-powered Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) to include new members Cabinet Secretary T.V. Somanathan and Expenditure
Secretary Manoj Govil as ex-officio member of AEC.
• The newly reconstituted AEC also included Pankaj Mishra, who took over charge of member
(Finance) for AEC in 2024
Members of the Reconstituted AEC:
i.The GoI has decided to retain Ajith Kumar Mohanty, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) as
the chairman of the reconstituted AEC.
ii.AEC has Ajit Kumar Doval, National Security Advisor (NSA)of India; Dr. Pramod Kumar Mishra, Principal
Secretary to Prime Minister (PM); Vikram Misri, Foreign Secretary; and Vivek Bhasin, Director, Trombay,
Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) as ex-officio members.
iii.Other members include: Dr. M.R. Srinivasan, former chairman of AEC; Professor P. Rama Rao, former
secretary, Department of Science and Technology (DoS&T), Ministry of Science and Technology (MoS&T);
Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Chairman of Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Rajiv Gandhi Science & Technology and
former chairman of AEC; Dr. Ravi B. Grover, former Principal Advisor of DAE; Dr. K. Kasturirangan, former
chairman of Space Commission.
Note: The appointment of other members of AEC is made for each Calendar Year (CY) on the
recommendation of the Chairman, AEC and after approval by the PM of India.
About Atomic Energy Commission (AEC):
It was initially established in August 1948 as part of the Department of Scientific Research. The DAE was
constituted on 3rd August, 1954 under the direct charge of PM through Presidential Order. Later, GoI
introduced a resolution dated March 01, 1958 and established AEC under the administrative control of
DAE.
• AEC is mainly responsible for formulating policies related to atomic energy and ensure their
implementation through DAE.

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Chairman- Ajith Kumar Mohanty
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra

India’s 6th Astronomical Observatory & Eastern India’s 1st Inaugurated in WB

In January 2025, the Satyendra Nath Bose Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBCBS), an autonomous institute
under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), under the Ministry of Science and Technology
(MoS&T), established India’s sixth and Eastern India’s first astronomical observatory in the
Garpanchkot Hills of Purulia district in West Bengal (WB), to aid scientific observations, student training,
and global research collaboration.
• The observatory center has been named after the renowned scientist Satyendra Nath Bose.
• The other 5 centers are located in Ladakh, Nainital (Uttarakhand), Mount Abu (Rajasthan),
Girawali Hills (Pune, Maharashtra) and Kavalur (Tamil Nadu, TN)
Key People: Vishvajit Sahay, Additional Secretary of the Union Science and Technology Department, and
other dignitaries were present at the inauguration event.
i.The observatory is equipped with two telescopes, and its seeing value of 1.3 arc seconds matches the
standards of the other five astronomical centers across the country.
• It currently has a 14-inch diameter telescope, with a 1-meter diameter telescope set to be
installed soon.
ii.It is located 600 meters (m) above sea level in a pollution-free area, with the best observation period
being from November to April.
iii.An automatic weather forecasting center has been set up on the hilltop to measure rainfall,
temperature, and wind speed.
iv.SNBCBS has partnered with Sidhu Kanu Birsa University in WB for the observatory’s operations and
resource sharing.

Startup India Marks 9 Years: 1.59 Lakh Startups Recognised and 16.6 Lakh Jobs Created
On January 16 2025, Startup India, a transformative initiative of Government of India (GoI) that started in
2016, has successfully completed 9 years. The initiative aimed to foster innovation and boost the growth
of startups across the country. GoI has designated January 16 as National Startup Day to celebrate the
nation’s stride in promoting a robust and inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem.
• With over 1.59 lakh startups (from 500 in 2016) recognised by DPIIT (as of January 15, 2025,),
India has firmly positioned itself as the world’s 3rd largest startup ecosystem.
• Startup India initiative is being implemented by Department for Promotion of Industry and
Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoC&I).
Key Accomplishments of Startup India:
i.Indian cities like: Bengaluru (Karnataka), Hyderabad (Telangana), Mumbai (Maharashtra), and Delhi-
National Capital Region (NCR) emerged as major hubs for startups in India, while smaller cities have
increasingly contributed to India’s entrepreneurial momentum.
ii.As of October 31, 2024, a total of 73,151 recognized startups include minimum one women director,
demonstrating the increase of women entrepreneurs in India.
iv.Over 16.6 lakh direct jobs have reportedly been created by DPIIT recognized startups across various
sectors, from 2016 to October 31, 2024.
• The Information Technology (IT) Services industry with 2.04 lakh jobs, has topped among
the industries which created maximum number of jobs in startups, followed by Healthcare &
Lifesciences (1.47 lakh jobs), and Professional & Commercial Services (with around 94,000
jobs).

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Flagships Schemes Implemented under Startup India:
i.Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS): It was launched for a period of 4 years starting from 2021-22
with budget outlay of Rs 945 crore.
• The main objective of the scheme is to support startups in areas like: proof of concept,
prototype development, product trials, among others.
ii.Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS): The scheme provides credit guarantees for loans
provided to DPIIT-recognised startups by scheduled commercial banks, Non-Banking Finance Companies
(NBFCs), and Venture Debt Funds under Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)-registered
Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).
• It is being implemented by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC).
• As of October 31, 2024, Rs 555.24 crore in loans were guaranteed to 235 startups, including Rs
24.60 crore to 18 women-led startups under this scheme.
iii.Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) Scheme: It was launched in June 2016 with budget outlay of Rs
10,000 crore. The scheme aims to improve access to domestic capital for Indian startups and promote the
entrepreneurial ecosystem.
• The scheme is being managed by Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), does not
invest directly in startups but provides funding to SEBI-registered AIFs which further invest in
startups through equity and equity-linked instruments.
• By 2024, Rs 11,148 crore was committed, attracting investments of Rs 21,221.36 crore in 1,165
startups.
About BHASKAR initiative:
In September 2024, DPIIT launched the Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry (BHASKAR) platform,
a cutting-edge initiative which is a part of the Startup India initiative. The initiative aimed to streamline
and centralize interactions within India’s entrepreneurial ecosystem.
• It also aims to foster innovation, collaboration and growth by connecting startups, investors,
mentors, service providers, and government bodies.
About Startup Mahakumbh:
i.The Startup Mahakumbh which is considered one of the largest get-together of startups, unicorns,
investors, and various other ecosystem stakeholders under one roof.
• The 1st edition of Startup Mahakumbh was held in 2024, which hosted over 1,300 exhibitors,
showcased across 10 thematic pavilions.
• It was jointly organised by Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India
(ASSOCHAM), National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), Bootstrap
Incubation & Advisory Foundation; The IndUS Entrepreneurs (TiE) and Indian Venture and
Alternate Capital Association (IVCA).
ii.The 2nd edition is scheduled to be held from April 03 to April 05, 2025 at Bharat Mandapam in New
Delhi (Delhi) under the theme “Startup India @ 2047- Unfolding the Bharat Story”.
Startup Funding in India Increased to USD 115 billion from USD 8 billion: DPIIT
In January 2025, DPIIT released figures of startup performance in India as a curtain raiser to
commemorate National Startup Day on January 16. As per the DPIIT data, startup funding in India has
increased significantly from just USD 8 billion (in 2016) to USD 115 billion (in 2024).
• It also revealed that the number of states and Union Territories (UTs) with dedicated startup
policies has increased from 4 (in 2016) to 31 (in 2024).
Key Findings about Startups in India:
i.The data showed that number of unicorns in India increased from just 8 (in 2016) to 118 (in 2024).
Note: Unicorns are startups valued at least a billion dollars but not yet listed on a public exchange.

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Union Minister Piyush Goyal Launched PRABHAAV Factbook, Bharat Startup Challenge on
9th Foundation Day of Startup India
On January 16 2025, Union Minister Piyush Goyal, MoC&I launched two key initiatives including
the PRABHAAV Factbook (Powering a Resilient and Agile Bharat for the Advancement of Visionary
Startups) and Bharat Startup Challenge at the celebration of 9 years of Startup India in New Delhi, Delhi.
About Newly Launched Initiatives:
i.PRABHAAV Factbook will act as the ultimate guide to India’s growing startup ecosystem and its growth
story from 2016-2024. It will also capture the achievements of every region.
ii.Bharat Startup Challenge will unleash 75 challenges across different sectors like: Renewable Energy
(RE), Agritech, Healthcare, Blockchain, Social Commerce, among others.
• The challenge will witness 20 industry leaders and innovators invite thinkers to address the
challenges in above mentioned sectors.
Other Key Points:
i.He informed that India has seen 76 Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) for the Calendar Year (CY) 2024. Also,
startups in India till date have received a total funding of Rs 13 trillion from GoI.
CM of Maharashtra Signed MoU with SIDBI to Establish 100 Crore Fund
In January 2025, Devendra Fadnavis, Chief Minister (CM) of Maharashtra signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with SIDBI to establish a Rs 100 crore fund aimed at strengthening startups and
small businesses in the state.
• CM Devendra Fadnavis made the announcement about MoU during the National Startup Day
programme organised by the Maharashtra State Innovation Society under the Department of
Skill, Employment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation held in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• He informed that now, Rs 30 crore fund will be available at every divisional centre (previously
funds were managed at Mumbai).
Startup Policy Forum Launched ‘Startup Baithak’ and ‘Startup Baatcheet’ to Celebrate National
Startup Day 2025
Startup Policy Forum (SPF), with the support of DPIIT and Startup India, launched two flagship
initiatives namely, ‘Startup Baithak’ and ‘Startup Baatcheet’ to celebrate National Startup Day 2025.
• The event was held from January 15 to January 16, 2025 at iconic Group-20 (G20) Summit room
in Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi (Delhi).
• During the event, key policy issues were discussed including data privacy, reverse flipping,
Artificial Intelligence (AI) governance, capital market, and fintech regulations.
Key Points:
i.The Startup Baithak has featured 12 exclusive, close-door roundtables held for over two days. It saw the
participation from startups such as: Swiggy, Zerodha, Razorpay, BharatPe, Physics Wallah, among others.
ii.On the sidelines of Bhaitak, SPF also organised Startup Baatcheet, an informal networking event held on
January 15, 2025.
• The event brought together founders, investors, startup ecosystem enablers, policymakers, and
lawmakers to capture the startup outlook for 2025.
About Startup:
Income Tax Exemption for 3 years: Startups incorporated on or after 1st April 2016 can apply for income
tax exemption. The recognized startups that are granted an Inter-Ministerial Board Certificate are
exempted from income- tax for a period of 3 consecutive years out of 10 years since incorporation.
Faster Exit for Startups: The Government has notified Startups as ‘fast track firms’ enabling them to wind
up operations within 90 days vis-a-vis 180 days for other companies.

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About Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoCI):
Union Minister- Piyush Goyal (Constituency- Mumbai North, Maharashtra)
Minister of State (MoS)- Jitin Prasada (Constituency- Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

MoC&I: India becomes World’s 7th Largest Coffee Producing Country; Exports Soar to USD 1.29
Billion in FY24
According to the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoC&I), India became the world’s 7th largest coffee
producing country with exports reaching USD 1.29 billion in Financial Year 2023-24 (FY24), from USD
719.42 million recorded in FY21.
• The Ministry further revealed that India exported over 9,300 tonnes of coffee in the 1st half of
January 2025, with top buyers including Italy, Belgium and Russia.
Note: Top 5 coffee producing countries: Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, and Ethiopia.
Key Points:
i.Nearly 3/4th (75%) of India’s coffee production consists of Arabica and Robusta beans are exported as
unroasted beans.
• However, there is a growing demand for value-added products like roasted and instant coffee,
further boosting the export of coffee.
ii.As per MoC&I, domestic consumption of coffee has increased from 84,000 tonnes (in 2012) to 91,000
tonnes (in 2023).
iii.India’s coffee is primarily grown in the ecologically rich Western and Eastern Ghats. Karnataka topped
in terms of coffee production, contributing 2,48,020 Metric Tonnes (MT) in 2022-23, followed by Kerala
and Tamil Nadu (TN).
Government Initiatives:
i.MoC&I through the Integrated Coffee Development Project (ICDP) aimed at improving yields, expanding
cultivation in non-traditional regions and ensuring the sustainability of coffee farming.
ii.A prime example of the success of India’s coffee industry is Araku Valley, where nearly 1.5 lakh tribal
families in collaboration with the Coffee Board of India (CBoI) and the Integrated Tribal Development
Agency (ITDA) have increased coffee production by 20%.
• This achievement is supported by loans from the Girijan Co-operative Corporation (GCC).
Key Facts about Coffee:
• Coffee plant originated in Ethiopia and spread to the Middle East before making its way to
Europe in the 15th Century.
• Coffee is the world’s 2nd most traded commodity after oil.
• International Coffee Day (ICD), is annually observed across the world on October 01.
About Coffee Board of India (CBoI):
It is a statutory body established under Section 4 of the Coffee Act, 1942. The Board has a Central Coffee
Research Institute (CCRI) at Balehonnur, Karnataka with a sub-station at Chettalli, Karnataka.
Chairman- M.J. Dinesh
Headquarters -Bengaluru, Karnataka
Established- 1942

Union Minister Pralhad Joshi Announces Updates to OMSS(D) Policy for 2024-25
Union Minister Pralhad Joshi, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (MoCAF&PD) ,
has announced updates to the Open Market Sale Scheme (Domestic) [OMSS(D)] for 2024-25. These
changes aim to enhance food security and streamline rice distribution across the country.
• The revised price allows State Governments, their corporations, and community kitchens to
procure rice without undergoing electronic (e)-auctions.

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i.The reserve price of rice is set at Rs 2,250 per quintal (applicable across India). This is a reduction from
the earlier price of Rs 2,900 per quintal, which was set in August 2024.
ii.Ethanol distilleries can also purchase rice at the reduced reserve price of Rs.2,250 per quintal.
iii.This policy reflects the government’s dedication to welfare initiatives, food security, and boosting
ethanol production.

MNRE : Total RE Installed Capacity Rises 15.84% to 209.44 GW in 2024

According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), India has made significant strides in
its Renewable Energy (RE) journey, strengthening its position as a global leader in clean energy.
As of December 2024, India’s total RE installed capacity has reached 209.44 Gigawatt (GW), a
15.84% increase compared to 180.80 GW in December 2023.
The total capacity added during 2024 amounted to 28.64 GW, representing a significant Year-on-
Year(YoY) increase of 119.46% compared to the 13.05 GW added in 2023.
Note: As of January 20, 2025, the country has reached a milestone of 217.62 GW, with a target to
achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity by 2030.
Key Achievements in 2024:
The year 2024 witnessed record-breaking growth in solar and wind energy installations, driven by
policy reforms, government incentives, and investments in domestic manufacturing.
i.Expansion of Solar Energy: Solar energy dominated, with 24.5 GW of new capacity installed and its
cumulative installed capacity increased to 97.86 GW in 2024 from 73.32 GW in 2023.
Utility-scale solar installations led the way, adding 18.5 GW, with Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Tamil
Nadu (TN) accounting for 71% of the total.
The rooftop solar segment also grew significantly, with 4.59 GW installed, driven by initiatives like
the Prime Minister Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY), which facilitated 7 lakh rooftop
installations in less than a year.
ii.Expansion of Wind Energy:
Wind energy also contributed significantly to India’s renewable energy goals. A total of 3.4 GW of
wind capacity was added in 2024, reflecting a 21% increase from 2023.
In 2024, the total wind capacity reached 48.16 GW, a growth of 7.64% from 2023.
Gujarat emerged as the leader with 1,250 Megawatt (MW) of new installations, followed by
Karnataka with 1,135 MW and TN with 980 MW. Together, these three states accounted for 98% of
the total wind capacity additions, reaffirming their dominance in India’s wind power sector.
iii. Expansion of Bioenergy and Small Hydro Power:
Bioenergy’s installed capacity rose from 10.84 GW in December 2023 to 11.35 GW in December
2024, reflecting a 4.70% increase.
Small hydro power projects saw incremental growth, with installed capacity increasing from 4.99
GW in 2023 to 5.10 GW in 2024, representing a 2.20% rise.
Key points :
i.The Government of India (GoI) focused on enhancing the viability of green hydrogen by reducing costs
and attracting investments. This move is aimed at positioning India as a global leader in green hydrogen
technology.
ii.Efforts were made to ramp up domestic production of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind
turbines, boosting India’s potential to become a hub for renewable energy manufacturing on the global
stage.
iii.The MNRE proposed investments in inter-state transmission systems to efficiently transfer power
from renewable-rich states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh (MP), supporting the country’s
growing energy needs.

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Click here for more details
Roadmap for 2025:
As India enters 2025, addressing challenges related to regulatory frameworks, financing models, and
infrastructure development will be essential for continued progress in the RE sector.
i.Sustaining the growth of India’s RE sector will rely on continued policy support, increased private
investment, and the development of emerging technologies such as green hydrogen and energy storage.
Recent Related News:
According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) data released in December 2024,
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh (UP) are the top 3 states with the highest number of rooftop solar
installations under ‘Prime Minister -Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana(PMSGMBY)’.
As per the data, Gujarat has topped among all states in the country with 2,86,545 rooftop solar
installations, followed by Maharashtra (with 1,26,344 installations) and UP (with 53,423
installations) ranked at 2nd and 3rd spot, respectively.
About Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE):
Union Minister – Pralhad Joshi(Constituency – Dharwad, Karnataka
Minister of State(MoS) – Shripad Yesso Naik(Rajya Sabha – North Goa)

India & South Korea Conducted Exchange of Notes for NCERT’s Technical Cooperation Project
In January 2025, India and South Korea conducted an exchange of notes for the technical cooperation
project titled ‘Strengthening Vocational Education and Training in Mechatronics in India’ in New
Delhi(Delhi).
The Exchange of Notes was signed by Manisha Sinha, Additional Secretary, Department of
Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance (MoF) and H.E. Lee Seong-ho, Ambassador of the
Republic of Korea to India for the Republic of Korea.
The project will be implemented in collaboration with the Korea International Cooperation Agency
(KOICA) of the Government of Republic of Korea.
Key Points:
i.This project spans over a two-year and will be carried out in collaboration with the National Council of
Educational Research and Training (NCERT) at the Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh (MP).
This is the first project being implemented with the assistance of KOICA in India.
ii.Under this partnership, South Korea will invest USD 2 million (approximately 2.9 billion KRW) by 2027
to launch a large-scale initiative aimed at enhancing India’s vocational and technical education capabilities.
This marks the first-ever grant-based development cooperation project between South Korea and
India.
iii.It aims to create a strong framework for vocational education in mechatronics by developing
curriculum, textbooks, and teacher manuals, and providing necessary equipment.
iv.This partnership would be further strengthened and consolidated with the signing of the exchange of
notes for the NCERT project.
Points to Note:
i.In October 2016, the Republic of Korea was designated as India’s official development assistance (ODA)
partner for development cooperation.
ii.In 2015, the bilateral relationship between the two nations was upgraded to a “Special Strategic
Partnership.”
About South Korea:
President – Yoon Suk Yeol

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Capital – Seoul
Currency – South Korean Won (KRW)

Uttarakhand, 1st State to Implement Uniform Civil Code

Uttarakhand has become the 1st state in India to implement the Uniform Civil Code(UCC), which came
into effect on 27 January 2025. Uttarakhand Chief Minister(CM) Pushkar Singh Dhami launched the UCC
portal and issued a notification marking the adoption of the civil code at an event in Dehradun,
Uttarakhand.
The UCC aims to unify personal laws related to marriage,
divorce, succession, and inheritance, ensuring equality for all
citizens, excluding those from Scheduled Tribes (ST).
Background:
i.On February 7, 2024, the Legislative Assembly of the state of
Uttarakhand passed the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill.
ii.On March 13, the bill was granted assent by President Droupadi
Murmu to establish a uniform and equal set of rules on personal
status law, including marriage, divorce, succession, and inheritance, that applies to all citizens of the state
irrespective of religion.
iii. The Uttarakhand government introduced the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code Act, 2024, which
provides a clear process for creating and canceling wills and related documents called codicils under the
rules of inheritance.
iv.This law applies throughout the state of Uttarakhand and is also effective on the residents of the state
living outside Uttarakhand.
About UCC:
i.The UCC is a proposed framework aimed at creating a set of personal laws that apply equally to all
citizens, regardless of their religious beliefs.
ii.At present, personal laws related to marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and maintenance are
governed by the religious customs and scriptures of different communities.
Features of the UCC:
The bill is divided into four parts: Part 1:Marriage and Divorce, Part 2: Succession, Part 3: Live-In
Relationship, and Part 4: Miscellaneous. Each part is subdivided further into chapters. Some of the major
features are as follows:
Section 4 addresses conditions of marriage, one of which is that “neither party has a spouse living at
the time of the marriage,” and requires a marriage age of 21 for a man and 18 for a woman
effectively abolishing polygamy and child marriage. The code also requires compulsory registration
of marriages within 60 days.
Under section 25, both parties are granted an equal right to petition the court to dissolve the
marriage through a decree of divorce, and divorce can occur only through court proceedings.
Section 29 emphasizes that marriages can be dissolved only under the provisions of the code,
“notwithstanding any usage, custom, tradition, [or] personal law of any party to the marriage.”
ii.Registration Process: Sub-registrar must make a decision on marriage registration within 15 days of
receiving an application.
Marriages must be registered within 60 days of solemnization.
Marriages conducted before March 26, 2010, or outside Uttarakhand, can be registered within 6
months of the Act’s implementation, if they meet legal criteria.

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Key Points:
i.Article 44 of the Indian Constitution advocates for the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
across India.
ii.Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): UCC is part of the DPSP Part IV (Articles 36–51), which
guides the government in formulating policies.
iii.DPSPs are not legally enforceable by courts (Article 37), meaning the government is expected to work
toward them but is not legally bound to implement them immediately.
Note: Currently, Goa remains the only state in India with an existing civil code, introduced during the
Portuguese colonial period.
About Uttarakhand:
Chief Minister (CM)– Pushkar Singh Dhami
Governor- Gurmit Singh
Capital- Dehradun
Dams- Tehri Dam, Tumaria Dam, Maneri Dam

100 Odisha Villages to Receive Direct Funds for Forest Protection under CFR Plans Approved
by MoTA
In January 2025, the Project Appraisal Committee (PAC) under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has
approved Community Forest Resource (CFR) plans for 100 villages in phase-I under the Forest Right
(FRA) Act, 2006. This number is less than Odisha government proposal to implement it in 400 villages of
the state.
With this approval, as many as 100 villages of Odisha will receive funds directly in the bank
accounts of Gram Sabhas instead of Gram Panchayats for the first time to carry out forest
protection, management and convergence works in respective community lands.
Key Points:
i.The state government will receive Rs 16 crore for development and execution of CFR management plans
of 100 villages.
ii.The State will prioritise these CFR plans based on Minor Forest Produce (MFP) available, preparedness
of the plans, community and gram sabha participation and set up of Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
iii.Gram Sabhas of villages are entrusted with responsibility to carry out tree plantation and prepare
need-based development plan.
iv.Each village will receive Rs 15 lakh per annum, which will be directly deposited into the bank account
of the respective gram sabha. Also, technical agencies will receive Rs 1 lakh for developing management
plans.
v.CFR management plan proposed in various districts of state: Mayurbhanj, Balasore, Keonjhar,
Sambalpur, Nayagarh, Kandhamal, Koraput, Malkangiri, Dhenkanal, and Bargarh.
Note: As per MoTA, Maharashtra topped among states in recognizing Community Forest Resource Rights
(CFRR), with 8,661 villages granted titles as of November 2024, followed by Chhattisgarh (with 4,328
titles), Odisha (with 3,659 titles).

STATE NEWS
Gujarat launches ‘SWAR’ platform to overcome language barriers
On December 2024, the Chief Minister (CM) of Gujarat, Bhupendra Patel, launched the “SWAR (Speech
and Written Analysis Resource)” to overcome language barriers and enhance communication between
citizens and the government on the occasion of Good Governance Day on December 25, 2024.

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 • The platform utilizes Bhashini, an indigenous Artificial Intelligence (AI) system, developed
under the National Language Translation Mission (NLTM) by the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MoE&IT).
i.The SWAR platform integrates Speech-to-Text functionality, enabling citizens to dictate their messages
rather than typing them manually, making the process more accessible.
ii.The platform will support the CM’s Office (CMO) by incorporating AI, Machine Learning (ML), Natural
Language Processing (NLP), Open Source Generative AI (GenAI) and Computer Vision to enhance
communication and resource management.

Gujarat Launches ‘Atlas to Protect Indian Wolf Habitats’

In December 2024, Gujarat launched the “Atlas of Indian Wolf Habitats” to protect biodiversity and
conserve the Indian Wolf. Led by Chief Minister (CM) of Gujarat Bhupendra Patel, the initiative focuses on
identifying suitable habitats for wolves across 13 districts of Gujarat.
• The atlas was jointly prepared by the Forest Department of Gujarat in collaboration with
Gujarat Ecological Education and Research Foundation(GEER Foundation).
• The Atlas provides detailed information on wolf habitats, including maps highlighting wolf
presence and habitat distribution across 13 districts of the state.
i.According to the data from the 2023 Wolf Census, a total of 222 wolves were recorded in an area of 2,217
square kilometers (sq km).
ii.The 13 districts where wolf habitat was found include Bhavnagar (80), Narmada (39), Banaskantha (36),
Surendranagar (18), Jamnagar (12), Morbi (12), Kutch (9), Porbandar (6), Mehsana (3), Navsari (3), Patan
(2), Aravalli (1), and Surat (1).
iii.The initiative aims to conserve the wolf, a keystone species essential for maintaining ecological balance
and agricultural sustainability. It uses modern technology like remote sensing and Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) to give a clear picture of wolf habitats.

Gujarat approves creation of Vav-Tharad as the 34th district

On January 1, 2025, the Gujarat cabinet, led by Chief Minister(CM) Bhupendra Patel, approved the decision to
divide Banaskantha district into two, creating a new district called ‘Vav-Tharad’. This will bring the total
number of districts in Gujarat to 34.
• The headquarters of the new Vav-Tharad district will be located in Tharad town,
while Palanpur will continue to serve as the headquarters of Banaskantha district.
About Banaskantha & Vav-Tharad district:
i.Banaskantha district has 14 talukas, the highest number of talukas in Gujarat, and is the second largest district
in terms of area.
ii.After the split,
• The new Vav-Tharad district will include eight talukas: Vav, Bhabhar, Tharad, Dhanera, Suigam,
Lakhni, Diodar, and Kankrej, along with four municipalities – Bhabhar, Tharad, Thara, and Dhanera
• Banaskantha district will retain six talukas: Palanpur, Danta, Amirgadh, Dantiwada, Vadgam, and
Deesa, along with two municipalities – Palanpur and Deesa.
iii.The Vav-Tharad district will cover an area of 6,257 square kilometers (sq km), while Banaskantha will span
4,486 sq km.
The proposal to establish nine new municipalities:
The Gujarat cabinet, headed by CM Bhupendra Patel, approved the creation of 9 new municipal corporations,
the first in nearly 14 years, to improve governance and make processes faster, more efficient, and transparent.
• The total number of municipal corporations in the state has increased from 8 to 17.

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 • New municipal corporations will be established in Navsari, Vapi, Anand, Nadiad, Mehsana,
Surendranagar/Wadhwan, Morbi, Porbandar/Chhaya, and Gandhidham.
i.These changes are in line with (National Institute for Transforming India(NITI) Aayog’s vision of ‘Cities as
Engines of Growth’ and Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi’s policy of ‘Je Kahevu Te Karvu’ (Honoring
Commitments).
ii.The initiative is part of CM Patel’s broader vision for ‘Viksit Gujarat@2047,’ which focuses on the goals of
‘Earning Well’ and ‘Living Well.’
About Gujarat:
Chief Minister (CM) – Bhupendra Rajnikant Patel
Governor – Acharya Devvrat
Folk Dance – Garba, Dandiya Raas, Tippani Juriun, Padhar Dance and Bhavai Dance

Odisha CM Inaugurates Adivasi Mela 2025; Launches Shahid Madho Singh Scheme
On January 5 2025, Chief Minister (CM) of Odisha, Mohan Charan Majhi,
inaugurated the Adivasi Mela 2025, ahead of the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas(PBD) program, at the Exhibition
Grounds in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
• He also launched the Shahid Madho Singh Haath Kharcha Scheme with a budget of Rs 156
crore, during the event to support tribal students and honored nine tribal talents and ten tribal
farmers for their outstanding contributions at the event.
• A special edition of the journal ‘Banja-2025’, published by the Tribal Language and Culture
Academy of Odisha, was also released during the event.
Note: The 18th PBD Convention is being organized in partnership with the State Government of Odisha
from January 8 to 10, 2025 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
About Adivasi Mela:
i.This annual fair, a celebration of Odisha’s tribal heritage and culture, will be held from January 5 to
January 15, 2025.
ii.This year’s fair features 147 stalls showcasing tribal art, handicrafts, and food, 15 live demonstrations of
traditional practices, and a dedicated Bhagwan Birsa Munda Pavilion.
About Shahid Madho Singh Haath Kharcha Scheme:
The scheme is named after Shaheed Madho Singh, a freedom fighter and tribal landowner from the Ghansa
area of Bargarh district, Odisha, who played a significant role in India’s independence movement.
• This initiative aims to reduce dropout rates and increase students’ interest in education.
Key Points:
i.Tribal students who pass Class 8 and join Class 9 or 10 will receive a one-time incentive of Rs.5,000 per
year.
• Students enrolling in Class 11 will also be eligible for this benefit.
ii.The scheme has been implemented for the current academic year 2024-2025 and is exclusively available
to Scheduled Tribe(ST) students whose annual family income does not exceed Rs 2,50,000
About Odisha:
Chief Minister (CM)– Mohan Charan Majhi
Governor– Hari Babu Kambhampati
Capital– Bhubaneswar
National Park ( NP)-Similipal NP, Bhitarkanika NP

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Telangana to celebrate Savitribai Phule’s birth anniversary as ‘Women Teacher’s Day’
The Telangana government has decided to celebrate the birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule as a state
function on 3rd January as ‘Women Teacher’s Day’ every year to pay tribute to her contributions to
women’s education.
• Savitribai Phule was a social worker, poet, and teacher and worked actively towards women’s
freedom and situation in Indian society.
i.She opened India’s first school for girls in 1848 in Pune and became India’s first woman teacher and
first Indian headmistress.
ii.She published her first collection of poems, named Kavya Phule (‘Poetry’s Blossoms’) in 1854 and also
published Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar (‘The Ocean of Pure Gems’), in 1892.
Note: Pune University, Pune(Maharashtra), is named after Savitribai Phule as a tribute to her efforts for
women’s education in India.

MP CM Mohan Yadav Launched Swami Vivekanand Yuva Shakti Mission

In January 2025, Dr. Mohan Yadav, Chief Minister (CM) of Madhya Pradesh (MP) launched “Swami
Vivekanand Yuva Shakti Mission” on the occasion of National Youth Day (12th January) which marks the
birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, at Ravindra Bhavan Auditorium in Bhopal, MP. He also launched
the Swami Vivekananda Yuva Shakti Mission Portal and theme song.
• He unveiled the logo of mission which is based on its motto i.e. “Atma Deepo Bhava-Samvad,
Samarthya, Samriddhi”.
• He also inaugurated the world’s largest 3-D Rangoli depicting Swami Vivekananda at Shaurya
Smarak in Bhopal, MP. The 3-D rangoli, a 18,000 square-foot artwork, was made using eco-
friendly natural colors. It was created by famous rangoli artist Shikha Sharma Joshi and her
team from Indore (MP).
About Swami Vivekanand Yuva Shakti Mission:
i.The key target of the mission is to achieve a 100% pass rate for students in the board exams of Class
10th and Class 12th by 2030.
ii.The mission has 3 main goals to empower the youth. The 1st one is to ensure the income level of every
youth at least meet the rate of a minimum-skilled category worker.
iii.The 2nd goal is to ensure that every youth completes education up to class 12th.The 3rd goal is to
encourage youth to participate in various social initiatives for the betterment of society.

Gujarat CM inaugurates GIFT IFI and Innovation Hub in Gandhinagar

In January 2025, Gujarat Chief Minister (CM) Bhupendra Patel inaugurated the GIFT International
Fintech Institute (GIFT IFI) and the GIFT International Fintech Innovation Hub (GIFT IFIH) at Gujarat
International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City), Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• Both the institutions are supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and aim to develop
the fintech sector.
i.GIFT IFI has been set up with collaboration of Ahmedabad University(Gujarat), Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar(Gujarat), and the University of California, San Diego(the United States of
America, USA)
• It will offer programs in areas like Fintech Foundations, Technology for Fintech, and Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in Fintech.
ii.GIFT IFIH will provide support to fintech startups through
an incubator and accelerator programme which will include mentorship, resources, and access to
networks.

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 • Its first batch includes 10 startups from India, Singapore, the USA, and the United Arab Emirates
(UAE).

Kerala launches ‘KaWaCHaM’ India’s 1st Fully Integrated Disaster Risk Warning System
On January 21 2025, the Chief Minister (CM) of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan launched the ‘Kerala Warnings,
Crisis and Hazard Management(KaWaCHaM) System’, India’s first fully integrated disaster warning
system at the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
• This advanced disaster risk warning system aims to enhance disaster preparedness and
response capabilities while also issuing alerts for extreme weather events.
• It is developed by KSDMA with support from the National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA) and the World Bank (WB) as part of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
(NCRMP).
Note: The word Kavacham in Malayalam translates to ‘shield’, symbolising protection.
About KaWaCHaM:
i.The disaster warning system features a network of 126 siren-strobe light units and 93 emergency
operation centers linked through a Virtual Private Network (VPN) and data center.
• Currently 91 sirens are installed , as a part of the first phase. The next phase will include the
remaining sirens, alongside ongoing operational trials.
• Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam (Kerala) have the most sirens, with 13 each, while
Kottayam, Idukki, and Wayanad (Kerala) have the fewest, with five each.
ii.The system will deliver timely alerts on extreme weather events, including heavy rain, strong winds, and
sea surges, to the public via the “KaWaCHaM” warning sirens.
iii.It has a citizen portal and 24-hour emergency call centres. Through these platforms, the public can
report hazards or seek help during emergencies.
iv.The system also stores critical data, such as the locations of water bodies, roads, bridges, schools,
hospitals, and other key infrastructure, to aid in disaster management.
v.The State Emergency Operations Centre (SEOC) will manage the KaWaCHaM system in Kerala.
Note: At present, the SDMA has been using social media, location-based Short Message Service (SMS), and
other communication channels to share severe weather or disaster warnings from central agencies with
the public.
About Kerala:
Chief Minister (CM) – Pinarayi Vijayan
Governor – Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
Capital – Thiruvananthapuram
State Bird – The Great Hornbill
Dance – Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Thirvathirakali (Kaikottikali), Theyyam

Tripura Gets New State Emblem with the Approval of MHA

In January 2025, Tripura Chief Minister (CM) Manik Saha announced that the Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA) had approved the New state emblem. The state’s history and culture will be prominently featured
in the logo.
i.The proposal of the State Emblem of the government of Tripura has been examined by Rule 4(2) of the
State Emblem of India (Regulation of Use) Rules, 2007 (as amended in 2010) and determined to be in
order.
ii.In the newly designed emblem, the Tripura map is positioned inside a saffron circle, and the national
emblem of India is displayed within the outline of the map. Additionally, the Government of Tripura is
written below the circle.

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Appointments of New Chief Justices for Delhi and Bombay High Courts
On 21 January 2025, Justice Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya was sworn in as the 33rd Chief Justice (CJ) of
the Delhi High Court (HC), situated in New Delhi, Delhi.
• The oath of office was administered by Lieutenant (Lt.)
Governor Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena at a ceremony held at
Raj Niwas, New Delhi attended by Chief Minister ( CM) of
Delhi, Atishi Marlena Singh and senior judicial officials.
• He succeeds Justice Vibhu Bakhru, who served as the
Acting Chief Justice prior to his appointment..
i.Before his appointment as the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court,
Justice Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya served as the Chief Justice of the
Bombay High Court.
ii.His appointment brought the court’s strength to 38 judges.
Justice Alok Aradhe was sworn in as the CJ of the Bombay High Court:
On the same day, Justice Alok Aradhe was sworn in as the 48th Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court
located in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Justice Aradhe succeeded Justice Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya.
• The Governor of Maharashtra, CP Radhakrishnan, administered the oath of office during the
same ceremony held at Raj Bhavan..
Note: Both appointments were made following the order of the President of India, Droupadi Murmu,
based on the recommendation of the Supreme Court (SC) Collegium.

GOVT SHCEMES
CENTRAL SCHEMES
Union Minister Nitin Gadkari Announces ‘Cashless Treatment’ Scheme for Road Accident
Victims
On January 07, 2025, Union Minister Nitin Jairam Gadkari, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
(MoRTH), announced the upgraded ‘Cashless Treatment scheme’ for road accident victims, set to launch
by March 2025. The announcement was made during a meeting with transport ministers from all states
and Union Territories (UTs) held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, Delhi.
• He also launched a nationwide scheme for establishing Driver Training Institutes (DTIs),
offering incentives for setting up DTIs and additional rewards for integrating the infrastructure
of Automated Testing Stations (ATSs) and DTIs.
Background:
i.On March 14, 2024, MoRTH launched a pilot program of the Cashless Treatment scheme
in Chandigarh to provide timely medical care to road accident victims.
ii.The program was later expanded to six states: Assam, Chandigarh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Puducherry,
and Haryana.
About the Cashless Treatment Scheme:
i.The government will provide a Cashless Treatment for road accident victims nationwide, covering up
to Rs. 1.5 lakh per person per accident for a maximum of 7 days, provided the accident is reported to the
police within 24 hours.
• Families of deceased victims in hit-and-run cases will receive an ex-gratia payment
of Rs. 2 lakh.

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ii.The scheme will cover all road accidents involving motor vehicles, regardless of the type of road.
iii.The program provides health benefit packages for trauma and polytrauma cases to eligible victims at
hospitals accredited under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri-Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY).
iii.The National Health Authority (NHA) will implement the program in coordination with the police,
hospitals, and State Health Agencies(SHA).
iv.The program will be implemented using an Information Technology (IT) platform that integrates the e-
Detailed Accident Report (eDAR) application(app) of MoRTH with the Transaction Management System of
the NHA.
Key facts:
i.Nearly 1.80 lakh people died in road accidents in 2024, with 30,000 of those fatalities due to not wearing
helmets.
• Of these accidents, 66% involved individuals aged between 18 and 34
ii.Inadequate safety measures at entry and exit points near educational institutions, including schools and
colleges, led to the deaths of 10,000 children in road accidents.
About Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH):
Union Minister – Nitin Jairam Gadkari (Constituency- Nagpur, Maharashtra)
Minister of State (MoS)- General (Retd.) Vijay Kumar Singh (Constituency- Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

UJALA Scheme and SLNP Programme Completed 10 Years of Energy –Efficient Lighting
On January 05 2025, the Unnat Jyoti by Affordable Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for All (UJALA) scheme, a
transformative initiative of Government of India (GoI) in energy efficiency and Street Lighting National
Programme (SLNP) have completed 10 years of successful implementation.
• Both programmes were launched by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi on 5th January, 2015.
• The UJALA scheme is being implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under
the Ministry of Power (MoP).
About UJALA Scheme:
i.It was originally introduced as the Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP), and later rebranded
as UJALA. It aimed at providing affordable energy-efficient LED bulbs, tube lights, and fans to millions of
Indian homes.
ii.Over the last 10 years, UJALA has emerged as the world’s largest zero-subsidy domestic lighting
programme, exemplifying India’s commitment to reducing energy consumption, enhancing environmental
awareness, and promoting economic efficiency.
Significance of LED bulbs Compared to ICL and CFL:
i.LED bulbs helps in saving nearly 90% of energy compared to Incandescent Lamps (ICLs) and 50% in the
case of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs).
ii.LED bulbs consumes less energy compared to ICLs and CFLs, for example: 1 LED bulb consumes only 1
unit of electricity when operated for 140 hours (hrs) whereas a CFL and ICL consume 2 units and 9 units
respectively for the same time period.
iii.The scheme offers LED bulbs at reduced rates of Rs 70 per bulb compared to Rs 450 to Rs 500 per
bulb (2014), has further helped in reducing household consumption and contributed to environmental
sustainability.
iv.The annual cost ownership of LEDs stands at Rs 12, which is less than 33% of a CFL (Rs 40) and merely
10% of an ICL (Rs 108).
Key Accomplishments of UJALA Scheme:
i.As of January 06 2025, 36.87 crore LED bulbs have been distributed under the scheme, resulting in Rs
19,153 crore annually in electrical savings.
ii.So far, 407.92 crore LED bulbs have been sold across the Indian market under the UJALA scheme.

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iii.The peak demand of 9,586 MegaWatt (MW) of electricity has been avoided.
iv.It also helped in reducing the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions by 3.87 crore tonnes annually.
v.So far, 47,883 million (approximately 48 billion) kilowatt-hour (kWh) energy has been saved annually.
About Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP):
i.It was introduced as part of Government of India (GoI)’s commitment to environmental protection and
sustainable development.
• Aim: To reduce energy consumption and operational costs for public lighting by replacing
conventional street lamps with LED lights in urban and rural areas.
ii.The programme is being implemented by EESL. It has collaborated with governing bodies like: Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs), Municipal bodies, Gram Panchayats (GPs) and both central and state governments for
the implementation of programme.
iii.The programme operates a unique business model where EESL funds the projects upfront and recoups
costs through annuity payments made by municipalities.
• It also ensures the maintenance of the LED streetlights, providing more than 95% uptime.
Key Accomplishments of SLNP:
i.As of January 06 2025, more than 1.34 crore LED streetlights have been installed across ULBs and GPs in
the country.
ii.The installation of LED streetlights led to significant energy savings of over 9,001 Million Units (MU)of
electricity annually.
iii.Reduction in peak demand by over 1,500 MW and a decrease in CO2 emissions by 6.2 million tonnes
annually.
About Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL):
It is a joint venture company of 4 power sector Public Sector Units (PSUs): NTPC Limited, Power Finance
Corporation Limited, and POWERGRID Corporation of India Limited.
Chairman- K.S. Sundaram
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 2009
About Ministry of Power (MoP):
Union Minister- Manohar Lal Khattar (Constituency- Karnal, Haryana)

Odisha Becomes the 34th State in the Country to Implement Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY Scheme
In January 2025, the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Odisha signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the National Health Authority (NHA), Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare (MoHFW) for the implementation of Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan
Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) in Odisha.
• With this, Odisha became the 34th state in the country to implement AB PM-JAY.
Note: At present, 26 states and 18 Union Territories (UTs) have signed the MoU with NHA for the
implementation of AB PM-JAY in their respective states and UTs except, Union Territory Delhi and West
Bengal(WB).
Signatories:
i.The MoU was signed between LS Changsan, Additional Secretary, MoHFW and Chief Executive Officer
(CEO) of NHA and Aswasthy S, Commissioner-cum—Secretary of the Department of Health and Family
Welfare, Government of Odisha at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi (Delhi).
ii.Union Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda, MoHFW presided over the signing ceremony. Charan Manjhi,
Chief Minister (CM) of Odisha; Dharmendra Pradhan, Ministry of Education (MoE); Jual Oram, Ministry of
Tribal Affairs (MoTA); Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and
other senior officials from both centre and state governments were also present at the event.

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About MoU:
i.As per the MoU, AB PM-JAY will be implemented in convergence with the existing Gopabandhu Jan
Arogya Yojana (GJAY) in Odisha.
ii.The scheme will offer a health insurance cover of Rs 5 lakh per family per annum with additional Rs 5
lakh for women members.
iii.A total of nearly 1.03 crore families will be covered under the converged scheme, of which 67.8 lakh
families will be supported by the central government.
About AB PM-JAY:
i.The scheme is one of the key components of Ayushman Bharat (AB), a flagship scheme of Government of
India (GoI), which emerged from the National Health Policy 2017.
• It was launched on 23rd September, 2018 by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi in Ranchi,
Jharkhand.
ii.AB PM-JAY is the largest health assurance scheme in the world which offers a cashless health cover of Rs
5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization across public and private
empanelled hospitals in India.
• Key Target: To cover 12 crore families i.e. around 55 crore beneficiaries across India.
iii.The scheme covers all members of eligible families irrespective of their family size, age, or gender,
which ensures inclusivity for all.
iv.In October 2024, PM Narendra Modi launched Ayushman Bharat: Vaya Vandana Card (AB-
VVC), expansion of AB PM-JAY which offers comprehensive health coverage to all the senior citizens
aged 70 years and above.
v.AB PM-JAY is fully digitized and has covered nearly 45% of India’s population.
• Since the inception of scheme in 2018, 8.19 crore hospital admissions have been recorded,
with Rs 1.13 lakh crore spent on providing healthcare to marginalized sections of society.
Click here to know more about AB PM-JAY
About Ministry of Health and Family Welfare(MoHFW):
Union Minister- Jagat Prakash Nadda (Rajya Sabha – Gujarat)
Union Minister of State (MoS)- Anupriya Patel(Constituency- Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, UP);
Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao (Constituency- Buldhana, Maharashtra)

MNRE Issued Operational Guidelines for Implementation of Various Components

under PMSGMBY
In January 2025, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has issued operational guidelines for
implementation of various components such as: ‘Payment Security Mechanism’ component and ‘Central
Finance Assistance’ component for Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) models/ Utility Led
Aggregation (ULA) models under the ‘Prime Minister-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY)’.
• The guidelines provide comprehensive detail about the implementation of two models for the
installation of rooftop solar plants for consumers.
Key Points:
i.Under the RESCO model, 3rd –party entities will invest in rooftop solar installations, which will enable
consumers to pay only for electricity consumed without bearing any additional costs.
ii.Under the ULA model, Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) or state designated entities will install rooftop
solar projects on behalf of individual households.
iii.Rs 100 crore corpus fund has been allocated under this scheme component, for the Payment Security
Mechanism (PSM) to reduce investment risks in RESCO-based grid-connected rooftop solar models for the
residential sector.

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 • The fund may be supplemented through extra grants and other sources, subject to approval
from MNRE.
iv.The guidelines issued by MNRE, are designed to complement the existing capex-based implementation
mode available through the national portal (https://www.pmsuryaghar.gov.in/)
• These alternative models aim to boost the adoption of rooftop solar systems while addressing
key obstacles to investment and implementation.
About PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana:
i.The Union Cabinet chaired by PM Narendra Modi approved the PMSGMBY on 29th February, 2024.
• The Government of India (GoI) has allocated Rs 75,021 crore for the scheme and is to be
implemented till Financial Year 2026-27 (FY27).
ii.This scheme is considered as the world’s largest domestic rooftop solar programme, which aims to
provide free electricity of 300 units per month to 1 crore households in India by March 2027.
iii.The scheme is being implemented by a National programme Implementation Agency (NPIA) at the
National level and by the State Implementation Agencies (SIAs) at the state level.
About Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE):
Union Minister- Pralhad Joshi (Constituency- Dharward, Karnataka)
Minister of State (MoS)- Shripad Yesso Naik (Constituency- North Goa)

DoC Introduces ‘DIA Scheme’ to Enhance Global Competitiveness of Diamond Sector

In January 2025, the Department of Commerce (DoC), Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I),
introduced the Diamond Imprest Authorization (DIA) Scheme.
• This scheme aims to enhance the global competitiveness of India’s diamond sector and will be
implemented with effect from 1 April 2025.
About DIA Scheme:
i.This scheme offers the duty-free importation of Natural Cut and Polished Diamonds weighing less than ¼
carat (25 cents), encouraging value addition and increasing exports.
ii.This scheme requires exports to have a 10% value added.
iii.All diamond exporters with USD 15 million in annual exports and Two Star Export House status or
higher are eligible to receive benefits under this program.
iv.Validity of Diamond Imprest Licence (DIL) will be 1 year for import and 18 months for export.
• The DIL will be for a value of 5% of the average of past 3 years export. Maximum value of DIL
for an exporter in one year will be USD 15 million.
v.Diamonds to be imported under Actual User Condition.Import and Export of Diamonds will be from
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai(Maharashtra) only.
vi.The scheme is intended to create a fair playing field for Indian diamond exporters, particularly Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) exporters, allowing them to compete effectively with larger
competitors.
Note: The Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) reports that India’s gross gem and
jewelry exports in December 2024 totaled USD 1,967.98 million(Rs. 16719.460 crores), a 10.29%
decrease from the same period in 2024.

Empowering India’s Daughters: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Completed 10 Years

The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme, a flagship initiative led by the Government of India (GoI)
which aims to protect, educate, and empower the girl child in India, has completed 10 years of successful
implementation.
The scheme was launched by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi on January 22, 2015 in Panipat,
Haryana.

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 Completion of 10 Years of BBBP marks a significant milestone which aligns with India’s vision of
a Viksit Bharat 2047 and the global shift from Women’s Development to Women-led Development.
Note: January 24 is observed annually as National Girl Child Day (NGCD) across the country, to raise
awareness about the rights of a girl child. Theme for 2025 NGCD: ‘Empowering Girls for a Bright Future’.
About BBBP:
i.It is a centrally sponsored scheme (CSS) with 100% funding by the Central Government in all the districts
of the country under Sambal vertical of Mission Shakti.
Aim: To address the declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR), prevent gender-biased sex-selective
elimination and promote the survival, protection and education of the girl child.
ii.The scheme is now based on multi-sectoral approach, involving health, education, child development,
and community awareness.
iii.Financial assistance varies based on the Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) in districts:
Rs 40 lakh per year for districts with an SRB less than equal to 918.
Rs 30 lakh per year for districts with an SRB between919-952.
Rs 20 lakh for districts with an SRB greater than 952.
iv.Initially, It was a collaborative effort of MoWCD (Ministry of Women and Child Development) with
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW) and Ministry of Education (MoE);
Later, MoWCD collaborated with Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) and
Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA), to expand the scope of BBBP.
Integration of BBBP with Mission Shakti:
i.Now, the BBBP is integrated with Mission Shakti, a comprehensive program for women’s safety and
empowerment, for implementation during the 15th Finance Commission (FC) period from 2021-22 to
2025-26.
ii.Mission Shakti comprises of two main sub-schemes, which are:
Sambal (Safety and Security): This sub-scheme of Mission Shakti ensures women’s safety through
One Stop Centres (OSCs), Women Helpline (181), and BBBP, now expanded across the country. It
also introduces Nari Adalat, offering an alternate grievance redressal mechanism for resolving
minor issues like harassment and rights violations.
Samarthya (Empowerment): This sub-scheme empowers women through Shakti Sadans, relief
and rehabilitation homes; Sakhi Niwas which provides safe and secure place for stay for working
women in the cities; Palna Creche which provides safe and secure place for children of working
women.
The Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) now supports a 2nd child if it is a girl,
promoting maternal health. The scheme also provides compensation for loss of wages due to
pregnancy and childbirth.
The SANKALP: HEW (Hub for Empowerment of Women) serves as a single window inter-sectoral
convergence mechanism provided for all women to avail the benefits of Central and State
Government schemes.
Key Objectives of BBBP:
i.To improve Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) by two points every year.
ii.To improve the percentage of institutional deliveries or sustained at the rate of 95% or above.
iii.To increase 1st Trimester Anti Natal Care (ANC) Registration by 1% annually.
iv.To increase enrolment at secondary education level and skilling of girls or women by 1% annually.
v.To check dropout rate among girls at secondary and higher secondary levels.
vi.To Raise awareness about safe Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM).

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Key Progress:
i.Improvement in SRB: The national SRB improved from 918 (in 2014-15) to 930 (in 2023-24).
The maximum increase – of 54 points– was recorded in Rajasthan, followed by Haryana (38 points),
Himachal Pradesh (33 points) and Gujarat (29 points).
Among the states which saw a fall in SRB, Odisha recorded the maximum decline of 23 points,
followed by Karnataka (19 points) and Bihar (13 points).
ii.Increase in Girl’s Enrollment in Secondary Education: The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for girls has
increased from 75.51% (in 2014-15) to 78% (in 2023-24). This indicates the positive influence of BBBP’s
educational interventions.
iii.Increased Institutional Deliveries: BBBP also focused on improving healthcare access for women.
Institutional deliveries increased from 61% (in 2014-15) to over 97.3% (by 2023-24).
Union Ministers JP Nadda and Annpurna Devi Jointly Inaugurated the 10th Anniversary
Celebration of BBBP
On January 22 2025, Union Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda, MoH&FW and Union Minister Annpurna Devi,
MoWCD jointly inaugurated the 10 years anniversary celebration of BBBP at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi,
Delhi.
The GoI has decided to celebrate the 10th anniversary of BBBP from January 22, 2025 to March 8,
2025, culminating on International Women’s Day.
Key Points:
i.While addressing the event, Union Health Minister highlighted about various schemes initiated by the GoI
for women empowerment and their holistic development like: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY); Ujjwala
Yojana, Swachchta Abhiyan, Startup India,
ii.Following an oath-taking ceremony, a compendium of BBBP practices, Mission Vatsalya portal, Mission
Shakti portal, and mobile application (app) of Mission Shakti were also launched at the event.
About Mission Vatsalya:
i.In 2021, MoWCD launched Mission Vatsalya which is a CSS, formerly known as the Child Protection
Services (CPS) scheme, since 2009-10.
The main objective of the mission is to ensure that every child in India has healthy and happy
childhood.
About Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD):
Union Minister- Annpurna Devi (Constituency- Kodarma, Jharkhand)
Union Minister of State (MoS)- Savitri Thakur (Constituency- Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, MP)

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana Completed Decade of Transforming Lives

On January 22 2025, Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY), a flagship initiative of Government of India (GoI)
which aims to secure the financial future of girl children in India, has completed 10 years of successful
implementation.
The scheme was launched by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi on January 22, 2015 as part of
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) campaign in Panipat(Haryana).
The Department of Economic Affairs(DEA) under the Ministry of Finance is responsible for the SSY.
About Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY):
i.Small Deposit Scheme: It is a small deposit scheme, designed to meet the education and marriage
expenses of a girl child.
ii.Eligibility Criteria: As per the scheme, the guardian can open the account immediately after the birth of
the girl child till she attains the age of 10 years.
The girl child should be a resident of India from the time of maturity or closure of the account.

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 Maximum one account can be opened per child. However, parents/guardians are allowed to open a
maximum of two accounts in case of twins or triplets.
iii.Documents required to open SSA: Sukanya Samriddhi Account (SSA) Opening Form, Birth certificate
of girl child, Identity(ID) proof and resident proof (as per Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Know Your
Customer,KYC).
iv.Minimum and Maximum deposit: Under this scheme, parents are allowed to open SSY accounts for
girls at any post office or designated commercial bank branch.
The minimum deposit amount required to open SSY is Rs 250, and subsequent deposits can be
made in multiples of Rs 50, provided that at least Rs 250 is deposited in a Financial Year (FY).
Maximum deposit of Rs 1.5 lakh per FY can be maintained in the account under the SSY.
Maximum time period for which deposits can be made is 15 years from the account opening date.
Note: As per Section 80C of the Income Tax Act of 1961, the parent making SSY investment can avail tax
deduction benefit of up to Rs 1.5 lakh in a FY.
v.Guardian manage SSA: The account is managed by the guardian until the girl child reaches the age of
18.
vi.Maturity Period: The account matures on completion of a period of 21 years from the date of opening
of account or until the marriage of girl (after 18 years)
vii.Interest rate on SSA: Initially, when the scheme was launched in 2015, it offered 9.1% interest rate
and since then, the interest rate on SSA have been fluctuated. The interest rate on SSA is revised quarterly
by the Ministry of Finance (MoF).
Since January 2024, the SSA has offered an interest rate of 8.2%.
viii.Interest Calculation: Interest on SSA is calculated every month on the lowest balance in the account
between the close of the 5th and the end of the month.
ix.Withdrawals: An account holder is allowed to withdraw a maximum 50% of the balance at the end of
the preceding FY, specifically for educational purposes.
This withdrawal is permissible only after the account holder attains the age of 18 or completes the
10th standard, whichever comes first.
Also, withdrawals can be made either as lump sum or in installments, with a maximum of one
withdrawal per year for up to 5 years.
x.Premature Closure: The premature closure of SSA is allowed after the completion of 5 years of opening
the account in the case of account holder’s untimely death.
Premature closure of account is allowed in some other cases like: account holder facing life-
threatening medical issues or the death of the guardian. The account office will consider premature
closure only after thorough documentation is provided.
Key Points:
i.As of November 2024, more than 4.1 crore SSAs have been opened under SSY.
ii.As of November 2024, Uttar Pradesh (UP) emerged as the largest contributor to SSY, with 45 lakh
accounts have been opened under the scheme, followed by Tamil Nadu (TN) (30 lakh) and Bihar (22 lakh).
About Ministry of Finance (MoF):
Union Minister- Nirmala Sitharaman (Rajya Sabha- Karnataka)
Minister of State (MoS)- Pankaj Chaudhary (Constituency- Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

MoF Notified Unified Pension Scheme for Central Government Employees, to be Effective from
April 01, 2025
In January 2025, the Ministry of Finance (MoF) notified the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) as an option for
central government employees who are already covered under the National Pension System (NPS). The

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scheme aims to offer retirees a guaranteed pension, ensuring financial security and dignity post-
retirement.
As per MoF, the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) will monitor UPS
regulations and provide operational guidelines.
The scheme will come into effect from April 01, 2025.
Background:
i.The UPS is an upgrade of the existing NPS, which was introduced on 1st January, 2004 by Atal Bihari
Vajpayee government and has replaced the Old Pension Scheme (OPS).
NPS was initially introduced for government employees. Later in 2009, it was expanded to cover all
sectors.
ii.The UPS was recommended as an alternative scheme to address the concerns of government employees
about NPS, by a high-level committee headed by T.V. Somanathan, Cabinet Secretary, in April 2023.
iii.In August 2024, the Union Cabinet led by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi has approved the UPS for
central government employees. The UPS combines the benefits of existing NPS and OPS.
About Unified Pension Scheme (UPS):
i.UPS is voluntary for existing employees under NPS and those opting for Voluntary Retirement
Scheme (VRS) under NPS, to switch to UPS or not. But, once switch is made to UPS then, it cannot be
reversed.
ii.The scheme is contributory in nature, wherein the central government employees will be required to
contribute 10% of their basic salary and Dearness Allowance (DA).
The central government has increased its contribution from 14% (currently under NPS) to 18.5%.
iii.The scheme is open for all state governments in India to adopt it in their respective states.
Maharashtra was the 1st state, which has implemented UPS for its government employees with
effective from March 2024.
Eligibility Criteria :
i.Superannuation: Employees who retire after completing at least 10 years of qualifying services, are
eligible for an assured payout.
ii.Retirement under FR 56 (j): Employees who are retired by the Government of India (GoI) under the
provision of Fundamental Rules (FR) 56 (j), which allows retirement in the public interest for efficiency,
before the regular superannuation.
The retirement under FR 56 (j) is not a penalty under the Central Civil Services (Classification,
Control, and Appeal) Rules, 1965.
iii.Voluntary Retirement with minimum 25 years of service: Employees who take Voluntary
Retirement (VR) after completing minimum 25 years of service are eligible for the scheme.
However, in this case, the payout will start from the date the employee would have attained the age
of superannuation, had they continued working.
Note: MoF has clarified that the assured pension will not be offered to employees who are dismissed,
removed, or resign from service, in such cases; the UPS option will not be available.
Key Rules for Assured Pension under UPS:
i.Full Assured Pension: Under the UPS, all central government employees who have served for
minimum 25 years, will receive 50% of their last drawn salary from the past 12 months before
superannuation as pension.
ii.Proportionate Pension for shorter services: The pension will be proportionate for those with shorter
service periods (less than 25 years) of qualifying service, based on their service time.
iii.Assured Pension for VR: For employees retiring voluntarily after completing 25 years of service, the
assure payout/pension will start from the date they would have attained the age of superannuation (had
they continued in service until official retirement).

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iv.Assured family pension: The scheme has a provision of family pension, in case of an employee’s death.
The family of the deceased employee will be eligible to receive 60% of the pension amount that employee
was receiving immediately before his death.
The pension will be provided to the legally wedded spouse of the deceased, according to the date of
superannuation, VR or retirement under FR 56 (j).
v.Assured minimum pension: The scheme has a unique feature of assured minimum pension for those
employees who have served for at least 10 years, will be entitled to receive a minimum pension benefit
of Rs 10,000 per month on superannuation.
vi.Inflation Indexation: The assured pension, family pension, and minimum pension will be indexed to
inflation. Also, UPS subscribers will be entitled to receive Dearness Relief (DR), based on the All India
Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (AICPI-IW) as in the case of serving employees.
vii.Lumpsum payment at superannuation: Apart from gratuity, UPS subscribers will receive a lumpsum
payment equivalent to 1/10th (10%) of their monthly emoluments (pay + DA) as of the retirement date
for every completed 6 months of service.
This payment will not affect or change the assured pension amount.
Recent Related News:
In December 2024, the Department of Revenue (DoR), Ministry of Finance (MoF) has notified that the
Government of India (GoI) has withdrawn the Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED), commonly known as
the Windfall tax, thereby eliminating levies on Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF), crude oil, petrol, and diesel.
This move, effective immediately, aims to enhance profitability in the oil sector, foster growth in the
energy industry, and boost exports.
Alongside, the Road and Infrastructure Cess (RIC) on petrol and diesel exports has also been removed.

STATE GOVT SCHEMES

Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah Launched KSRTC Arogya Scheme for Cashless Medical Services
In January 2025, Chief Minister (CM) of Karnataka Siddaramaiah launched the health insurance scheme
‘Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) Arogya’, to provide cashless medical treatment to
KSRTC employees and their families at the Vidhana Soudha in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
• The scheme will benefit around 1.5 lakh people, including 34,000 employees and their
dependents in over 275 hospitals.
Key benefits:
i.The Karnataka state government has set up a total budget of Rs 20 crores for ‘KSRTC Arogya’ every year
and will increase it by 5 per cent annually.
ii.KSRTC will deduct Rs 650 per month from the salary of each beneficiary for the scheme, and this amount
will increase by Rs.50 every year.
iii.There is no limit on inpatient treatment expenses under the scheme and will also cover treatments like
eye care, dental, Ayurvedic, Prakriti, Unani, and Homoeopathy.
iv.The beneficiary must be a permanent resident of Karnataka and an employee of KSRTC. Selected
employees will receive medical treatment coverage of up to Rs. 5 lakh under the KSRTC Arogya Scheme.
v.It will be extended to Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), North Western Karnataka
Road Transport Corporation (NWKRTC), and Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (KKRTC)
within three months.
vi.KSRTC has signed Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with 275 hospitals and four diagnostic
centers to offer cashless Inpatient (IP) and Outpatient Department (OPD) treatments.
• S R Srinivasa unveiled the internal magazine, ‘Saarige Sampada’ and the KSRTC Arogya Manual.

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Note: Samparka Sarige is a non-AC bus service with a white-pink colour scheme. It operates as a shuttle
service between Kempegowda Bus Station and Mysuru Road Bus Station in Bengaluru.
About Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC):
KSRTC is formerly known as Mysore Government Road Transport Department (MGRTD) from 1948 to
1961 and Mysore State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) from 1961 to 1973. On 1 November 1973, it
was renamed as the KSRTC.
Headquarters – Bengaluru, Karnataka
Chairman – S.R. Srinivasa

Madhya Pradesh CM Mohan Yadav Launches PARTH Yojana

On January 10, 2025, Mohan Yadav, the Chief Minister (CM) of Madhya Pradesh (MP) launched PARTH
(Police Army Recruitment Training & Hunar) Yojana at the State Level Youth Festival to train the
youth of MP for recruitment in the Indian Army (IA), police, paramilitary forces, and other related services.
• The initiative aims to promote patriotism, skill development, and enhance employability among
the state’s dynamic and patriotic youth.
i.Under this scheme, candidates will receive complete pre-recruitment training, including physical fitness,
coaching for written exams (covering general knowledge, mathematics, and English), and personality
development.
ii.A key part of the PARTH Yojana is the MPYP (Madhya Pradesh Youth Platform) Portal, which aims to
connect all young people in the state on a single digital platform for skill development, career guidance,
and employment.
iii.The MPYP Portal and the Yuva Prerak Abhiyan together provide a comprehensive approach to youth
development, ensuring that every individual has access to the resources and support needed to reach their
full potential.

Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren Launches Maiyyaan Sampan Yojana

In January 2025, Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren launched the enhanced ‘Maiyan Samman Yojana‘ in
Namkum(Jharkhand) by transferring assistance for two months totalling Rs 5,000 each to the accounts of
over 56.61 lakh women beneficiaries.
• Initially launched in August 2024, the scheme provided Rs 1,000 per month to women aged 18
to 50.
ii.From December 2024, the Government of Jharkhand enhanced the financial assistance to Rs 2,500 per
month, offering stronger support to women beneficiaries.
iii.To be eligible for the scheme, the applicant must be a female and a resident of Jharkhand.
iv.The applicant must not have a spouse or herself employed in the Central/State Government, Public
Sector Undertakings,(PSUs), local bodies, government-aided institutions, or receiving a pension.

Chhattisgarh Launches ‘Deendayal Upadhyay Bhoomiheen Krishi Majdoor Kalyana Yojana’ for
Landless Labourers
On January 20 2025, Chhattisgarh Chief Minister (CM) Vishnu Deo Sai launched the
‘Deendayal Upadhyay Bhoomiheen Krishi Majdoor Kalyana Yojana’ scheme in Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
• The scheme aims to provide financial support to landless agricultural labourer families, helping
them to improve their net income and enhance their overall quality of life.
About Deendayal Upadhyay Bhoomiheen Krishi Majdoor Kalyana Yojana :
i.The scheme was designed to provide financial assistance of Rs 10,000 annually to landless agricultural
labourers, Baigas, Gunias, and other landless families in the state.
ii.The scheme benefits 5.62 lakh landless agricultural laborers across Chhattisgarh and a total of Rs 562

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crore has been allocated to support these beneficiaries.
iii.This initiative also includes forest produce collectors, shepherds, carpenters, blacksmiths, cobblers,
barbers, washermen, and other landless families connected with the Pauni-Pasari system.
iv.The scheme also extends to tribal temple worshippers like Pujari, Baiga, Gunia, and Majhi families in
scheduled areas.
Key Points:
i.Chhattisgarh Chief Minister (CM) Vishnu Deo Sai also participated in the ‘Nagar Vikas Ke Sopan’
program in Raipur and laid the foundation stone of 813 works worth Rs 155.38 crore.
ii.He also inaugurated 70 works worth Rs 15.25 crore in various urban bodies of the state, including the
foundation stone of water supply schemes to be built at a cost of Rs 270 crore under Amrit Mission-2.0 in 6
urban bodies.
About Chhattisgarh:
Chief Minister (CM)– Vishnu Deo Sai
Governor- Ramen Deka
Capital- Raipur
Dams-Dudhawa Dam, Gangrel Dam & Sondur Dam

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Indonesia Joins BRICS as 10th Full Member
On 6 January 2025, Brazil, serving as the BRICS chair for 2025, announced that Indonesia, world’s fourth-
most populous nation, has become a 10th full member of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South
Africa) alliance.
• The inclusion of Indonesia aligns with Brazil’s theme for its presidency: “Enhancing Global
South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance.”

Background:
In 2024, BRICS countries agreed to admit Indonesia as a member. This decision followed the guidelines set
during the 2023 BRICS meeting in Johannesburg, South Africa (SA).
• The expansion shows the group’s focus on strengthening ties with emerging economies.
About BRICS:
BRIC was established as a formal group in 2006 with its original members: Brazil, Russia, India, and China,
headquartered in Shanghai, China.
i.In 2009, the first BRIC Summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia.
ii.In 2010, the group evolved from BRIC to BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa.
iii.In 2024, BRICS expanded by adding four new members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab
Emirates (UAE). With Indonesia’s inclusion in 2025, the group now has 10 members.

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Points to Note:
i.The 16th BRICS Summit was held in Kazan, Russia, under Russia’s chairmanship in 2024.
ii.The 17th BRICS Summit will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in July 2025.

Sevdalinka: Bosnia’s ‘Balkan Blues’ Gains UNESCO Recognition

In December 2024, Sevdalinka, a melancholic and ancient love song from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was
added to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO’s) National Inventory
of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). This recognition ensures that the tradition is safeguarded and
celebrated as a vital cultural asset and contributes to its global appeal.
• The song dates back to the 16th century, referred to as the ‘Balkan blues’ due to its emotional
depth and soulful melodies.
What is Sevdalinka?
i.Sevdalinka, often referred to as the “Balkan Blues,” is a traditional form of South Slavic music
originating from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• Sevdalinka blends South Slavic oral poetry with the musical influences of the Ottoman Empire.
ii.The song has been passed down through generations and was typically performed either a capella or by
traditional instruments like the saz, a long-necked lute integral to Ottoman classical music.
iii.Damir Imamovic: A leading figure in the Sevdalinka revival who got several awards for his creations
such as the European Best Album awarded by Songlines and the Transglobal Music magazines for the
2020/2021 period.
• His educational project, SevdahLab, serves to share Sevdalinka’s profound cultural legacy
worldwide.
Key Practitioners:
• Enes Salman, a prominent folk singer, has been singing Sevdalinka since he was 14 and
continues to promote the art form.
• Zanin Berbić, a music researcher and curator of the Sarajevo Regional Museum, plays a critical
role in preserving and teaching Sevdalinka.
About Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH):
i.ICH means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge and skills that communities, groups
and individuals recognize as a part of their cultural heritage.
• It also includes instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated with such heritage.
ii.According to UNESCO’s 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, ICH
is manifested into 5 broad domains:
• Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural
heritage, Performing arts, Social practices, rituals and festive events, Knowledge and practices
concerning nature and the universe and Traditional craftsmanship.
India’s Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) list:
As of December 2024, India has 15 ICH elements on the UNESCO’s Representative List of ICH of
Humanity.

Year of
S.No Intangible Cultural Heritage Element
Inscription

1 Nawrouz 2024

2 Garba of Gujarat 2023

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 3 Durga Puja in Kolkata, West Bengal(WB) 2021

4 Kumbh Mela 2017

5 Yoga 2016

Traditional Brass and Copper Craft of Utensil Making among the

6 2014
Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab

7 Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur 2013

Buddhist Chanting of Ladakh: Recitation of Sacred Buddhist Texts in

8 2012
the Trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India

9 Mudiyettu, Ritual Theatre and Dance Drama of Kerala 2010

10 Kalbelia Folk Songs and Dances of Rajasthan 2010

11 Chhau Dance 2010

Ramman, Religious Festival and Ritual Theatre of the Garhwal

12 2009
Himalayas, India

13 Ramlila, the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana 2008

14 Tradition of Vedic Chanting 2008

15 Kutiyattam, Sanskrit Theater 2008

Note: The Sangeet Natak Akademi, under the Ministry of Culture(MoC), manages intangible cultural
heritage.
About Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Prime Minister(PM)– Nermin Nikšić
Capital- Sarajevo
Currency- Bosnia-Herzegovina Convertible Mark (BAM)

Romania and Bulgaria Become Full Members of Schengen Border-Free Zones

On January 1 2025, Romania and Bulgaria have officially become full members of the European Union
(EU) led Schengen free-travel zones. This announcement came following the approval of EU ministers for
full membership of both these countries in the meeting held on December 12, 2024.
• This will now expand the borderless area to 29 European countries whose residents can travel
without passport checks, ending a 13-year long wait for the two eastern European countries.
Background:
i.Bulgaria and Romania had successfully completed the Schengen evaluation process set out in their
treaties of Accession, taking all the necessary measures to ensures application of all relevant parts of the
Schengen acquis.
ii.In 2011, the European Commission (EC) confirmed that both countries have met the technical criteria
required for full accession.

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iii.Austria voted the full accession of Romania and Bulgaria to Schengen area in 2022.
iv.Both countries, member of the EU since 2007, had partially joined the Schengen zone on March 31,
2024, opening up travel by air and sea without border checks. In December 2024, Austria removed its
veto and subsequently paved the way for both countries to become full members of Schengen area.
About Schengen Area:
i.It is the world’s largest free travel area that now includes 25 of the 27 EU member states,
except Ireland and Cyprus, and includes 4 members states of the European Free Trade Association
(EFTA): Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
ii.It was formed under Schengen Agreement, international treaty which was initially approved by 5
countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands in Schengen, Luxembourg on June
14, 1985.
iii.In 2023, Croatia became the full member of Europe’s border-free Schengen zone.
About Bulgaria:
Capital- Sofia
President- Rumen Radev
Currency- Bulgarian lev (BGN)
About Romania:
Capital- Bucharest
President- Klaus Werner Iohannis
Currency- Romanian Leu (RON)

China built World’s First 300 MW CAES Plant Connected to Grid at Full Capacity
In January 2025, Nengchu-1, the world’s first 300-Megawatt (MW) Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES) demonstration project was fully connected to the grid in Yingcheng, central China’s Hubei
Province.
• It is the world’s first full green, non-supplementary combustion project invested and
individually developed by China Energy Engineering Group Corporation Limited(CEEC).
i.Nengchu-1 is the world’s first large-scale CAES solution with independent intellectual property rights
and a full industrial supply chain which will store physical energy for a long time.
ii.The project has made three world records in terms of single-unit power, storage capacity, and energy
conversion efficiency.
• The energy storage capacity reaches 1,500 megawatt-hours (MWh), and the underground gas
storage reaches 700,000 cubic meters(m3).
• The long-term energy storage effect is remarkable, with energy storage for 8 hours and energy
release for 5 hours per day, and a service life of more than 30 years.
iii.It will save 159,000 tons of standard coal and reduce carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions by 411,000 tons
annually thus monitoring the functions of the power grid and variability of renewable energy generation.

WEF Includes CEAT and HUL in the Global Lighthouse Network

In January 2025, Switzerland based World Economic Forum (WEF) announced that Sriperumbudur(Tamil
Nadu, TN) based CEAT Limited and Tinsukia(Assam) based facility of Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL),
the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Company have joined its Global Lighthouse Network (GLN) for
driving manufacturing transformation through innovation.
• Other 15 new members include companies from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), China,
Germany, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA),
and Morocco (Home to the first Lighthouse site in Africa).

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Note: As of January 2025, a total of 16 Indian companies joined WEF’s GLN, with Bharuch (Gujarat)
based Jubilant Ingrevia which became a member in October 2024.
Key points:
i.The WEF announced that 17 innovative industrial sites have joined the GLN, bringing the total to 189
facilities, 25 of which are Sustainability Lighthouses that use advanced Fourth Industrial Revolution
(4IR/Industry 4.0) technologies in manufacturing.
• 13 sites have been named 4IR Lighthouses for driving significant performance improvements
through technology-driven transformation.
• 5 sites have been named Sustainability Lighthouses ((one of which was already a Factory
Lighthouse) for using advanced solutions to lower their environmental impact.
ii.The latest cohort of Lighthouses has seen an average 53% increase in labor productivity and a 26%
reduction in conversion costs, driven by digital solutions like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning
(ML), Advanced Analytics (AA), and more.
About Global Lighthouse Network (GLN):
i.GLN is an initiative by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and co-founded with McKinsey & Company.
Launched in 2018.
ii.The network aims to enhance the performance of manufacturing and supply chains by adopting 4IR
technologies.
iii.It helps shape the future by using digital and analytics tools across the value chain to boost growth,
productivity, resilience, and environmental sustainability.
iv.It recognizes and awards the world’s most advanced operational sites.
About CEAT Limited:
Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer(MD & CEO)– Arnab Banerjee
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
Founded – 1924
About Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL):
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Rohit Jawa
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
Founded – 1933

USA Removed BARC, IGCAR and IREL From Restrictive Entity List
In January 2025, the United States of America (USA)’s Bureau of Industry & Security (BIS) has removed
3 prominent Indian nuclear entities from its restrictive Entity List. This move aims to strengthen bilateral
ties between India and USA and also focus on promoting advanced energy cooperation.
• The entities removed from the USA entity list are: Trombay, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based
Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Department of Atomic Energy(DAE); Mumbai
(Maharashtra)-based IREL (India) Limited(formerly Indian Rare Earths Ltd); and Kalpakkam
(Tamil Nadu, TN)-based Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR).
• The updated listing also includes modifications to one existing entry of India.
Note: The USA has imposed restrictions on more than 200 Indian entities following India conducted
nuclear tests in Pokhran, Rajasthan in 1998.
About US Entity List:
i.The list is prepared by USA’s BIS which publishes the names of certain foreign persons, including
businesses, research organisations that are subject to specific license requirements for the export, re-
export and/or transfer (in-country) of specified items.
ii.The persons whose names are included on the list are subject to individual licensing requirements and
policies.

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iii.The entities on the list indicate that the USA government suspected them engaging in activities contrary
to US national security or foreign policy interests.
iv.The inclusion of name on the Entity list imposes stringent licensing requirements that complicate
international business dealings.
About United States of America (USA):
President- Donald John Trump
Capital- Washington, D.C.
Currency- United States Dollar (USD)

WMF’s 2025 Watch List Added Moon to List of Threatened Cultural Sites for the 1st Time; 2
Indian Sites on the List
In January 2025, New York (the United States of America, USA)-based World Monuments Fund (WMF), a
non-profit organisation released its “2025 World Monuments Watch List”. The list includes 25 endangered
cultural heritage sites spanning 29 countries across 5 continents.
• This year’s list has gone beyond the usual landmarks such as temples, cemeteries and has
added Moon on the list for the 1st time.
• Other than Moon, the list features notable endangered cultural sites like: Erdene Zuu Buddhist
Monastery (Mongolia), Noto Peninsula Heritage Sites (Japan), Ruins of Old Belchite (Spain),
among others.
• The list features two Indian sites namely, Bhuj Historic Water Systems (Gujarat)
and Musi River Historic Buildings (Telangana).
About World Monuments Watch:
i.The World Monuments Watch List was launched in 1996. The list is released every two years (biennial).
• It includes sites, which face threats from climate change, conflict, natural disasters, among
others, are nominated by individuals and community-based organisations that span the globe.
ii.Till date, WMF has issued a call to action for nearly 900 sites through the World Monuments Watch.
iii.So far, WMF has contributed over USD 120 million toward projects at nearly 350 Watch sites. The list
is helping communities leverage an additional USD 300 million from other sources.
Key Concerns related to Moon:
i.A division of the Paris (France)-based International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)dedicated
to aerospace heritage nominated the Moon for WMF’s watch list.
• The inclusion of Moon on the list reflects the increasing human activity in space and the
potential risks posed to its historical landmarks.
ii.The organisation has warned that over 90 important sites on the Moon could be harmed in the coming
years.
iii.The report highlighted that Tranquility Base, the landing site of Apollo11 where astronaut Neil
Armstrong 1st stepped on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969, could be at the most risk due to rising
exploration missions to the Moon.
iv.The report noted that since 2020, the USA and 51 other countries (including India) have signed the
Artemis Accords, a non-binding agreement which aimed to preserve space heritage including robotic
landing sites, artifacts, spacecraft and other evidence of activity on celestial bodies.
Indian Sites on WMF’s 2025 Watch List:
i.Bhuj Historic Water Systems: It is located in Kutch district of Gujarat, includes iconic Hamirsar Lake. It
was nominated by the Center for Heritage Conservation (CHC) of CEPT Research and Development
Foundation (CRDF) at CEPT University in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

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ii.Musi River Historic Buildings: The historic buildings along the Musi river bank is located in
Hyderabad, Telangana. It includes famous landmarks like the High Court(HC), State Central Library,
Osmania General Hospital (OGH), City College (now a women’s university).
• Musi river, originating from the Anantagiri hills, is a key tributary of Krishna river which flows
through Telangana and divides Hyderabad into its old and new parts.
About World Monuments Fund (WMF):
President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Bénédicte de Montlaur
Headquarters- New York, the United States of America (USA)
Established– 1965

India Officially Joins Eurodrone Programme as Observer State

In January 2025, India has officially joined the Medium Altitude Long Endurance Remotely Piloted Aircraft
System (MALE RPAS) or Eurodrone programme as the Observer State. With this, India became the
second Asia-Pacific country after Japan to gain observer status.
• The letter of approval (LoA) was handed over by Organisation for Joint Armament
Cooperation’s (Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en matière d’Armement, OCCAR)
executive administration director, Joachim Sucker, to Ajit Gupte, India’s ambassador to
Germany in Berlin, Germany.
• India made a formal request to become part of this programme in August 2024, and the
approval was granted in January 2025.
Key Points:
i.Now India is granted access to technical data and the ability to place orders for the aircraft, they are not
involved in the decision-making processes regarding the platform’s design, development, or the
distribution of workshare among the participating countries.
ii.This collaboration is expected to enhance India’s defence relationship with Europe, supporting other
ongoing initiatives such as the C-295 aircraft, which is being manufactured in India.
About Eurodrone Programme:
i.The Eurodrone project is a collaborative initiative involving four nations: Germany, France, Italy, and
Spain. It was launched in 2016, is valued at an estimated Euro 7 billion (USD 7.3 billion).
ii.This programme is managed by the OCCAR based in Bonn(Germany) and led by Taufkirchen(Germany)
based Airbus Defence and Space, includes Leonardo (Italy), Dassault Aviation SA (France), and Airbus
(Spain) as major subcontractors.
iii.The Eurodrone is a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) designed for long-endurance
missions, including surveillance, reconnaissance, maritime monitoring, and anti-submarine warfare.
• Designed to work in all weather conditions, it is equipped with a twin-engine setup.
iv.The system passed its Preliminary Design Review (PDR) in 2024 and is expected to be operational by
2030. It is capable of carrying up to 2.3 tonnes of payload and can stay in the air for up to 40 hours.
v.The first flight of the Eurodrone is scheduled for 2026, with initial deliveries expected by 2028.
Note: Currently, the Indian Air Force(IAF) operates only 31 squadrons, far below the approved strength of
42, marking the lowest number of squadrons since 1965.
About Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en matière d’Armement(OCCAR):
The Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation is an intergovernmental organization in Europe that
manages and facilitates collaborative armament programs.
Director – Joachim Sucker
Headquarters – Bonn, Germany
Established – 1996

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Wetland City Accreditation: Indore & Udaipur became India’s first Ramsar wetland cities
In January 2025, an independent Advisory Committee on Wetland City Accreditation(WCA) of the Ramsar
Convention, announced the list of 31 newly accredited Wetland Cities, during its 64th meeting held in
Gland, Switzerland. Among the newly accredited cities, Indore (Madhya Pradesh, MP)
and Udaipur (Rajasthan) became the first two Indian cities to receive the international accreditation as
‘Wetland Cities’.
With this, the total number of accredited Wetland Cities has reached 74.
This accreditation was granted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization(UNESCO) under the Ramsar Convention. It is valid for 6 years to promotes the
conservation and sustainable use of urban wetlands, ensuring ecological and socio-economic
benefits for local populations.
Background:
In December 2024, the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) , Government of
India (GoI), nominated three Indian cities: Indore, Udaipur, and Bhopal (MP).
Indore: It is the cleanest city in India and the recipient of India’s Smart City Award 2023 for its best
sanitation, water and urban environment. Sirpur Lake, a Ramsar Site in the city, has been
recognised as an important site for water bird congregation and is being developed as a Bird
Sanctuary.
Udaipur: It is known as the City of Lakes, is surrounded by five significant wetlands: Pichola, Fateh
Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai, which are vital to its ecological balance.
Bhopal: One of the cleanest cities in India that has proposed conservation zones around the
wetlands in its draft City Development Plan 2031. Bhoj Wetland, Ramsar Site is Bhopal’s lifeline,
equipped with the world-class wetlands interpretation centre, Jal Tarang.
About Wetland City Accreditation(WCA):
i.The WCA is a voluntary accreditation system established by the Ramsar Convention during the
Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP) 12 in 2015 to recognize cities that have taken exceptional
steps to safeguard their urban wetlands.
ii.The WCA awarded to cities that demonstrate a commitment to conserving and sustainably managing
their wetlands.
To qualify, cities must meet six international criteria, which include measures to protect wetland
ecosystems and promote their sustainable use.
iii.China leads the global Wetland City list with 22 cities, followed by France with 9 cities.
About Ramsar Convention:
The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty aimed at protecting and conserving wetlands and their
resources. It was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, a city in Iran, and came into effect in 1975.
i.This treaty is unique as it is the only international agreement focused on a single ecosystem. It has 172
member countries, including India.
ii.India joined the Ramsar Convention in 1982. As of January 2025, India has a total of 85
wetlands protected under this treaty.
Points to Note:
The Amrit Dharohar Initiative launched by MoEF&CC to promote unique conservation values of the
Ramsar Sites in India.
Tamil Nadu(TN) has the highest number of Ramsar Sites in India with 18 Ramsar Sites.
The World Wetlands Day(WWD) is annually observed across the globe on 2 February to raise
awareness about the importance of wetlands for human prosperity and a healthy planet.

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Recent Related News:
In December 2024, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) unveiled
a comprehensive roadmap marking the 20th anniversary of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami to
make all coastal community tsunami ready by 2030. This initiative was announced during an international
conference in Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
Under the UNESCO Tsunami Ready Programme, over 30 countries have established critical early warning
systems, with 26 Indian and 12 Indonesian coastal communities recognized as tsunami-ready. Globally,
700 million people reside in tsunami-prone areas, a figure projected to reach 1 billion by 2050.

WHO Declares Georgia as the 45th Malaria-Free Country

In January 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that Georgia officially certified
as malaria-free, celebrating a major achievement in the country’s nearly century-long fight against the
disease.
It has become the 45th country and the first in the WHO European Region to attain malaria-free
status.
Note: Globally, WHO has certified a total of 45 countries and 1 territory as malaria-free.
Background:
i.Despite being malaria-free for 25 years, Georgia experienced a re-emergence of the disease in 2002.
ii.In 2005, Georgia, along with nine other countries in the WHO European Region, signed the Tashkent
Declaration, renewing its commitment to eliminating malaria.
iii.In 2015, Georgia reported zero indigenous cases of malaria, successfully interrupting the transmission
of the three main malaria parasite species: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium
vivax.
About WHO malaria-free certification:
WHO grants certification of malaria elimination to a country when it can demonstrate, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that indigenous transmission has been interrupted nationwide for at least three
consecutive years.
The final decision on certification is made by the WHO Director-General (DG), based on
recommendations from the independent Technical Advisory Group on Malaria Elimination and
Certification (TAG-MEC) and validation from the Malaria Policy Advisory Group (MPAG).
About Georgia
President – Mikheil Kavelashvili
Capital – Tbilisi
Currency – Georgian Lari (GEL)

VISITS
VISIT TO INDIA
Overview of Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo’s visit to India from
January 23-26, 2025
President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo, visited India from January 23 to 26, 2025,
at the invitation of Prime Minister (PM) of India Narendra Modi. This visit marked his 1st bilateral trip to
India commemorating the 75th Anniversary of India-Indonesia Diplomatic Relations.

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 On January 26 2025, Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo attended the 76th
Republic Day celebration of India as the Chief Guest held at Kartavya Path, New Delhi (Delhi). He
was the 4th Indonesian leader to be honoured as India’s Republic Day Chief Guest.
This marks the 1st time, a 190-member ensemble band from the Indonesian Military Academy
(Akmil), and a 152-personnel marching contingent from Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI)
participated in the Republic Day Parade in India.
Highlights of the visit:
Key Meetings:
i.During his visit, Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto held bilateral discussions with Narendra Modi,
PM of India and Droupadi Murmu, President of India.
ii.He also held meetings with Vice President (VP) Jagdeep Dhankhar and External Affairs Minister (EAM)
Dr. S. Jaishankar.
Both countries reviewed bilateral cooperation in several fields, including politics, defence, security
and trade.
3rd India-Indonesia Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) Forum:
i.On January 25 2025, the 3rd India-Indonesia Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) Forum held in New Delhi
on the sidelines of the Indonesian President’s visit to India.
The forum was co-chaired by Ajay Shriram of India and Anindya Novyan Bakrie of Indonesia.
ii.During the event, the co-chairs presented the joint report to EAM Subrahmanyam Jaishankar,
India and Sugiono, Foreign Minister of Indonesia in the presence of the Indian PM Narendra Modi and
Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto to strengthen economic ties and develop bilateral cooperation in
trade and investment.
iii.This joint statement outlining five key sectors of business priority: healthcare, food and agriculture,
manufacturing, energy, and technology.
India-Indonesia Signed MoUs and Cooperation Agreements:
The visit of Indonesian President to India witnessed the signing and renewal of five Memorandums of
Understandings (MoUs) covering diverse areas such as health, traditional medicine, and maritime security.
i.The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), India and the Ministry of Health, Indonesia have
signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Health Cooperation.
ii.A renewal of the MoU on Maritime Safety and Security Cooperation has been established between the
Indian Coast Guard(ICG) and Badan Keamanan Laut Republik (BAKAMLA) (the Indonesian Maritime
Security Agency), Indonesia.
iii.The Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homeopathy (PCIM&H), Ministry of
AYUSH(Ayurveda, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy), India and the Indonesian
Food and Drug Authority have signed an MoU in the field of Traditional Medicine Quality Assurance (QA).
iv.An MoU on Cooperation in the Fields of Digital Development has been signed between the Ministry of
Electronics and Information Technology(MeitY), India and the Ministry of Communication and Digital
Affairs, Indonesia.
v.A Cultural Exchange Program between the Ministry of Culture, MoC (India) and the Ministry of
Culture(Indonesia), was also signed for the time period 2025-2028.
India-Indonesia Strengthen Defence and Maritime Cooperation:
i.Defence Cooperation Agreement (DCA): India and Indonesia ratified the DCA to enhance defence
collaboration, focusing on modernization and sharing expertise.
ii.Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC): The JDCC continue to drive bilateral defence
cooperation and initiatives, with regular meetings and coordination between Defence Ministers.
iii.Naval and Military Exercises: Both countries are engaged in biannual India-Indonesia Coordinated
Patrol, as well as joint exercises like Ex Garuda Shakti (Army) and Ex Samudra Shakti (Naval).

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 They also participate in multilateral exercises like Milan, Komodo, Tarang Shakti, and Super Garuda
Shield.
iv.Cadet and Defence Education Exchanges: Agreements for cadet exchanges between their Naval
Academies and Defence Universities, to deepen educational cooperation.
v.Maritime Security Cooperation: The two countries are committed to ensuring secure sea lanes, with
mutual interest in Hydrography and Submarine Search and Rescue cooperation.
They are also engaged in White Shipping Information Exchange (WSIE) agreements and have
agreed to station an Indonesian International Liaison Officer (ILO) at the Information Fusion
Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram, Haryana India.
vi.Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Both countries have pledged to combat terrorism
and prevent online radicalization.They support mechanisms to counter extremist ideologies and agreed to
renew the MoU on Counter-Terrorism Cooperation.
The ‘6th Joint Working Group Meeting on Counter-Terrorism’ was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 23
August 2024.
vii.Regional Maritime Safety: Both nations will continue to cooperate on maritime safety and security in
the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS) to ensure unhindered economic growth in the region.
About Indonesia:
President- Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo
Capital- Jakarta
Currency- Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)

Overview of Maldives Foreign Minister Abdulla Khaleel’s 3-day Visit to India

Abdulla Khaleel, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Maldives made an Official visit to India from 2nd January
to 4th January 2025 with an aim to strengthen bilateral ties in several key areas including maritime
security, trade and investment.
• This marks his first official visit to India and is the first diplomatic visitor to India in 2025.
• The visit featured high-level talks and the signing of key agreements aimed at enhancing
bilateral relations.
Note: In October 2024, the President of the Republic of Maldives, Mohamed Muizzu visited India.
Highlights of the visit:
On January 03 2025, Dr. Abdulla Khaleel, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Maldives, held bilateral talks with
Union Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar, Ministry of External Affairs(MEA), in New Delhi, Delhi.
• Both Ministers acknowledged the economic partnership and the progress of ongoing projects
facilitated through Indian grant assistance and line of credit initiatives.
• India and the Maldives have finalised a framework to promote the use of local currencies for
cross-border trade, marking a significant development in bilateral economic cooperation.
India & Maldives signed MoU for HICDP:
India and Maldives have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the execution of
the 3rd phase of High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDP) in Maldives.
• The Indian government will provide grant assistance for the implementation of the HICDP.
Key Points:
i.India and Maldives have signed an MoU in March 2019 regarding grant assistance of Maldivian
Rufiyaa (MVR) 85 million for implementation of the HICDPs through local bodies.
• It was revised in July 2021 to increase the grant assistance to MVR 155 million.
ii.In January 2023, an agreement was made to provide additional grant assistance of MVR 100 million for
the HICDPs.
iii.The projects carried out under the HICDP Scheme included handing over of two sea ambulances to the

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Defence Ministry of Maldives and three eco-tourism zones, developed under HICDPs scheme, in Addu City.
iv.Furthermore, the two countries exchanged 10 MoUs under the 2nd phase of HICDP in June 2023
and nine MoUs in July 2023 respectively.
v.According to the Ministry of External Affairs, a total of 47 HICDPs have been taken up, out of
which 8 have been completed and inaugurated.
About Maldives:
President– Mohamed Muizzu
Capital– Malé
Currency– Maldivian Rufiyaa(MVR)

Overview of PM Narendra Modi’s visit to AP and Odisha on 8th-9th January,2025

Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi visited Andhra Pradesh(AP) and Odisha from 8th January to
9th January 2025 to launch various projects worth over Rs 2 lakh crore to promote sustainable
development, industrial growth, and infrastructure enhancement.
The various projects include,
• Laid the foundation stone and inaugurated various railway and road projects worth over
Rs.19,500 crore in AP.
• First Green Hydrogen Hub under National Green Hydrogen Mission(NGHM) launched in
Pudimadaka, AP.
• 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas(PBD) convention inaugurated in and remotely flagged-off the
inaugural journey of the Pravasi Bharatiya Express in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
PM Narendra Modi’s visit to AP:
Development works worth over Rs. 2 Lakh Crore launched in Visakhapatnam:
On January 8 2025, PM Modi laid the foundation stone and inaugurated various railway and road projects
worth over Rs.19,500 crore in AP.
i.He laid the foundation stone for South Coast Railway Headquarters at Visakhapatnam with an aim to
promote agriculture, trade, tourism, and regional economic activity.
ii.The foundation stone was also laid for a Bulk Drug Park in Anakapalli district to boost economic
activity.
• It will support economic activity through its proximity to the Visakhapatnam-Chennai Industrial
Corridor and other industrial regions.
iii.The Foundation Stone of Krishnapatnam Industrial Area (KRIS City) under Chennai Bengaluru
Industrial Corridor was laid in Tirupati District of AP.
• The project is estimated to gather investments of approximately Rs.10,500 crore and connect
with other industrial corridors to strengthen regional growth.
First Green Hydrogen Hub under NGHM launched:
On 8th January 2025, PM Modi laid the foundation stone of the NTPC Green Energy Limited (NGEL) Green
Hydrogen Hub project in Pudimadaka, Anakapalli district, AP.
• It is the first Green Hydrogen Hub under the NGHM. The estimated cost of the project will
be Rs.1.85 lakh crore.
ii.The project will be jointly developed by NGEL and the New & Renewable Energy Development
Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NREDCAP).
iii.It will include the development of 20 Gigawatt(GW) of Renewable Energy(RE) projects, production of
1,500 tonnes per day(TPD) of green hydrogen and 7,500 TPD of green hydrogen derivatives such as green
methanol, green urea, and sustainable aviation fuel primarily for export markets.
iv.The project will contribute substantially in achieving India’s non-fossil energy capacity target of 500
GW by 2030.

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Note : The Union Cabinet launched the NGHM in 2023 with an outlay of Rs.19,744 crore from Financial
Year (FY) 2023-24 to FY 2029-30 to make India a global hub for production, usage and export of Green
Hydrogen and its derivatives.
PM Narendra Modi’s visit to Odisha:
18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas(PBD) convention inaugurated:
On 9th January 2025, PM Modi inaugurated the 18th PBD Convention in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
i.It is organized by the Government of India(GoI) in collaboration with the Odisha Government.
• The theme of the event is ‘Diaspora’s Contribution to a Viksit Bharat’.
PM flags off inaugural journey of the Pravasi Bharatiya Express:
On 9th January 2025, PM Modi inaugurated the Pravasi Bharatiya Express, a special tourist train which
will start its journey from Nizamuddin Railway Station in New Delhi(Delhi).
i.The train has been developed for Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) aged between 45 and 65 years and
belonging to low-income categories.
ii.It has been introduced by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in collaboration with the Indian
Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC).
iii.The train will cover multiple destinations of religious and tourist importance, including Ayodhya, Patna,
Gaya, Varanasi, Mahabalipuram, Rameshwaram, Madurai, Kochi, Goa, Ekta Nagar (Kevadia), Ajmer,
Pushkar and Agra under the ‘Pravasi Teerth Darshan Yojana.’
About Andhra Pradesh(AP):
Chief Minister(CM)– Nara Chandrababu Naidu
Governor– Syed Abdul Nazeer
Capital– Amaravati
Tiger Reserve – Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
About Odisha:
Chief Minister(CM)– Mohan Charan Majhi
Governor– Hari Babu Kambhampati
Capital– Bhubaneswar
Tiger Reserve – Similipal Tiger Reserve, Satkosia Tiger Reserve

Microsoft chairman and CEO Satya Nadella’s Visit to India

Microsoft Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Satya Nadella made a visit to India
on January 2025 as a part of the Microsoft AI (Artificial Intelligence) Tour with an aim for expansion and
investment plans to make India a leader in AI.
• He addressed an event in Bengaluru on 7th January and a similar event New
Delhi on 8th January.
• Satya Nadella’s last visit to India was in February 2024.
Microsoft Research Lab launches and AI Innovations:
i.IndiaAI, an Independent Business Division (IBD) under the Digital India Corporation, has signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Microsoft to drive the adoption and development of artificial
intelligence (AI) in India.
• MoU with India AI to skill 500,000 individuals, including
students, educators, developers, and women
entrepreneurs, by 2026.
ii.Establish “AI Catalysts,” a Center of Excellence, to promote
rural AI innovation in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities and equip 100,000 AI
innovators and developers through hackathons, community
building, and an AI marketplace.

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iii.The agreement also includes establishing AI Productivity Labs in 20 National Skill Training Institutes
(NSTIs)/NIELIT centers across 10 states to train 20,000 educators and empower 100,000 students with
foundational AI courses in 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs).
iv.Microsoft Research (MSR) Lab had announced an AI Innovation Network to strengthen the AI
infrastructure in India. Under the AI Innovation Network, MSR will collaborate with digital users to
implement the use of AI for business solutions.
iv.MSR India has collaborated with Physics Wallah on math reasoning and is planning to partner with
other Digital Natives on topics such as causal inference, optimizing Indic Large Language Models (LLMs),
prompt optimization, and reinforcement learning.
vi.Microsoft also partnered with SaaSBoomi, a community for Business-to-business (B2B) startups in
India to boost the growth of India’s AI and Software as a service (SaaS) ecosystem and develop more
than 50 unicorns and soonicorns.
• It will help in upskilling over 5,000 startups, create 200,000 jobs, and support India to achieve
a trillion-dollar digital economy.
Microsoft announces USD 3 billion investment in India
Microsoft announced a USD 3 billion investment in India over the next two years to enhance AI and cloud
infrastructure and skilling initiatives in India.
Moreover, the company also made various collaborations to meet this objective –
i.In healthcare, Apollo Hospitals partnered with Microsoft on AI-driven research in genomics, disease
progression, and multimodal AI models that can be used globally and improve patient outcomes.
• Additionally, four AI copilots have been identified to improve clinical, operational, and
administrative functions.
ii.For the public sector, RailTel will establish an AI Center of Excellence through which Microsoft will
train employees in AI and cloud technologies and co-developing scalable AI solutions.
iii.In financial services, Bajaj Finserv will leverage Microsoft Azure OpenAI services to improve
customer experiences, boost productivity, and reduce operational costs.
iv.In manufacturing and agriculture, Mahindra Group will set up an AI Division to involve innovation
across its automotive, farming, and finance sectors by making specialized pre-trained models available on
the Azure Marketplace.
v.In education, upGrad collaborated with Microsoft to train 1 million learners in foundational and
advanced AI skills by 2025 through the use of tools like GitHub Copilot and Azure OpenAI Service.
Other Key Points:
i.Microsoft aims to train 10 million more Indians with essential AI skills by 2030 under
its ADVANTA(I)GE INDIA Initiative which is part of Microsoft’s Global Skills for Social Impact charter.
About Microsoft:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Satya Narayana Nadella
Headquarters– Washington, United States of America (USA)
Founders– Bill Gates, Paul Allen
Founded– 1975

FOREIGN VISITS
Union Minister Kiren Rijiju’s visit to Saudi Arabia from 11th to 14th January, 2025
Union Minister Kiren Rijiju, Ministry of Minority Affairs(MoMA) and Ministry of Parliamentary
Affairs(MoPA) visited Saudi Arabia from 11th January to 14th January 2025 with an aim to look into
the important arrangements related to preparations for the upcoming Haj pilgrimage to enhance the
experience of Indian pilgrims.

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 • The visit involved signing a Bilateral Agreement for Haj 2025, attending the Hajj & Umrah
Conference and Exhibition, bilateral meetings with Saudi officials and reviewing preparations
being made for the Indian Haj pilgrims at Jeddah and Madinah.
4th edition of the Hajj & Umrah Conference and Exhibition:
The Union Minister attended the inaugural session of the 4th edition of the Hajj and Umrah Conference
and Exhibition which was organized by the Saudi Ministry of Hajj and Umrah at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
• This international conference is organized annually wherein sessions and workshops are
conducted by key decision makers, experts and researchers in the Haj & Umrah services sector
and provide opinions on the suitable practices and facilitate exchange of ideas and information.
India and Saudi Arabia Sign Hajj Agreement to Secure Quota for Indian Pilgrims:
i.On 13th January 2025, India signed a Hajj agreement with Saudi Arabia securing a quota of 1,75,025
pilgrims for Indian pilgrims for 2025.
• The agreement was signed between Kiren Rijiju and Saudi Arabia’s Minister for Hajj
and Umrah Tawfiq Bin Fawzan Al-Rabiah in Jeddah.
ii.As per the Haj Policy 2025, 30% of India’s total Hajj quota, or 52,507 slots, will be allocated to private
Haj Group Organizers (HGOs), while 70% will be provided to the Haj Committee of India (HCoI).
• In the last five years, the quota distribution between HCoI and HGOs has varied between 70:30
and 80:20.
About Saudi Arabia
Prime Minister (PM) – Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Capital– Riyadh
Currency– Saudi Riyal(SAR)

Highlights of EAM S.Jaishankar’s Visit to Spain from 13th to 14th January 2025
Union Minister S. Jaishankar, Ministry of External Affairs(MEA) made a 2-day visit to Spain from January
13th to 14th, 2025 which marks his second visit to Spain and first visit as External Affairs Minister(EAM).
• The aim of the visit was to meet the leadership of Spain and hold wide range discussions with
the Spain’s Foreign Minister Manuel Albares.
• He also addressed the 9th Annual Conference of Spanish Ambassadors and met the Indian
community.
Note: Spanish President Pedro Sanchez made an official visit to India in October 2024 at the invitation of
Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi.
Highlights of the visit:
i.During his visit to Spain, Union Minister Jaishankar met the Spanish King Felipe VI and President Pedro
Sanchez.
ii.Both the countries discussed upon bilateral partnerships including trade, investment, defense, security,
urban development, railways, green hydrogen, climate action and people-to-people ties.
• They also discussed ways of increasing collaboration in new and emerging sectors of digital
technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Renewable Energy(RE), and space.
iii.During the meeting, India and Spain signed two Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) that focused
on cooperation in sports and sustainable urban development.
iii.Addressing the Indian diaspora in Spain, Union Minister Jaishankar highlighted that 2026 has been
designated as a ‘Dual Year’ to celebrate cultural exchange, tourism, and advancements in AI between the
two nations.
• He also announced that Spain will establish a consulate in Bengaluru(Karnataka) to strengthen
the bilateral relations between India and Spain.

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iv.He mentioned that over 230 Spanish companies currently operate in India and urged Spain to
contribute to India’s “Make in India” initiative.
• The two countries have made significant developments in defense and security, with special
focus on setting up of C-295 Aircraft Assembly line plant at Vadodara, Gujarat.
9th Annual Conference of Spanish Ambassadors:
i.On January 13 2025, Union Minister Jaishankar was addressed at the 9th Annual Conference of Spanish
Ambassadors held in Madrid, Spain .The theme of the Conference was ‘A Foreign Policy with Our Own
Identity’.
ii.He became the first foreign ambassador /foreign minister to address the global conference of Spanish
ambassadors.
Points to Note:
i.India’s annual trade with Mediterranean countries stands at USD 80 billion and its companies
operating ports in the Mediterranean region and involvement in defense, security, and green hydrogen
projects.
ii.India and Spain currently have an annual trade worth USD 10 billion, with collaborations in railways,
clean technology, drones, and space exploration.
About Spain:
Prime Minister(PM)– Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón
Capital– Madrid
Currency– Euro(EUR)

BANKING & FINANCE NEWS

BANKING NEWS
RBI IN NEWS
RBI released the Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2023-24
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India
2023-24 under Section 36(2) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
• It presents the performance of the banking sector, including commercial banks, co-operative
banks and non-banking financial institutions, during 2023-24 and 2024-25 so far.
Banks’ profitability improves for 6th year in row in FY24
i.According to RBI’s report, profitability of the commercial banks in India increased for the 6th consecutive
year in 2023-2024.
ii.The banks witnessed a Return on Assets (RoA) of 1.4% and a Return on Equity (RoE) of 14.6% in
Financial Year (FY) 2024 with profitability remaining robust in the first half of FY25.
iii.In order to close the credit-deposit gap, the banks had to raise their deposit rates and borrow money at
higher interest rates.
• Thus, the interest expense-to-income ratio, increased to 57.4% in FY24, compared to 52.2%
in FY23 leading to a slowed growth rate in operating and net profits.
• At the end of March 2023, there was a total on year rise in net profit of 44.6%, while operating
profit had climbed 18.2%.
iv.Net profit of the scheduled commercial banks increased by 32.8 per cent to Rs 3,49,603 crore during the
last fiscal.
• At end-March 2024, India’s commercial banking sector consisted of 12 public sector banks
(PSBs), 21 private sector banks (PVBs), 45 foreign banks (FBs), 12 SFBs, six PBs, 43 RRBs, and

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 two LABs. Out of these 141 commercial banks, 137 were classified as scheduled banks, while
four were non-scheduled.
Banks’ GNPA Hit 13-Year Low
i.The report showed that the banks’ gross non-performing assets ratio (NPA), or the proportion of bad
assets to total loans, declined to a 13-year low of 2.5% at end of September from 2.7% at end-March 2024.
• In terms of asset quality, gross non-performing assets (GNPA) declined by 15.9% year on year
to Rs 4.8 lakh crore as of March 31, 2024.
ii.Net NPA fell to 0.57% of total loans in September 2024, from 0.62% at end-March 2024.
iii.While the agricultural sector reported the highest GNPA ratio at 6.2%, retail loans had the lowest
ratio at 1.2%.
Banking frauds in India rose to 18461 cases in H1FY25
i.According to the RBI data, the number of bank frauds witnessed a significant increase of 27 per cent
year-on-year in April-September 2024 to 18,461 cases and the amount involved jumped more than eight-
fold to Rs 21,367 crore as compared to 14,480 cases involving Rs 2,623 crore in FY23.
ii.The share of internet and card frauds in the total stood at 44.7% in terms of amount and 85.3% in
terms of number of cases in accordance to the occurrence of frauds in 2023-24.
• In 2023-24, the number of fraud cases reported by PVBs accounted for 67.1% of the total.
• The total penalty amount more than doubled in 2023-24 to Rs 86.1 crore, led by public and
private sector banks.
CRAR of SCBs was 16.8% at end-September 2024
The report showed that the capital to risk-weighted assets ratio (CRAR) of Scheduled Commercial
Banks (SCBs) was 16.8% in September 2024, with all bank groups meeting the regulatory minimum
requirement and the common equity tier 1 (CET1) ratio requirement.
• The consolidated balance sheet of SCBs, excluding regional rural banks, increased
by 15.5% during 2023-24 wherein share of PSBs fell to 55.2% while that of PVBs increased
to 37.5%.
• The bank’s liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) fell from 135.7 per cent in September 2023 to 128.5
per cent in September 2024
About CRAR Ratio:
i.Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) also known as Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio (CRAR), is the
ratio of a bank’s capital in relation to its risk weighted assets and current liabilities. It is an indicator of a
bank’s ability to pay liabilities, and respond to credit risks and operational risks.
ii.The minimum CAR requirement for banks in India is set at 9%, and 11.5% including the capital
conservation buffer, and the Tier 1 capital requirement is pegged at 7%, both one percentage point above
the Basel III requirements.
Over 600k loans worth Rs 27,000 cr disbursed on ULI platform
i.According to the report. Unified Lending Interface (ULI), Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Unified Payment
Interface (UPI)-like digital public infrastructure in lending space, has provided over 600,000
loans worth Rs 27,000 crore.
• Out of this, about 160,000 loans amounting Rs 14,500 crore are to micro, small, and medium
enterprises (MSMEs).
ii.Moreover,12 loan segments have been introduced on the ULI platform, including kisan credit card,
digital cattle, MSME (unsecured), housing, personal, tractor, micro business, vehicle, digital gold, e-Mudra,
pension and dairy maintenance loans.
Private banks outrun public sector peers in priority lending benchmarks
i.The RBI data reported that PVBs have met priority sector lending (PSL) targets, including sub-targets for
major heads in 2023-24, particularly in agriculture and have done better than PSBs.

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ii.The total trading volume of priority sector lending certificates (PSLCs) increased to 26% in FY24,
primarily led by PSLC-General. Among the four PSLC categories, the small and marginal
farmers category registered the highest trading volume.
• In the past five years, PVBs have emerged as major sellers of PSLCs accounting for 49% of total
sales in FY24 as compared with 21% in the case of PSBs.
Note:
i.For the public sector, private and foreign banks, the target is 40% of adjusted net bank credit (ANBC)
or credit equivalent of off-balance sheet exposure, whichever is higher.
ii.For small finance banks, the target is higher at 75%.
About Priority sector lending certificates (PSLCs):
i.Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs) are tradable certificates issued against priority sector
loans of banks so as that the banks can achieve their specified target and sub-targets for priority sector
lending through purchase of these instruments at the time of shortfall and utilizing the surplus to lend
more to these sectors.
ii.There are four kinds of PSLCs-
• PSLC Agriculture
• PSLC Small and Marginal Farmers (SF/MF)
• PSLC Micro Enterprises
• PSLC General
Below is the table showing allocation of funds to the borrower segments:

Public Private Small

Borrower Segment Target Foreign
Sector Sector Finance

Total Of which: 40/75* 42.6 47.4 41.6 90.6

Total Agriculture 18.0 19.1 18.7 18.6 26.8

Small and Marginal

10.0 11.2 10.0 11.0 18.2
Farmers

Non-Corporate
13.8 14.2 14.0 14.2 25.4
Individual Farmers

Micro-Enterprises 7.5 8.0 10.2 8.5 32.6

Weaker Sections 12.0 14.1 12.1 12.1 35.8

* Total priority sector lending target for small finance banks is 75%.
NBFC Lending Surges 18.5%, Improved Asset Quality In FY24
i.The RBI report showed that loans and advances of non-banking financial institution (NBFC) increased
by 18.5% in FY24, crossing the previous year’s growth of 17.4%.
ii.NBFCs have sourced funding from bank (42.7%) in March 2024. non-convertible debentures
(NCDs), Commercial paper borrowings and external commercial borrowings (ECBs) which represented
57.5% of foreign funding.
About Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is responsible for monetary stability, currency management, targeting
inflation, regulating the banking system, and setting interest rates. It was established on April 1, 1935 in

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accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra
Governor: Sanjay Malhotra

RBI Released the Financial Stability Report, December 2024

In December 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the half-yearly publication of the ‘Financial
Stability Report (FSR), December 2024’ which shows the joint assessment of the sub-committee of the
Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) of the potential risks to financial stability and the
resilience of the Indian financial system.
• The report covered both international and domestic economic conditions, the performance of
Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and the
solvency of the insurance sector.
• The report observed that SCBs has been strengthened by strong profitability, decreasing Non-
Performing Assets (NPAs) and sufficient capital and liquidity buffers.
About Financial Stability Report (FSR):
i.The FSR is a biannual report released by the RBI in June and December.
• The report is prepared by the Financial Stability Unit (FSU) and is a joint evaluation by the Sub-
Committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC).
• The RBI published its first FSR in 2010.
ii.The report taking inputs from financial sector regulators i.e. RBI, Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), Pension Fund Regulatory and
Development Authority (PFRDA) and Ministry of Finance(MoF).
iii.The report assesses the financial system’s resilience and the risks to financial stability.
Key Findings:
i.As per the RBI’s FSR, the Indian economy is demonstrating strength and resilience thus it has projected
that India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate will be at 6.6% in the Financial Year 2024-
25(FY25).
• The report has outlined this growth will be mainly driven by a resurgence in rural consumption,
an increase in government spending and investment, robust services exports, declining Non-
Performing Assets (NPAs) and adequate capital and liquidity buffers.
ii.The report highlighted that India’s GDP moderated to 6% during the 1st half (H1:April to September) of
FY25 from the 8.2% and 8.1% growth registered during H1 and H2 of FY24, respectively. The report noted
that despite this latest deceleration, India’s structural growth drivers’ remains intact.
• Central government’s debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to decrease to 56.8% by 2024-25 from
62.7% (2020-21). States’ outstanding liabilities are projected to decline from 31% to 28.8%
during the same period.
iii.The report highlighted that unhedged External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs) reached at USD 65.49
billion, nearly 34.4% of the total debt increased under this avenue.
• It further mentioned that increase in foreign currency borrowings by NBFCs could potentially
pose currency risks to the extent they are unhedged.
iv.The report highlighted that new accretion of NPAs in the retail loan portfolios was led by slippages in
the unsecured loan book, at 51.9% as of September 30, 2024.
v.As per the report, Liquidity Coverage Ratio(LCR) of the banking system declined from 135.7% (in
September 2023) to 128.5% (in September 2024). This decrease is mainly attributed by an increase in net
cash outflows, which is further influenced by an increase in less stable sources of funding.

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vi.The report underscored that the overall performance of listed Private Non-Financial Companies (NFCs)
has remained stable in 2024 as sales growth Year-on-Year (Y-o-Y) remained at 6.2% in H1 of FY25 as in
H2 of FY24.
vii.Monetary penalties imposed by the RBI on regulated entities from June to November 2024 have
decreased by 47% to Rs 30 crore as against Rs 57 crore in the same period a year ago.
• Of the total 153 monetary penalties, the central bank has imposed fines on 5 Public Sector
Banks(PSBs) and five private sector banks. It has penalised 3 foreign banks, 2 Regional Rural
Banks(RRBs), 116 Cooperative Banks(CBs), 14 Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and
eight housing financiers.
• NBFCs have healthier balance sheets.
viii.As of December 23, 2024, the liquidity deficit stood at 2.43 trillion rupees, driven by tax outflows and
the central bank’s foreign exchange interventions.
India’s GNPA Ratio Declined to 12-year Low to 2.6% in September 2024
i.As per the RBI’s FSR, the asset quality of SCBs improved further with their Gross Non-Performing
Assets(GNPA) ratio declined to 12-year low of 2.6% in September 2024.
• The stress test scenario has further projected that GNPA ratio could possibly increase to 3% by
the end of March 2026, for 46 banks under the baseline scenario, and 5% and 5.35%,
respectively, under two different high risk scenarios.
• While, the Net NPA (NNPA) ratio of the SCBs continue to be at around 0.6%.
ii.Similarly, the report has projected that the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) could decrease to 16.5% in
March 2026 in the baseline scenario and decrease to 15.7% and 14.3% in two different high risk
scenarios.CAR stood at 16.6% in September 2024.
iv.The Provisioning Coverage Ratio (PCR) of SCBs increased further to 77% in September 2024, mainly
due to the proactive provisioning by PSBs.
Three Banks Continue to Display Risky Metrics:
i.The report showed that at the starting of the 2014, three-fourths(75%) out of 33 public and private
sector banks examined under the ‘Key Risk Indicators (KRIs)’ framework were found deficient in 3 or
more KRIs.
ii.The report noted that only 3 banks accounting 15% of total banking system assets have been found to be
deficient in 3 KRIs in September 2024, despite sector-wide improvements.
iii.As per the report, loan sector registered the growth of 13.4% 3-Month Moving Average(3-MMA), in
September 2024, investments reported lower growth of 7.6% 3-MMA, this resulted into the combined
assets (loan +investments) growth of 11.2% (3-MMA), same as deposit growth of 11.2% (3-MMA).
iv.The report noted that increase in bank profits as well as increase in equity capital has been a significant
additional source of funds, which contributed to an increase in loan-deposit ratio.
• Also, it observed that bank reliance on borrowings for bridging the financing gap increased as
loan growth outpaced deposit growth leading to an increase in loan-deposit ratio.
About KRI Framework:
i.This framework was formulated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which measures
vulnerability of banks by merging the Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity,
and Systems(CAMELS) supervisory framework with market-based metrics and flags institutions based on
specified thresholds that differ by jurisdictions.
ii.The framework evaluates the bank’s overall risk based on 5 key indicators: capital adequacy, asset
quality, profits, liquidity and market metrics.
Points to Note:
i.GNPA is the amount of the debts an establishment or people owe to the organization that has failed to
collect their contractual obligations.

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ii.NNPA is the remaining amount after the bank has deducted the provision for doubtful and unpaid debts
from the total GNPA.
iii.CAR, also known as Capital to Risk Assets Ratio (CRAR), is the ratio of a bank’s capital in relation to its
risk weighted assets and current liabilities.
iv.PCR is the percentage of funds that a bank sets aside for covering losses due to bad debts.
About Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC):
i.The FSDC is a non-statutory apex council under the Ministry of Finance(MoF).The Council is chaired by
the Union Finance Minister.
ii.The Raghuram Rajan Committee (2008) on financial sector reforms had first proposed setting up of
FSDC.
About Reserve Bank of India(RBI):
Governor- Sanjay Malhotra (26th Governor of RBI)
Headquarter- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established-1 April, 1935

RBI’s New Guidelines: Closure of Dormant, Inactive, and Zero Balance Accounts from January 1,
2025
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued a new guideline starting from January 1, 2025, which
mandates the closure of 3 types of bank accounts. These include Dormant Accounts, Inactive
Accounts, and Zero Balance Accounts. This move aims to enhance banking security, reduce fraudulent
activities, and improve overall efficiency in banking operations.
• By enforcing this closure policy, the RBI aims to safeguard the financial ecosystem and ensure
the banking system remains secure and functional.
Types of Closure Accounts:
i.Dormant Accounts: Accounts that have not seen any transaction activity for continuous 2 years or
more.
• These accounts are highly susceptible to fraudulent activities, as they tend to be neglected by
their holders, making them targets for hacking and other malicious actions.
ii.Inactive Accounts: Accounts that have remained inactive for 12 months or longer will be closed unless
reactivated by the account holder.
• The aim is to reduce banking inefficiencies and to minimize the risks related to online fraud.
iii.Zero Balance Accounts: Accounts that have maintained a zero balance for an extended period will be
closed.
• These accounts serve little purpose and may be vulnerable to misuse. The closure helps to
streamline operations and ensures compliance with Know Your Customer (KYC) norms.
Steps to Avoid Closure for Account Holders’:
• Reactivate Inactive Accounts: To ensure at least one transaction is carried out if the account
has been inactive for over 12 months.
• Engage with Dormant Accounts: To visit the branch to reactivate accounts that have been
dormant for 2 years.
• Maintain a Positive Balance: To avoid keeping an account with a zero balance for long periods.
RBI’s new Fixed Deposits(FDs) rules:
The RBI also introduced new guidelines for Fixed Deposits(FDs) with Non-Banking Financial Companies
(NBFCs) and Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) which will come into effect from January 1 2025.Key
changes include revised premature withdrawal rules.
i.For small deposits up to Rs 10,000, depositors can withdraw the entire amount within three months of
depositing without interest.

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ii.For larger deposits, partial withdrawals of up to 50% of the principal amount or Rs 5 lakh (whichever
is lower) are allowed within three months without interest.
iii.Additionally, in cases of critical illness, depositors can withdraw the entire principal amount
prematurely without interest, regardless of the deposit term.
iv.Furthermore, NBFCs will now notify depositors of maturity details at least two weeks before the
maturity date, providing more timely updates.
Types of Bank Accounts:
i.Current Account: Designed for businesses, traders, and entrepreneurs requiring frequent transactions.
• Overdraft facility (account holders withdraw more money than they have in their account), No
interest earned, Free daily transactions and High minimum balance requirement.
• Ideal For: Businesses and professionals handling high transaction volumes.
ii.Savings Account: A standard deposit account aimed at individuals who want to save money while
earning interest on deposits.
• Interest earnings (3% to 7% annually),Limited transactions per month and Zero-balance
accounts available,auto sweep facilities, debit cards, bill payments, and cross-product benefits
like discounts on demat accounts.
• Types: Regular Savings Accounts, Children’s Savings Accounts, Senior Citizens’ Savings
Accounts, Women’s Savings Accounts, Institutional and Family Savings Accounts.
• Ideal For: Individuals, students, homemakers, and salary earners.
iii.Salary Account:A type of savings account created to receive monthly salaries.
• No minimum balance requirement, Higher transaction limits and Additional benefits like loan
offers.
• Ideal For: Salaried Employees.
iv.Fixed Deposit Account (FD): To invest a lump sum amount for a fixed tenure and earn interest.
• Fixed interest rates (5% to 7.5%), Penalty on premature withdrawal and Safe investment with
guaranteed returns
• Ideal For: Individuals looking for secure investments.
v.Recurring Deposit Account (RD): To invest a fixed amount regularly and earn interest.
• Monthly deposit for fixed tenure, Interest rate similar to FDs and Premature withdrawal
penalties.
• Ideal For: Individuals with a regular income.
vi.An account that stores shares, bonds, and securities in electronic form for easy trading.
• Key Features:Electronic storage of securities, Linkage to trading accounts and Monthly
maintenance charges
• Ideal For: Investors in the stock market.
• In India, depository institutions like National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and Central
Depository Services Limited (CDSL) oversee these accounts, necessary for stock market trading.
vii.Non Resident Indian (NRI) Accounts:
Non-Resident Ordinary (NRO) Account
• Rupee (Re) Account: Allows NRIs to manage income earned in India subject to taxes in India.
• Convertibility: Funds can be repatriated after paying applicable taxes.
Non-Resident External (NRE) Account
• Repatriable Funds: Both principal and interest can be repatriated without any restrictions and
are not taxed in India.
• Foreign Earnings: Only foreign earnings can be deposited.
Foreign Currency Non-Resident (FCNR) Account

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 • Foreign Currency: Maintained in foreign currency (USD, GBP, EUR, etc.) and are not taxed in
India
• Repatriable Funds: Both principal and interest are fully repatriable.
Ideal For: Non-resident Indians managing earnings from abroad or India.
viii.Money Market Account (MMA): Account that offers higher interest rates in exchange for higher
balance requirements.
ix.Joint Account: Account shared by two or more individuals, couples, family members, or business
partners. All account holders have equal rights to access and manage the funds.
• Shared Ownership, Signatures required to approve large transactions and Beneficiary Rights:
x.Student Account:An account designed for young people, under the age of 24, to manage their finances
while studying.
• No Monthly Fees, Lower Minimum Balance Requirements, ATM Access and Limited Services
(overdraft limits or loans, which are usually offered to working professionals).
xi.Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account (BSBDA): Offers essential banking services without high charges
and provides access to banking services to those who cannot afford regular account charges.
• No Minimum Balance, Free Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Withdrawals, Limited free
transactions allowed and Limited Services.
• Ideal For: Low-income individuals or people who need only basic banking services.
xii.Cash Credit Account(CCA): A short-term credit facility extended to businesses that provide businesses
with working capital.
• Overdraft Facility and Interest on Used Portion.
• Ideal For: Small and medium-sized businesses for managing day-to-day operations.
xiii.Cash Management Account (CMA): Used by businesses to manage their finances effectively and to
optimize liquidity and control cash flow.
• Automated Transfers and Interest on Funds.
• Ideal For: Large businesses with fluctuating cash flow.

RBI penalizes Rs 5.50 lakh on 4 cooperative banks from Karnataka for Regulatory Non-
Compliance
In December 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed a penalty of Rs 5.50 lakh on 4 Cooperative
Banks(CBs) from Karnataka for non-compliance with regulatory guidelines.
• The banks include Bengaluru(Karnataka) based Bharat Cooperative Bank Limited, Swami
Vivekanand Sahakari Bank Niyamit, Sri Basaveshwara Pattana Sahakara Bank Niyamit and
Manjra Mahila Urban Cooperative Bank Limited.
i.Bharat Cooperative Bank(BCB) Limited was fined Rs 3 lakh for approving new loans and advances
that exceeded prescribed limits and lacked proper collateral, violating the Supervisory Action Framework
(SAF) guidelines.
ii.Swami Vivekanand Sahakari Bank Niyamit was penalized Rs 1 lakh for failing to adhere to exposure
norms for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) and Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements. The bank also
did not meet prudential limits for inter-bank exposure and failed to upload KYC records to the Central KYC
Records Registry (CKYCR) on time.
iii.Sri Basaveshwara Pattana Sahakara Bank Niyamit was fined Rs 1 lakh for increasing its exposure to
high Non-Performing Asset(NPA) sectors without prior RBI approval and declaring dividends without
RBI’s consent.
iv.Manjra Mahila Urban Cooperative Bank Limited was penalized Rs 50,000 for not uploading
customers’ KYC records to CKYCR within the required timeline.

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RBI Allows UPI Payments Through Full-KYC PPIs
In December 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced a new provision that enables Unified
Payments Interface (UPI) payments from/to Full-KYC (Know Your Customer) Prepaid Payment
Instruments(PPIs) through third-party UPI applications(apps).
• This move comes in line with the RBI’s Statement on Development and Regulatory Policies
announced on April 5, 2024.
• Previously, UPI payments for PPIs could only be made through the PPI issuer’s mobile apps.
i.Under this updated provision, PPI issuers will be able to allow holders of their Full-KYC PPIs to link these
PPIs to their UPI handle and make payments or receive funds via third-party UPI apps.
ii.The transactions will be pre-approved before being processed in the UPI system, ensuring security and
the authentication for these transactions will be carried out using the PPI’s existing credentials.
Note: PPI is a financial tool that allows users to store funds on a card or digital wallet for future
transactions.

RBI Lifts Business Restrictions on Arohan Financial Services Limited

On January 3 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) removed business restrictions imposed on Kolkata
(West Bengal)-based microfinance institution Arohan Financial Services Limited following remedial
measures initiated by the lender and its commitment to adhere to fair loan pricing.
• On October 17 2024, the regulator directed 4 non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) to cease
and desist from sanctioning and disbursing loans, effective from the close of business
on October 21, 2024.
i.The RBI had found that Arohan Financial Services, along with other NBFCs, were charging exorbitant
interest rates and not following guidelines for assessing household income and considering repayment
obligations for microfinance loans.
ii.While the restrictions on Arohan have been removed, those on Asirvad Micro Finance Limited (AMFL)(a
subsidiary of Manappuram Finance Limited) and DMI Finance Private Limited (DFPL) remain in place.

RBI maintains the FRSB interest rate at 8.05% from January 1 to June 30, 2025
In January 2025, the Reserve Bank India (RBI) has announced the interest rate for RBI Floating Rate
Savings Bonds (Taxable) FRSB 2020 (T) for the period of January 1 to June 30, 2025 will remains
at 8.05%, comprising the National Savings Certificate (NSC) rate of 7.70% and an additional spread
of 0.35%.
• The interest rate on RBI FRSB is not fixed, adjusted semi-annually based on the interest rate of
the NSC.
i.Interest earned on RBI FRSB is taxable, with no tax deductions allowed for the investment. Tax Deducted
at Source (TDS) applies if annual interest exceeds Rs.10,000.
ii.The bonds require a minimum investment of Rs.1,000 additional investments in multiples of Rs.1,000,
and no upper limit. The bonds cannot be pledged as collateral for loans.
iii.The RBI FRSB has a seven-year lock-in period and does not allow early withdrawal, except for senior
citizens.
• Seniors can withdraw early with a penalty after a minimum lock-in period include six years for
aged 60–70, five years for aged 70–80, and four years for those aged over 80.

RBI releases MD on Credit Information Reporting

On January 6, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released a ‘Master Direction – Reserve Bank of
India (Credit Information Reporting) Directions, 2025’, consolidating its various guidelines for banks
and financial institutions regarding the reporting of Customer Credit Information(CCI).

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 • RBI issued these directions in the exercise of the powers conferred under Section 11 of the
Credit Information Companies (CICs) (Regulation) Act, 2005.
• The purpose of issuing the MD is to establish a standardized framework for the reporting and
dissemination of credit information, ensure the confidentiality and security of sensitive credit
data, and address other related objectives.
Key Points:
i.Credit Information Companies (CICs) are required to notify customers via Short Message Service(SMS) or
electronic mail(e-mail) whenever their Credit Information Report (CIR) is accessed by specified users
(SUs).
• CICs shall send alerts only when the Credit Information Report (CIR) inquiry is reflected in the
customer’s CIR.
ii.Credit Institutions (CIs), including banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), must inform
customers of the reasons for rejecting their requests for data correction, if applicable, to help them better
understand the issues in their CIR.
iii.Complainants are entitled to a compensation of Rs. 100 per calendar day if their complaint is not
resolved within thirty (30) calendar days from the date of the initial filing with a CI or CIC.
Note: RBI has mandated that all lenders must update credit bureau records every 15 days, effective
January 1, 2025.
About Credit Information Companies (CICs):
i.CICs collect public data, credit transactions, and payment histories of people and businesses, mainly for
loans and credit cards.
ii.They collect data from banks, financial institutions, lenders, and other credit-granting entities, and then
compile it into credit reports.
iii.Banks and financial institutions use CIC reports and scores to evaluate your creditworthiness before
approving loans or credit cards.
iv.CICs in India are licensed by RBI and regulated by the Credit Information Companies Regulation Act,
2005 (CICRA), and RBI guidelines.
• Under Section 15 of the CICRA, every credit institution, such as banks, must be a member of at
least one CIC.
• The act states that a CIC can only obtain information from its member institutions.
v.India currently has only four credit information companies registered with the RBI. They are
• Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited (CIBIL)
• Equifax Credit Information Services Private Limited
• Experian Credit Information Company of India Private Limited
• CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services Private Limited

KredX Receives RBI Approval to Operate as TReDS Platform

On 9 January, 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based KredX, India’s largest supply chain finance platform,
received approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as a Trade Receivables Discounting
System (TReDS) platform.
• The new business will operate under the brand name DTX (Domestic Trade Exchange).
Note: KredX is now the fifth company to receive this license after Receivables Exchange of India (RXIL),
M1 Exchange, Invoice Mart, and C2FO (Collaborative Cash Flow Optimization) Factoring Solutions.
About Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS) platform:
TReDS platform launched in 2018 operate under the regulatory framework of the RBI, governed by the
Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (PSS Act).

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 • It helps Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) access credit by selling their
receivables (bills of exchange, also called factoring units) to financiers, including banks,
government departments, and public sector undertakings (PSUs).
Eligibility:
i.To set up a TReDS platform, companies are required to have a minimum paid-up equity capital of Rs 25
crore.
ii.Businesses with a turnover of Rs 250 crore or more are required to register on the TReDS platform.
iii.Additionally, sellers are required to have been in operation for more than a year to participate.
Process:
i.On the TReDS platform, the process begins when the seller uploads an invoice, which is listed as a
Factoring Unit (FU). Buyers, review and approve the FU, making it available for financiers to bid.
ii.The seller chooses the most favorable bid and receives an advance payment, typically 80-90% of the
invoice value.
iii. On the due date, the buyer settles the full invoice amount directly with the financier, ensuring timely
payments and improved cash flow for the seller.
Point to Note: TReDS transaction volumes are expected to grow significantly, increasing from
approximately USD 30 billion annually in January 2025 to around USD 50 billion annually by 2026.

RBI Introduced New 15-Day Credit Reporting Rule Effective from January 1, 2025
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced new credit reporting rule. It has mandated that all lenders
must update credit bureau records every 15 days instead of previous monthly cycle. This direction came
into effect from January 01, 2025.
• This new change aims to enhance credit score accuracy and ensure timely reflection of financial
activities of borrowers.
• This direction was previously issued by the RBI in August 2024, allows lenders and credit
bureaus to transition to 15-day cycle to upgrade their systems and processes.
Key Impact on Borrowers and Lenders:
i.Halting loan ‘evergreening’: The new rule will help to curb loan ‘evergreening’, where borrower take
new loan to repay old loan, creating an unsustainable debt cycle. The new rule enable the lender to detect
such cases sooner, reducing financial risk for both financial institutions and borrowers.
ii.Faster Updating of Credit Scores: Earlier, under the monthly reporting system, missed payments or
defaults could take up 40 days to appear on credit report of borrower. The new 15-day reporting cycle
will significantly reduce these delays and will enable the lenders to have access to more accurate and
timely data.
Key Benefits:
i.Timely Update of Credit Score: The new 15-day reporting cycle will ensure that consumers credit
histories are kept updated. For borrowers who pay their installments on regular basis, could help in
improving their credit scores.
ii.Enhanced Credit Access: More accurate credit scoring will enable the faster access to loans for
consumers with responsible repayment habits, thus making it easier for consumers to secure credit when
required.
iii.Consumer Empowerment: This new change will help borrowers to have better understanding of their
financial well-being, as changes in their credit scores will be promptly reflected.
iv.Improved Risk Management for Lenders: Regular updates will help the lenders in managing risk
effectively by providing information of borrower’s financial actions and will help in reducing default rates.

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RBI Lifts Restrictions on AMFL and DFPL
On January 8, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) removed business restrictions imposed on Chennai
(Tamil Nadu) based Ashirvad Micro Finance Limited (AMFL) and New Delhi (Delhi) based DMI Finance
Private Limited (DFPL) following remedial measures initiated by the lenders and their commitment to
adhere to fair loan pricing and regulatory guidelines.
i.The RBI directed the 2 Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) to cease and desist from sanctioning
and disbursing loans, effective from the close of business on October 21, 2024.
ii.The RBI had found that AMFL and DFPL were charging excessive interest rates and not complying with
regulatory guidelines, particularly concerning Weighted Average Lending Rates (WALR) and interest
spreads.

RBI Decided to Conduct Daily VRR Operations to Boost Banking Liquidity amid Deficit
In January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has decided to conduct Variable-Rate
Repo (VRR) auctions on a daily basis until further notice. This move will boost the banking liquidity amid
deficit.
• The 1st such VRR was conducted on January 16, 2025 worth Rs 50,000 crore and standalone
primary dealers were allowed to participate in the auction with other eligible bidders.
Key Points:
i.In order to manage liquidity deficit, RBI has decided to reduce the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) of all banks
to 4% of their deposits in two equal tranches of 25 basis points (bps) each with effect from the fortnight
starting December 14, 2024 and December 28, 2024.
Need to Introduce Daily VRR:
i.According to the RBI data, the banking system liquidity deficit was at Rs 2.09 lakh crore as of January 14,
2025.
• VRR auctions allow the RBI to inject liquidity into the banking system, when it turns into deficit
mode.
ii.On January 15 2025, RBI conducted a 5-day VRR auction with a notified amount of Rs 75,000 crore, and
banks had submitted bids worth Rs 3,980 crore. This is in contrast to its 4-day VRR auction on January 13,
2025 worth Rs 50,000 crore which received total bids worth Rs 86,155 crore.
iii.RBI increasing intervention in foreign exchange has mainly been the reason behind this decrease in
overall banking liquidity.
• The Forex Reserve of India has already decreased to 10-month low in January 03, 2025.
Important Terms:
i.VRR: It acts as means to infuse short-term liquidity into the banking system. It is a process through which
RBI allows banks to borrow at rate determined by the market generally lower than Repo rate for
maximum period of 14 days.
ii.CRR: RBI has mandated to all commercial banks in India to maintain certain percentage of total deposits
with it in the form of cash.

RBI Introduces Changes to FEMA to Facilitate Cross-Border Trade in INR

On January 16, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced new measures under the Foreign
Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999, to encourage the use of the Indian Rupee (INR) and other local
currencies for international trade.
• These changes are the result of a detailed review of FEMA regulations 1999, conducted in
collaboration with the Government of India (GoI).
Note: This move comes as the Indian currency faces depreciation.

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Key Changes:
i.Overseas branches of Indian banks can now open INR accounts (A/C) for individuals or entities
outside India. These accounts can be used for permissible current and capital account transactions with
Indian residents.
ii.Non-residents are now allowed to settle legitimate transactions with other non-residents using
balances in their repatriable INR accounts. These accounts include: Special Non-Resident Rupee
Accounts (SNRR), Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVA)
iii.Additionally, the balances in these accounts can be used for investments, such as Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in non-debt instruments.
iv.Indian exporters will now have the flexibility to open accounts in foreign currencies abroad. These
accounts can be used to receive export payments and pay for imports, simplifying trade settlements.
Point to Note: To promote trade in local currencies, the RBI has signed agreements (MoUs) with the
central banks of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Indonesia, and the Maldives.
About Special Non-Resident Rupee (SNRR):
SNRR Account is a bank account in India that allows individuals and entities based outside India to hold
funds in Indian Rupees.
• Any person or entity residing outside India with business interests in India can open this
account provided they comply with the rules and regulations of the FEMA Act.The account’s
duration cannot exceed seven years.
Note: Nationals or entities from Pakistan and Bangladesh need prior approval from the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) to open an SNRR account.
About Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVA) :
In July 2022, the RBI launched Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVA) to boost the use of INR for
international trade. This account is held by a domestic bank for a foreign bank in the domestic currency.
• Banks from partner countries need to approach an authorized domestic dealer bank to open an
SRVA.
Note: Domestic banks must ensure that the correspondent bank is not from a high-risk or non-
cooperative country listed by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

RBI Released NBFC Upper Layer List for 2024-25

In January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the list of Non-Banking Finance Companies
(NBFCs) in the Upper Layer (UL) segment under the Scale Based Regulation (SBR) for NBFCs for the
Financial year 2024-25(FY25).
• RBI has retained Tata Sons Private Limited in the NBFC UL list despite its request to de-
register as a NBFC, is under examination.
• The updated list comprises 15 companies that include Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
Housing Finance Limited (HFL), Bajaj Finance Limited (BHL), and Shriram Finance Limited
(SFL), among others.
Key Points:
i.Muthoot Finance Limited (MFIN), a flagship of Muthoot Group is the only gold loan NBFC included in the
RBI’s ‘UL’ list for three consecutive years.
• The company received UL status for the 1st time in FY23.
ii.Piramal Enterprise Limited(PEL), which qualified for inclusion on the list based on scoring, has been
eliminated for the year 2024-25 due to ongoing reorganization in the business group.

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List of NBFC-UL for 2024-25:

S.No. Name of the NBFC Category of the NBFC

Deposit taking Housing Finance

1 LIC Housing Finance Limited
Company (HFC)

Deposit taking NBFC-Investment Credit

2 Bajaj Finance Limited (BFL)
Company (ICC)

Shriram Finance Limited (SFL)(formerly

3 Deposit taking NBFC-ICC
Shriram Transport Finance Company)

4 Tata Sons Private Limited Core Investment Company (CIC)

Cholamandalam Investment and Finance

5 Non-Deposit taking NBFC- ICC
Company Limited (Chola)

L&T Finance Limited (formerly known as

6 Non-deposit taking NBFC-ICC
L&T Finance Holdings Limited)

Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services

7 Deposit taking NBFC-ICC
Limited (MMFSL)

8 Aditya Birla Finance Limited (ABFL) Non-Deposit taking NBFC-ICC

Tata Capital Financial Services Limited

9 Non-deposit taking NBFC-ICC
(TCFSL)

Piramal Capital & Housing Finance

10 Non-deposit taking HFC
Limited(PCHFL)

11 PNB Housing Finance Limited Deposit taking HFC

12 HDB Financial Services Limited(HDBFS) Non-deposit taking NBFC-ICC

13 Muthoot Finance Limited (MFIN) Non-deposit taking NBFC-ICC

Samman Capital Limited (SCL)(formerly

14 Non-deposit taking NBFC
Indiabulls Housing Finance, IBHFL)

15 Bajaj Housing Finance Limited (BHFL) Non-deposit taking HFC

About SBR Framework:
i.In October 2021, the RBI introduced the SBR framework, which classifies NBFCs into 4 different layers
based on their asset size and scoring methodology.
ii.4 different layers under which NBFCs are categorised:
• NBFC-BL (Base Layer, BL): It mainly consists of non-deposit taking NBFCs with assets less
than Rs 1,000 crore.

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 • NBFC-ML (Middle Layer, ML): It consists of all-deposit taking NBFCs and non-deposit taking
NBFCs with assets more than Rs 1,000 crore.
• NBFC-UL (Upper Layer, UL): NBFCs in this layer are subjected to enhanced regulatory
requirements for at least 5 years, even if they fail to meet the criteria in subsequent reviews.
• NBFC-TL (Top Layer, TL):NBFC-UL will be moved to TL if RBI recognizes a substantial increase
in the potential systemic risk.
Recent Related News:
According to the CRISIL Ratings Limited (formerly Credit Rating and Information Services of India
Limited), India’s 1st credit rating agency, the growth in Assets Under Management (AUM) of Non-Banking
Financial Companies (NBFCs) is expected to moderate to 15-17% in Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25) as well
as in FY26.
• This marks a sharp decline of 600-800 basis points (bps) from a strong growth of 23% in FY24.

RBI Introduced Revised Guidelines for ARC-Borrower Settlements

On January 20 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced revised guidelines for the settlement of
dues payable by borrowers to Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) under the Master Direction-
Reserve Bank of India (Asset Reconstruction Companies) Directions, 2024. These guidelines came
into force with immediate effect.
• These revised guidelines were issued through a circular in exercise of powers given by Sections
9 and 12 of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of
Security(SARFAESI ) Act, 2002 (54 of 2002).
• These revised norms aimed to enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency in
settlement processes carried out by ARCs.
Key Changes:
i.As per the new norms, it is mandatory for every ARC to frame a Board-approved policy for settlement of
dues payable by the borrowers.
• These policies are required to cover important aspects such as: cut-off date for one-time
settlement eligibility, permissible concessions based on exposure categories, and valuation
methodologies for settling dues.
• The revised norms mandated that the ARC’s Board of Directors should include a minimum two
independent directors.
Criteria Settlement of Dues Based on Outstanding Amount:
i.For Borrowers with outstanding dues more than 1 crore: In this case, settlement of dues will be done
only after the proposal is thoroughly examined by an Independent Advisory Committee (IAC), which shall
comprise professionals with expertise in finance, law, or technical fields.
ii.For Borrowers with outstanding dues of Rs 1 crore or below: In this case, settlements can be
approved by an official who was not part of the acquisition (as an individual or part of a committee).
• A quarterly report detailing trends and recovery timelines for these accounts must be submitted
before the Board or Committee of the Board.
Other Key Points:
i.ARC has been mandated to constitute an IAC for examining the proposals related to change in or
takeover of management of business of the borrower.
ii.The Committee is chaired by an independent director and has at least two independent directors,
including the chair.
• Or, it should consist of minimum 1/3rd (33%) of the total strength of the board or 3 directors,
whichever is higher.

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About Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC):
i.It is a Financial Institution (FI) that buys Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) or bad loans from banks and FI
and help them to recover from the NPAs.
ii.They are registered with RBI and are regulated under SARFAESI Act, 2002.
iii.The Net Owned Funds (NOFs) of ARCs should be Rs 100 crore or more and they are also require to
maintain a capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of 15% of its risk-weighted assets.
iv.Some of the renowned ARCs in India are: Edelweiss Asset Reconstruction Company Limited (EARCL),
National Asset Reconstruction Company Limited (NARCL), among others.

RBI Sets Up MK Jain-Led Committee to Evaluate UB and SFB Applications

On January 20 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) formed a five-member Standing External Advisory
Committee (SEAC) chaired by the former Deputy Governor of RBI, Mahesh Kumar (MK) Jain to evaluate
the applications for Universal Banks (UBs) and Small Finance Banks (SFBs).
• The committee has a three-year tenure, supported by the Department of Regulation, RBI for
secretarial assistance.
About Standing External Advisory Committee (SEAC) :
Members:
The other 4-members of the committee are Revathy Iyer, Director of Central Board of RBI; Parvathy
V Sundaram, former Executive Director (ED) of RBI; Hemant G Contractor, former Managing Director
(MD) of State Bank of India (SBI) and former Chairman of Pension Fund Regulatory and Development
Authority (PFRDA) and NS Kannan, former MD & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of ICICI Prudential Life
Insurance Company Limited.
Key Points:
i.Under the licensing guidelines, the RBI will first assess the eligibility of applications for UBs and
SFBs. After that, the committee made up of experts in banking, finance, and related fields, will evaluate the
applications.
ii.The committee will not review applications from SFBs which have already applied for or intend to apply
for a UB license, as their eligibility was assessed when they were initially granted the SFB license.
iii.Applicants under review:
• For UB license – Annapurna Finance Private Limited (AFPL) and AU Small Finance Bank Limited
(AU SFB).
• For SFB license – Fino Payments Bank and VFS Capital Limited.
iv.The first SEAC, formed in March 2021, was chaired by Shyamala Gopinath, former Deputy Governor of
RBI, for a three-year term.
Eligibility Criteria for Conversion into SFBs:
i.Existing Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), Local Area Banks (LABs), and Micro Finance
Institutions (MFIs) owned by residents are eligible to apply for a license.
ii.The applicant must have a minimum of Rs 200 crore in paid-up capital
iii.The applicant must have a successful track record of at least 10 years
iv.The promoter must have at least 10 years of experience in the banking sector.
Eligibility Criteria for Conversion of SFBs into UBs:
i.SFBs must have a minimum net worth of Rs 1,000 crore, as per the audited figures at the end of the
previous quarter.
ii.Interested SFBs must have scheduled status and a satisfactory performance record for at least 5 years.
iii.It must meet the prescribed Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) requirement of 15% for
SFBs.
Note: CRAR is a measure of a bank’s capital relative to its risk-weighted assets.

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iv.Gross non-performing assets (G-NPA) and net NPA (N-NPA) must be less than or equal to 3% and 1%,
respectively in the past two Financial Years(FYs)
v.The bank’s shares should be listed on a recognized stock exchange.

Skydo Receives In-Principle Approval from RBI as Payment Aggregator for Cross-Border
Payments
On 21 January 2025, Skydo Technologies Private Limited, a cross-border fintech company based in
Bengaluru, Karnataka, received in-principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as
a Payment Aggregator-Cross Border (PA-CB).
• Skydo also secured Payment Service Provider (PSP) approval from Amazon, an American
multinational technology company headquartered in Washington, United States of America (
USA).
• This approval allows Skydo to process payments for exporters participating in Amazon’s Global
Selling programme.
i.Founded in 2022, Skydo is among the first in the cross-border payments industry to receive RBI’s
approval.
• It primarily serves small and medium-sized businesses and freelancers by providing virtual
foreign accounts for receiving international payments.
ii.The company works with global banks to provide a comprehensive solution for invoicing, payments,
and reconciliation, processing over USD 250 million (mn) in annual export payments.
iii.Currently, only five companies have received final approval from the RBI to function as PA-CB,
including Adyen India Technology Services Private, Amazon Pay India Private Limited, Cashfree Payments,
IndiaIdeas.com, and Pay10 Services Private Limited.

RBI Cancels Registration of X10 Financial Services

In January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) cancelled the Certificate of Registration (CoR) of
Mumbai(Maharashtra)-based X10 Financial Services Limited ( formerly Abhishek Securities Limited), a
Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC), due to irregularities in its digital lending operations.
As a result, the company is no longer allowed to operate as an NBFC.
i.The company violated guidelines related to outsourcing financial services by allowing external
service providers (SPs) to handle key tasks such as credit appraisal, setting interest rates, and Know Your
Customer (KYC) verification.
ii.The company had been offering loans through several mobile applications (apps), including Wecash
Technology, XNP Technology, Yarlung Technology, Xinrui International, Omelette Technology, Mad-
Elephant Network Technology, and Huidatech Technology.

RBI Announced Series of Steps to Inject Rs 1.50 lakh Crore into the Banking System
On January 27 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced a series of steps to inject about Rs
1.5 lakh crore into the banking system in a phased manner. The main objective of these steps is to
address the liquidity shortfall caused by the RBI’s intervention in selling dollars to stabilize the Indian
Rupee (INR).
Other Key Measures:
i.RBI will purchase Government Securities (G-secs) through Open Market Operations (OMO) worth Rs
60,000 crore in three tranches of Rs 20,000 crore each.
The OMO auctions will be held on January 30, February 13, and February 20, 2025.

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ii.RBI has further announced a 56-day Variable Rate Repo (VRR) auction for a notified amount of Rs
50,000 crore which is scheduled to be held on February 7, 2025.
The VRR aims to ensure liquidity requirements of banks till March 31, 2025.
iii.As part of various steps to manage liquidity conditions, RBI announced a USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap
auction of USD 5 billion for a tenor of 6 months to be held on January 31, 2025.
Under this swap arrangement, RBI will borrow dollars in exchange for rupees, with the interest cost
determined by the price at which it agrees to repurchase the dollars at the end of the tenure.
Important Terms:
i.VRR: It acts as a means to infuse short-term liquidity into the banking system. It is a process through
which RBI allows banks to borrow at a rate determined by the market generally lower than Repo rate for a
maximum period of 14 days.
ii.OMO: It is a quantitative tool of RBI’s Monetary Policy, which is used to maintain liquidity in the banking
system. It involves buying or selling of G-secs from or to the public and banks.
Points to Note:
The RBI last conducted a USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap auction on March 26, 2019. Then the swap was
for USD 5 billion for 3 years.
As of January 24, 2025, the banking system faced a significant liquidity deficit of Rs.2.82 lakh crore.
The 1st such VRR was conducted on January 16, 2025 worth Rs 50,000 crore and standalone
primary dealers were allowed to participate in the auction with other eligible bidders.

iSPIRT Launches PSLAI to Strengthen MSME Financing

In January 2025, the Indian Software Product Industry Round Table (iSPIRT), a think tank for India’s
software industry, launched the Priority Sector Lenders Association of India (PSLAI) which was
formed under Section 8 of the Companies Act 1972.
PSLAI will be headed by Priyashmita Guha as the Chief Executive Officer(CEO) and run with the
help of an accomplished Board of Directors(BoD).
PSLAI aims to streamline and enhance the availability of loans under Priority Sector Lending (PSL)
norms, a critical financial sector for banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India.
About PSLAI:
i.PSLAI is a non-profit organization focused on promoting loans for sectors outlined by the Reserve Bank
of India’s (RBI) PSL guidelines.
ii.The founding members include lending institutions like UGRO Capital Limited, India Infoline Finance
Limited (IIFL), and fintech companies like GetVantage Private Limited and GetGrowth Capital Private
Limited.
iii.PSLAI’s goal is to help sectors such as agriculture, small businesses (MSMEs), and affordable housing
receive the necessary financial support they need to grow.
Key Points:
i.As per RBI guidelines, banks must allocate at least 40% of their Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) to PSL
loans, which leads to an annual disbursement of Rs 64 trillion towards sectors like agriculture, Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), and affordable housing.
ii.Currently, the MSME sector which contributes 29% of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 45.73%
of exports faces a credit gap of about Rs 103 trillion in the Financial Year 2024 (FY24).
iii.Despite a demand for credit of Rs.138 trillion, only 25% of the formal financing needs of MSMEs are
met, with the majority relying on informal credit sources.
To address this issue, the PSLAI was established to improve credit access for MSMEs by leveraging
technology.

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Objectives of PSLAI:
i.Credit Disbursements: PSLAI aims to double the Rs 64 trillion currently disbursed annually under PSL
and reach Rs 130 trillion in the next 3-5 years.
ii.MSME Growth: MSMEs will benefit from innovative lending solutions using Digital Public Infrastructure
(DPI), such as Open Credit Enablement Network (OCEN), which assesses borrowers’ creditworthiness
based on cash flow data.
iii.New Lender Categories: PSLAI plans to establish a new category of NBFC-PSL focusing on PSL loans,
similar to existing categories like NBFC-Micro Finance Institutions (NBFC-MFIs) & NBFC-Housing Finance
Companies (NBFC-HFCs).
About Priority Sector Lenders Association of India (PSLAI):
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Priyashmita Guha
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established- 2025

RBI Penalizes J&K Bank, BoI, Canara Bank for Regulatory Non-Compliance
In January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed penalties on 3 major banks for failing to comply
with regulatory guidelines.
The banks include the Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir based Jammu and Kashmir Bank Limited (J&K
Bank), Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Bank of India Limited (BoI) and Bengaluru (Karnataka) based
Canara Bank Limited.
i.J&K Bank was fined Rs 3.31 crore for violations related to financial inclusion, particularly in areas like
Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account (BSBDA) norms, Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance, and loan
and advance restrictions.
ii.BoI faced a penalty of Rs 1 crore for non-compliance with specific provisions of the Banking Regulation
Act, 1949.
iii.Canara Bank received a penalty of Rs 1.63 crore for deficiencies in priority sector lending, deposit
interest rate regulations, and financial inclusion measures, specifically around BSBDA.

RBI Approved Established of NUCFDC to boost UCBs

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved the establishment of National Urban Co-operative Finance
and Development Cooperation (NUCFDC) as an Umbrella Organisation (UO) to boost Urban Co-operative
Bodies (UCBs) across India. It has also approved NUCFDC to function as a Non-Banking Finance
Company (NBFC).
In January 2025, Union Minister Amit Shah, the Ministry of Cooperation inaugurated the corporate
office of the NUCFDC during the inaugural function of International Year of Cooperatives 2025 held
in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
Key Functions of NUCFDC:
RBI has mandated NUCFDC to provide two types of services: Fund-based support and Non-fund based
support to UCBs which are its shareholder-members.
i.Fund-based support: NUCFDC is required to provide capital support to UCBs as per regulations and
guidelines & terms and conditions.
It is also required to offer secured credit lines on merits to UCBs to handle temporary liquidity
mismatches.
It will help in re-financing UCBs against their loans.
It will manage deposits and borrowings from UCBs and Financial Institutions (FIs).
Investments

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ii.Non-Fund based services: NUCFDC will support the rollout of a shared Information Technology (IT)
platform offering a comprehensive suite of services.
It will provide treasury management, payment and settlement services, and other operational
solutions to enhance the capabilities of UCBs.
It will also provide training, consultancy and Human Resource (HR) support to ensure UCBs are
well-equipped to adapt evolving regulatory and market demands.
Key Points:
i.In February 2024, NUCFDC obtained registration from RBI after raising paid up capital of Rs 117.95
crore.
ii.NUCFDC requires the RBI approval to act as Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) for UCBs, with functions
prescribed by the RBI.
However, NUCFDC will receive this approval only if it attains the paid up capital of Rs 300 crore
within 1 year from the date of registration by RBI i.e. up to 7th February, 2025.
About National Urban Co-operative Finance and Development Cooperation (NUCFDC):
Chairman- Jyotindra M. Mehta
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Prabhat Chaturvedi
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra

RBI Takes Over AIHFPL Board Amid Governance and Payment Defaults
In January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) replaced the board of directors of New Delhi (Delhi)
based Aviom India Housing Finance Private Limited (AIHFPL) over governance issues and payment
defaults after audits revealed fraud and governance lapses.
This action was taken under Section 45-IE(1) of the RBI Act, 1934, following the recommendation
of the National Housing Bank (NHB).
i.The RBI appointed Ram Kumar, former Chief General Manager (CGM) of Punjab National Bank (PNB), as
the administrator of AIHFPL under Section 45-IE(2) of the RBI Act, 1934.
ii.RBI to initiate the resolution process of the company under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Insolvency
and Liquidation Proceedings of Financial Service Providers and Application to Adjudicating Authority)
Rules, 2019 (FSP Rules, 2019).
About Aviom India Housing Finance Private Limited (AIHFPL):
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Kaajal Aijaz Ilmi
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Founded – 2016

SEBI
CFH Gets SEBI Approval to Launch Mutual Fund Business
Mumbai(Maharashtra) based Cosmea Financial Holdings(CFH) Private Limited, led by Sam Ghosh, was granted
approval by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to sponsor a Mutual Fund(MF).
• The approval follows the submission of their application in May 2024 has a 6-month window to
complete the necessary registration formalities as per the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.
i.CFH has partnered with WisdomTree, a global leader in Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and Exchange-Traded
Products (ETPs), which manages over USD 100 billion in assets to strengthen its position.
• CFH plans to invest Rs 200 crore (USD 23.3 million) in its Asset Management Company(AMC),
focusing on Quant and Smart Beta strategies to meet the growing demands of Indian investors.
ii.CFH has secured licenses in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT) for Category (CAT) III Alternate
Investment Funds (AIF) and a Fund Management Entity.

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SEBI eases Settlement Norms for Inactive Brokerage Accounts
On January 06 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) eased settlement norms
for brokerage accounts that remain inactive for over 30 calendar days. It will takes effect immediately,
replacing SEBI’s August 2024 circular on the same matter.
• This change aims to reduce procedural inefficiencies for brokers, making the process smoother
by eliminating the daily settlement requirement.
i.Previously, brokers were obligated to identify inactive clients and return their funds within 3 working
days.
ii.The new SEBI guidelines allow brokers to settle the funds of clients who haven’t traded for 30 calendar
days on the upcoming settlement dates as per the monthly cycle, specified in stock exchanges’ annual
calendars.
Note:A brokerage account is considered inactive if the client has not made any trades (buying or selling
stocks) for 30 days in a row.

SEBI Grants License to Strata for SM REIT

In January 09 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) granted the licence to Bengaluru
(Karnataka) based Strata Capital Management Private Limited(SCMPL) , a real estate fractional ownership
platform, for its Small and Medium Real Estate Investment Trust (SM REIT), named Strata SM REIT.
• This is SEBI’s fourth approval, following similar licenses issued to Property Share,
Rudrabhishek Enterprises Limited (REPL), and Emberstone.
• Strata Capital will serve as the Investment Manager for the SM REIT, with Axis Trustee
acting as the trustee.
About Strata SM REIT:
i.Strata SM REIT will provide retail and institutional investors with access to premium commercial
properties in key locations, streamlining real estate investments. It also enhances transparency,
safeguards investors, and ensures a regulated investment environment.
• It aligns with SEBI’s regulations to streamline fractional ownership platforms into a
structured investment model.
ii.Strata plans to list assets worth Rs. 2,000 Crore by Financial Year 2025–26 (FY26), offering retail and
institutional investors access to commercial real estate through SM REIT.
• It aims to launch up to six SM REIT schemes in FY26 and gradually introduce one scheme
each month.
About Small and Medium Real Estate Investment Trusts (SM REIT):
i.SM-REIT was introduced by SEBI in March 2024 to encourage smaller real estate investments and
increase participation in the sector.
ii.SM-REITs are a type of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) that enables individual investors to invest in
properties such as office buildings, hotels, hospitals, and retail malls.
• They provide an opportunity for smaller investors to participate in the real estate market
with lower capital requirements.
iii.Regulations:
• SM REITs can invest in real estate assets valued between Rs. 50 crore and Rs. 500 crore.
• It must have a minimum of 200 investors, excluding the investment manager and their
associates.
• The minimum investment amount for SM REITs is Rs.10 lakh.

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SEBI Unveils ‘Dharohar’: A Digital Repository for India’s Securities Market
On January 26, 2025, during India’s 76th Republic Day celebrations, Mumbai, Maharashtra based
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) unveiled ‘Dharohar – Milestones in the Indian Securities
Market,’ a digital knowledge repository.
This initiative highlights SEBI’s commitment to preserving India’s securities market legacy while
enhancing awareness and understanding among diverse stakeholders.
This is designed for a broad audience, including students, investors, researchers, journalists, market
participants, and the general public.
i.Dharohar documents the 150-year history and evolution of the Indian securities market, showcasing its
diverse products, participants, and institutions.
ii.It includes a website with an interactive timeline of significant events and three-dimensional (3D)
galleries, providing an engaging experience for visitors.
iii.It currently contains over 3,000 assets, including articles, regulatory evolution, interviews with notable
personalities, historic newspaper clippings, share certificates, infographics, videos, committee reports, and
more.
iv.It is set to expand, with new content being added regularly to enhance its value for users.
v.Users can access the Dharohar repository at https://www.mism.org

SEBI Launches ‘iSPOT Portal’ for Reporting Technical Issues

In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched a
web-based portal named the ‘Integrated SEBI Portal for Technical Glitches (iSPOT)’ for submission of
preliminary and final Root Cause Analysis (RCA) reports of technical glitches by stock exchanges and other
Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs).
The portal will be operational from 3rd February, 2025. It is integrated with SEBI’s Intermediary
(SI) portal, allowing MIIs to access it using their existing login credentials.
It aimed to simplify the reporting process of technical glitches across MIIs and establish a
centralized repository for all such incidents.
i.With the introduction of iSPOT, MIIs will now share preliminary and RCA reports of technical glitches
with SEBI through this portal, ensuring better data quality, traceability, and improved compliance
monitoring.
Previously, MIIs, including stock exchanges, clearing corporations, and depositories, were required
to report technical glitches and submit RCA reports to SEBI via a dedicated electronic
mail Identification (email ID).
iii.iSPOT will send automated reminders to MIIs for RCA submissions and generate system-driven reports
for regulatory monitoring.

LOANS ISSUED BY BANKS

World Bank approves USD 35 million to enhance education in Meghalaya
On 7 January 2025, the World Bank’s (WB) Board of Executive Directors approved USD 35 million loan
for a project Meghalaya Multisectoral Project for Adolescent Wellbeing, Empowerment and Resilience
(MPOWER) aimed to improve education quality in Meghalaya. The project will help the state’s youth by
enhancing resources and infrastructure.
• The loan from the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), part of the
WB Group, has a final maturity of 15 years, including a grace period of 5 years.

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 • It aimed to better empower 5,00,000 adolescents to make the transition from school to work by
lowering dropouts, improving learning outcomes and providing assistance for accessing jobs
and starting businesses.
Note: The project draws inspiration from similar initiatives in Jharkhand, as well as successful WB
operations in Tanzania and Bangladesh.
About MPOWER:
i.The project MPOWER will strengthen academic results for adolescents in grades 6-12 and close gaps in
students’ reading and math skills.
• The total cost of the project is USD 45 million of which USD 35 million will be given by the WB
and rest by the Government of India(GoI).
ii.It aims to lower dropout rates by giving students career assistance, mental health awareness, and life
skills. Special focus will be on reaching dropout students and providing them with the same support.
• Meghalaya has one of the highest dropout rates in India, with 11% of students leaving school at
the upper primary level and 22% of students dropping out at the secondary level.
iii.The project will also teach business skills to aspiring entrepreneurs and out-of-school adolescents in
collaboration with the Meghalaya State Skills Development Society (MSSDS).
About World Bank(WB):
President – Ajay Banga
Headquarters – Washington, D.C., the United States of America (USA)
Established – 1944
About Meghalaya
Chief Minister (CM) – Conrad Kongkal Sangma
Governor – C H Vijayashankar
National Parks – Balphakram National Park, Nokrek Ridge National Park
Wildlife Sanctuaries – Siju Wildlife Sanctuary, Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary

PFC Sign 120 Billion JPY Loan Deal with JBIC for RE Projects in India
In January 2025, New Delhi (Delhi) based Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC) under the Ministry of
Power (MoP) signed an agreement with Tokyo (Japan) based Japan Bank for International Cooperation
(JBIC) for 120 billion Japanese Yen (JPY) or Rs.6600 crore loan to support Renewable Energy(RE)
projects in India.
• Under the agreement, JBIC will contribute JPY 72 billion(Rs 40.04 billion), while the remaining
amount will be provided by commercial banks.
• The initiative supports India’s commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions and
transitioning to cleaner energy sources.
Key People: The loan agreement was signed by Parminder Chopra, Chairman and Managing Director
(CMD) of PFC and Ogawa Kazunori,Senior MD of JBIC in Japan.
Key Points:
i.The long-term loan, with a tenure of up to 20 years, will be granted to PFC as part of JBIC’s ‘Global Action
for Reconciling Economic Growth and Environmental Preservation’ (GREEN) initiative.
• This agreement represents JBIC’s largest green financing deal with any Indian company.
ii.PFC will utilize the funds for energy projects in India, including RE, next-generation energy supply, and
energy-efficient power generation and heat supply.
iii.It supports India’s goal of achieving 50% cumulative electric power generation from non-fossil-fuel-
based energy sources by 2030.
Note: In August 2024, PFC received a 25.5 billion yen (Around Rs. 147 crore) loan from JBIC to fund for
wind energy project in Karnataka.

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About Power Finance Corporation (PFC):
PFC, a Maharatna public sector company and one of India’s top non-banking financial companies (NBFC),
operates under the Ministry of Power (MoP), Government of India (GoI).
Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) – Parminder Chopra
Headquarter – New Delhi, Delhi
Founded – 1986
About Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC):
President & Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Tadashi Maeda
Headquarters – Tokyo, Japan
Founded – 1999

JK Tyre Receives USD 100 Million Sustainability-Linked Loan from IFC

In January 2025, Washington, United States(US) based International Finance Corporation (IFC) sanctioned
a USD 100 million Sustainability-Linked Loan (SLL) to New Delhi based JK Tyre, a leading Indian tyre
manufacturer with a global presence.
The funding includes USD 30 million for JK Tyre & Industries Limited and up to USD 70
million for Cavendish Industries Limited (CIL), a subsidiary of JK Tyre. JK Tyre is a flagship
company of JK Organisation, a global conglomerate.
i.Using the funds, the company will increase the capacity of its passenger car radial (PCR) tyres at
Banmore plant in Madhya Pradesh (MP). Additionally, the funds would be used to increase the capacity of
CIL’s Laksar factory in Uttarakhand to produce truck and bus radials (TBR).
ii.The initiative aims to boost local supply chains, encourage the development of energy-efficient tyre
production, and create employment.

AGREEMENTS & MoUs SIGNED

YES Bank & FICCI FLO Launched ‘YES PowherUp’ to Promote Women Entrepreneurs
In December 2024, YES Bank Limited, India’s 6th largest private sector bank in partnership with
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry(FICCI) Ladies Organisation (FLO), largest
women’s chamber of commerce in South Asia region, announced the launch of ‘YES PowherUp’, a
specialized Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises(MSME) programme designed to empower women
entrepreneur in promoting their businesses.
• It offers comprehensive financial solutions customized to cater the unique requirements of
women-led enterprises.
• The programme features specialized Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) loans, premium
business accounts, international trade and forex services, investment opportunities, credit card
options, and insurance plans.
Key Features:
i.SME Loans: It will offer comprehensive funding solutions like: waiving of 50% processing fee for
members of FICCI FLO.
ii.YES First Business Account: It will provide premium transactional accounts with exclusive benefits for
women entrepreneurs.
iii.Trade & Forex Solutions: Eligible women entrepreneurs will get access to international markets with
various trade and forex solutions.
iv.Investment Solutions: Beneficiaries will be able to trade maximum Rs 1.5 crore at zero brokerage for
60 days with YES securities.
v.Card Solutions: Under this programme, business credit cards for domestic and international level will

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be issued, featuring low foreign currency markups.
vi.Insurance Plans: It will provide offerings designed specifically for asset protection, cancer coverage,
and discounted term plans.
About Yes Bank Limited:
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Prashant Kumar
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Tagline-Experience our expertise
Established- 2004
About FICCI Ladies Organisation (FICCI FLO):
President- Joyshree Das Verma
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 1983

Assam Signed MoU with SBI & UBI for Insurance Benefits
On January 1 2025, the Government of Assam signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the
State Bank of India (SBI) and Union Bank of India (UBI) to offer insurance benefits to state government
employees .
• The agreements aim to provide zero-premium insurance coverage and additional benefits to
more than four lakh permanent state government employees.
About the Agreement:
i.The decision was made in a cabinet meeting in North Lakhimpur, Assam. The Finance Department of
Assam was given the authority to collaborate with Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs).
• After discussions with various SCBs, the department finalized the first phase of partnerships
with SBI and UBI.
ii.The MoUs will take effect immediately, and a detailed Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is being
issued to ensure a smooth rollout and maximum benefits for the employees.
iii.The Treasury Officer at each district headquarters will act as the Nodal Officer for coordination and
grievance resolution, working with banks to ensure the smooth implementation of salary benefits and
assisting with claim submissions.
iv.Each empaneled bank will designate a Nodal Officer and the contact details of this officer will be
included in the SOP issued by the Finance Department, Assam.
Key Benefits:
i.Term Life Insurance offers a minimum coverage of Rs.10 lakh for natural death, which includes death
due to illness or accidents.
ii.Accidental Death Insurance provides a minimum coverage of Rs.1 crore.
iii.Permanent Total Disability insurance provides coverage of up to Rs.1 crore.
iv.Permanent Partial Disability insurance provides coverage of up to Rs.80 lakh.
v.Air Accidental Insurance provides a minimum coverage of Rs.2 crore for deaths caused by air crashes.
About Assam:
Chief Minister(CM) – Himanta Biswa Sarma
Governor – Lakshman Prasad Acharya
Capital – Dispur
National Parks (NP) – Kaziranga NP, Manas NP

IRFC Signs MoU with REMCL to Finance RE Projects for Indian Railways
On January 03 2025, the Indian Railway Finance Corporation Limited(IRFC) has entered into a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Railway Energy Management Company Limited (REMCL),a

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Joint Venture(JV) of the Ministry of Railways (MoR) and Rail India Technical and Economic Service(RITES),
to support the financing of Renewable Energy (RE) projects developed by REMCL to supply power to
Indian Railways(IR).
• The MoU establishes a framework for collaboration between IRFC and REMCL to support IR in
reducing dependence on fossil fuels and achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2030
i.The collaboration also includes exploring funding opportunities for thermal, nuclear, and renewable
energy projects set up under a captive model through JV between IR and other partners.
ii.Under the MoU, REMCL will help IR by sourcing affordable conventional and renewable power and
managing bidding for RE projects, while IRFC will handle project evaluation and fundraising.

CIL and IREL Partner for Critical Minerals Developments

On January 7 2025, Kolkata (West Bengal) based Coal India Limited (CIL) under the Ministry of Coal(MoC),
signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Indian
Rare Earths Limited (IREL), a Public Sector Undertaking(PSU) under the Department of Atomic Energy
(DAE) to collaborate on the development of critical minerals.
• The partnership aims to boost India’s ability to mine, extract, refine, and source critical minerals
like mineral sands and Rare Earth Elements (REE), essential for electronics, Renewable
Energy(RE), and defense industries.
• This collaboration is a key component of CIL’s initiative to lessen India’s reliance on essential
minerals such as lithium and cobalt imports.
i.Under this partnership, the two companies will work together to acquire assets, source raw materials
domestically or internationally, and develop mining, extraction, and refining capabilities.
ii.In the Union Budget 2024-25, the Government of India (GoI) announced the Critical Mineral Mission to
boost domestic production, recycling, and asset acquisition.
Note: India, one of the few countries producing rare earth elements, relies on IREL to achieve self-
sufficiency in mining, processing, and refining, while China remains the dominant player in critical
minerals.

Tata Elxsi Partners With CSIR-NAL for AAM Solutions

On January 8, 2025, Tata Elxsi Limited, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based global design and technology
services provider, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Council of Scientific &
Industrial Research–National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL) to innovate in Advanced Air Mobility
(AAM).
• The collaboration aimed to develop cutting-edge technologies for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAVs), Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft.
• It focuses on technologies such as aerodynamic design, autonomous systems and secure
communications to address the unique needs of both manned and unmanned AAM.
The partnership combines NAL’s extensive aeronautical research expertise with Tata Elxsi’s advanced
capabilities in electrification, Artificial intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), sensor fusion and
certification processes.

NPCI International partners with Magnati to Expand UPI Acceptance in UAE

NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL), the international arm of the National Payments Corporation
of India (NPCI), has partnered with Magnati, a leading payment solutions provider in the Middle East, to
provide the feature of QR (Quick Response) based Unified Payments Interface (UPI) merchant payments
via Magnati’s Point-Of-Sale (POS) terminals in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

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 • The partnership aims to expand the QR based merchant payment network to more merchants in
the UAE which will facilitate seamless payment options to more than 12 million Indians
travelling to Dubai and the UAE annually.
i.UPI acceptance will be initially provided across Dubai Duty Free, enhancing the shopping and payment
experience for Indian tourists.
ii.It will further be expanded to other key merchant categories including retail, hospitality, transport, and
supermarkets etc.
Note: UPI payments are accepted in seven countries, including Bhutan, Mauritius, Nepal, Singapore, Sri
Lanka,France and the UAE.

IREDA Partners with SJVN, GMR and NEA for 900 MW Upper Karnali Hydropower Project in
Nepal
On 17th January 2025, New Delhi(Delhi) based Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited
(IREDA) entered into a Joint Venture (JV) Agreement with Shimla, Himachal Pradesh(HP)
based SJVN Limited(formerly known as Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam), GMR Energy Limited, and Nepal
Electricity Authority (NEA) for the development of the 900 megawatt (MW) Upper Karnali Hydro-electric
Project over River Karnali, the largest hydro-electric power project in Nepal.
• The agreement was signed in the presence of senior officials from IREDA, SJVN, and GMR
Energy Limited in New Delhi, Delhi.
• The project is partly funded by the Asian Development Bank(ADB), and is expected to be
completed within five years of commencement of construction.
Key Points:
i.The joint venture agreement provides a thorough framework for the planning, building, operation, and
maintenance of the project using a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) model.
• The USD1.5 billion project will be in operation for 25 years from its Commercial Operation
Date (CoD).
ii.Nepal, will be utilising only 108 Megawatt(MW) of the total power generated for domestic consumption,
leaving 792 MW of power for export to countries like India and Bangladesh.
iii.This strategic initiative aims to promote renewable energy sources and enhance regional energy
security.
iv.This project will be an example of cross-border cooperation by utilizing the enormous potential of
hydropower, providing both environmental and economic advantages.
v.IREDA will invest Rs174.22 crore to acquire a 5% stake with SJVN also investing a similar amount to
acquire up to 10% joint stake in GMR Upper Karnali Hydro Power Ltd and Karnali Transmission Co Pvt
Ltd, both of which are being executed by GMR Nepal, in association with SJVN.
About Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) :
Chairman & Managing Director(CMD) – Pradip Kumar Das
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Founded – 1987

BPCL Signs Loan Agreement with SBI – led Consortium for Expansion Projects
On January 2025, Mumbai, Maharashtra based Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), India’s 2nd-
largest oil marketing company has signed a loan agreement worth Rs 31,802 crore with a consortium of
banks led by State Bank of India (SBI).
• It aims to finance the expansion of its refinery to 11Million metric tonnes per annum(MMTPA)
from 7.8 MMTPA and setting up of a petrochemical complex in Bina, Madhya Pradesh (MP).

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i.Other consortium members include Punjab National Bank (PNB), Union Bank of India (UBI), Canara Bank
(CNB), Bank of India (BOI), and Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM).
ii.BPCL Said that it will construct petrochemicals complex that produces Downstream polymers and
Chemicals such as Linear Low Density Polyethene(LLDPE), High Density Polyethene(HDPE),
Polypropylene(PP), benzene, toluene, and mixed xylene.

FIU-IND & NHB ink MOU to enhance coordination and information exchange
In January 2025, New Delhi (Delhi) based Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) under the
Department of Revenue (DoR), Ministry of Finance (MoF) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
with New Delhi (Delhi) based National Housing Bank (NHB), under MoF to collaborate on a range of
critical areas, including intelligence sharing, capacity building and risk assessment.
• It aims to strengthen the implementation of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
(PMLA), and its associated rules as part of ongoing efforts.
Signatories:
The MoU was signed by Vivek Aggarwal, Director of FIU-IND, and Sanjay Shukla, Managing Director
(MD) of NHB, along with other dignitaries present at the event in New Delhi, Delhi.
FIU-IND and NHB will collaborate in areas of mutual interest, including the following:
i.Each party will appoint a nodal officer and an alternate nodal officer to coordinate with the other.
ii.Sharing relevant intelligence and information from their databases as outlined in the MoU.
iii.Establishing the procedure and manner in which supervised/reporting entities report to FIU-IND under
the PML Rules.
iv.Providing outreach and training for supervised/reporting entities.
v.Enhancing Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter Financing of Terrorism (CFT) skills in
supervised/reporting entities.
vi.Assessment of AML/CFT risks and vulnerabilities in Housing Finance Companies in India.
vii.Identifying red flag indicators for Suspicious Transaction Reports HFCs in India.
viii.Supervising and monitoring the compliance of supervised/reporting entities with their obligations
under PMLA, PML Rules, and Reserve Bank of India (RBI)/NHB guidelines.
ix.Complying with each other’s obligations under relevant international standards.
x.Conducting quarterly meetings to discuss the above, along with typologies/trends in AML/CFT crimes,
cases with imposed sanctions, etc.
About Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND):
It is responsible for receiving, processing, analyzing, and disseminating information related to suspicious
financial transactions under the PMLA.
Director – Vivek Aggarwal
Headquarters – New Delhi (Delhi)
Founded – 2004
About National Housing Bank (NHB):
Managing Director (MD) – Sanjay Shukla
Headquarters – New Delhi (Delhi)
Founded – 1988

Bajaj Finance, Bharti Airtel partner to launch digital financial services platform
In January 20 2025, Bharti Airtel, telecom services provider and Bajaj Finance, a private-sector Non-
Banking Financial Company (NBFC), have partnered to develop one of India’s largest digital platforms for
financial services to ensure faster last mile delivery.

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 • The platform will offer Bajaj Finance’s diversified suite of 27 product lines to Airtel’s
375 million customers.
i.Airtel will initially offer Bajaj Finance’s retail financial products on its Airtel Thanks
Application(App) for easy and safe customer experience, and thereafter through its nation-wide network
of stores.
ii.Two products of Bajaj Finance have been tested on the Airtel Thanks App and four products will be
available to customers by March 2025.
• These include Gold Loan, Business Loan, a co-branded Insta EMI (Equated Monthly
Instalment) Card and Personal Loan.
iii.Airtel-Bajaj Finserv EMI card users will be provided with flexible EMI options and payment plans for
purchasing various goods and can be used for e-commerce transactions on multiple platforms.

Mobikwik becomes India’s 1st Fintech Company to Roll out CBDC in Partnership with RBI and
Yes Bank
In January 2025, Gurugram (Haryana)-based One Mobikwik Systems Limited, has become 1st fintech
company in India, to roll out a full-scale Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) or e-rupee, in collaboration
with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Yes Bank Limited.
As per this strategic partnership, Yes Bank Limited will act as a primary sponsor bank to provide
the issuance of the CBDC for both these 3rd-party application providers.
Note: CBDC is a digital legal tender issued and supported by the RBI. This digital currency is equivalent to
sovereign currency and can be exchanged at a one-to-one ratio with existing physical currency.
Key Points:
i.Now, this e-rupee wallet is accessible to all Android users of Mobikwik, which will enable seamless Peer-
to-Peer (P2P) and Peer-to-Merchant (P2M) transactions.
ii.Users can now pay by scanning any Unified Payments Interface (UPI) Quick Response (QR) code using e-
rupee, as the wallet is completely compatible with UPI.
iii.Existing users of Mobikwik who have completed their Know Your Customer (KYC) formalities can
instantly open e-rupee wallets and make transactions from their bank accounts.
iv.The wallet allows maximum transactions of Rs 50,000 per day, with per transaction limit of Rs 10,000.
It supports denominations ranging from Rs 0.50 to Rs 500.
Background:
i.It was initially launched on December 01, 2022, as a pilot project for the e-rupee retail segment (e-R)
with 4 banks: State Bank of India (SBI), ICICI Bank Limited, Yes Bank Limited and IDFC First Bank in 4
Indian cities.
iii.In April 2024, RBI allowed non-bank entities to offer digital currency transactions through CBDC.
According to the RBI, at present, 15 banks including, SBI, Kotak Mahindra Bank Limited (KMBL),
Axis Bank Limited, HDFC Bank Limited, among others, offer CBDC wallets.
While, 14 participants, which includes both bank and non-bank entities, in the wholesale CBDC
pilot.
iv.In January 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Cred, backed by Tiger Global and Peak XV, launched the
beta version of its e-wallet, developed in partnership with the RBI and Yes Bank as the sponsor bank.
About One Mobikwik Systems Limited:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Bipin Preet Singh
Headquarters- Gurugram, Haryana
Established- 2009

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RBL Bank & Piramal Finance Partner to offer Co-Lending Business
In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based RBL Bank Limited (formerly known as Ratnakar Bank
Limited) and Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Piramal Capital and Housing Finance Limited (also known
as Piramal Finance), a wholly subsidiary of Piramal Enterprises Limited (PEL), announced a partnership
aimed at enhancing financial inclusion.
This is the 3rd co-lending partnership for Piramal Finance, following similar collaborations with
Axis Bank Limited and the Central Bank of India (CBI) Limited.
i.This collaboration aims to provide loans to middle and low-income borrowers in rural and semi-urban
areas, with a focus on Tier 2 and Tier 3 markets.
ii.The primary goal is to provide competitive interest rates and customized credit solutions for Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and home loan borrowers.
iii.This collaboration combines RBL Bank’s financial expertise and branch network with Piramal Finance’s
innovative ‘High Tech + High Touch’ approach, offering competitive interest rates and customised credit
solutions to underserved communities.

BHIM Partners with Fintech Yatra to Promote Financial Inclusion, Digital Literacy
In January 2025, Bharat Interface Money (BHIM), India’s flagship digital payments application (app)
powered by Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based NPCI BHIM Services Limited(NBSL), a subsidiary of the
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), has partnered with the Fintech Yatra 2025 as a Principal
Partner.
This strategic collaboration aims to accelerate the adoption of digital payments, enhance financial
inclusion, and promote digital literacy across the country.
i.The Fintech Yatra is a 10,000 kilometer (km) long epic road journey, which aimed to identify,
understand, and boost players in financial services across India. It is a platform that connects startups,
Financial Institutions (FIs), and investors while simultaneously promoting digital independence.
ii.As part of this collaboration, over 200 individuals from select Non-Government Organisations (NGOs)
will be trained under a train-the-trainer model, empowering them to raise awareness about digital
payments.

HDFC Securities Partners with KFin Technologies to Enhance NPS Access

In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based HDFC Securities Limited, a subsidiary of HDFC Bank
Limited, entered into a strategic partnership with Hyderabad (Telangana)
based KFin Technologies Limited to improve accessibility and adoption of the National Pension System
(NPS).
The partnership aims to simplify NPS management by offering features like flexible transaction
downloads and real-time Short Message Service (SMS) notifications.
The collaboration brings together HDFC Securities’ network of more than 3.5 lakh subscribers and
2,700 corporate clients with KFintech’s Central Recordkeeping Agency (CRA) platform.
i.CRAs are crucial to the NPS ecosystem as they manage subscriber records, ensure transparency, and
facilitate smooth account operations.
ii.CRA platform includes advanced security features such as dual-factor authentication, utilizing
passwords, and one-time passwords (OTPs).
iii.Subscribers can also use dedicated portals, WhatsApp services, and a missed-call facility to easily
monitor investments and make changes.
Note: In 2024, the Government of India(GoI) has increased tax benefits under corporate NPS from 10%
to 14% of basic income.

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OTHER BANK NEWS
Federal Bank Launches Digital Platform FedOne for Corporate Banking
On January 2, 2025, Federal Bank, one of India’s leading private sector banks, launched FedOne, an
advanced transaction banking platform.This strategic move to cater the evolving needs of corporate and
small and medium enterprises (SME) customers.
• This platform is the result of a 10-month collaboration with Nucleus Software Exports
Limited, leveraging its FinnAxia solution to enhance Federal Bank’s digital transformation and
elevate the quality of services offered to corporate customers.
• Federal Bank implements FinnAxia® as the technological foundation to build FedOne™, offering
improved and streamlined services to its customers
Nucleus Software’s Role:
Nucleus Software Exports Limited, which has partnered with Federal Bank in this project, has extensive
experience in the financial technology sector.
• It currently supports over 200 financial institutions across 50 countries,managing USD 500
billion in loans in India alone and over USD 700 billion globally (excluding India)and processing
more than 26 million daily transactions through its transaction banking platform.
Note:
As of September 30, 2024, Federal Bank, which operates through 1,546 banking outlets and 2,052
Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)/Recyclers across India, reported a total business mix of Rs.4.99 Lakh
Crore.
About Federal Bank:
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Shri Krishnan Venkat Subramanian or Shri KVS
Manian
Headquarters– Kochi, Kerala
Established– April 23, 1931
Tagline– Your Perfect Banking Partner

SBI Launched Har Ghar Lakhpati RD scheme and SBI Patrons FD scheme
On January 03 2025, the State Bank of India (SBI), India’s largest Public Sector Bank (PSB), has launched two
new deposit schemes namely, Har Ghar Lakhpati Recurring Deposit(RD) scheme and SBI Patrons Fixed
Deposit(FD) scheme.
• Both these schemes are designed to provide customers with greater financial flexibility and
enhanced value.
About Har Ghar Lakhpati RD Scheme:
i.It is a pre-calculated RD scheme designed to enable customers to accumulate Rs 1 lakh or multiples thereof.
ii.This scheme helps to simplify the process of achieving financial goals, allowing customers to plan and save
effectively.
iii.Minors can also avail the benefits of the scheme, thus promoting early financial planning and saving habits.
iv.The deposit period is 3 to 10 years
Note: Tenure of SBI RD account is 12 months or 1 year (minimum) and 120 months or 10 years (maximum).
About SBI Patrons FD Deposits:
i.It is a FD scheme, designed specifically to cater the needs of senior citizens who are 80 years and above.
• It is available to both existing and new term deposit customers.
ii.This scheme offers increased interest rates and is available to both existing and new term deposit customers.
iii.The depositors under this scheme will earn an additional 10 basis points (bps) higher interest rate than
what is offered to senior citizens.

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SBI’s other FD Schemes for Senior Citizens:
i.SBI We- care deposit scheme, offers an interest rate of 7.50% period of 5 years to less than 10 years.
ii.SBI 444 days FD scheme or Amrit Vrishti offers an interest rate of 7.75%. The scheme is available till March
31, 2025.
iii.The minimum deposit amount is Rs. 1,000, while the maximum is less than Rs.3 crore.
iv.The deposit period is 7 days to 10 years
Recent Related News:
In December 2024, the State Bank of India (SBI), India’s largest Public Sector Bank (PSB) released its latest
Economic Research Department (ERD) report. It has projected India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth
at 6.3%, lower than the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)’s projection of 6.6% for Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25).

SBI Launched TAB-based Online NRO, NRE Account Opening Facility

On January 02 2025, State Bank of India (SBI), India’s largest Public Sector Bank (PSB), launched TAB-based
digital process for Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) to open Non-Resident External (NRE) and Non-Resident
Ordinary (NRO) accounts. This initiative aims to streamline the account opening process through real-time
digital verification and a paperless system.
• This initiative was inaugurated by SBI Chairman Challa Sreenivasulu(C.S) Setty and has been made
available across SBI branches in India and select foreign offices.
Key Points:
i.The new TAB-based facility offers real-time account activation, which eliminates the need for physical
documentation. Thus, enabling faster activation with minimal delays.
ii.Under this facility, documents will be verified digitally, making the process more efficient and easy.
iii.This facility, which uses digital tools to improve the efficiency and convenience of account opening.
About NRE Account:
i.This account is designed specifically for NRIs who aim to manage their earnings in Indian Rupee (INR).
ii.It offers various deposit formats such as: Savings, Current, Recurring, and Term Deposits.
• The maximum and minimum tenure on these deposits is 1 year and 10 years, respectively.
iii.Interest earned on these accounts is exempted from income tax as well as the balances held in these
accounts are free from wealth tax.
iv.NRE accounts can be opened with closed resident relatives on ‘former or survivor basis’.
About NRO Account:
i.This account aims to address the needs of NRIs who want to manage their income earned within India, like:
rent, dividends, pensions, among others.
ii.It offers deposit formats to the account-holder such as: Savings, Current, and Fixed Deposits with an interest
rate aligned with domestic rates.
• The interest earned in this account is subject to tax in India. Funds in this account are also held in
Indian Rupees(INR).
iii.It provides limited repatriation i.e. with a limit of up to USD 1 million per Financial Year(FY).
About State Bank of India(SBI):
Chairman- Challa Sreenivasulu (C.S.) Setty
Headquarters-Mumbai, Maharashtra
Tag line-Pure Banking, Nothing Else
Established- 1st July 1955

NaBFID Invests Rs 745 Crore in NDR InvIT’s Long-Term Bonds

In December 2024, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and
Development (NaBFID) has invested Rs 745 crore in long-term bonds issued by NDR InvIT.
i.The funds raised through 15-year bonds (which are rated AAA/stable by Indian ratings agencies) will be used
to boost growth strategy of NDR InvIT, including the development of industrial parks and warehousing

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facilities across key economic corridors of India.
ii.NDR InvIT, which is a Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) licensed Infrastructure Investment Trust
managed by NDR InvIT managers and sponsored by NDR Warehousing Private Limited.
• NDR InvIT Trust, is the first ‘Perpetual Warehousing and Industrial Parks’ InvIT to be listed in the
Indian Stock Exchange (NSE).
Note: In September 2024, the Government of India (GoI) notified NaBFID as a ‘Public Financial Institution(PFI)’
under the Section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013.

Nomura forecasts India’s GDP down to 6% in FY25

On January 03 2025, Japan brokerage Nomura forecasted that India’s economy will grow more slowly in
the coming years. The agency’s revised prediction indicates that India’s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) growth will decelerate to 6% in the Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25), a significant drop
from 8.2% in the FY24. In FY26, the GDP growth is expected to be around 5.9%.
• Previously, the growth projections were set at 6.7% for FY25 and 6.8% for FY26.
• This is primarily attributed to various macroeconomic indicators signaling an overall
slowdown.
Key Points:
i.Inflation: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation is expected to ease to 4.9% in FY25, down
from 5.4% in FY24, and will go even lower to 4.3% in FY26.
ii.Sector-wise Growth: For FY25, the agency has predicted weaker growth in high-demand categories,
such as cars and paints, while categories like two-wheelers (2Ws) and staples are expected to see stronger
growth.
• In FY26, most consumer categories are expected to continue growing below the long-term
trend, with premium segments gaining market share.
iii.Investment Outlook: Due to slow demand and increasing competition, margin risks are likely to rise,
making it crucial for investors to be highly selective in FY26.
• The agency highlighted that most companies could pass on commodity costs post-COVID until
2025 due to high demand for their products.

SBI Report: Rural Poverty Ratio Drops Below 5% for the 1st time in FY24
According to the State Bank of India (SBI)’s Research report released on January 03 2025, rural poverty
ratio dropped below 5% for the 1st time to 4.86% in Financial Year 2023-24 (FY24) from 7.2% in FY23
and 25.7% in 2011-12.
• This reduction in poverty ratio in rural areas of the country is mainly driven by higher
consumption growth among the bottom 0-5% fractile, supported by Government of India(GoI)
led initiatives.
• The urban poverty ratio decreased marginally to 4.09% in FY24 from 4.6% in FY23 and
13.7% in 2011-12.
• The report estimates that national poverty rates are now between 4-4.5%, marking a significant
improvement in living conditions across the country.
Note: The report has used the data of the latest annual Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
(HCES) for August 2023-July 2024 released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(MoSPI) in December 2024.
Key Findings:
i.The report highlighted that decrease in rural poverty ratio further led to shift in poverty line from 5-10%
decile (in FY23) to 0-5% decile (in FY24).
ii.The report has estimated the poverty lines at Rs 1,623 for rural areas and Rs 1,944 for urban areas in

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FY24 by adjusting for decadal inflation and the imputation factor in the poverty line set by the Suresh
Tendulkar Committee in 2011.
iii.The consumption inequality has decreased from 0.266 and 0.314 (in FY23) to 0.237 and 0.284,
respectively in rural and urban areas of the country.
iv.The report showed that overall, the poverty rate in India is in the range of 4-4.5%, with almost
negligible existence of extreme poverty.
v.The report revealed that the difference between rural and urban Monthly Per Capita Consumption
Expenditure (MPCE) to rural MPCE has decreased significantly from 88.2% (in 2009-10) and 71.2% (in
FY23) to 69.7% (in FY24).
• This decrease is mainly attributed to GoI led initiatives like Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT),
investments in rural infrastructure, increasing farmer’s income and improving the rural
livelihood significantly.
v.As per the report, most of the high-income Indian states show a savings rate greater than the national
average of 31%.
• The report also showed that states like: Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Bihar have low saving rates due
to higher outward migration.

Exim Bank raised USD 1 Billion through 10-year Bonds

In January 2025, Mumbai-based Export-Import Bank of India(EXIM Bank) ,also known as India Exim
Bank , has raised United States Dollar (USD) 1 billion (Rs. 8,570 crores) through 10-year bonds in the
international market, achieving the lowest-ever spread of 100 basis points(bps) over 10-year United
States (US) Treasury securities.
• The milestone makes EXIM Bank the first Indian organisation to issue dollar bonds in 2025,
representing a significant achievement for Indian issuers in international capital markets.
i.The bank will utilise the funds to finance its ongoing and future projects worldwide.
ii.The amount was raised in the 144A/Reg-S format under Rule 144A which allows Qualified Institutional
Buyers (QIBs) to trade debt securities without needing registration or review by the US Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC).
iii.Bank of America Securities (BofA Securities), Citigroup, Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
(HSBC), J.P. Morgan Chase, and Standard Chartered Bank (SCB) served as the main managers and
book runners for the bond offering.
Note: India Exim Bank, established in 1982, has been rated as Baa3 (Stable) by Moody’s Investors Service,
BBB- (Positive) by Standard & Poor’s (S&P), and BBB- (Stable) by Fitch Ratings.

TMB Joins Bajaj Broking to Roll Out 3-in-1 Account Solution

On January 08, 2025, Thoothukudi (Tamil Nadu, TN)- based Tamilnad Mercantile Bank (TMB) Limited
partnered with Pune (Maharashtra)- based Bajaj Broking, the broking arm of Bajaj Finance Limited
(BFL), to launch a comprehensive 3-in-1 account solution combining banking, broking, and investment
services.
• The partnership aims to offer TMB customers seamless online trading via Bajaj Broking’s
platform while helping Bajaj Broking expand its digital services. Together, they plan to deliver
client-focused solutions and explore new opportunities.
Key Points:
i.The 3-in-1 account simplifies fund transfers, minimizes paperwork, and offers a tech-driven platform for
investing in a variety of financial products.
ii.The collaboration strengthens TMB’s commitment to meet customers’ financial needs by offering
professional investment services through a trusted partner.

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iii.Bajaj Broking aims to provide technology-driven services and research insights to more investors base.
This partnership will enhance decision-making tools and expand its presence across India.
Broking Firm:
A broking firm, or brokerage firm, is a financial institution that facilitates the buying and selling of
securities between buyers and sellers.
• These firms act as intermediaries in various financial markets, including stocks, bonds,
commodities, and derivatives.
About Tamilnad Mercantile Bank (TMB) Limited:
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Salee Sukumaran Nair
Headquarters – Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu (TN)
Founded – 1921

IBBI Mandates eBKray Platform for Liquidation Asset Auctions

On January 10, 2025, New Delhi (Delhi) based Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) mandated
that all asset auctions under the liquidation process must use the ‘eBKray platform(now known as Bank
Asset Auction Network, BAANKET)’ starting April 01, 2025.
• It aims to simplify the auction process, boost transparency, and increase recovery rates in
liquidation cases.
Key Points:
i.IBBI has directed Insolvency Professionals (IPs) to list all unsold assets from ongoing liquidation cases
on the eBKray platform by March 31, 2025, aiming to improve efficiency, accountability, and buyer access
in the liquidation process.
ii.The IBBI has mandated this platform to address issues with manual and fragmented auctions.
About eBKray platform:
i.The eBKray, launched in 2019, is an advanced property listing and e-auction platform designed for banks
and lending institutions.
ii.It helps recover non-performing asset (NPA) loans by enabling the efficient sale of distressed assets
through digital auctions.
IBBI Extends Liquidation E-Forms Submission Deadline to March 31, 2025
IBBI has extended the deadline for Insolvency Professionals (IPs) to submit electronic forms on liquidation
and voluntary liquidation processes to March 31, 2025, following concerns from liquidators and
insolvency agencies about technical issues in form submission.
• This marks the second extension of the deadline by IBBI. The original deadline was September
30, 2024, which was first extended to December 31, 2024.
• Currently, IPs submit the requisite details to IBBI through electronic mails(e-mails).
About Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI):
It is a statutory body that operates under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs(MCA).
Chairperson – Ravi Mital
Headquarters – New Delhi(Delhi)
Formed – 2016

IDBI Bank launches ‘Chiranjeevi-Super Senior Citizen FD’

On January 13 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) Limited
launched the ‘IDBI Chiranjeevi-Super Senior Citizen Fixed Deposit (FD)’ scheme. This special FD
product is specifically designed for individuals aged 80 years and above, offering them higher interest
rates to cater to their unique financial needs.

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 • The scheme provides a safe and secure investment option with guaranteed returns for super
senior citizens.
Key Points:
i.The IDBI Chiranjeevi-Super Senior Citizen FD rates will remain valid only for the duration of the
respective Utsav FD buckets (300 days, 375 days, 444 days, and 555 days).
Special FD Buckets & Interest Rates:
• 375 Days: 7.90% p.a. (per annum)
• 444 Days: 8.00% p.a.
• 555 Days: 8.05% p.a.
• 700 Days: 7.85% p.a.
ii.Not applicable to Non-Resident Ordinary (NRO) or Non-Resident External (NRE) term deposits.
iii.Premature withdrawal and closure are allowed but will incur a penalty of 1% on the applicable rate. All
other terms and conditions of the FD will remain unchanged and applicable to this scheme as well.
Note:
i.IDBI Bank also offers Utsav Callable FD scheme, which has varied interest rates based on the tenure.
• A recent addition is the 555-day tenure offering 7.40% for general citizens and 7.90% for senior
citizens which will be available until March 31, 2025.
About Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI):
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Rakesh Sharma
Headquarters– Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established– July 01,1964
Tagline-’Banking for all, Aao Sochein Bada’ & ‘Bank Aisa Dost Jaisa’

PNB Launches 1st ‘Cybersecurity Hackathon 2024-25’ to Combat Malware Threats

On January 2025, New Delhi based Punjab National Bank (PNB) launched its 1st-ever ‘Cybersecurity
Hackathon 2024-25’ with the theme “Code Against Malware”. The hackathon aims to combat the
increasing threat of malware by inviting innovators, researchers, and academicians from across India.
• The aim is to strengthen the nation’s cybersecurity defence in the banking sector by developing
state-of-the-art solutions to detect, mitigate & prevent malware attacks.
• This hackathon is being held under the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and in line with the
Department of Financial Services (DFS) directive for Public Sector Banks (PSBs) to host annual
hackathons issued on December 9, 2024.
i.The hackathon will focus on the key areas including Intelligence-powered malware detection & removal,
Real-time threat monitoring & mitigation, Ransomware resilience solution & Next-generation antivirus
tools and attack surface management.
ii.The competition is open to students, researchers, and academicians, either individually or in teams.
iii.Winners will receive prizes worth up to Rs 11 lakhs and have the opportunity to implement their
solutions in live environments with PNB.

BoB Launches ‘BoB Liquid FD scheme’

In January 2025, Vadodara(Gujarat) based Bank of Baroda(BoB) has launched a new Fixed Deposit (FD)
scheme named ‘bob Liquid FD’ as an alternative to the traditional FD that has combined the benefits of FD
interest rates with the convenience of easy liquidity of a Savings Account.
• The depositors can partially withdraw money without having to close the entire FD, to
meet emergency needs as and when required. The balance funds continue to earn interest at the
fixed rate in the same FD.

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i.The scheme has flexible deposit amounts starting at Rs.5,000 (and in multiples of Rs.1,000 thereafter,
with no maximum deposit amount), duration of the deposit ranges from 12 to 60 months and partial
withdrawals are accepted in multiples of Rs.1,000.
ii.The bank offers an interest rate between 4.25% and 7.15% on regular fixed deposits for general
citizens.
• The bank also offers highest interest rate of 7.30% and additional interest rate for senior
citizens for deposits below Rs. 3 crores.
iii.Furthermore, no penalty is levied for premature withdrawals on FD up to Rs.5 lakh with completed
duration of at least 12 months.
• If FD is below Rs.1 crore, a penalty of 1% will be imposed from the applicable interest rate for
the completed period or the agreed rate, whichever is lower.
• If the FD is of Rs.1 crore and above, a penalty of 1.5% will be imposed from the applicable
interest rate for the completed period or the agreed rate.

PNB MetLife Partners with Truhome Finance to Offer Group Credit Life Insurance
In January 2025, Mumbai based PNB MetLife India Insurance Company Limited (PNB MetLife) partnered
with Chennai based Truhome Finance (formerly known as Shriram Housing Finance Limited) to offer
Group Credit Life insurance to home loan customers of Truhome Finance.
i.The partnership is a major step towards PNB MetLife’s mission of Milkar Life Aage Badhein, highlighting
the dedication to broadening its reach and improving financial inclusion.
ii.The Group Credit Life Insurance solutions provide home owners and their families with financial
security by covering outstanding loan liabilities in the event of an emergency at 165 Truhome Finance
branches in 17 states of India.
iii.This collaboration contributes to the vision of ‘Insurance for All by 2047’ by ensuring financial
security within reach for more individuals and families.

CheQ Launches ‘CheQ Wisor’, India’s First AI-Powered Credit Card Expert
In January 2025, CheQ Digital Private Limited, a fintech company based in Bengaluru(Karnataka),
introduced ‘Cheq Wisor’, India’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered credit card expert.
Cheq Wisor works by using AI to provide instant, human-like responses to users’ credit card
questions through a simple chat interface, removing the need to search for information, and analyze
expenses by category.
i.It is designed to simplify credit card management, making it easier for millions of Indians to manage
their cards, earn rewards, and get personalized insights, all through an easy-to-use platform.
ii.It also offers a Smart Spend Analysis feature that compares spending across all credit cards and
merchants in one view. This helps users track spending trends, understand monthly change.
Note: CheQ, founded by Aditya Soni in 2021, has processed over USD 4 billion in credit card payments and
served more than 3 million customers.

HSBC India Launches ‘HSBC TravelOne Credit Card’ for Frequent Travelers
In January 2025, Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, India (HSBC India) introduced
‘HSBC TravelOne Credit Card, to provide convenient and valuable benefits to those who travel
frequently.
This card offers a variety of benefits, such as the ability to instantly redeem rewards across airline
and hotel partners.
The joining fee of the card is Rs.4,999. Afterwards, the annual fee is Rs.4,999, or free if you spend
more than Rs.800,000 a year.

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i.New users who spend Rs 10,000 within the first 30 days will receive Rs 1,000 cashback, Rs 3,000 in
PostCard vouchers, and a three-month EazyDiner Prime Membership.
Users who spend over Rs 12 lakh annually will receive an additional 10,000 bonus reward points.
ii.The card also provides purchase protection of up to USD 20,000 annually.
iii.The card offers 6 local and 4 international airport lounge visits each year, along with discounts on
holiday bookings, car rentals, and lifestyle experiences.

YES Bank Launches Frictionless Finance Accelerator Programme in Partnership with RBIH and
SPJIMR
In January 2025, YES Bank Limited, based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, in partnership with the Reserve Bank
Innovation Hub (RBIH) in Bengaluru, Karnataka, and the S.P. Jain Institute of Management and
Research (SPJIMR) in Mumbai, launched the Frictionless Finance Accelerator Programme on the
occasion of National Startup Day(January 16 2025).
This initiative aims to assist fintech startups in overcoming challenges, scaling their innovations,
and promoting financial inclusion in India.
i.The programme will focus on innovations in digital lending, Artificial Intelligence (A)I-powered risk
management, blockchain-based payments, and financial inclusion (FI).
ii.Startups will receive support from RBIH, SPJIMR, and YES Bank, with platforms like YES Connect
helping them navigate regulations, improve business models, and foster growth through partnerships with
fintechs, industry leaders, and regulators.
iii.The programme is in line with the growing investment in global venture capital, which reached USD
314 billion in 2024, and the projected USD 20 trillion global digital economy by 2030.

PNB unveils 1st-ever real time NCRP Solution for Cybercrime

In January 2025, New Delhi (Delhi) based Punjab National Bank (PNB) Limited became the 1st Indian
bank to unveil real time Clari5’s National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) Integration Solution.
It was introduced in partnership with the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), making
PNB a leader in both banking and cybersecurity.
This solution is designed to improve fraud prevention and automate complaint management.
i.Clari5’s NCRP Integration Solution enhances fraud prevention with automation across various banking
channels, including Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Debit Cards,
Unified Payments Interface (UPI), etc.
ii.The key Features include Real-Time Lien, First In, First Out (FIFO) Logic for faster complaint resolution,
Intelligent Debit Freeze, and Whitelisting for account protection.
Note: Bengaluru(Karnataka) based CustomerXPs Software Private Limited founded in 2006. It sells its
financial crime risk management software product under the brand name Clari5.

FINANCE NEWS
NPCI extends market cap deadline for UPI apps till 2026
In December 2024, Mumbai, Maharashtra-based National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)
announced an extension of the deadline for implementing a 30% market share cap for Unified Payments
Interface (UPI) providers by another two years to December 31, 2026.
• This marks the third time the NPCI has extended the deadline for enforcing the market share
cap.

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 • The NPCI proposed a 30% market share cap in November 2020, giving providers two years to
comply. Due to industry opposition, the deadline was moved to 2022, and it was extended to
December 31, 2024.
Leading UPI Transactions:
i.As of November 2024, Walmart Inc backed PhonePe, commanded approximately 47.8% of UPI
transactions,and Google LLC’s Google Pay, which holds 37.02%.
ii.After PhonePe and Google Pay, Paytm holds the next position, followed by Navi, Cred, and other players.
iii.In 2024 alone, UPI transactions surged by 46% , totalling 172 billion, up from 118 billion in 2023.
WhatsApp pay expansion to nationwide UPI users:
i.In December 2024, NPCI lifted the user limit for onboarding on Meta-owned platform WhatsApp Pay,
allowing it to offer UPI services to over 500 million users in India, enabling them to make UPI payments.
ii.In 2020, NPCI set a user cap of one million on WhatsApp Pay, later raising it to 100 million by 2022. This
limit has now been removed, allowing WhatsApp Pay to expand its services freely.
iii.WhatsApp Pay will continue to follow all current UPI guidelines and circulars for Third-Party
Application Providers (TPAPs).
About National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI):
NPCI is an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) under the
provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Director (CEO) – Dilip Asbe
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
Founded – 2008

WhiteOak Capital MF Unveils India’s 1st Actively Managed Quality Factor Theme Fund
On January 8, 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based WhiteOak Capital Mutual Fund (MF) introduced
the WhiteOak Capital Quality Equity Fund, an open-ended equity scheme on the Quality Factor theme,
through its new fund offer (NFO).
• This is India’s first actively managed fund based on the Quality Factor theme. It focuses on
companies with robust fundamentals that demonstrate the potential for consistent earnings and
resilience to economic stress.
• Investors can subscribe to the NFO starting January 8, 2025, with the offer closing on January
22, 2025
About WhiteOak Capital Quality Equity Fund:
i.Minimum Investment Amount:
• For Lumpsum Purchase: Minimum of Rs. 500, with additional investments in multiples of Re.
1 thereafter.
• For Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) Purchase: Minimum of Rs. 100 on a Weekly,
Fortnightly, and Monthly basis, with additional investments in multiples of Re. 1 thereafter, with
a minimum of six-month installments.
ii.Asset Allocation Pattern:
• Equity and equity-related instruments of companies that align with the quality factor theme –
80% to 100%.
• Equity and equity-related instruments of companies not adhering to the quality factor theme-
0% to 20%.
• Debt securities and money market instruments (MMI) – 0% to 20%.
• Units issued by Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts
(InVITs) – 0 to 10%.

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iii.The scheme will use the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Quality TRI (Total Return Index) as its
benchmark. It will be managed by Ramesh Mantri (Equity), Chief Investment Officer (CIO) of WhiteOak
Capital Asset Management Limited.
About New Fund Offer (NFO):
i.A New Fund Offer (NFO) launched by an asset management company (AMC) to introduce a new mutual
fund.This process is similar to initial public offering (IPO).
ii.During the 10 to 15-day subscription period, investors can buy units of the fund at a fixed price,
generally set at Rs. 10 per unit.
iii.Once the NFO concludes, the fund gets listed on the stock market, and its value fluctuates according to
its net asset value (NAV)
About WhiteOak Capital Mutual Fund (MF):
WhiteOak Capital Mutual Fund, established in June 2017 by Prashant Khemka, operates under the White
Oak Capital Group
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Aashish P Somaiyaa

GSEDPL Secures Rs 21.28 billion loan from IREDA for Smart Meter Project in UP
On January 9, 2025, Uttar Pradesh(UP) based GMR Smart Electricity Distribution (GSEDPL), a subsidiary
of Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao (GMR) Power and Urban Infra (GPUIL), secured approval for a Rs 21.28
billion (USD 247.66 million) loan from the Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency Limited (IREDA). This loan will help finance the installation of 7.57 million smart meters across
UP as part of a larger project valued at Rs 34.67 billion (USD 403.75 million).
• GSEDPL will operate and maintain the smart meters under a 10-year contract with the
distribution companies (DISCOMs.)
• The project aims to install smart meters in 5 zones: Varanasi, Azamgarh, Prayagraj, Mirzapur,
Agra and Aligarh, served by two state DISCOMs: Purvanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam (PuVNL) and
Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam (DVVNL).
i.The project will be implemented through three Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs): GMR Agra Smart Meters
Limited, GMR Kashi Smart Meters Limited, and GMR Triveni Smart Meters Limited.
• Bosch Global Software Technologies Private Limited (BGSW) was the technical partner for the
project.
ii.GPUIL has extended a corporate guarantee of Rs 440 crore (USD 51.21) million to each SPV until the
Commercial Operation Date (COD).

DSP Asset Managers Launches India’s First BSE Sensex Next 30 Index Fund And ETF
In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based DSP Asset Managers Private Limited, a leading Indian
asset management company (AMC) offering a range of mutual funds (MF), introduced a first-of-its-kind
investment opportunity with the launch of two new schemes: ‘DSP BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) Sensex
Next 30 Index Fund’ and ‘DSP BSE Sensex Next 30 ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund)’.
• The New Fund Offer (NFO) for these innovative schemes opened on January 10, 2025, and
will remain available for subscription until January 24, 2025.
About BSE Sensex Next 30 Index Fund And ETF:
i.These schemes are open-ended equity funds specifically designed to track the performance of the BSE
Sensex Next 30 Index.
ii.These funds aim to give investors access to 30 large companies that are not part of the BSE Sensex but
hold strong potential for future growth. While they could offer better returns, they also come with higher
levels of risk.

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iii.The index is diversified across key sectors, including Financial Services (19%), Consumer Discretionary
(18%), Commodities (18%), Energy (10%), Healthcare (10%), Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)
(8%), and Industrials (8%).
• The portfolio reconstitution, or changes to the index constituents, will take place every six
months.
iv.Investors can contribute either through a lump-sum investment or by setting up a Systematic
Investment Plan (SIP).
Investments:
i.Investors can begin with a minimum investment of Rs.100, applicable to both lump sum and additional
investments, while the same amount applies to SIPs.
• The Opening Net Asset Value (NAV) for the fund is Rs.10.
ii.The scheme will allocate 95-100% of its assets to equity and equity-related securities included in the
BSE SENSEX Next 30 Index.
iii.A small portion, ranging from 0-5%, will be held in cash and cash equivalents to manage liquidity.
About DSP Asset Managers Private Limited:
Chairman– Hemendra Mathradas Kothari
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established– 1996

Groww Asset Management Launches India’s First Groww Nifty India Railways PSU ETF
The Groww Nifty India Railways PSU (Public Sector Undertaking) Index Fund and Groww Nifty India
Railways PSU ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) were launched by Groww Mutual Fund, an Asset
Management Company. Both are passive funds that track the Nifty India Railways PSU Index, focusing on
public sector undertakings in the railway sector.
• Groww Nifty India Railways (IR) PSU ETF will be first of its kind in India.The New Fund
Offer (NFO) will be available from January 16 to January 30, 2025.
• The scheme will re-open for investments on or before February 13, 2025.
• Both schemes aim for long-term capital appreciation by investing in equity and equity-
related instruments of companies constituting the Nifty India Railways PSU Index.
About Groww Nifty India Railways PSU ETF:
The Groww Nifty India Railways PSU ETF is an open-ended scheme that tracks the Nifty India Railways
PSU Index – TRI (Total Return Index). It has been created following the guidelines and regulations set by
the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) for mutual funds, ensuring it complies with the latest
amendments.
• Exit Load: None.
• Minimum Investment: Rs.500 and above in multiples of Rs.1.
• Asset Allocation:
• 95-100% in Nifty India Railways PSU Index securities.
• 0-5% in money market/debt instruments.
• Strategy: Mirror the index with minimal tracking error.
About Groww Nifty India Railways PSU Index Fund:
• Exit Load: 1% if redeemed within 30 days; nil thereafter.
• Minimum SIP (Systematic Investment Plan): Rs.100 and above in multiples of Rs.1.
• Asset Allocation:
• 95-100% in Nifty India Railways PSU Index equities.
• 0-5% in debt instruments or ETFs.

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 • Strategy: Minimize tracking error via portfolio rebalancing.
Note:The Nifty India Railways PSU Index has performed well, even outperforming the Nifty 500 Index,
emphasizing the strong growth prospects of this sector.
About Groww Asset Management Limited:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Varun Gupta
Headquarters– Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established– 2008

PhonePe and ICICI Lombard Unite for Maha Kumbh Mela Insurance
On January 09, 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka) – based PhonePe and Mumbai (Maharashtra) – based ICICI
Lombard General Insurance Company Limited launched the first-of-its-kind insurance
coverage created exclusively for travelers attending the Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
(UP), from January 13 to February 26, 2025.
• The insurance plan is offered in two options to suit a wide range of travelers: Rs. 59 per
person for those traveling by train or bus, and Rs. 99 per person for those traveling by
domestic flights.
• The product offers a total sum insured of Rs. 1 lakh, covering various risks with specific
amounts for each.
i.The plan provides devotees with wide-ranging coverage, including hospitalization, doctor visits,
outpatient care, personal accidents, lost baggage, trip cancellations, missed flights, and repatriation of
remains.
ii.Users can purchase this plan on PhonePe until February 25, 2025, and enjoy full coverage throughout
their journey and stay at the Maha Kumbh Mela, ensuring a safe pilgrimage for millions.

Shriram Life Insurance Launches Sunishchit Laabh Savings Plan

In January 2025, Shriram Life Insurance launched Shriram Life Sunishchit Laabh, a non-participating
individual savings plan that guarantees high returns of up to 668% of the total premium paid.
i.The plan offers a combination of savings and life insurance benefits for people looking for long-term
payout options and financial security.
ii.Individuals aged 30 days to 60 years are eligible for the plan with an annual premium starting at Rs
30,000.
iii.This premium can be made on a Rs 15,500 half-yearly, Rs 8,000 quarterly, or Rs 3,000 monthly basis,
and the plan offers tax-free maturity payouts for periods between 10 to 40 years, up to the maximum age
of 101 years.
iv.It offers death benefits up to 160 times the annualized premium by providing additional financial
security for the families of policyholders.

Shriram Housing Finance Rebranded as Truhome Finance

In January 2025, Shriram Housing Finance Limited(SHFL), a housing finance company in India, has
rebranded as Truhome Finance. The rebranding follows its acquisition by Warburg Pincus and co-
investors, including Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund from Shriram
Finance.
i.Shriram Finance Group received an investment of Rs 1,225 crore, increasing the Company’s net worth to
over Rs 3,300 crore.
ii.In December 2024, Shriram Finance sold its entire 84.44% stake in its affordable housing finance
subsidiary SHFL to Warburg Pincus for a sale consideration of Rs 3,929 crores.

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TATA AIG Launches ‘CyberEdge’ to Offer Cyber Insurance for Indian Businesses
In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based TATA AIG General Insurance Company Limited (TATA
AIG) launched ‘CyberEdge’, an innovative cyber insurance solution aimed at safeguarding businesses of
all sizes from a broad range of cyber risks.
It offers comprehensive financial and operational support, including coverage for forensic
investigations, legal fees, data recovery, extortion payments, and losses incurred from business
interruptions.
Features of CyberEdge:
i.First Response Cover: It provides the insured with 24/7 access to Tata AIG’s team of incident response
experts during a cyber incident. The service ensures top-tier legal and Information technology (IT)
forensics within 2 hours of contacting the dedicated hotline, addressing the critical first 24 hours.
ii.Bricking Recovery Expenses: It cover the costs of replacing damaged equipment and helps restore
normal business operations if a cyber incident makes your computer system inoperable.
iii.Comprehensive network loss calculation: It allows clients to choose between gross or net profit,
depending on what best suits their business. The policy also covers the professional fees of a third-party
forensic accounting firm to calculate the covered loss.
iv.Wider computer system protection: Covers BYOD (Bring Your Own Device), Operational Technology
(OT) systems, industrial control systems, and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.
v.Network Interruption coverage: It covers disruptions for up to 120 days after an incident, including
proactive mitigation costs.
vi.Other protection: It covers security and system failures, including voluntary or regulatory shutdowns,
as well as protection for multimedia activities.
Points to Note:
i.The Indian cyber insurance market was valued at Rs.850 crore in 2024 and is expected to grow at a
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 25% from 2025 to 2030.
ii. According to Prahar’s report, titled ‘The Invisible Hand’, India could experience up to 1 trillion
cyberattacks annually by 2033, rising to 17 trillion by 2047.
About TATA AIG General Insurance Company Limited:
Managing Director(MD) Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Amit Ganorkar
Headquarters – Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Founded – 2001

Tata AIA Life Insurance Introduced ‘Shubh Muhurat’ to Simplify Wedding Savings
In January 2025, Mumbai, Maharashtra based Tata AIA Life Insurance launched ‘Shubh Muhurat,’ a life
insurance solution to help families prepare financially for weddings. The plan aims to address the rising
costs of weddings by combining disciplined savings, asset growth, and financial security.
i.According to a report by New York, United States(US) based Jefferies Group LLc, India’s wedding
industry is the second largest in the world, which hosted over 80 lakh marriages in 2024, with expenses
surpassing Rs 10.7 lakh crore. The average wedding cost of Rs 12.5 lakh which is twice as much as the
expenditure from preschool to Graduation.
ii.It aims to reduce the financial burden on parents between the ages of 31-50 with children between 1-20
years by offering ‘Shubh Muhurat,’ life insurance policy.
iii.The funds are legally protected under the Married Women’s Property Act (MWPA).
iv.The benefit protection rider on the policy waives future premiums and ensures that nominees will
receive maturity benefits in the event of the policyholder’s death. This guarantees that the family won’t
experience financial hardship as the wedding plans proceed.

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HDFC Life Tie-Up with CARS24 Financial Services for Life Insurance Distribution
In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based HDFC Life Insurance Company Limited entered into a
corporate agency partnership with Gurugram (Haryana) based CARS24
Financial Services Private Limited (Part of CARS24 group), a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)
registered with Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India
(IRDAI).
This partnership will allow CARS24 Financial Services to offer HDFC Life’s products to its current
and potential customers.
i.The agreement will enable Insure24, the insurance vertical of the Cars24 Financial Services, to distribute
HDFC’s life insurance products on Cars24’s online platform and its physical outlets across India.
ii.This initiative will play a key role in advancing the broader goal of achieving ‘Insurance for All by
2047.’

DFS Releases Rs 500 Crore Capital Infusion into IFCI through PREF
In January 2025, Department of Financial Services (DFS) under the Ministry of Finance (MoF) has
released Rs 500 crore capital infusion to New Delhi (Delhi) based IFCI Limited (formerly known as the
Industrial Finance Corporation of India), a development finance institution (DFI) for subscribing to its
share capital in the Financial Year 2024-25(FY25) through the Preferential Issue (PREF) of shares.
This infusion is aimed at strengthening IFCI’s financial health in preparation for its upcoming
restructuring and consolidation into a larger group.
Background:
i.The capital infusion plan for IFCI was approved with the first Supplementary Demand for Grants for FY
25 in the Lok Sabha in December 2024.
In January 2025, the DFS received approval from the President of India, Droupadi Murmu to release
Rs. 500 crore to IFCI Ltd.
ii.With this infusion, the Government of India (GoI) is expected to increase its holding in the company
beyond the current 71.72% as of September 2024.
Preferential Issue (PREF):
A preferential issue is when a company issues shares or convertible securities to a specific group of
investors, rather than through a public offering.
This method is often used to raise capital and can involve offering shares to existing shareholders,
venture capitalists, or strategic partners.
Note: In November 2024, MoF has given in-principle approval for the ‘Consolidation of IFCI Group,’ which
involves the merger or amalgamation of IFCI Limited, StockHolding Corporation of India Limited, and
other group companies.
About IFCI Limited:
It is the first development financial institution (DFI) in India
Deputy Managing Director (DMD) – Rahul Bhave
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 1948

BIMTECH launches Blockchain-Based Digital Currency “BIMCOIN”

In January 2025, Birla Institute of Management Technology (BIMTECH) in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh
(UP), a top Indian business school, launched ‘BIMCOIN’, a blockchain-based digital currency for its
ecosystem.

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 Following the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu,TN), BIMTECH has
become the 1st business management institute in India to launch a blockchain-based digital
currency.
This initiative aligns with the Viksit Bharat 2047 aims to streamline payments and transactions
among students, vendors, and administrators through a secure, transparent, and decentralized
platform.
i.BIMCOIN operates on a blockchain, offers features like decentralization, transparency, and smart
contracts.
ii.It enhances security, protects against fraud, and promotes ethical practices while serving as a
comprehensive educational tool for students to gain hands-on experience in blockchain technology and
digital currencies.

Paytm Launches ‘Receive Money QR Widget’ for Android users

On January 28 2025, Noida, Uttar Pradesh (UP) based Paytm, subsidiary of One97 Communications
Limited(OCL), launched the ‘Receive Money Quick Response (QR) Widget‘ for android users, enabling
them to receive payments directly from their smartphone’s home screen without the need to open the
Paytm application (app).
Paytm, became the 1st company to launch this new feature.This was previously launched for
iPhone users.
This new widget streamlines and accelerates the payment collection process for influencers,
freelancers, shopkeepers, delivery partners, and small businesses to receive money quickly and
efficiently.
Nakul Jain Announces Resignation as MD & CEO from PPSL:
In January 2025, Nakul Jain announced his resignation as the Managing Director and Chief Executive
Officer (CEO) of Paytm Payments Services Limited (PPSL), a subsidiary of OCL to pursue his own
entrepreneurial journey.
His resignation will take effect on March 31, 2025, at the close of business or an earlier mutually
agreed date.
i.Nakul Jain joined PPSL in 2022 as an in-charge of the Online Payments business. He has more than 21
years of experience in areas like retail banking, product management, wealth management, international
banking, and payments.
ii.Prior to joining Paytm, he was part of the Management Team at Standard Chartered Bank.
iii.He also held leadership positions at ICICI Bank Limited and IndusInd Bank Limited.
Points to Note:
i.In August 28 2024, PPSL received approval from the Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of
Finance (MoF) for downstream investment from Paytm into the subsidiary company PPSL.
ii.PPSL has already made an application for Payment Aggregator (PA) licence from the RBI and is awaiting
approval.
About Paytm:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Vijay Shekhar Sharma
Headquarters– Noida, Uttar Pradesh (UP)
Established– 2010

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 ECONOMY & BUSINESS NEWS
India’s GDP Expected to Grow by 6.4% in FY25 against 8.2% in FY24: First Advanced Estimates
by NSO
On January 07 2025, the National Statistics Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation (MoSPI) released the First Advanced Estimates (FAE) of Annual Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) for the Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25), along with its expenditure components both at Constant
(2011-12) and Current Prices.
Key Highlights
i.Real GDP Growth: As per the NSO data, India’s Real GDP is expected to grow at a 4-year low i.e. at 6.4%
in FY25 against the growth rate of 8.2% in Provisional Estimate (PE)of GDP for FY24 (2023-24).
• Real GDP or GDP at Constant (2011-12) prices is estimated at Rs

184.88 lakh crore in FY25, compared to the PE of GDP at Rs 173.82 lakh crore in FY24.
ii.Nominal GDP Growth: Nominal GDP has registered a growth rate of 9.7% in FY25 compared to the
growth rate of 9.6% in FY24.
• Nominal GDP or GDP at Current Prices in FY25 is estimated at Rs 324.11 lakh crore as against
Rs 295.36 lakh crore in FY24, reflecting a growth rate of 9.7%.
iii.Gross Value Added (GVA):
• Real Gross Value Added(GVA) registered a growth of 6.4% (FY25) as compared to 7.2% (FY24).
It is estimated to grow from Rs 158.74 lakh crore PE for (FY24) to Rs 168.91 lakh crore in
(FY25).
• Nominal GVA registered a growth rate of 9.3% in FY25 as against the growth rate of 8.5% in
FY24. It is estimated to achieve Rs 292.64 lakh crore during FY25, against Rs 267.62 lakh crore
in FY24.
iv.Private and Government Consumption:
• The report highlighted that Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) at Constant Prices
grew by 7.3% in FY25, compared to 4.0% in FY24.
• While, Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE), which refers to centre government
spending on goods and services, at Constant Prices, has rebounded to a growth rate of 4.1% as
against the growth rate of 2.5% in FY24.
v.Investment: The report has further estimated that Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), an indicator
of new investments in the economy, will grow at 6.4% in FY25 compared with a 9% increase in FY24.
Sector-Wise Real GVA Growth in FY25:
i.The report highlighted that out of 8 broad economic sectors, only two are estimated to register higher
growth than previous year.

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1.Primary Sector:
• Agriculture and its allied sector are estimated to increase to 3.8% (in FY25) from 1.4% (in
FY24).
• Public, Administration, Defence and Other Services, estimated to increase from 7.8% (in FY24)
to 9.1% (in FY25).
• GVA growth of Mining & Quarrying is expected to increase to 2.9% in FY25, compared to 7.1%
registered in FY24.
2.Secondary sector:
• The cumulative growth of sectors like: electricity, gas, water supply and other utility services
from 7.5% (in FY24) to 6.8% (in FY25).
• The construction segment is estimated to grow at 8.6% in FY25 from 9.9% during the previous
financial year.
• While, GVA growth of manufacturing sector is expected to decelerate to 5.3% (in FY25) from a
high of 9.9% recorded (in FY24) .
3.Tertiary sector: According to NSO data, GVA of sectors like: financial, real estates and professional
services expected to grow at 7.3% (in FY25), down from 8.4% (in FY24).
• The combined growth rate of hotel, trade, transport, and services related to broadcasting, is
estimated to grow at 5.8% (in FY25) as against 6.4% registered in last financial year.
Assessment:
i.These estimates are indicator based and compiled using the bench-mark indicator method(estimates
available for FY24) are extrapolated using the relevant indicators showing the performance of indicators.
ii.The sector-estimates are prepared using different indicators/data sources like: Index of Industrial
Production (IIP), financial performances of listed companies based on available quarterly financial results
of these companies for Q1 and Q2 of FY25, premium related information of life and non-life insurance
companies, among others.
About Ministry of Statistics and Programme implementation (MoSPI):
Minister of State (MoS) (Independent Charge, IC)–Rao Inderjit Singh (Constituency- Gurugram, Haryana)

SBI Lowers India’s GDP Growth Forecast to 6.3% for FY25

On January 07 2025, the State Bank of India (SBI) released its latest Ecowrap Research Report. It has
lowered India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) forecast to 6.3% for Financial Year 2024-25(FY25), which
is marginally lower than the National Statistics Office (NSO)’s estimate of 6.4%.
• The report noted a “downward bias” in its projection and has cited several challenges affecting
economic growth of the country, including a slowdown in lending and manufacturing, coupled
with the effects of a large base effect from the preceding year.
• Also, slowdown in total demand during the fiscal year is reflected in the First Advance Estimates
(FAE) for GDP released by NSO in January, 2025.
Key Points:
i.The report highlighted the contributions of certain sectors towards India’s overall GDP growth.
Government Consumption is expected to grow at 8.5% in nominal terms and 4.1% in real terms,
providing some boost to the economy.
ii.The report raised concern over the deceleration in key industrial segments. Industry segment is
estimated to grow at 6.2%, decrease from 9.5% registered in FY24.
• The services sector is expected to increase marginally to 7.2% in FY25, from 7.6% in FY24.
• Agriculture and allied sectors are expected to register significant growth of 3.8% in FY25
compared to 1.4% registered in FY24.

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iii.SBI’ s report highlighted that Private Consumption has emerged as an important driver of economic
growth, with an estimated real growth rate of 7.3% in FY25, an increase from 4.0% in FY24.
• This growth is mainly attributed to strong agricultural growth and lower food inflation.
• The report showed that the per capita Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)
registered a growth of 6.3% higher than the per capita GDP growth of 5.3%.
iv.Despite slowdown in real GDP and stagnant nominal GDP, per capita nominal GDP is projected to be
approximately Rs 35,000 in FY25 higher than in FY23.
• However, nominal GDP growth is anticipated to remain stagnant, growing by 9.7% in FY25
compared to 9.6% in FY24.
• The Gross Value Added (GVA) growth is also pegged at 6.4%.
v.The report showed that as of December 31, 2024, All Scheduled Commercial Banks(ASCBs) incremental
credit slowed to Rs 11.5 lakh crore, Year to Date (YTD) 7.0%, compared to growth of Rs 21.0 lakh crore
(YTD 15.4%) in FY24.

India Set to Become World’s 4th Largest Economy by 2026; GDP to Grow 6.8% in FY25: PHDCCI
According to New Delhi (Delhi)-based PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI)’s latest report
titled ‘Economic Outlook 2025’, India is set to become the World’s 4th largest economy by
2026, surpassing Japan.
• The report has further projected that India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will grow
at 6.8% in Financial Year 2024-25(FY25) and 7.7% in FY26.
• This growth projection is mainly driven by strong macroeconomic fundamentals and policy
reforms.
Key Findings:
i.The report has also projected India will become USD 7 trillion economy by 2030, which will further
increase to USD 10 trillion by 2034 and USD 34 trillion by 2047.
• It has expected India to achieve ambitious target of USD 2 trillion exports by 2030.
ii.Ahead of the Union Budget for FY26, the industry chamber has suggested that peak rate of income tax,
which is currently applicable at 30% on income above Rs 15 lakh should be applicable only to individuals
having income above Rs 40 lakh.
• It has further suggested reducing the tax rate on proprietorships, partnerships and LLPs from
the current 33% to 25%.
iii.As per the report, Inflation in India is expected to be around 4.5% for the current fiscal year (FY25)
and around 4% for the next fiscal year(FY26)
• PHDCCI has estimated that Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation should decrease significantly
between 4% and 2.5% in the coming quarters.
iv.The Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) at 33.5% of GDP is indicative of steady and sustainable
capacity expansion, signalling strong industrial growth in the coming quarters.
v.PHDCCI has outlined 5-pronged strategy which will help in sustaining India’s high growth: increased
capital expenditure, ease of doing business, reducing the cost of doing business, and improving labour-
intensive manufacturing.
About PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI):
It is a non-governmental organization in India dedicated to promoting industry, trade, and
entrepreneurship.
President- Hemant Jain
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 1905

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FICCI: India estimated to grow by 6.4% & CPI inflation projected at 4.8% in FY25
In January 2025, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) released
its Economic Outlook Survey. It projects India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for 2024-25 is
projected at 6.4% from the 7.0% estimated in September 2024 reflecting a decline as compared to the
8.2% growth achieved in 2023-24.
• The survey was conducted in December 2024, attributes the economic moderation to global
uncertainties and domestic challenges.
• Consumer Price Index (CPI)-based inflation has been projected at 4.8% for 2024-25, aligning
with the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) forecast in its December 2024 monetary policy whereas
the food inflation is expected to decline.
Key Highlights:
i.According to the FICCI Survey, India’s consumer spending, agriculture and rural consumption is expected
to recover.
• The agriculture sector, including allied activities, is estimated to grow at 3.6%, while
the industrial and services sectors are expected to rise by 6.3% and 7.3% respectively.
ii.The survey reported that the growth will be driven by government-led investments in infrastructure,
housing, and logistics.
iii.The growth in private capital expenditure is expected to remain low due to geopolitical uncertainties
and uneven domestic demand.
iv.Furthermore, India is expected to benefit from a considerable growth in manufacturing, electronics, and
pharmaceuticals sectors.
v.Economic growth will be supported by factors such as softening inflation in advanced economies, easing
monetary policies, and recovery in interest-effected sectors.
• However, risks can be faced by challenges like geopolitical tensions, trade uncertainties, and
climate-induced disruptions and increased public debt levels.
vi.The survey has estimated the median forecast for exports at USD 450.5 billion and
for imports at USD 729.6 billion in 2024-25.
About Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI):
President– Harsha Vardhan Agarwal
Headquarters– New Delhi, Delhi
Founded– 1927

IMF Retains India’s GDP growth forecast at 6.5% for FY26 & FY27
On January 19, 2025, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) maintained its growth forecast for India’s
economy at 6.5% for both Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26) and FY27.
• The IMF’s World Economic Outlook report stated that India’s growth is expected to remain solid
at 6.5%, consistent with previous projections made in October 2024.
India’s Economic Performance:
i.India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth slowdown in the 2nd quarter of Financial Year
2025 (FY25) to 5.4%, lower than the 6.7% recorded in the same period of the previous financial year
2024 (FY24). The slowdown is attributed to a sharp deceleration in industrial activity.
ii.In FY24, India’s GDP growth was 8.4%, indicating a significant slowdown compared to the previous year
2023.
Global Economic Outlook:
i.The IMF’s global growth forecast remains at 3.3% for both 2025 and 2026, which is below the historical
average of 3.7%.
ii.The global economy faces risks such as protectionist policies, geopolitical tensions, and inflationary

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pressures, which could negatively impact trade and investment.
Key Risks:
i.The IMF warned of risks such as the intensification of protectionist policies, could lead to higher tariffs,
disrupt global trade flows, and lower investment.
ii.Geopolitical tensions in regions like the Middle East and Ukraine could affect commodity prices,
particularly in energy and food sectors.
About International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Managing Director(MD) – Kristalina Georgieva
Headquarters – Washington, D.C., the United States of America(USA)
Founded – 1944

Moody’s Lowers India’s Economic Growth Forecast to 7% for FY 2024-25

On January 20, 2025, Moody’s Corporation revised India’s economic growth forecast for the financial year
2024-25 (FY25), lowering it to 7%, down from 8.2% in the previous FY2024.
• The slowdown is partly due to tight monetary policies aimed at curbing inflation and global
challenges, including geopolitical tensions and adverse weather conditions.
Key Points:
i.Economic Outlook: India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is projected to slow to 7% in FY25,
down from 8.2% in FY24.While the growth rate is lower, it remains strong compared to global averages.
ii.Sector Contributions: Despite the slowdown, sectors such as agriculture and services continue to
show positive growth. Agriculture grew by 3.5%, and services expanded by 7.1%. However, industrial
growth remained weak at 3.6% year-on-year.
iii.India’s GDP per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity, increased by 11% year-on-year,
reaching USD 10,233 in FY 2023.
Points to be noted
• The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) also revised its growth
forecast for FY25 down to 6.4%, from 7%.
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) lowered its forecast to 6.5% for FY2024.The ADB also
revised its FY2025-26 forecast to 7% from 7.2% due to tighter monetary policies impacting
demand.
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) projected a growth rate of 7.2% for FY 2025, but due to changing
economic conditions, it lowered the forecast to 6.6%.

India’s GDP Growth Likely to Reach 6.7% in FY26: CRISIL

According to the CRISIL Ratings Limited’s (formerly Credit Rating and Information Services of India
Limited)Report, India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is likely to improve to 6.7% in Financial
Year 2025-26 (FY26).
• The report has outlined 3 main drivers i.e. the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) rate cuts, lower
crude oil prices and a normal monsoon, that are expected to support this growth projection.
Key Findings:
i.The report cited that a sustained decrease in food inflation, along with stable non-food inflation, could
possibly lead to rate cut by the RBI in the next months.
ii.As per the report, headline inflation is making progress towards the RBI’s 4% inflation target as
Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation has decreased from 5.5% (in November) to 5.2% (in December).
• Similarly, food inflation has declined from 9% to 8.4%, while non-food inflation remained stable
at 3.1%.

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iii.As per the report, CPI inflation is projected to average 4.6% for the current fiscal year (FY25), with a
slight upward bias in the forecast.
iv.The report revealed that the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) has increased to 5.2% in November, up
from 3.7% in October (revised from previous estimate of 3.5%).
• This growth was mainly attributed to strong performance in investment goods and consumer
durables, supported by a low base effect.
v.The report has estimated that agricultural growth is likely to increase, as high reservoir levels bode well
for rabi crop output, which is further expected to boost farm incomes and rural consumption.
• Additionally, increased agricultural production is expected to reduce pressure on food inflation
during the remainder of the current fiscal year, which could further boost discretionary
consumption.
About CRISIL Ratings Limited:
Managing Director (MD)– Subodh Rai
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established– 1987

Jio Financial Services and BlackRock Expanding Into Stock Broking Sector
In January 2025, Mumbai based Jio Financial Services Limited (JFSL) announced that its joint venture, Jio
BlackRock Investment Advisers Private Limited, has established a wholly owned subsidiary called ‘Jio
BlackRock Broking Private Limited’ to enter the broking business, subject to regulatory approvals.
i.Jio BlackRock Investment Advisers Private Limited was established with the primary goal of providing
investment advising services.
ii.In September 2024 JFSL and US based BlackRock, Inc. contributed Rs 3 crores each to the joint
venture. iii. In October 2024, Jio BlackRock Investment Advisers Private Limited received approval from
Securities Exchange Board of India(SEBI) to start its Mutual fund business.

Tata Steel Limited, India’s 1st company to Develop Hydrogen Transport Pipes
On January 29 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Tata Steel Limited(TSL), formerly known as Tata Iron
and Steel Company Limited (TISCO), became India’s 1st Steel company to demonstrate the capability to
develop steel pipes for hydrogen(H2) transportation, marking a significant step toward supporting India’s
National Hydrogen Mission (NHM).
The company successfully developed hydrogen-compliant API X65 ERW steel pipes, which are
crucial for the transport of 100% pure gaseous hydrogen under high pressure (100 bar).
Note: API X65 ERW steel, is also called ISO 3183 L450 pipe, manufactured according to the American
Petroleum Institute (API) 5L standard, specifically designated as “Grade X65” and produced using the
Electric Resistance Welding (ERW) process.
Development and Testing Process:
i.The pipes were processed at Tata Steel’s Khopoli plant, Mumbai (Maharashtra) utilizing steel and was
manufactured at Tata Steel’s Kalinganagar plant, Odisha.
ii.The technology development, including the design and manufacture of hot-rolled steel and pipe
production, was carried out entirely in-house by TSL.
iii.Testing & Certification: The hydrogen qualification tests for the pipes were conducted by RINA
Consulting – Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) S.p.A., Italy, a leading agency for hydrogen-related testing.
iv.The API X65 ERW pipes passed all critical tests required for hydrogen transportation, confirming their
suitability for high-pressure hydrogen transport.
Points to Note:
i.This development supports India’s NHM, which aims to produce 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of

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green hydrogen annually by 2030, with the potential to increase to 10 MMT for export.
ii.The demand for hydrogen-compliant steel pipes will begin in 2026-27, with an estimated total
requirement of 350 kiloton (KT) over the next 5-7 years.
About Tata Steel Limited(TSL):
In 2024, TSL became the 1st Indian steel company to produce hot-rolled steel for the transportation of
gaseous hydrogen.
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Thachat Viswanath Narendran
Headquarters– Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established– 1907

RDCL Receives RBI Approval to Transform India’s Mortgage-Backed Securitisation Market

In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based RMBS(Residential Mortgage-Backed Securitisation)
Development Company Limited (RDCL) received its Certificate of Registration (CoR) from the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) marking a major milestone for India’s housing finance sector.
The paid-up Capital of RSDL is Rs.500 crore and is expected to commence operations in March
2025.
RDCL is designed to create new opportunities for long-term institutional investors, including
Insurance Companies, Pension Funds (PFs), and Provident Funds (PFs).
About RDCL:
i.The National Housing Bank (NHB), a statutory body under the Government of India (GoI), has set up
RDCL as the single largest shareholder.
ii.RDCL is supported by a diverse group of investors, including Banks, Housing Finance Companies (HFCs),
Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and Insurance Companies.
iii.RDCL aims to drive innovation in securitisation, boost investor confidence, support housing finance
policies, and collaborate with key stakeholders.
Key Objectives :
i.Enhancing Housing Finance Liquidity: RDCL will invest in RMBS issuances to support liquidity in the
housing finance sector.
ii.Providing Risk Management Solutions: By offering 2nd-loss credit enhancements, RDCL will help
manage risks in the RMBS market.
iii.Addressing Liquidity Challenges: RDCL will offer liquidity solutions to Primary Lending Institutions
(PLIs), helping them overcome short-term funding challenges.
iv.Standardizing Practices: RDCL will focus on standardizing processes and documentation to ensure
transparency and foster trust among stakeholders.
Significance of RMBS Market Development:
i.The RMBS market plays a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for housing finance in India by
broadening funding sources, complementing traditional funding methods, providing liquidity to PLIs, and
creating opportunities for investment in the secondary market.
ii.Between March 2019 and March 2024, the outstanding individual housing loans in India grew from Rs
17.95 Lakh Crore to Rs. 33.19 Lakh Crore, achieving a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.1%.

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 MoU’s & AGREEMENTS
GEAPP Partners with ISA to Propel India’s Green Energy Future
On January 7, 2025, the Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet (GEAPP) partnered with the
International Solar Alliance (ISA), launched Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF), Digitalization of Utilities for
Energy Transition (DUET), and Energy Transitions Innovation Challenge 2.0 (ENTICE 2.0) which aimed at
advancing India’s renewable energy sector.
• These partnerships boost India’s ambitious target of 500 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy
capacity by 2030.
Three Key Initiatives and Partnerships
i.Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF): GEAPP strengthened its partnership with ISA by signing ISA’s
MDTF with the goal of raising USD 100 million to support solar energy projects in India.
• GEAPP, through its Project Management Unit (PMU), will support ISA by providing governance
oversight, facilitating fund raising efforts, and leveraging its expertise in energy transition
planning, financing, and project implementation .
ii.DUET (Digitalization of Utilities for Energy Transition): The DUET program focuses on modernizing
India’s grid systems to create a digital database of grid assets, including their locations and specifications.
• Additionally, smart sensors will be installed to monitor voltage, current and phase in real time.
• DUET aims to reduce energy losses, optimize Battery Energy Storage
System (BESS) deployment and integrate Decentralized Renewable Energy (DRE) sources into
the grid.
Note: The government estimates 47 GW of battery energy storage systems by 2032.
iii.ENTICE 2.0: This platform is set to launch in January 2025 and was designed to support startups by
offering funding, market access and mentorship to scale innovative solutions for India’s clean energy
transition.
• The program aims to identify investable projects that will help India achieve its Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) while promoting job creation and economic growth in the
renewable energy sector.
iv.These initiatives align with India’s broader Energy Transition Planning (ETP), aim to close funding gaps,
strengthen institutional capacity, and promote scalable, cost-effective solutions for India’s clean energy
transition.
About Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet (GEAPP):
i.GEAPP was launched by the Rockefeller Foundation at the 2021 United Nations (UN’s) Climate Change
Conference (COP26) to promote universal energy access and meet critical climate goals.
• Its work is organized around 3 catalytic themes: distributed renewable energy, green grids
and green economy.
ii.It provides country-level support to 7 foundation countries, focuses on replicable and scalable solutions
in an additional 13 countries and reaches 80+ countries.
• 7 foundation countries: Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, South Africa, and Vietnam.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Woochong Um
Headquarters- New York, United States of America (USA)
About International Solar Alliance (ISA):
ISA was launched by the Prime Minister (PM) of India, Narendra Modi and the former President of
France, Francois Hollande during the COP21 Paris Climate Conference held in November 2015.
• ISA became the 1st international intergovernmental organization to be headquartered in
Haryana, India.

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Director General (DG)- Ajay Mathur
President- Narendra Modi

NeGD Signs MoU with IPA to Boost Digital Transformation in India’s Maritime Sector
On December 24, 2024, the New Delhi (Delhi)-based National e-Governance Division (NeGD), operating
under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY), signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with the Indian Ports Association (IPA), also headquartered in New Delhi, to
drive digital adoption in India’s maritime sector.
• The agreement was finalized by Nand Kumarum, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
of the NeGD, and Vikas Narwal, Managing Director (MD) of IPA.
i.The collaboration aims to modernize India’s ports by merging NeGD’s tech expertise with IPA’s maritime
insights, using real-time data, advanced analytics, and system integration to address outdated systems and
enhance efficiency and competitiveness.
ii.NeGDwas established in 2009 under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) and
operates as an independent business unit of the Digital India Corporation (DIC).
iii.IPA was founded in 1966 under the Societies Registration Act 1860, operates under the supervision of
the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW).

DPIIT Signs MoU with boAt to Support Startups in Manufacturing and D2C Sectors
In December 2024, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade(DPIIT), Ministry of
Commerce and Industry (MoC&I) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with boAt, a prominent
Indian audio and wearables brand, to support startups.
• The partnership aims to nurture DPIIT-recognized startups, particularly in the Direct-to-
Consumer (D2C) and manufacturing sectors.
i.Key features of the collaboration include:curate dedicated programs, initiatives for mentoring startups,
innovators and entrepreneurs, provide resources, guidance and support for different milestones such as
prototype development and offer connections and insights for international expansion, wherever
applicable and feasible.
ii.This initiative underscores the commitment to the ‘Make in India’ initiative and strengthens the startup
ecosystem.

Swiggy Partners with NSE to Empower Delivery Partners with Financial Literacy
On December 24, 2024, Swiggy Limited, an Indian online food delivery and e-commerce
platform,headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with
the Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE). The partnership aims
to introduce a financial literacy program designed specifically for Swiggy’s delivery partners, with a strong
focus on empowering women in the workforce.
• The Chief Guest for the event was Amruta Fadnavis, Vice-President of Axis Bank Limited and
the wife of Chief Minister (CM) of Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis.
i.Swiggy Limited aims to have 1 lakh women delivery partners by 2030, offering them financial training
led by trainers certified by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
ii.The program is part of Swiggy’s comprehensive initiatives, such as “She the Change” and “Swiggy
Skills”, to empower its workforce and promote financial inclusion.
iii.Swiggy founded in 2014 and the current Managing Director(MD)and Group Chief Executive Officer(
CEO) is Sriharsha Majety.

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IIT Madras and MoA&FW Collaborate on Project VISTAAR to Digitalize Agricultural Extension
On January 2 2025, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu, TN) partnered with
the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare(MoA&FW) to launch the Project Virtually Integrated System
to Access Agricultural Resources(VISTAAR) to revolutionize the agricultural extension system through
digitalization for farmers across India.
• This project enables farmers and stakeholders in agriculture to access high-quality advisory
services related to crop production, marketing, value addition, supply chain management and
government schemes.
• The VISTAAR platform will bridge the gap between these innovations and farmers, ensuring wide
adoption and impact.
Key Features of the Collaboration:
i.Integration with Start-ups: The MoA&FW and IIT Madras signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to
enrich the VISTAAR platform by integrating information about start-ups in the agriculture and allied sectors.
• These start-ups provide innovative solutions that can make farming more sustainable and climate-
resilient.
ii.Startup Information: The Centre for Research on Startups and Risk Financing at IIT Madras alongside its
incubated startup YNOS Venture Engine, has developed an extensive database of over 12,000 start-
ups connected to the agriculture and farming industries.
• This platform will give farmers direct access to these resources, empowering them with new
technologies and insights.
iii.Innovation in Agriculture:Connecting farmers with innovative technologies from start-ups to help make
agriculture more sustainable and climate-resilient.
iv.Government Schemes Access: To provide farmers with information about various government schemes,
making it easier for them to access benefits related to agricultural development and rural welfare.
v.Digitalization of Agricultural Extension:Farmers will benefit from a digital extension system, ensuring
timely and accurate information on crop management, value-added services, and relevant government
schemes.

ICG and AIIMS Delhi Signed MoU to Enhance Medical Training for Officers
In December 2024, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
Delhi have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to boost the medical training and capabilities of
Coast Guard medical officers.
• The MoU was signed by Surgeon Commodore Sanjay Dutta on behalf of the ICG and Dr. Shailendra
Kumar, Comprehensive Resuscitation Training Centre (CRTC) AIIMS Coordinator during an event
held at AIIMS Delhi in New Delhi (Delhi).
i.The primary objective of the MoU is to provide specialized training in Indian guidelines for Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) and to equip ICG’s personnel with critical life-saving skills.
ii.As per the MoU, AIIMS Delhi will provide structured and advanced training to medical officers of ICG,
ensuring they are well-prepared to handle medical emergencies in operationally challenged environments.

POWERGRID Signs Green Loan Agreement with SMBC for RE transformation

In December 2024, Gurgaon(Haryana) based Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), a
Maharatna Public Sector Undertaking(PSU)under the Ministry of Power(MoP), signed a ‘green loan
agreement’ with Japan based Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) at Gujarat International Finance
Tec-City (GIFT) in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• The loan facility, denominated in Japanese Yen (JPY), is valued at an equivalent of USD 200
million with an additional greenshoe option of USD 150 million.

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 • The agreement was signed in the presence of G Ravisankar, Director (Finance),
POWERGRID, LK Khajkumar, Enforcement Directorate (ED) (Corporate Planning), POWERGRID,
and other senior officials of SMBC and POWERGRID.
i.The green loan will be utilized for the construction and development of essential infrastructure required for
the evacuation and integration of Renewable Energy(RE) into the national grid.
ii.The initiative aligns with the India’s Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) and POWERGRID’s commitment
to promoting renewable energy, enhancing grid reliability, and advancing Environmental, Social, and
Governance (ESG) principles.

FIU-IND Signs MoU with IRDAI for Enhanced Cooperation in Combating Money Laundering
On January 6, 2025, the Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) to
foster mutual cooperation between FIU-IND and IRDAI in areas critical to Anti-Money Laundering (AML)
and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) within the insurance sector
• This MoU is part of a broader strategy to implement the provisions of the Prevention of Money
Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) and related rules effectively.
Note:IRDAI, is a statutory body formed under an Act of Parliament, IRDA Act, 1999 for overall
supervision and development of the Insurance sector in India.
Signatories: The MoU was signed by Vivek Aggarwal, Director, FIU-IND and Satyajit Tripathy, Member
(Distribution), IRDAI in New Delhi (Delhi).
Key Areas of Focus:
i.Sharing of Intelligence: The MoU focuses on exchanging pertinent intelligence and information to
ensure timely action on suspicious activities.
ii.Reporting Procedures: It will define clear guidelines for how regulated entities in the insurance sector
report suspicious financial transactions under the PMLA rules.
iii.Training and Skill Development: Both organizations will organize training sessions to upskill
personnel within the regulated insurance entities, focusing on the identification of risks and suspicious
activities.
iv.Risk Assessments: Regular assessments will be conducted to understand the vulnerabilities in the
insurance sector and enhance the compliance efforts related to AML/CFT obligations.
v.Appointments: The agreement also includes the appointment of a nodal officer and an alternate nodal
officer by each party to the MoU.
About Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU IND):
FIU-IND is an organisation under the Department of Revenue (DoR), Ministry of Finance (MoF) which
collects financial intelligence about offences under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002(PMLA).
Director- Vivek Aggarwal
Headquarters- New Delhi (Delhi)
Established-2004

BDL Partners with Ultra Maritime to Supply Sonobuoys for Indian Navy
In January 2025, Hyderabad-based Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), an Indian Defence Public Sector
Undertaking, has partnered with Ultra Maritime, the United States of America(USA) based leading global
provider of undersea warfare systems, to supply and manufacture sonobuoys of the US Navy standard for
the Indian Navy (IN).
• This collaboration was announced by USA National Security Advisor(NSA) Jake Sullivan during
his visit to India from January 5 to 6, 2025.

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 • These innovations will enhance sonar performance in the Indian Ocean, enabling better wide-
area searches with custom solutions, as part of the USA.-India Initiative on Critical and
Emerging Technologies (iCET) launched in May 2022.
Key Highlights:
i.Sonobuoys,which are critical for anti-submarine warfare (ASW), will be manufactured indigenously in
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh(AP) at BDL’s facilities as part of a Joint Venture(JV) with Ultra Maritime,
with a facility set to become operational by 2027.
ii.The Ultra Maritime sonobuoys produced in India are compatible and can be used by the U.S. Navy, IN
and allied forces with P-8, MH-60R, and MQ-9B Sea Guardian aircraft.
iii.The IN operates ‘12 P-8I’ maritime patrol aircraft, which drop the sonobuoys into the sea for anti-
submarine operations.
iv.In August 2024, USA President Joe Biden’s Administration had approved a USD 52.8 million
government-to-government deal for the sale of U.S. sonobuoys to India.
About Sonobuoys:
i.Sonobuoys are small, disposable devices used in underwater sonar systems to detect submarines and
other threats, helping in identifying and targeting adversarial ships and submarines for about 24 hours.
ii.A naval helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft usually releases sonobuoys in a specific pattern.
iii.The sonobuoys are dropped in canisters and activate automatically when they hit the water.
Types:
• Active sonobuoys emit sound energy, receive the echo, and transmit the information back to
the aircraft based on the received echo.
• Passive sonobuoys listen for sounds from ships or submarines and transmit the detected
sounds back to the aircraft.
About Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL):
Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) – Commodore A Madhavarao (Retired)
Headquarters – Hyderabad, Telangana
Established – 1970

MeitY Partners with IITs for Skill Development to Boost Semiconductor Sector
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has initiated partnerships with various
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and private institutions and colleges, to provide training activities
including skill development in semiconductor manufacturing. It was stated by S. Krishnan, Secretary of
the MeitY in New Delhi(Delhi) on January 08 2025.
• This move will give a boost to the semiconductor sector in India and will strengthen India’s
position in global technology.
Key Points:
i.The MeitY informed that Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi-led government had already approved 5
semiconductor units under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) to locally develop semiconductors
and display manufacturing ecosystem in India with total budget outlay of Rs 76,000 crore.
ii.The companies which are establishing semiconductor units under the ISM include: the United States of
America (USA)-based Micron Technology Inc., Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL), Tata
Semiconductor Assembly and Test Private Limited, Karynes Semicon Private Limited, and CG Power and
Industrial Solutions Limited(Crompton Greaves Limited), in collaboration with Japanese Renesas
Electronics Corporation(RNECY) and Stars Microelectronics (Thailand) Public Company Limited.
iii.ISM, launched in 2021, is designed to promote the domestic semiconductor industry through incentives
and strategic partnerships. It includes fabrication facilities (fabs), packaging, display wires, Outsourced
Semiconductor Assembly and Testing (OSAT), sensors,and other key components.

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Note: As per Industry estimates, the semiconductor market in India is expected to reach USD 109 billion
by 2030.
Microsoft and MeitY Signed MoU to Train 5 Lakh Indians under IndiaAI Mission, Setup AI CoE in
India
The United States of America (USA)-based software tech giant, Microsoft Corporation, Inc. has signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with MeitY under the IndiaAI Mission, which aims to provide skill
development training to 5 lakh students, teachers, and professionals in AI by 2026.
• This strategic partnership with MeitY aims to position India as a world leader in AI. It also aims
to boost AI development and adoption in India and to foster inclusive, innovative and ethical AI
ecosystem in India.
• This MoU was part of a series of collaborations announced by Satya Nadella, Chief Executive
Officer (CEO) of Microsoft Corporation, Inc. , during his visit to India on January 08, 2025.
Note: These announcements came after Microsoft pledged to invest USD 3 billion to promote AI and cloud
infrastructure in India over the next 2 years.
Key Points:
i.Under this MoU, Microsoft in partnership with MeitY will set up an AI Center of Excellence (CoE) named
‘AI Catalysts’, to promote rural AI innovation and support 1 lakh AI innovators and developers through
hackathons, community-building solutions and an AI marketplace.
ii.Microsoft will also establish ‘AI Productivity Labs’ in 20 National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs)
centers across 10 states in India, to provide foundational courses for 20,000 educators.
Other Key Announcements:
Microsoft also announced collaborations with 5 key Indian Industries in sectors like: transport,
healthcare, finance, agriculture and education.
i.Microsoft will provide training to the employees of New Delhi(Delhi) based RailTel Corporation of India
Limited (RailTel) in next-generation digital, cloud and AI technologies through its National Skills initiative
and Enterprise Skilling initiative. It will also support RailTel in setting up an AI CoE.
ii.Microsoft has entered into a 3-year partnership with Indian edtech company, upGrad Education
Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka . This will enable the users of upGrad to learn in AI training
programmes.Content developers on upGrad will also get access to GitHub Copilot to create learning
materials.
iii.Microsoft partnered with Indian automobile manufacturing company, Mumbai(Maharashtra)
based Mahindra & Mahindra Limited, to develop various AI projects that include agentic and multimodal
scenarios for the automotive division, chatbot solutions for the farm and tractors division, among others.
iv.Microsoft collaborated with Pune(Maharashtra) based Bajaj Finserv Limited, Non-Banking Finance
Company (NBFC), which is implementing AI use cases across workstreams, powered by Microsoft’s
advanced AI technologies, with an expected annual cost of Rs 150 crore in Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26).
v.Microsoft partnered with Chennai(Tamil Nadu, TN) based Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Limited to
provide assistance to Apollo Hospitals in India, with its data strategy, engineering platform, and merging
AI to create new Intellectual Property (IP).
About IndiaAI Mission:
i.In March 2024, the Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi approved IndiaAI
mission with budget outlay of Rs 10,371.92 crore (USD 1.25 billion) for over the next 5 years.
ii.It is being implemented by IndiaAI, an Independent Business Division (IBD) under the Digital India
Corporation (DIC) of MeitY.
iii.It is based on 7 key pillars: IndiaAI Compute Capacity, IndiaAI innovation centre, IndiaAI Datasets
platform, IndiaAI application development initiative, IndiaAI future skills, IndiaAI startup financing, Safe
and Trusted AI.

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About Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY):
Union Minister- Ashwini Vaishnaw (Rajya Sabha- Odisha)
Minister of State (MoS)- Jitin Prasada (Constituency- Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

RBIHub partners with IIM-A to launch ‘Swanari TechSprint 3.0’ For Women’s Financial
Inclusion
On January 9 2025, the Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH), the innovation arm and a wholly-owned
subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has partnered with Gujarat based Indian Institutes of
Management Ahmedabad’s (IIM-A) startup incubator, IIMA Ventures (Formerly IIMA-Centre for
Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship, CIIE) to launch the 3rd cohort of the
‘Swanari TechSprint 3.0’ programme.
• The programme is designed to accelerate women-centric fintech startups to scale their
businesses.
• This initiative aims to conceptualise, develop and support innovations in technology that
enhance access, usage and quality of financial services for all women in India.
Key Points:
i.The Swanari TechSprint allows startups to develop and scale gender-inclusive financial solutions and
provides expert mentorship, funding grants, and other forms of support.
ii.It focuses on empowering women-owned MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises), self-help
groups, and street vendors, addressing barriers such as inactive bank accounts, limited access to savings
products, and difficulties in securing credit.
iii.India has over 556 million women aged 15–64 who remain underserved in financial services
(according to the World Bank, WB).
• The programme aims to overcome these challenges by supporting startups that address the
unique financial needs of women.
iv.The programme is open to startups that have developed gender-focused financial solutions.
• Eligible applicants must have a minimum viable product and either pre-seed to pre-Series A
funding or generate revenues or traction.
v.Previous cohorts have highlighted successful startups like Kaleidofin, Merakal, Vitto, Anniyam
Payment, MaksPay, Manipal Business Solutions, Sampatti Card, Haqdarshak and Agripal which have
introduced innovative solutions for women’s financial empowerment.
About Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH):
It has been set up as a Section 8 company under the Companies Act, 2013 with an initial capital
contribution of Rs. 100 crore.
Chairman- Senapathy (Kris) Gopalakrishnan
Chief Executive Officer(CEO) – Rajesh Bansal,
Headquarters- Bengaluru, Karnataka,
Established – 2022

Pixxel announced partnership with SIIS to supply Hyperspectral Satellite Data in Korea
In January 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Pixxel, a space technology startup specialising in
hyperspectral earth-imaging technology, announced partnership with Korea-based SIIS Co., Ltd. to
supply hyperspectral satellite data in Korea.
• The agreement was signed in November 2024, during the Satellite Utilization Conference in
Seoul, South Korea, a major milestone in the process of providing hyperspectral data to relevant
institutions and companies in the country.

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Key Points:
i.This partnership aims to provide transformative insights that enable end-users across industries to
tackle complex challenges.
ii.Pixxel’s hyperspectral data provides significantly more spectral resolution than standard multispectral
data, allowing for accurate analysis of the physical and chemical aspects of the Earth’s surface and
atmosphere.
iii.Through a partnership with Pixxel, SIIS aims to strengthen its position in the market by fusing material
insights from hyperspectral imaging with high-resolution spatial data.
iv.Pixxel is set to launch its Fireflies constellation of six commercial-grade hyperspectral satellites in
2025.
• These satellites are designed to deliver 5-meter(m) resolution, a 40-kilometer(km) swath, and
daily revisit capabilities across hundreds of spectral bands.
v.SIIS plans to enhance its Earth observation capabilities with the launch of SpaceEye-T in March 2025.
• This satellite will be Korea’s first private Earth observation platform, offering 30
centimetre(cm) class ultra-high-resolution spatial data to support various applications and
industries globally.
About Pixxel:
Pixxel is the first Indian space startup to secure the order from NASA.
Founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Awais Ahmed
Headquarters – Bengaluru, Karnataka
Established – 2019

GHI and H2Carrier sign MoU to Advance Green Hydrogen and Ammonia Solutions
On January 9, 2025, New Delhi (Delhi) based Greenstat Hydrogen India(GHI) Private Limited, a unit of
Norwegian renewable energy firm Greenstat ASA and Norway based H2Carrier AS(H2C) signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to accelerate the development of green hydrogen and ammonia
projects in India and Sri Lanka.
• The MoU aims to support global energy transition with scalable, cost-effective, and flexible
green hydrogen and ammonia production.
• The collaboration will involve feasibility studies, project identification, and implementation of
green hydrogen, ammonia production facilities, with an emphasis on floating production
solutions.
i.The floating production solution will focus on leveraging H2Carrier’s P2XFloater technology, the
world’s 1st floating green ammonia production facility.
ii.The projects will meet the rising demand for green ammonia, essential for clean fuel and
decarbonization in sectors like shipping, agriculture, and heavy industries.
Note: GHI was established in 2020 to focus on the development of green hydrogen and its derivatives in
Asia and the Middle East.

Google Cloud & UP Partner to Launch Open Network for Agriculture

In January 2025, Uttar Pradesh (UP) government signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
with Google Cloud (India) to launch the Gemini-powered and Beacon-enabled UP Open Network for
Agriculture (UPONA).
• The open and decentralized network will give millions of farmers easy access to services like
advice, credit, machinery, and market links to sell their produce.
• This project is India’s first state-level initiative using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to revolutionize
agriculture.

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Key people: The MoU was signed by Manoj Kumar Singh, the Chief Secretary of UP, and Anil Bhansali, the
Vice-President (VP) of Google Cloud (India).
i.The network is built as a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) using Google Cloud’s DPI-in-a-box and the
Beckn Protocol, an open standard that allows products and services to be easily discovered and accessed.
ii.It is a key step in doubling farmers’ income in UP. It offers fast, accurate information on weather and
market prices, using data from weather stations in nearly every tehsil.
iii.Farmers can access the network using voice commands in their preferred language. Currently, it
supports Hindi, Bangla, Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati and Punjabi, with more languages to be added in the
future.

C-DOT Partners with IIT Mandi and IIT Jammu to Develop Spectrum Efficiency Chip
In January 2025, the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), New Delhi (Delhi)-based telecom
Research and Development (R&D) center under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of
Communications (MoC) has partnered with the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi (IIT Mandi) in
Himachal Pradesh (HP) and the Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT Jammu) in Jammu and Kashmir
( J&K) to create a new chip designed to improve spectrum efficiency.
• The project is supported by the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF), which helps
Indian startups, universities, and research institutions create telecom innovations. Its objective
is to improve broadband and mobile services across India.
Note: TTDF was launched on October 1, 2022, by the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) under the
Ministry of Telecommunications (MoT), for supporting R&D efforts focused on creating technologies and
products that enhance telecom services in rural and remote areas.
Key People:
The agreement was signed in the presence of Dr. Raj Kumar Upadhyay Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of
C-DOT, Dr. Rahul Shrestha, Principal Investigator from IIT Mandi, Dr. Rohit B. Chaurasiya, Co-
Investigator from IIT Jammu, as well as C-DOT Directors Pankaj Kumar Dalela and Shikha Srivastava.
Key Points:
i.This collaboration aims to develop a “Wideband Spectrum-Sensor (WSS) an application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC) chip designed to optimize spectrum use for broadband services, particularly in
rural regions.It will also generate intellectual property (IP) for spectrum sensing technology, crucial for
dynamic spectrum access.
ii.The project includes designing an advanced spectrum sensing algorithm that helps communication
systems identify unused frequency bands, or spectrum holes, without causing interference.
iii.The project focuses on developing hardware-efficient communication algorithms to detect underused
bands above 2 Gigahertz (GHz), thereby enhancing spectrum utilization.
iv.The project will demonstrate a wideband cognitive radio module for the 6 GHz satellite band (5.925–
7.125 GHz) and test designs using Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA).

BHEL and ONGC Signed MoU to Collaborate on RE Projects

In January 2025, New Delhi (Delhi)-based Bharat Heavy Electronics Limited (BHEL), a leading Central
Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) under the Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) and New Delhi -based
‘Maharatna’ CPSE, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) have signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) to explore collaboration in the area of New and Renewable Energy (NRE) sector.
i.As per the MoU, this strategic partnership will focus on key areas of NRE such as: fuel cell, electrolyser
and battery energy storage system projects.
ii.Both Public Sector entities will leverage the combined strengths for promoting innovations in the clean
energy ecosystem and will also support India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission(NGHM).

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 • This partnership marks a significant step in aligning India’s RE targets and promoting the
adoption of clean energy solutions.

APSSDC Partners with Infosys to Bridge Skill Gaps in AP

In January 2025, The Andhra Pradesh State Skill Development Corporation (APSSDC) partnered with
Bengaluru(Karnataka) based Infosys Limited, to enhance employment prospects and provide technical
assistance for the Skill Census programme.
• The agreement was signed between the officials of the APSSDC and representatives of Infosys
Limited in the presence of Nara Lokesh, Minister for Human Resource Development and
Information Technology (IT), along with Kona Sashidhar, Secretary of APSSDC , and other senior
officials from both APSSDC and Infosys.
Note: The skill census is a first-of-its-kind initiative of the AP government to assess the skill set and
competencies of 35 million people in the state’s working-age population.
i.As a part of the partnership, Infosys will develop a generative Artificial Intelligence(AI)-powered digital
platform to evaluate the skills of 3.59 crore individuals aged 15-59 years in AP. This platform will assess
current skill levels, identify gaps, and provide tailored recommendations for further development.
ii.The Infosys Springboard initiative will offer free online courses, workshops, and learning pathways to
support continuous skill development. Using advanced technology, it will enable transparent evaluations
to track progress and align training with career goals.
iii. As part of the skill census, Infosys will provide technical support at no cost, linking skill assessments to
job opportunities.

C-DOT Partners with IIT Delhi to Develop THz Communication Front Ends for 6G Technology
In January 2025, The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), a telecom research and development
(R&D) center under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications (MoC)
has partnered with the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) based in New Delhi, Delhi to work
on “Building Blocks for Terahertz (THz) Communication Front Ends” for 6G (sixth-
generation) technology.
• The Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research (SAMEER), located at
Kolkata, West Bengal will assist IIT Delhi in developing these components at its facilities.
Key People: The agreement was signed in the presence of Dr. Rajkumar Upadhyay, Chief Executive Officer
(CEO) of C-DOT, Prof. Ananjan Basu, the principal investigator from IIT Delhi, and C-DOT Directors Dr.
Pankaj Kumar Dalela and Shikha Srivastava.
i.This collaboration, under the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) 6G Call for Proposal by the
Department of Telecommunications, supports the Bharat 6G Vision to develop advanced, secure, and high-
quality 6G networks.
ii.The project aims to develop essential devices and components for THz (terahertz) systems, which are
critical for the 6G communication network.

India & USA Sign MoU to Boost Cybercrime Investigation Cooperation

In January 2025, the Government of India (GoI) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the
Government of the United States of America (USA) to enhance collaboration in cybercrime
investigations.
• The MoU was signed by Indian Ambassador Vinay Kwatra and Acting USA Deputy Secretary of
Homeland Security, Kristie Canegallo in Washington DC, the USA.
i.This agreement aims to bolster India-USA security cooperation, addressing interconnected issues like
terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, money laundering, and other common security challenges

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linked to cybercrime.
ii.In India, the implementation of the agreement will be handled by the Indian Cybercrime Coordination
Centre (I4C) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
iii On the USA side, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), along with its agencies like the U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Homeland Security Investigations Cyber Crimes
Center, (C3) will oversee the execution of the pact.

DPIIT Partners with ITC to Bolster India’s Startup Ecosystem

In January 2025, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of
Commerce & Industry(MoC&I), entered into a strategic partnership with Kolkata(West Bengal) based ITC
Limited to improve innovation and strengthen India’s startup ecosystem.
• The partnership aims to capitalize on ITC’s market network and DPIIT’s support initiatives to
enhance technological progress and create market opportunities for startups nationwide.
i.Under this partnership, ITC aims to implement startup solutions in strategic areas such as energy storage
systems, integrating Renewable Energy(RE) sources for manufacturing locations and digital platforms for
Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES).
ii.This collaboration focuses on digital to improve manufacturing’s operational excellence and readiness
for the future, as well as on renewable energy to strengthen ITCs’ sustainability.

C-DOT & IIT Bombay Signed Agreement to Develop Optical Transceiver Chipset for High-
Bandwidth 6G Wireless Links
In January 2025, the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), under the Department of
Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications (MoC) signed an agreement with the Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay (IIT B), Mumbai(Maharashtra) to develop an “Optical Transceiver
Chipset for High-Bandwidth 6G Wireless Links.”
• The agreement was signed in the presence of Dr. Rajkumar Upadhyay, Chief executive Officer
(CEO) of C-DOT, Professor Shalabh Gupta, Principal Investigator from IIT Bombay, and C-DOT
Directors Dr. Pankaj Kumar Dalela and Shikha Srivastava.
i.The collaboration is under the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) 6G Call for Proposal
initiative.
ii.It aims to accelerate research on the 6G ecosystem to position India as a global leader in the design,
development, and deployment of 6G technology by 2030.
iii.The initiative focuses on affordability, sustainability, and ubiquity, ensuring that cutting-edge
communication solutions are accessible to all.

Uttarakhand Signs MoU with Iceland’s Verkis for Geothermal Energy Development
The Government of Uttarakhand has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Icelandic
company Verkis Consulting Engineers (Verkis) for geothermal exploration and development in
Uttarakhand.
• The agreement was signed in the virtual presence of Chief Minister (CM) Pushkar Singh
Dhami and Icelandic Ambassador Dr Benedict Hoskulsson.
i.The MoU aims to evaluate and promote geothermal energy across identified sites in Uttarakhand.
ii.Under the agreement, feasibility studies for these projects will be funded by the Government of Iceland.
iii.The initiative has the necessary approvals from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change (MoEFCC); the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy(MNRE); and the Ministry of External
Affairs(MEA).

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Note: Kolkata(West Bengal, WB) based Geological Survey of India (GSI) and Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
based Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG) have identified 40 geothermal hotspots in the state.

ISM, CG Power and CSPL Sign Fiscal Support Agreement

In January 2025, the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), Mumbai(Maharashtra) based CG Power and
Industrial Solutions Limited(also known as Crompton Greaves Limited), and Ahmedabad , (Gujarat) based
CG Semi Private Limited(CSPL) signed a Fiscal Support Agreement (FSA) to advance India’s
semiconductor manufacturing ecosystem.
• The agreement supports CG Power’s Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT)
facility, which was approved under the Modified Programme for Development of Semiconductor
and Display Manufacturing Ecosystem.
Key Points:
i.CG Power will establish its semiconductor OSAT unit in Sanand, Gujarat, in collaboration with Renesas
Electronics America Inc. and Stars Microelectronics (Thailand) Public Company Limited with an
investment of Rs 7,600 crore.
ii.ISM will provide 50% pari-passu fiscal support for the project’s eligible Capital expenditures(CAPEX),
demonstrating the commitment of the Government of India (GoI) to strengthening India’s position as a
major participant in the global semiconductor value chain.
iii.CG Power will contribute significantly to India’s goal of reaching the USD 500 billion production target
in electronics by 2030.
Note: India has set a target of reaching USD 500 billion worth of electronics production by 2030.
About India Semiconductor Mission (ISM):
i.The ISM was launched in 2021 with a total financial outlay of Rs 76,000 crore under the aegis of the
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• It has been set up as an Independent Business Division within Digital India Corporation(DIC).
ii.It aims to provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductors, display manufacturing
and design ecosystems.
iii.The following four schemes have been introduced under the programme:
• Modified Scheme for setting up of Semiconductor Fabs in India.
• Modified Scheme for setting up of Display Fabs in India.
• Modified Scheme for setting up of Compound Semiconductors/Silicon Photonics/ Sensors Fab
and Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking and Packaging (ATMP)/OSAT facilities in India.
• Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme.

India & UK Renew 5-Year Partnership to Strengthen Health Sectors

On January 23, 2025, India and the United Kingdom (UK) have renewed their health and life sciences
partnership by signing a five-year Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to strengthen collaboration and
sharing knowledge in areas of mutual interest within health and life sciences during a ceremony held in
New Delhi (Delhi).
The primary focus of the renewed partnership is a shared vision for Universal Health Coverage.
The partnership aims to tackle global health challenges such as Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR),
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), digital health innovations, and advancements in
pharmaceuticals.
Key People: The ceremony was attended by Union Minister Jagat Prakash (JP) Nadda, Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare (MoH&FW); Wes Streeting, UK Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
and Lindy Cameron, Acting High Commissioner of the UK to India

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Focus Areas of the MoU:
i.Health systems, digital health interventions like telemedicine, public health and disease surveillance, and
cybersecurity, including challenges and strategies to enhance resilience.
ii.To improve medical supply resilience to prevent and respond to future disruptions, while addressing
regulatory issues, including the regulation and quality assurance of medicines, medical devices, and shared
quality standards.
iii.Focusing on human resources for health, with an emphasis on education, training, and exchange in
medical training, family medicine, and nursing.
iv.Health security focuses on cooperation and research on infectious diseases, emerging infections, and
pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, including integrated surveillance across humans,
animals, and plants.
About the United Kingdom (UK):
Prime Minister (PM) – Keir Starmer
Capital – London
Currency – The pound sterling, or Great Britain Pound (GBP)
About Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW):
Union Minister – Jagat Prakash (JP) Nadda (Rajya Sabha- Gujarat)
Minister of State (MoS) – Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao (Constituency- Buldhana, Maharashtra), Anupriya
Patel (Constituency- Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

CSE & NCDEX signs MoU for Commodities and Derivatives Trading
On January 20, 2025, Colombo Stock Exchange(CSE) of Sri Lanka and National Commodity and Derivatives
Exchange(NCDEX) of India signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance commodities and
derivatives trading in Sri Lanka.
• The MoU aims to foster knowledge transfer between NCDEX and CSE, focusing on the
development of trading systems, regulatory frameworks, and innovative product design
benefiting traders and market participants in both countries.
As part of the agreement, NCDEX and CSE will:
i.Knowledge Transfer: Both exchanges will share technical expertise in product development, trading
mechanisms, and regulatory frameworks.
ii.Technology and Infrastructure Support: Assistance will be provided in setting up advanced trading
systems and operational infrastructure.
iii.Capacity Building: Joint training programs will be conducted to develop the skills of personnel in areas
such as technology, trading systems, and regulations.

FIEO and Credlix Signed MoU to Empower Indian Exporters with Financial and Logistical
Support
In January 2025, the Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO), the apex body for exporters in
India, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Singapore-based Credlix, a global leader in
supply chain financing solutions, to boost the growth of Indian exporters and strengthen their
international presence.
This collaboration aims to streamline global trade by providing exporters with innovative financial
solutions, logistical support, and other critical resources.
Key Points:
i.The partnership also aims to address key challenges faced by exporters by combining the extensive
network of FIEO with expertise of Credlix in financial services.
ii.Various initiatives such as workshops, training, financing advisory and technological support will be

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provided to help businesses enhance operations effectively.
iii.As per the MoU, technological and logistical solutions from Credlix, such as warehousing and supply
chain management will be used to address operational hurdles faced by the exporters.
iv.FIEO will actively promote the initiative, encourage participation of exporters, and guide businesses in
navigating complex international markets.
Note: In Financial Year 2023-24 (FY24), the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector
contributed 45.73% of India’s exports.
About Credlix:
It is the digital supply chain financing platform from Moglix (Mogli Labs Private Limited), one of Asia’s
largest Business-to-Business (B2B) commerce companies. It is dedicated to providing innovative financial
solutions to Small Micro Enterprises (SMEs) across the world.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Rahul Garg
Headquarters- Singapore, Singapore
Established- 2015
About Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO):
It was constituted by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoC&I) in 1965, with its member contributing
nearly 70% of India’s exports.
President- Ashwani Kumar
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi

NITI Aayog & NASSCOM Foundation Partner to digitally empower One lakh People
In January 2025, National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) and the National Association of
Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) Foundation have entered into a partnership to
provide digital skills to one lakh individuals with an aim to reduce the issue of digital divide.
The collaboration comes under the Aspirational Blocks Programme(ABP), and is aligned with the
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyaan (PMGDISHA).
The project will focus on marginalized groups including women and tribal communities to improve
their access to essential digital tools and e-governance services.
i.It will initially target 60 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) blocks in its first phase,
promoting digital literacy and awareness of government schemes and will expand to include
all 500 aspirational blocks for a broader digital inclusion.
ii.The program focuses on training individuals between 12-60 years in essential computer skills,
cybersecurity, and internet usage.
iii.It will also integrate local community members as trainers and digital ambassadors and will conduct
door-to-door campaigns and community mobilization to raise awareness about the benefits of digital
literacy and government schemes.

BEE & TERI sign MoU to Establish CoEET in Hyderabad

On January 24 2025, The Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE), Ministry of Power(MoP) and The Energy and
Resources Institute (TERI) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to launch a Centre of
Excellence for Energy Transition(CoEET) at TERI’s Institute of Energy Transition (IoET) in Hyderabad,
Telangana.
The project cost is estimated at Rs.25 crore under which BEE will provide a financial support of
Rs.5 crore annually for 5 years for assisting in the establishment and functioning of the Centre.
TERI will provide its existing infrastructure at its Hyderabad campus and will monitor the
operational activities of the Centre.

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Key People:
The MoU was signed in the presence of Union Minister Manohar Lal, MoP and Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs(MoHUA), and A. Revanth Reddy, Chief Minister(CM) of Telangana along with senior officials
from the MoP, BEE, TERI, and the Telangana government in Hyderabad.
About Centre of Excellence for Energy Transition(CoEET):
i.The CoEET aims to conduct research, innovation, and capacity-building in energy transition technologies
and policies by collaborating with corporates, industries, and academicians.
The Centre will work with both national and international organizations to strengthen India’s
ability to address energy transition challenges and contribute to global sustainability goals.
ii.Its efforts will focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency, and
accelerating the adoption of low-carbon technologies in sectors such as industries, Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), buildings, transport, power, and mining.
iii.The Centre will also develop advanced energy-saving technologies like efficient motors, Heating,
Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems, smart manufacturing processes, and waste heat
recovery solutions.
Additionally, it will offer policy and regulatory support for building codes, energy performance
standards, and appliance labeling.
Circular economy practices, artificial intelligence, and real-time energy monitoring will be
promoted to further drive sustainable progress.
Govt allocates Rs.488 crore for power projects in Telangana
The Government of India(GoI) has provided a budget of Rs.488 crore to Telangana for 9 new schemes
under the Power System Development Fund(PSDF).
The schemes will help to strengthen the power grid and adequate electricity supply across the state.
About Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):
The Government established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) on 1st March 2002 under the
provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
Director General(DG)– Srikant Nagulapalli
Headquarters– New Delhi, Delhi
About The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI):
Director General(DG)– Vibha Dhawan
Headquarters– New Delhi, Delhi
Founded– 1974

DGS & C-DAC partner to enhance Maritime Innovation

On January 25 2025, the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and
Waterways(MoPSW) and the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), a Scientific Society
under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) to enhance innovation in technology and excellence in India’s maritime
sector through advancing maritime administration by latest technologies.
The MoU was signed by Shyam Jagannathan, Director General(DG) of Shipping and Magesh
Ethirajan, Director General (DG) C-DAC in the presence of. S. Krishnan, Secretary, MeitY.
Key People:
The event was also attended by Abhishek Singh, Additional Secretary, MeitY, Sanket S Bhondve, Joint
Secretary, MeitY, Sunita Verma, Scientist G & Group Coordinator, MeitY, Savita Utreja, Scientist G, Group
Coordinator (Cyber Security) and other Senior officers from MeitY, DG Shipping and C-DAC.
Key Areas of Collaboration
The MoU will involve the integration of C-DAC’s expertise in advanced computing, cybersecurity,

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Blockchain and e-Governance in various areas,
i.Digitalization and Automation of Maritime Processes: Usage of advanced digital tools and automated
systems to simplify the operations and increase efficiency.
ii.Maritime Data Analytics and Predictive Modeling: Advanced data analytics will be used to get deeper
understanding of patterns and trends for effective decision-making.
Predictive modelling will help in identifying possible risks and optimizing operations for a secure
maritime ecosystem.
iii.Cybersecurity and Maritime IoT: Cybersecurity systems will be strengthened and critical data from
cyber threats will be secured by integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in maritime operations.
iv.Maritime Education and Training: Advanced education and training will be provided to the industry
professionals to equip them with the necessary skills required for rapidly changing technological
situations.
v.Research and Development in Maritime Technologies: The MoU would also promote research and
development (R&D) to enhance innovation in areas like high-performance computing, blockchain, and e-
Governance.
About Directorate General of Shipping (DGS):
Director General(DG)- Shyam Jagannathan
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
Founded– 1949
About Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC):
Director General(DG)– Magesh Ethirajan
Headquarters -Pune, Maharashtra
Founded– 1988

NTPC Partners with Sri Lanka for Major Solar Project

In January 2025, New Delhi(Delhi) based NTPC Limited(formerly known as National Thermal Power
Corporation) has partnered with Ceylon Electricity Board of Sri Lanka to develop a 50 Megawatt (MW)
(extendable to 120 MW) solar project in Sampoor, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.
Trincomalee Power Company Limited (TPCL) which is a joint venture (JV) between NTPC Limited
and the Ceylon Electricity Board, will see the establishment of the solar facility in Sampoor.
i.After discussions with a number of Sri Lankan stakeholders, the tariff for the project has been fixed
at 5.97 US cents per unit.
ii.This solar project would diversify Sri Lanka’s energy mix by significantly increasing Sri Lanka’s clean
energy capacity and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
iii.With this initiative, NTPC, India’s leading power generation company under the Ministry of Power
(MoP), makes a significant step toward sustainable energy practices and strengthens regional ties.

Tripura becomes the 1st NE State to Sign MoU with Bhashini for Multi-Lingual Governance
In January 2025, the Government of Tripura has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with
Digital India Bhashini Division (DIBD) of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
for multi-lingual governance. The MoU was signed during a state-level workshop titled “Bhashini Rajyam”,
held at Pragna Bhavan in Agartala, Tripura under the guidance of Professor (Dr.) Manik Saha, Chief
Minister (CM) of Tripura.
With this, Tripura becomes the 1st North-Eastern(NE) state, as well as 8th Indian state to sign a
MoU with Bhasha Interface for India(Bhashini).
This MoU marks a significant milestone in the state’s efforts to promote digital inclusivity and
leveraging technology for enhanced citizen centric governance.

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Key Points:
i.Bhashini will integrate with existing systems of Tripura such as the CM Helpline, eVidhan, Kisan Sahayata
application (app) and e-districts to enable multilingual communication.
It will also enhance local governance through apps like Amar Sarkar and enhance education with
multilingual technologies.
ii.It will also support the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) platform by
translating First Information Reports (FIRs) and enabling voiced-based data entry.
iii.It will help in reducing the digital divide by easing access to Internet in regional and local languages of
Tripura.
About BHASHINI Initiative:
i.Bhashini, the National Language Technology Mission (NLTM), is a flagship initiative of Government of
India (GoI), launched under the Digital India program in July 2022.
It aimed to democratize access to digital content and services across the linguistic spectrum of
India.
ii.It uses cutting-edge f Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies to
bridge the digital and literacy gaps by enabling internet access and communication in 22 Indian
languages.
iii.It is being implemented by DIBD, an independent business division under Digital India Corporation
(DIC), a Section 8 Company of MeitY.
Note: In January 2025, Bhashini project was leveraged to upgrade the e-Shram portal with 22 Indian
languages. Previously, the portal was available only in English, Hindi, Kannada and Marathi.
About Digital India Bhashini Division (DIBD):
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Amitabh Nag
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 2022
About Tripura:
Chief Minister (CM)- Professor (Dr.) Manik Saha
Governor- N Indrasena Reddy
Capital- Agartala
National Parks (NPs) – Clouded Leopard NP, Bison NP

India’s AIonOS signs MoU with Indosat to boost Indonesia’s AI growth

In January 2025, New Delhi (Delhi) based AIonOS India Private Limited signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison (Indosat or IOH), a leading Indonesian digital
telecommunications company to transform Indonesia’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) ecosystem.
This partnership marks the 1st large scale AI-focused collaboration between India and Indonesia,
under the visionary, Government-to-Government (G2G) initiative.
The MoU aims to harness the potential of AI to fuel innovation, stimulate economic growth, and
drive socio-cultural transformation in Indonesia.
Note: AIonOS, founded in April 2024, is a joint venture between InterGlobe and Assago Group, focused on
transforming businesses into AI-driven enterprises.
Key Areas :
The collaboration focuses on AI³ (AI for Indonesia and India), an initiative powered by Indosat and AIonOS
aimed at reshaping Indonesia’s digital economy using AI technology.
i.Transformative Solutions: AI³ aims to create transformative solutions, in areas like tourism, knowledge
economy, and sustainable agriculture, driving innovations to strengthen Indonesia’s global networks.
ii.Knowledge Economy Development: The partnership will collaborate with top educational institutions

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to build an AI-skilled workforce, strengthening Indonesia’s position in the knowledge economy.
iii.Sustainable Food Security: AI³ will use AI to boost agricultural productivity, improve climate
resilience, and support local farmers, enhancing food security across Indonesia..
Key Points:
i.Indosat and AIonOS will also establish a Centre of Excellence(CoE) in Jakarta (Indonesia) in collaboration
with a China-based company, DeepSeek that focuses on AI technology.
ii.In January 2025, DeepSeek launched its open-source AI model, DeepSeek-R1, designed to compete with
major players like OpenAI, offering advanced capabilities in areas such as mathematical reasoning and
code generation.
About Indonesia:
President- Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo
Capital- Jakarta
Currency- Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)

COMMITTEES & MEETINGS

Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh chaired the “Northeast Region States Meet 2025” held
in Guwahati, Assam
On January 06 2025, Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh alias Lalan Singh, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal
Husbandry, and Dairying (MoFAH&D) and Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) chaired the “Northeast
Region States Meet 2025” held in Guwahati, Assam.
• The event was organised by the Department of Fisheries (DoF) under the MoFAH&D to review
the implementation of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
• During the event, the Union Minister distributed certificates to fisheries beneficiaries, including
National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP) registration certificates, Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
cards, awards for the best Fisheries-based Farmer Producer Organisations (FFPOs) and
Fisheries Start-ups.
Key People: Union Minister of State (MoS) George Kurian, MoFAH&D and Ministry of Minority Affairs
(MoMA); Union MoS S.P. Singh Bhagel, MoFAH&D and MoPR; Dr. Abhilaksh Likhi, Secretary, Department
of Fisheries(DoF) under MoFAH&D; Ministers in-charge of Fisheries from other Northeastern Region
(NER) states along with several eminent dignitaries were present at the event.
Note: The inland fish production in the NER has increased from 4.03 lakh tonnes in 2014-15 to 6.41
lakh tonnes in 2023-24, registering an annual growth rate of 5%. Andhra Pradesh(AP) is the largest fish
producer in the country followed by West Bengal(WB) and Gujarat.
Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh Inaugurated and Laid Foundation of Projects worth Rs 50 Crore:
Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh, MoFAH&D and MoPR inaugurated and laid the foundation for 50 key
projects worth Rs 50 crores under PMMSY covering all NER states except Arunachal
Pradesh (AR) and Mizoram, during the ‘Northeast Region States Meet 2025’.
• Out of total Rs 50 crores, the Government of India (GoI) will provide financial assistance of
Rs 38.63 crore.
Details of the Projects:
i.Out of these 50 key projects which will be developed under PMSSY, 24 will be implemented in Sikkim,
followed by Assam (12), Manipur(7), Tripura and Nagaland (3 each) and Meghalaya (1).
i.An Integrated Aqua Park will be established in the Darang district of Assam, with a capacity to produce
150 tonnes of fish annually generating up to 2,000 job opportunities.

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ii.A large fish feed plant will be set up in the Kamrup district, Assam with a capacity to produce 20,000
tonnes of feed annually and hatchery projects will be established in various districts with the objective of
producing 50 million spawns annually.
iii.Ice plants and cold storage units will be established in Thoubal and Imphal districts of Manipur, to
preserve fish produce and reduce post-harvest losses.
iv.The projects in Meghalaya will emphasize on promoting recreational fisheries in the East Khasi Hills
district.
v.Three projects will be developed in Nagaland which include: the construction of freshwater finfish
hatcheries in the Mokochung and Kiphire districts. These hatcheries are estimated to produce collectively
21 million fry annually.
vi.Ornamental Fish Rearing units and finfish hatcheries will be set up in Tripura.
vii.Sikkim will implement 24 projects which include the setting up of Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems
(RAS) to give boost to the sustainable farming, the construction of fish kiosks in Gangtok and other towns
of the state, and the development of ornamental fish rearing units.
India’s first Organic Fisheries Cluster launched in Sikkim:
During the event, Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh also launched India’s first organic fisheries
cluster, under the PMMSY initiative in Soreng district of Sikkim, which will boost farmer incomes and
promote sustainability in aquaculture.
• The cluster will incorporate ecological fish farming methods, avoiding harmful chemicals and
promoting minimal environmental pollution.
• The project also aimed to sell antibiotic, chemical and pesticide free organic fish in eco-
conscious markets across the world.
Key points:
• National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) will be a key stakeholder in
developing fisheries and aquaculture organic clusters in Sikkim.
• Apart from providing financial and technical assistance for the requisite fisheries infrastructure
and capacity building, NABARD will also facilitate in the growth of the organic cluster by
engaging fisher’s cooperatives and formation of FFPOs in the state.
Note: So far, DoF had notified 4 fisheries related clusters in India: Pearl Cluster in Hazaribagh district
(Jharkhand), Ornamental Fisheries Cluster in Madurai district (Tamil Nadu, TN), Seaweed Cluster in Union
Territory (UT) of Lakshadweep and Tuna Cluster in Andaman & Nicobar.
About Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY):
i.The PMMSY was launched in September 2020 with an aim to double the income of fish farmers and
fishers in the country.
• The initiative delves into the domain of inland fisheries and aquaculture, recognizing their
pivotal role in bolstering production and ensuring robust food security.
ii.It is being implemented for a period of five years (2020-21 to 2024-25) with an investment of Rs 20,050
crore.
iii.It is an umbrella scheme with two separate Components namely Central Sector Scheme (CS) and
Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).
About Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying (MoFAH&D):
Union Minister- Rajiv Ranjan Singh alias Lalan Singh (Constituency- Munger, Bihar)
Minister of State (MoS) – S.P. Singh Baghel (Constituency- Agra, Uttar Pradesh, UP); George Kurian
(Rajya Sabha- Madhya Pradesh, MP)

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Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal chaired 2nd IWDC Meet in Assam
The 2nd Inland Waterways Development Council (IWDC) meet, organized by the Inland Waterways
Authority of India (IWAI), the nodal agency for the development of waterways under the Ministry of Ports,
Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW), was held from 9th January to 10th January 2025
in Kaziranga, Assam to discuss upon the policies to enhance inland waterways and its infrastructure in
India.
• The meeting was presided over by the Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, Ministry of Ports,
Shipping and Waterways(MoPSW).
Key People:
The meeting was attended by Union Minister of State(MoS) Shantanu Thakur, MoPSW; Aleixo Sequeira,
Ports Minister of Goa; Jogen Mohan, Transport Minister of Assam; Khashim Vashum, Transport Minister of
Manipur; Satish Sharma, Transport Minister of Jammu & Kashmir(J & K); Pu Vanlalhlana, Transport
Minister of Mizoram, and Ojing Tasing, Transport Minister of Arunachal Pradesh(AR), among others.
Highlights of 2nd IWDC Meet :
Launches:
i.During the meeting, Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal unveiled Initiatives worth more than Rs.1400
crore to boost inland waterways transport network across 21 Inland Waterway States.
ii.The National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS) was launched to create a safe, seamless
and sustainable movement of Inland vessels during the event.
iii.The Central Database Module and Issuance of Certificates was also launched with an aim to
streamline out the process of certification for vessel owners.
iv.The government also plans to launch 1,000 green vessels to boost economic opportunities through
sustainable inland waterway transport.
Announcements:
i.During the meeting, Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal announced an investment of Rs.50,000
crore over the next five years to strengthen infrastructure on national waterways.
• He also announced the setting up of Regional Centre of Excellence (RcoE) in Dibrugarh, Assam.
ii.The Union Minister also announced the setting up of 6 floating steel jetties on river Godavari (NW 4) at
Gandipochamma Temple, Pochavaram, Perantapalli village in Andhra Pradesh (AP).
iii.A feasibility study on river Penna (NW 79) was also announced along with DPR of NW 4 to get
additional inputs for development.
iv.A budget of more than Rs.3000 crore will be allocated for the development of National Waterways
(NW)2, NW16 and the Indo Bangladesh Protocol Route (IBPR) by 2030.
Points to Note:
i.The cargo traffic on national waterways has increased in the last 10 years – from 18 million tons a decade
ago to 133 million tons in Financial Year (FY) 2023-24 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of
over 22%.
ii.A policy initiative named Riverine Community Development Scheme was launched with an aim to
improve the socio-economic well-being of communities along the waterways through infrastructure
upgrades, trade and tourism promotion, and skill development for coastal communities.
About Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI):
Chairman– Vijay Kumar
Headquarters– Noida, Uttar Pradesh (UP)
Founded– 1986

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55th Annual Meeting of WEF held in Switzerland from January 20-24, 2025 : Part I
The 55th Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF 2025) was held from January 20-24, 2025
in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.
The annual meeting is based on the theme “Collaboration for the Intelligent Age” with the event
organized around five sub-themes: Reimagining growth, Industries in the intelligent age, Investing
in people,Safeguarding the planet and Rebuilding trust
The event witnessed the participation of around 3,000 global leaders featuring over 350
government leaders (including 60 heads of state), business and civil society leaders, prominent
scientific and cultural thinkers from more than 130 countries.
Highlights of 55th Annual Meeting of WEF:
India’s participation at WEF 2025:
i.The Indian delegation to the WEF 2025 was headed by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of
Railways(MoR), Ministry of Information and Broadcasting(MIB) and Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology(MeitY) with a vision of the country’s growth as One Nation, One Voice.
He led the largest ever Indian delegation to the forum, with 5 Union ministers, 3 Chief
Ministers(CMs) and several other state leaders.
ii.The delegation also included Union Minister Chandrakant Raghunath Patil, Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS),
Union Minister Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu, Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), Union Minister Chirag
Paswan, Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI),Union Minister of State(MoS) (Independent
Charge I/C) Jayant Chaudhary, Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE), Andhra
Pradesh CM N Chandrababu Naidu, Telangana CM Revanth Reddy and Maharashtra CM Devendra
Fadnavis.
Jayant Chaudhary represented India at the forum to share the country’s vision of developing a
skilled workforce, promoting innovation, and advancing sustainable development.
iii.8 Indian states represented at WEF 2025 – Kerala, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Andhra Pradesh
(AP), Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu(TN), Karnataka, and West Bengal(WB).
The meeting was attended by more than 65 Indian business representatives.
iv.India participated in the ‘Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Challenges and
Opportunities for Sustainable Investment’ session, which was jointly organized by Invest
India, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade(DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and
Industry(MoC&I) and World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies(WAIPA) and supported by
World Investment for Development Alliance (WIDA).
WIDA is a global platform of 13 organizations that focuses on promoting sustainable and inclusive
investment through collaborative efforts.
13 industrial clusters join WEF:
i.13 new industrial clusters from Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India(5), the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia,
Sweden, Thailand, and the United Kingdom (UK) have joined the WEF’s Transitioning Industrial Clusters
initiative, bringing the total to 33 across 16 countries and 5 continents.
This initiative was launched at COP26 in 2021 with an aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions
(GHGs) while promoting economic growth and job creation.
ii.These clusters can reduce 832 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(CO2)-equivalent emissions annually
while contributing USD 492 billion to global Gross domestic product (GDP) and support 4.3 million jobs.
5 new Indian industrial clusters join WEF:
i.Gopalpur Industrial Park (Odisha)– Focused on attracting investments in green energy.
ii.Kakinada Cluster (AP)– A port-based hub for decarbonization solutions like green ammonia and
hydrogen.
iii.Kerala Green Hydrogen Valley (Kerala):– supports hydrogen-powered transport strategy.

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iv.Mundra Cluster (Gujarat)– Integrates green power with infrastructure for large-scale industrial
projects.
v.Mumbai Green Hydrogen Cluster (Maharashtra)– Promotes the green hydrogen economy.
Note:The other clusters include – Cartagena Industrial Cluster (Colombia), Hunter Region (Australia),
Jubail Industrial City (Saudi Arabia), Port of Açu Low Carbon Hub (Brazil), Port of Rotterdam (the
Netherlands), Saraburi Sandbox (Thailand), The Solent Cluster (the UK) and Tranzero Initiative (Sweden).
Crystal Award Winners 2025:
i.The 31st Annual Crystal Award was announced at the WEF 2025 in Davos-Klosters.
The Crystal Awards 2025 was presented by Hilde Schwab, Chairwoman and Co-Founder of the
WEF’s World Arts Forum.
ii. The recipients of the award included renowned architect and 2024 Pritzker Prize laureate Riken
Yamamoto from Japan, celebrated fashion designer, philanthropist and champion of women’s
rights Diane von Furstenberg from Belgium, and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and global advocate for
children’s rights David Beckham from UK.
About Crystal Award:
The Crystal Award is given to those cultural leaders who have made notable contributions in promoting
social, environmental and creative progress worldwide.
India Slips to 3rd Place in Edelman Trust Barometer 2025 Rankings; China topped
The 25th edition of Edelman Trust Barometer was launched during the WEF 2025 in Switzerland.
According to the report, India slipped to 3rd spot in terms of the trust of the general population in the
government, businesses, media and NGOs. China topped the list followed by Indonesia at the 2nd spot.
The report was made after a survey of more than 33,000 respondents across 28 countries with
Japan replacing the UK at the bottom.
Key Points:
i.India ranked low at 13th place when it comes to trust of people in other countries, in companies with
Indian headquarters.
Within the high-income group, India was ranked fourth after Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and China.
ii.Canada topped this list of foreign-headquartered companies, followed by Japan, Germany, the UK,
France and the United States of America (USA), while those ranked higher than India also included Mexico,
South Africa, Saudi Arabia, China and Brazil.
iii.Despite the overall decline in trust, India (75) remains one of the most trusted countries among
developing nations including China (77%), Indonesia (76), and the UAE (72).
Five of the largest 10 global economies were among the least trusting nations – Japan (the least
trusting at 37%), Germany (41), the UK (43), the US (47) and France (48).
WMO Unveiled Framework for Business Engagement in EWS:
During the WEF 2025, Celeste Saulo, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological
Organisation (WMO) presented a white paper titled ‘Catalysing Business Engagement in Early Warning
Systems (EWS)’ co-authored with the WEF and The Australian National University(ANU), Australia.
It presented a strategy to use private sector capabilities in innovation, data utilization, and
operational efficiency to adapt and mitigate the impacts of extreme weather.
The WMO will work with governments and businesses to execute the strategies mentioned in the
white paper, to close the global early warning gap by 2030, in alignment with the Early Warnings
For All Initiative.
Key Highlights:
The report introduced a framework to increase business participation through:
i.Innovation in Technology– Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and big data can
help businesses to make weather-driven operational decisions.

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ii.Operational Optimization– Companies can use EWS data to make preventive supply chain
adjustments, reduce operational risks, and create climate-resilient products.
iii.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- EWS can help in achieving CSR goals by helping businesses
protect communities and build trust.
With 7 new members GPAP expands to 25 countries:
During the WEF 2025, 7 countries from Africa – Angola, Bangladesh, Gabon, Guatemala, Kenya,
Senegal, and Tanzania– joined the Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP), bringing a total
to 25 countries with a combined population of over 1.5 billion people.
GPAP was launched during the WEF’s Sustainable Development Summit in 2018.
Maharashtra state, through its Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, has joined the GPAP
in 2022.
It will find solutions to tackle challenges such as promoting sustainable materials, strengthening
recycling systems, reducing GHGs etc.
Note: The plastics sector is responsible for an estimated 1.8 billion tonnes of GHGs emissions annually,
and much of this comes from the disposal and degradation of plastics.
Growing geoeconomic fragmentation can decrease global GDP by USD 5.7 trillion: WEF
i.The Navigating Global Financial System Fragmentation report : January 2025 developed in collaboration
with Oliver Wyman was released at the event which estimated that fragmentation resulting from
statecraft policies could cost the global economy USD 0.6 trillion to USD 5.7 trillion – up to 5% of global
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – due to reduced trade and cross-border capital flows as well as lost
economic efficiencies.
It could also increase global inflation by more than 5% in a very high fragmentation scenario.
The report shows that the economic impact of rising geoeconomic fragmentation could cross the
disruptions caused by the 2008 financial crisis or the COVID-19 pandemic.
ii.In the most extreme fragmentation scenario, Eastern and Western blocs could observe GDP growth
decline by over 10% – with India, Brazil, Türkiye, and emerging economies in Latin
America, Africa and South-East Asia bearing the greatest burden.
Anant Singh appointed to GACC:
i.Indian-origin South African filmmaker Anant Singh has been appointed to the Global Arts and Culture
Council (GACC) at the GACC’s inaugural meeting held at WEF 2025.
He is known for highlighting apartheid, Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)/Acquired Immuno
Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS), and gender-based violence through his films and one such film is ‘Long
Walk to Freedom, a biopic of Nelson Mandela.
He was honored with WEF’s Crystal Award in 2001.
ii. Other notable members of the council include- Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (Academy award-winning film
director); George Osbourne (Chair of the British Museum); Renee Fleming (World-renowned Soprano) and
Hany Ulrich Obrist (Artistic Director of the Serpentine Gallery).
Andrea Bocelli (World-renowned Tenor); Deborah Rutter (President of the John F Kennedy Centre
for the Performing Arts in the US); Nile Rodgers (Musician, Producer and Founder of the We Are
Family Foundation; Jin Xing (Dancer – Actress and Transgender Activist); Yana Peel (Global Head of
Arts & Culture – Chanel) and Misty Copeland (Dancer, Author, Producer) are other notable
members of the council.
About World Economic Forum(WEF):
President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Børge Brende(Norway)
Headquarters– Cologny, Switzerland
Founded– 1971

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55th Annual Meeting of WEF held in Switzerland from January 20– 24, 2025: Part II
The 55th Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF 2025) was held, with the theme
“Collaboration for the Intelligent Age”, from January 20 to 24, 2025 in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.
Highlights of WEF 2025:
C4IR India released its Impact Journey Report:
i.The Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR) India, liaison office of WEF in India, launched its
6-year Impact journey report during the WEF Annual meeting 2025.
ii.The C4IR India was launched in 2018 in Mumbai(Maharashtra) with NITI(National Institution for
Transforming India) Aayog and Reliance Industries as founding partners for promoting responsible and
inclusive technological development.
It has impacted the lives of 1.25 million people and aims to expand its reach to 10 million citizens.
The Centre is focusing on cutting-edge areas such as climate technology, and space technologies
with key projects like Artificial Intelligence (AI) for India 2030, the Space Economy initiative,
and the AVIATE (Aviation – Innovation Autonomy and Technology for Everyone).
iii.WEF has recognized India as an emerging global leader in technological innovation and economic
growth and becoming a startup and digital innovation hub
iv.The WEF’s partnership with India is over 40 years old and has made integrated efforts across
government, business, academia, and civil society to make development in areas like including AI-driven
agricultural programs, healthcare solutions, and sustainable urban frameworks.
India’s WASH Innovations Lead Global Discourse:
i.A high-profile discussion on “India’s WASH Innovation: Driving Global Impact in Climate and Water
Sustainability” was held at the India Pavilion in WEF 2025 which highlighted India’s efforts towards
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and its significant role in global climate resilience and sustainable
development.
ii.India’s achievements through the Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM) (the construction of over 95 million
toilets) and the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) (widespread household tap water connections) were highlighted
as WASH initiatives.
iii.The session was followed by two insightful panel discussion,
The keynote address was followed by two panel discussions: one on “Bringing Global Impact in
Water Sustainability” and another on “Innovation in Global Health Through Sanitation.”
These discussions included views from National Mission for Clean Ganga(NMCG), United Nations
Children’s Fund(UNICEF), WaterAid, the Gates Foundation, Riseberg Ventures, and actor-advocate
Vivek Oberoi on advancing water sustainability and sanitation worldwide.
iv.During the event, Union Minister C. R. Patil highlighted India’s significant role in advancing the United
Nations(UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a focus on SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation)
and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
WEF released “Blueprint to Close the Women’s Health Gap” Report :
During the meeting, the WEF, in collaboration with New York City(the United States of America, USA)
based McKinsey Health Institute(MHI), released a report titled ‘Blueprint to Close the Women’s Health
Gap: How to Improve Lives and Economies for All’ that highlights the global health condition of women
and the need to close the health gap.
Highlights:
i.The report projected that addressing key women-specific health challenges could contribute USD 400
billion in global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) annually by 2040.
ii.The report also emphasizes that women spend 25% more of their lives in poor health as compared to
men.

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iii.It has highlighted 9 key health conditions to be focused upon which could reduce the global disease
burden by 27 million disability-adjusted life years and equally add 2.5 healthy days per woman each
year.
Five of these conditions are related to the total number of years lived – maternal hypertensive
disorders, postpartum hemorrhage, ischemic heart disease, cervical cancer, and breast cancer.
Four conditions show focus on how many of those years are lived in good health– endometriosis,
menopause, migraine, and premenstrual syndrome.
v.The report has introduced Women’s Health Impact Tracking (WHIT) platform, which will be used to
measure and track health gaps for women.
It emphasizes five key actions to be undertaken-
Count women– globally collect data to measure women’s health and health outcomes
Study women – understanding hormonal health and women’s biology
Care for women – implement clinical practice guidelines for women-specific conditions
Include all women – develop ways for early treatment for women around the world
Invest in women – promote financing for women’s health research and interventions
India Secures USD 250 Million Investment from Belgium’s AB InBev
During the WEF 2025, Union Minister for Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), Chirag Paswan, announced
that Belgium based AB InBev will provide India with an investment of USD 250 million for developing
its beverage sector, which will span over the next two to three years.
States like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh(UP), and regions in South India are set to benefit from these
investments
Telangana secures Rs.1.78 lakh crore investments :
The Telangana government secured an investment of Rs 1,78,950 crore, which will create 49,550 jobs,
on the sidelines of the WEF 2025 in Switzerland.
The state government signed several Memorandum of Understandings (MoUs), with major focus
on establishing data centres, followed by pumped storage facilities.
MoUs signed by Telangana Government:

Company Investment Purpose

i.A state-of-the-art 2160 Megawatt (MW)

Pumped Storage Project worth Rs.11000
crore, to strengthen Telangana’s renewable
energy capabilities.
Megha Engineering and
Rs.15000 ii.Establishment of 1,000-Megawatt Hour
Infrastructures Limited
crore (MWh) Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
(MEIL)
at various strategic locations across the
state Rs.3,000 crore.
iii.Development of a luxury wellness resort at
Ananthagiri worth Rs.1000 crore

Establishment of an integrated private rocket

Skyroot Aerospace Private Rs.500
manufacturing, integration and testing facility
Limited crore
in Telangana.

JSW UAV Limited Rs. 800 To set up a facility in the state for

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 crore manufacturing Unmanned Aerial
Systems (UAV) through the use of technology
of a leading US-based defense technology
company.

To establish three Pumped Storage Hydro

Power projects in the districts of
Nagarkurnool, Mancherial, and Mulugu in
Sun
Rs.45,500 Telangana.
Petrochemicals Private
crore These projects will have a combined capacity
Limited
of 3,400 MW accompanied by 5,440
MW downstream integrated solar power
plants.

Set up a 6.9 GW solar cells and 6.9 GW solar

Akshat Greentech Private Rs.7000 modules manufacturing unit in Hyderabad
Limited crore and is expected to create over 2,500 direct
jobs

Amazon Web Services Rs 60,000 To expand its data centre infrastructure in

(AWS) crore Telangana

Tillman Global Rs 15,000 To invest in a 300 MW hyperscale data center

Holdings(TGH) crores facility in Telangana.

Rs 10,000 For the establishment of an AI data center

CtrlS Datacenters Limited
crores cluster with a capacity of 400 megawatt (MW).

Rs 5,000 To establish a 100 MW AI-powered data

Ursa Clusters
crore centre hub in Hyderabad.

Rs 4,500 To develop a 150MW data centre facility in

Blackstone Inc.,
crore Hyderabad.
Others:
i.The Ramky Group decided to invest in integrated industrial parks, a dry port and townships, while the
MTS Group LLC also committed significant investments.
ii.Software majors such as Infosys Limited (17,000 jobs), HCL Technologies Limited(5,000) and Wipro
Limited(5,000) unveiled their plans for expansions in Hyderabad, Telangana.
Maharashtra sign 61 MoUs worth Rs 15.70 lakh crore
Maharashtra government has signed 61 MoUs, including 54 investment proposals and 7 strategic
cooperation, at WEF2025 of investment worth Rs 15.70 lakh crore and having the potential to provide 16
lakh jobs in the state.
The sectors include artificial intelligence (AI), data, green energy, hydrogen, and water
conservation.

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MoUs signed by Maharashtra:

Company Investment Purpose

Amazon Web Rs.71,795

To set up a data centre.
Services(AWS) crore

Rs.51,600
Hiranandani Group For the infrastructure Project.
crore

i.Establishment of country’s first optics park in

Maharashtra.
ii.The project is expected to start in 2028 and
Paras Defence & Space Rs 12,000
will continue till 2035.
Technologies Limited crore
iii.It will also create a technology hub for
defence, space, automotive, semiconductor
and other applications.

i.Develop 2 Gigawatt (GW) of renewable

energy capacity for its green mobility
initiative.
Essar Renewables Rs.8,000 Support the Electric Vehicle truck charging
Limited (ERL) crore ecosystem of Blue Energy Motors and
Greenline.
ii.The projects will start in the fiscal year
2026-27.

i.Investment made in 3 regions of Maharashtra

including naxal-infested Gadchiroli.
ii.The investments will include integrating
steel manufacturing capacities with clean
JSW Group Rs.3 trillion green technology, green energy projects,
advanced manufacturing units for new-age
electric vehicles and high-performance EV
batteries and strengthening the solar energy
ecosystem.

i.Invest in ‘Drone-as-a-Service’ (DaaS)

initiative over the next seven years which will
involve manufacturing drones, setting up
training centres and creating a network of
Salam Kisan Rs.300 crore 2,00,000 trained Drone Service Providers
(DSPs).
ii.Maharashtra will co-invest Rs 300 crore to
support infrastructure and training in
Marathwada.

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 iii.Aim to integrate drone technology into
farming practices, covering 5 million acres
annually by 2030.
iv.Microsoft will act as a technology partner
providing Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine
learning and cloud computing solutions in
agricultural practices.

To strengthen defense sector in Maharashtra

Tembo Defence Products
Rs1,000 crore by building strong defense infrastructure.
Private Limited
To generate 300 new job opportunities.

i.To expand the company’s

modern manufacturing facility in Supa, Ahilya
Taural India Private Rs. 500
Nagar, Maharashtra.
Limited crores
ii.Help to boost industrial growth and create job
opportunities.

i.Develop an Anchor Mega Project.

ii.It falls under the “Thrust Sector Incentive
Scheme” of the Maharashtra
government iii.Inlcudes increase of defence
Economic Explosives Rs.12,780
products such as Propellant, War head
Limited crores
explosives, Ammunitions, Defence electronics,
Drones and UAVs, New Generation Explosives,
Energetic binders and new products such as
Military transport aircraft.

i.Crossrail International (UK) and University

of Birmingham Centre for Railway Research
and Education (UK) – Strategic study to
optimise and to achieve sustainable urban
transport in MMR.
ii.Brookfield Corporation (Canada) (USD 12
USD 40 billion), Blackstone Inc. (USA) (USD 5 billion),
Mumbai Metropolitan billion Temasek Capital Management (Singapore)
Region Development (around Rs (USD 5 billion) and Sumitomo Realty &
Authority (MMRDA) 3.5 lakh Development (Japan) (USD 5 billion) – for
crore) urban, regional, and infrastructure
development.
iii.Hiranandani Group (India + Dubai) (USD 6
billion), K Raheja Corp Pvt. Ltd. (India +
Singapore) (USD 5 billion), Everstone Group
(Singapore) (USD 1 billion)- investment to
boost the economy.

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 iv.Sotefin Bharat Pvt. Ltd. (India +
Switzerland) – USD 1 billion investment to
improve parking solutions in the region.
v.MTC Business Pvt. Ltd. + Mitsui (India +
Japan) – Develop a Circular Economy Park in
MMR
Others:
Other companies that have decided to invest in Infrastructure sector are Blackstone Inc ( Rs.43,000
crore), Temasek Capital Management Pte. Ltd. ( Rs.43,000 crore), K Raheja Corporation ( Rs.43,000
crore) and Sumitomo Realty & Development Company Limited, a leading comprehensive real estate
developer in Japan, which will also invest Rs.43,000 crore.
Reliance Group, which has committed Rs.3.05 lakh crore for investments across petrochemicals,
polyester, renewable energy, bioenergy, green hydrogen, green chemicals, retail,
telecommunications, data centers, industrial development, hospitality, and real estate.
One of the key agreements includes MSN Holdings Ltd, which plans to establish an advanced lithium
battery and cell manufacturing project under the state’s ‘Ultra Mega Project’ initiative. The project,
requiring an investment of Rs.14,652 crore.
Click Here to View part I of Highlights of WEF 2025
About World Economic Forum(WEF):
President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Børge Brende(Norway)
Headquarters– Cologny, Switzerland
Founded– 1971

SUMMITS, EVENTS & CONFERENCE

28th CSPOC to be hosted in India in 2026
The 28th Conference of Speakers and Presiding Officers of Parliaments of Commonwealth Countries
(CSPOC) is set to be hosted in New Delhi (Delhi), India in 2026. The announcement was made by Om
Birla, Speaker of Lok Sabha on January 10, 2025 at the CSPOC Standing Committee Meeting held in
Guernsey.
• CSPOC aims to focus on the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and social media in
parliamentary operations for enhancing cooperation among member countries.
• These cutting-edge technologies are used to provide regional language translations for
Members of Parliament (MPs) and make available parliamentary papers in different languages.
i.India has emerged as the world’s 5th-largest economy and the 3rd-largest startup ecosystem, undergoing
transformative growth in sectors such as agriculture, fintech, AI, and research and innovation.
ii.India’s selection as the host for the 28th CSPOC showcases its rich cultural heritage, rooted in the
philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,”the whole world is one family.”
Note: India had hosted the CSPOC in 1970-71, 1986, and 2010.

IIA Organizes International Conference in Bengaluru to Mark 125th Anniversary of KSO

In January 2025, The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), an autonomous institute of the Department of
Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology (MoS&T), organized an international
conference on the theme, ‘Sun, Space Weather, and Solar-Stellar Connections’ to mark
the 125th anniversary of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO), from January 20-25, 2025 in

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Bengaluru(Karnataka).
i.The conference features a well-designed scientific program created by 20 eminent solar astronomers,
supported by the Solar Physics group of IIA.
ii.Discussions focus on themes like solar magnetism, energetic solar phenomena, and the heliosphere. The
program also highlights new developments in solar astronomy, including the proposed National Large
Solar Telescope in Union Territory (UT) of Ladakh.
Over 200 solar physicists from India and other countries have come together for discussions.
Note: The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, a part of the IIA and established in 1899, has made significant
contributions to solar research.

INDEX
RANKING
India Ranked 123rd out of 143 Countries in Readiness for a Rapidly Aging Society
According to the study published in an indexed medical journal ‘Nature Aging’, India ranked
at 123rd position among 143 countries (accounting 95.4% of the world’s population) worldwide in terms
of its readiness to tackle the challenges posed by an aging population.
• Switzerland has secured 1st position with the highest score of 82.3, followed by Norway and
Denmark ranked at 2nd and 3rd position, respectively.
• Currently, India is the youngest country in the world, with more than 50% of its population
below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. But, this scenario will change in the
next few decades and Indians will have the largest population of senior citizens.
• In contrast to India’s rank its neighbouring countries ranked better like: Bangladesh (86th), Sri
Lanka (94th), Nepal (102nd), and Pakistan (118th).
About Nature Aging:
i.The study was conducted by researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore and
New York (the United States of America, USA)-based Columbia University, who developed a new
measure “Global Aging Index”.
ii.The index measured as well as compared the preparedness of Low-and-Middle-Income Countries
(LMICs) and Developed countries, to tackle the challenges of an aging population.
iii.The study assessed 5 key domains: well-being (25%), productivity and engagement (20%), equity
(18%), cohesion (17%), and security (20%).
iv.As per the report, the number of people over 65 years across the world is expected to double from 703
million (in 2019) to 1.5 billion (in 2050).
Rank of Top 5 Countries:

Rank Name of the Country

1 Switzerland

2 Norway

3 Denmark

4 Sweden

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 5 Iceland

123 India
Key Highlights:
i.The study noted that the likelihood of a newborn living to age 90 in high-income countries has increased
from 4.8%(in 1950) to 26.7%(in 2024) and is projected to be 50% by 2060.
ii.As per the study, top rankings are mainly dominated by the high-income countries with an average score
of 24.9 higher than LMICs.
iii.The study showed that only 5 countries, accounting 3.5% of 143 countries covered, had higher scores
for women than men.
iv.Singapore ranked at 10th position in the index and has topped among Asian countries.
• While, ranks of other major countries: the United Kingdom (UK) (14th); followed by Japan
(15th); the United States of America (USA) (24th) and China (46th)
iv.Rwanda (143rd) ranked lowest in the index with an overall score of 36.6, followed by Togo (142nd),
Afghanistan (141st), Benin (140th) and Malawi (139th).
Domain Rankings:
i.Countries scored lowest in the ‘productivity and engagement’ domain with average score of 46.8,
followed by ‘equity’ (average score of 57.5), ‘well-being’ (average score of 14.2), and ‘security’(average
score of 59.3) domain.
• While, countries scored highest for ‘cohesion’ domain with average score of 60.6.
ii.Country with highest and lowest score across 5 main domains of index:
• Well-being: Singapore (88.8) and Afghanistan (14.9)
• Productivity and Engagement: Switzerland (81.7) and Jordan (18.8)
• Equity: Norway (87.8) and Eswatini (27.4)
• Cohesion: Bahrain (81.3) and Benin (26.0)
• Security: Norway (90.2) and Liberia (24)
iii. India’s Ranking on various parameters:
• On universal healthcare access: 106 ; Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were the best.
• On well-being: 141; Singapore, Iceland, and Switzerland were the top three in terms of well-
being.
• On cohesion: 127; Bahrain emerged as the most cohesive nation.
• On life satisfaction: 137, while Bahrain (7th) was the best in Asia.
• On physical safety: 67; Singapore ranked 1st.
• On pension: 102; Argentina and Armenia were among the best,
• On mental health: 93; Kuwait was ranked the best
• On food security: 97; Denmark emerged as the best.
• On technology:132, while Iceland, Denmark, and Norway were the top three.
Recent Related News:
According to the 19th edition of 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI): How Gender Justice Can Advance
Climate Resilience and Zero Hunger, India has been ranked at 105th position among 127 countries with
overall score of 27.3.
• As per the report, India is among 42 countries that have been placed under the “serious”
category, alongside Pakistan (109th) and Afghanistan (116th).
• It was published by Irish humanitarian organisation Concern Worldwide and German aid
agency Welthungerhlife, with aim to trigger action to reduce hunger around the world.

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GlobalData: HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank & SBI Rank Among Top 25 Global Banks by Market Cap; JP
Morgan Chase Tops the List
In January 2025, London, the United Kingdom (UK) based data analytics and research
company GlobalData Plc released a report on the Top 25 Global Banks by Market Capitalization in the
fourth quarter (Q4) of 2024, with the New York, United States of America (USA) based JPMorgan
Chase & Co remains as the world’s largest bank by market capitalization (MCap) recording an increase
of 37.2% to USD 674.9 billion by the end of Q4 of 2024 from Q4 of 2023.
• USA-based Bank of America Corporation (BAC) secured the 2nd position with USD 337.2
billion, while China-based Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) ranked 3rd with
USD 328.2 billion.
• In Q4 2024, India’s HDFC bank Limited dropped from 7th to 13th position compared to Q4
2023, ICICI bank Limited moved up one spot to 19th from 20th position, and State Bank of
India (SBI) retained its 24th position.
Top 5 Global Banks by MCap :

Market Capitalization (USD/

Rank Bank Country
Billion)

New York, the

1 JPMorgan Chase & Co 674.9
USA

Bank of America North California,

2 337.2
Corporation(BAC) the USA

Industrial and Commercial

3 Beijing, China 328.2
Bank of China (ICBC)

Agricultural Bank of
4 Beijing, China 251.1
China(ABC)

California, the
5 Wells Fargo 235.0
USA
Rank of Indian Banks:

Market
Rank Bank Headquarters Capitalization
(USD/ Billion)

13 HDFC Bank Limited Mumbai, Maharashtra 158.5

19 ICICI Bank Limited Mumbai, Maharashtra 105.7

24 State Bank of India(SBI) Mumbai, Maharashtra 82.9

Key Highlights:
i.The aggregate MCap of the top 25 global banks rose by 27.1% year-on-year (YoY), reaching USD 4.6
trillion in Q4 ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023.

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ii.Indian banks showed resilience, with ICICI Bank leading with a 25.8% rise in MCap to USD 105.7
billion, highlighting the growth of India’s digital banking and credit ecosystem.
• HDFC Bank’s MCap grew by 1.6% to USD 158.5 billion, driven by rising competition and cost
pressures.
iii.USA-based Goldman Sachs saw a remarkable 42.9% growth, climbing from 13th to 9th place in the
rankings.
iv.China’s top four banks-ICBC, Bank of China, ABC, and China Construction Bank, recorded annual market
value growth of 30% to 40%.
About GlobalData Plc:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Mike Danson
Headquarters – London, the United Kingdom (UK)
Founded – 1999

QS World Future Skills Index 2025: USA topped; India ranked 25th
In January 2025, London(the United Kingdom, UK-based Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) released its
first ‘World Future Skills Index 2025’. India secured 25th position globally earning a score of 76.6,
which classifies it as a “future skills contender.”
• India secured the 2nd position globally, behind the United States of America (USA) in the
‘Future of Work’ category indicating its strong readiness for technology-driven roles and
industries of the future, especially in digital skills, artificial intelligence (AI), and green
technologies.
• The USA leads the rankings with a score of 97.6, followed by the UK (97.1), Germany (94.6),
Australia (93.3), and Canada (91.0) in the top 5 positions, categorized as “future skills pioneers.”
About the QS World Future Skills Index:
i.The QS World Future Skills Index is a thorough assessment that evaluates how effectively countries are
preparing to address the changing needs of the global job market.
ii.The index assesses four main areas: skills fit, academic readiness, future of work, economic
transformation.
iii.The assessment covers: Over 190 countries, 280 million job postings, 5,000 universities, 5 million
employer skill requirements, and 17.5 million research papers were analysed to compile the rankings.
Highlights of the Report:
i.India scored only 15.6 in the sub-parameter focused on future-oriented innovation in sustainability.
• India has maintained its position as the 2nd-largest destination for Venture Capital (VC) funding
in the Asia-Pacific region.
ii.For the Skills Fit indicator, India had a score of 59.1 and global ranking 37th while for academic
readiness its score stood at 89.9 and 26th position. On the economic transformation index, India stood at
40th position with a score of 58.3.
iii.Group of 7 (G7) countries scored 68.3, showing India’s need for increased investment and innovation in
sustainable practices.
Overall Ranking:

Rank Country Score

1 USA 97.6

2 UK 97.1

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 3 Germany 94.6

4 Australia 93.3

5 Canada 91.0

25 India 76.6
Skills Fit indicator:

Rank Country Score

1 United Kingdom (UK) 100

2 USA (United States of America) 94.4

3 Canada 90.9

37 India 59.1
Academic Readiness indicator :

Rank Country Score

1 UK 100

2 Germany 99.6

3 Netherlands 99.3

26 India 89.9
Future of Work indicator :

Rank Country Score

1 USA 100

2 India 99.1

3 Mexico 98.2
Economic Transformation Indicator:

Rank Country Score

1 South Korea 100

2 Israel 98.9

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 3 USA 97.9

40 India 58.3
Key Recommendations :
i.Curriculum Evolution: Universities should integrate creativity, problem-solving, and entrepreneurial
thinking into their curriculum to improve students with the skills needed for the future.
ii.Industry-Academia Collaboration is necessary to ensure that educational programs align more closely
with real-world job demands.
iii.Reskilling and Upskilling: Initiatives like the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and
Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society (ULLAS), to support the reskilling and upskilling of
the workforce.

Henley Passport Index 2025: Singapore Reclaimed Title of World’s Most Powerful Passport;
India Ranked 85th
On January 08 2025, London (the United Kingdom, UK)-based Henley & Partners released the annual
edition of Henley Passport Index 2025. As per the index, Singapore has reclaimed its title as the world’s
most powerful passport with visa-free access to 195 out of 227 destinations worldwide, followed
by Japan which secured 2nd rank with visa-free access to 193 destinations.
• India’s rank dropped from 80th spot (in 2024) to 85th spot (in 2025) on the list, with visa-free
access to only 57 destinations of the world, down from 62 visa-free destinations in 2024.
• India shared its latest rank with two countries: Niger and Equatorial Guinea.
About Henley Passport Index:
i.The index was originally created by Dr. Christian H. Kaelin, compares 199 passports and 227 travel
destinations annually for the last 19 years. Countries are ranked based on visa-free entry to citizens
holding that country’s passport.
ii.The ranking is based on exclusive Timatic data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA),
which maintains the world’s largest and most accurate database of travel information.
Note: Timatic is a leading provider of real-time information on travel document requirements for
international air travel.
List of Top 3 & Bottom 3 Countries:

Top 3 Countries

Visa-Free Access to
Rank Name of the Countries
Destinations

1 Singapore 195

2 Japan 193

France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Finland and South

3 192
Korea

India Rank

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 85 India, Equatorial Guinea and Niger 57

Bottom 3 Countries

106 Afghanistan 26

105 Syria 27

104 Iraq 31
Key Highlights:
i.As per the index, several member states of the European Union (EU): France, Germany, Italy and Spain
witnessed a decline in their ranking from 2nd position (in 2024) to 3rd spot (in 2025).
• These EU countries are ranked along with Finland and South Korea, with access to 192
destinations with no prior visa required.
ii.7 countries from EU i.e. Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden
shared 4th position on the list. All these 7 countries have visa-free access to 191 destinations.
iii.The 5th spot on the list is shared by 5 countries: Belgium, Portugal, Switzerland, the United Kingdom
(UK) and New Zealand, all these countries offer visa-free travel to 190 destinations.
iv.The remaining top 10 countries on the index is largely dominated by European countries, except to
Australia (6th spot with 189 destinations), Canada (7th spot with 188 destinations), the United States of
America (USA) (9th spot with 186 destinations) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (10th spot with 185
destinations).
v.Afghanistan secured 106th spot on the list and has the world’s weakest passport with visa-free access
to only 26 destinations globally.
• It is followed by Syria (105th spot with 27 destinations), Iraq (104th with 31 destinations),
Pakistan and Yemen (jointly ranked at 103th spot with 33 destinations).
Biggest Fallers and Climbers on the List:
i.The index showed that only 22 of the world’s 199 passports have witnessed a drop in their ranking in the
last 10 years.
ii.Top 5 countries with biggest fall in their ranking between 2015 and 2025: Venezuela (from 30th
spot to 45th spot), the USA (from 2nd spot to 9th spot) Vanuatu (from 48th spot to 54th spot), the UK
(from 1st spot to 5th spot) and Canada (from 4th spot to 7th spot).
iii.As per the index, the UAE emerged as one of the biggest climbers on the index over the last 10 years,
and secured access to an additional 72 destinations since 2015. Thus, the ranking of UAE jumped by 32
places to 10th spot.
iv.While, China also witnessed significant jump in its ranking from 94th (2015) to 60th (2025).
About Henley & Partners:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Dr. Juerg Steffen
Headquarters- London, United Kingdom (UK)
Established- 1997

Brand Finance Global 500 2025: Apple Tops Global Rankings; TATA Most Valuable Indian
Brand
According to the 19th Global 500 2025 report published by Brand Finance, Apple has retained its
position as the world’s most valuable brand, with a brand value of USD 574.5 billion (bn).Tata

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Group (USD 28.6 bn) is the most valuable Indian brand for the 15th consecutive holding 60th spot in the
list.
• In Global rank, Apple is followed by Microsoft (USD 461.1 bn) on the 2nd, and Google (USD
413 bn) on 3rd respectively.
• Except for 2023, Apple has held the top spot as the world’s most valuable brand since 2021.
• WeChat (95.2) has been ranked as the world’s strongest brand for the 2nd consecutive year
followed by Nike (94.7) on the 2nd spot and Google (94.3) on the 3rd position.
Note:The 19th Brand Finance’s Global 500 2025 report was, launched during a session held in the UAE
pavilion at Davos 2025 held in Switzerland.
Top 5 Globally Valuable Brands:

Valuation (in
Rank Brand Country
billion)

United States of
1 Apple USD 574.5
America (USA)

2 Microsoft USA USD 461.1

3 Google USA USD 413.0

4 Amazon USA USD 356.4

5 Walmart USA USD 137.2

Highlights of Top 5 Valuable Indian Brands:
According to the Brand Finance Global 500 2025 report, the top five Indian brands are Tata
Group,Infosys,HDFC Group,Life Insurance Corporation(LIC),and Reliance Group.
• LIC emerged as the fastest-growing Indian brand with a brand value of USD 13.3 bn.
• HDFC Group, SBI Group, and ICICI Group have made significant entries into the global brand
rankings this year, marking a notable achievement for India’s banking sector.
• Other Indian brands in the list are- State Bank of India (SBI) (241), HCL Tech (262), Airtel (306),
Larsen & Toubro(L&T) (316), Mahindra (330), Wipro (358), Jio Group (366), ICICI Bank (375),
Bajaj Group (409) and Indian Oil (446).

Rank Brand Valuation (in billion)

60 Tata Group USD 28.6

132 Infosys USD 16.3

164 HDFC Group USD 14.2

177 Life Insurance Corporation USD 13.3

237 Reliance Group USD 9.8

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Key Highlights of the Report:
According to the report, the world’s 500 most global brands grew 10% in value to USD 9.5-trillion,
exceeding global economic growth of 3%.
• This year the brands that have experienced the biggest growth since 2020 with TikTok at the
top (79%) and DraftKings and FanDuel on the 2nd and 3rd place respectively.
• Walmart is the fastest growing brand among the top 5 valuable companies in 2025.Four out of
the five most valuable global brands are in the technology sector.
• NVIDIA (9th spot) achieved a 98% growth rate and secured a place in the top 10 for the first
time since its initial valuation in 2014.
• The ‘e&’, telecommunications brand has become the fastest-growing brand in the world in
2025 with an eight-fold increase in brand value to USD 15.3 billion.
Brand Value by Country
• United States of America (USA) has the greatest number of brands (193) in the list followed
by China and Germany on the 2nd and 3rd place, with 69 and 27 brands respectively.
• India got 8th place in the list with the number of brands 15.
Brand Value by Industry
• The banking sector has the greatest number of brands on the list (78) followed by retail
(45) on 2nd and media on 3rd (24).
Top IT services brands of 2025:
i.India has secured the 2nd position, contributing 36% of the total brand value while the US, holds
the top position in Information Technology (IT) services brand value, holding 40% of the total brand
value.The collective brand value of the top 25 IT Services brands stands at USD 163 billion in 2025.
• Accenture has secured the 1st spot (USD 41.5 billion), for the 7th consecutive time.
• Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) (USD 21.3 bn) has become the first IT company in India and
the 2nd globally to cross the USD 20 billion in brand valuation.
• Infosys (USD 16.3 billion) has secured the 3rd spot in the most valuable IT services brands for
the 4th consecutive year.
ii.HCL Technologies (HCLTech) has emerged as world’s fastest-growing IT services brand in 2025,
while Infosys has achieved the highest compound annual growth rate among IT services brands over the
past 5 years (at 18.2%).
iii.Other Indian companies on the list included Wipro (9th spot) and Tech Mahindra.
Top 3 Global IT Brands:

Rank Brand Valuation (in billion)

1 Accenture,Ireland USD 41.5

Tata Consultancy Services

2 USD 21.3
(TCS),India

3 Infosys,India USD 16.3

Brand Strength Index (BSI):
i.It is a framework that aims to consider the position of a potential licensee or the acquirer of the brand by
looking into the Marketing Investment, Stakeholder Equity, and the impact of those on Business
Performance.

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ii.The Brand Strength Index (BSI) assigns each brand a score out of 100, reflecting its overall strength. This
score contributes to determining the brand’s value. Based on their BSI scores, brands receive ratings
similar to credit ratings, ranging up to AAA+.
About Brand Finance Global 500 report:
i.It is the annual study held every year since 2007 that provides information about the world’s top 500
most valuable and strongest global brands.
ii.It operates in over 25 countries and conducts more than 6,000 brand valuationsand publishes
over 100 reports which rank brands across all sectors and countries.

GFP 2025 Military Strength Ranking: USA Tops, India Secures 4th Position
According to the 2025 Military Strength Ranking by the Global Firepower Index (GFP), India has secured
4th place as most powerful military in the world. The United States of America (USA) leads the ranking,
followed by Russia in second place and China in third.
Note: These top four military powers—USA, Russia, China, and India—have consistently held their ranks
since 2006.
About the Global Military Ranking:
The GFP 2025 evaluates the military capabilities of 145 countries based on more than 60 factors.
i.The factors include troop strength, military hardware, economic stability, geographic positioning across
land, sea air and access to natural resources.
ii.The ranking assigns a Power Index (PwrIndx) score, where a score of 0.0000 is considered perfect. The
system also accounts for smaller, technologically advanced nations, allowing them to compete with larger
but less developed countries.
Key Points:
i.According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), based in Stockholm, Sweden,
global military spending reached a record USD 2.4 trillion in 2023.
ii.According to Global Firepower Analysis(GFA) for defence allocation in 2025,the USA allocates the
highest budget to its military, amounting to USD 895 billion. It is followed by China with a defense budget
of USD 296 billion, Russia at USD 126 billion.
iii.India’s defence allocation amounted to USD 75 billion for the year 2025.
Top 5 on 2025 Military Strength Ranking:

Rank Country PwrIndx

1 United States of America (USA) 0.0744

2 Russia 0.0788

3 China 0.0788

4 India 0.1184

5 South Korea 0.1656

Points to be Noted:
i.The top ten countries in the 2025 Military Strength Ranking include the United Kingdom (UK-6th),
France (7th), Japan (8th), Turkey (9th), and Italy (10th). Pakistan dropped in the rankings,
moving from 9th to 12th place in global military spending.
ii.At the bottom of the list, Bhutan is ranked 145th with a PwrIndx score of 6.3934. It is preceded by

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Benin with a score of 4.3156, the Central African Republic with 4.2347, Somalia with 4.2037, and Kosovo
with 4.9141.

THE World University Rankings 2025 by Subjects: IISc Bengaluru Among Top 100 Institutes in
CS
In January 2025, the Times Higher Education (THE) has released the ‘World University Rankings by
Subject 2025’. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru, Karnataka stands out as the only Indian
institution in the top 100 for Computer science (CS), securing the 96th position for the first time.
Last year, IISc Bengaluru, was ranked in the 251-300 range and still led Indian universities in this
field.
University of Oxford (the United Kingdom, UK) has topped among all universities followed by the
University of Cambridge(UK), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(the United States of
America, USA).
Top World University Ranking 2025:

Rank Name of the Institute Country

1 University of Oxford United Kingdom (UK)

Massachusetts Institute of
2 United States of America (USA)
Technology (MIT)

3 Harvard University USA

4 Princeton University USA

5 University of Cambridge UK
About World University Rankings by Subject 2025:
The rankings ranked over 11,000 universities across 11 subjects, including arts, business, computer
science(CS), engineering, law, life sciences, medical and health, physical sciences, psychology, and social
sciences.
Top institutions in World University Rankings 2025 by subject:

Subjects Top institutions Country

United States of
Arts and Humanities Massachusetts Institute of Technology
America(USA)

Business and Economics Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA

United
Computer Science University of Oxford
Kingdom(UK)

Education Studies Stanford University USA

Engineering Harvard University USA

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 Law Stanford University USA

Life Sciences Harvard University USA

Medical and Health University of Oxford UK

Physical Sciences California Institute of Technology USA

Psychology Stanford University USA

Social Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA

Highlights:
i.Globally, USA universities dominated the top 10 lists across all subjects, with Stanford University,
Harvard University, and University of Cambridge are the only institutions represented in the top 10 across
all 11 subjects.
The USA also emerged as the most represented country in the rankings across all disciplines.
ii.No Asian universities topped any of the individual subjects. China and Singapore appear in the top 50s
for all 11 subjects, Hong Kong is represented in 9 of them, and Japan appears for 8.
Asia’s best performance is in business and economics where Peking
University, Beijing(China) and Tsinghua University(Beijing) both rose to take 4th and 6th place,
respectively.
iii.The University of Hong Kong, both of these Chinese universities finished in the top 10 for education
studies as well.
Meanwhile, the National University of Singapore is in ninth position in engineering again and
cracked the top 10 in physical sciences, the first institution from Asia to achieve this in 10th place.
Highlights for Indian Universities:
i.In computer science, 53 Indian universities have made it to the global top rankings, up from 47 in 2024,
with IISc ranked 96th globally.
ii.In social sciences, 14 Indian institutions have kept their spots.
iii.This year, 24 Indian institutions made it to the top list in business and economics, from just 15 last year.
Institutions like Amity University,Noida(Uttar Pradesh, UP); Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar(Odisha); University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
(UPES),Dehradun(Uttarakhand) and Delhi University (DU), New Delhi(Delhi) secured places in the
401-500 band.
iv.For medical and health subjects, 28 Indian institutions have made it to the rankings.
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai(Tamil Nadu, TN) ranked in the 251-
300 band.
v.Jadavpur University, Kolkata(West Bengal, WB) placed in the rankings for the first time, securing a place
in the 601+ band.
Ranking of Indian Institutions:

Rank Range Category Name of the institute

96th Computer Science Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru

251- Computer Science Anna University, Chennai

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 300

251– Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical

Medical and Health
300 Sciences

301+ Law, Psychology Delhi University (DU)

301–
Computer Science Lovely Professional University (LPU)
400

Amity University,Kalinga Institute of Industrial

401–
Social Sciences Technology (KIIT),
500
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES)

401–
Arts and Humanities Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi University
500

601+ Arts and Humanities Jadavpur University

About Times Higher Education (THE):
Founded– 1971
Headquarters– London, United Kingdom (UK)

REPORTS
MoJS Released Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report of the Country for the Year
2024
In December 2024, Union Minister Chandrakant Raghunath Patil, Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) has
released the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report for the whole country for the year
2024.The assessment was conducted by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) in partnership with States
and UTs, which can be used for taking necessary interventions by various stakeholders.
• As per the report, total annual groundwater recharge in India is 446.90 Billion Cubic
Meter (BCM).
• The annual extractable ground water resource and annual groundwater extraction for all uses
have been assessed as 406.19 BCM and 245.64 BCM, respectively.
• The average stage of groundwater extraction for the country stands at 60.47 %.
About Assessment Report:
i.Out of the total 6,746 assessment units including blocks, mandals and talukas, in the country, 4,951
(7.34%) assessment units are classified as ‘Safe’.
• 711 (10.5%), 206 (3.05%), 751 (11.1%) assessment units have been classified as ‘semi-critical’,
‘critical’ and ‘over-exploited’, respectively.
• Other than these units, there are 127 (1.8%) assessment units, which have been classified as
‘Saline’.
ii.The report showed that increase in groundwater recharge is mainly due to increase in recharge from
water bodies/tanks and water conservation structures.
iii.Further, analysis of the report shows improvement in ground water conditions in 128 assessment units
in India when compared with 2023 assessment data.

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 • The report observed the overall decline in percentage of over-exploited, critical and semi-
critical units.
Key Findings:
i.As per the report, total annual Ground Water (GW) recharge has increased (15 BCM) significantly and
extraction has decreased (3 BCM) in 2024 compared to 2017 assessment.
ii.Recharge from tanks, ponds, has increased from 13.98 BCM (in 2017 ) to 23.4 BCM (in 2024).
iii.The report showed that the percentage of assessment units under ‘Safe’ category have increased from
62.6% (in 2017) to 73.4% (in 2024).
• While, the percentage of Over-Exploited (OE) assessment units have decreased from 17.24% (in
2017) to 11.13% (in 2024).
MoJS Released Annual Ground Water Quality Report of the Country for the Year 2024
In December 2024, Union Minister CR Patil, Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) has released the Annual Ground
Water Quality Report for the whole country for the year 2024. This is for the 1st time that a report has
adopted a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for groundwater quality monitoring, ensuring uniformity
in data collection, examination and interpretation.
• The groundwater assessment was conducted by CGWB, which can be used for taking suitable
remedial measures and further framing of policies by various stake-holders.
About the Report:
i.This report offers comprehensive analysis of groundwater quality of the country through background
monitoring, trend analysis and hotspot identification.
ii.The report has covered a total of 15,259 groundwater monitoring locations to assess groundwater
quality.
Key Findings:
i.The report highlighted significant concerns like: the high concentration of nitrate, fluoride, arsenic, and
iron in groundwater. The report found that nearly 20% of the samples exceeded the permissible limit for
nitrate, followed by fluoride (9.04%) and arsenic (3.55%).
ii.The report showed that Calcium (Ca) is most prevalent cation, followed by Sodium (Na) and Potassium
(K) while, bicarbonate (HCO3)dominates the anion content, followed by Chloride (Cl) and Sulphate (SO4).
• This shows that India’s overall water is of Calcium-Bicarbonate type.
iii.The report observed that groundwater quality varies significantly across the country, 100% of the
water samples for certain states like: Arunachal Pradesh (AR), Mizoram, Meghalaya, and Jammu & Kashmir
(J&K) met the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) standards.
• While, states like Rajasthan, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh (AP) witnessed widespread
contamination.
iv.The report noted that monsoon season showed some improvement in water quality, specifically in areas
affected by High Electrical Conductivity (HEC) and Fluoride.
States Facing Challenges from Specific Contaminants:
i.Nitrate Contamination: As per the report, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (TN), and Maharashtra have reported
the highest incidences of nitrate contamination, with more than 40% water samples exceeded the
permissible limit. This is mainly due to agricultural runoff and overuse of fertilizers.
ii.Fluoride Contamination: States like: Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, AP and Telangana have reported
the highest incidences of fluoride contamination.
iii.Arsenic Contamination: As per the report, several states particularly in the floodplains of the Ganga
and Brahamputra rivers such as West Bengal (WB), Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Assam and
Manipur, as well as areas in the Punjab and Rajnandgaon district in Chhattisgarh have reported the
elevated arsenic (As) level i.e. more than 10 ppb.

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iv.Uranium Contamination: The report showed that 42% water samples from Rajasthan with Uranium
(Ur) concentration exceeded 100 ppb, followed by Punjab (30%).
• Also, groundwater samples from states like: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, TN, AP and
Karnataka identified as over-exploited, critical and semi-critical groundwater stress zones, were
found with Ur concentrations more than 30 ppb.
v.States which are most severely affected by high EC value in groundwater: Rajasthan, Delhi, Gujarat,
Haryana, Punjab, Telangana, AP and Karnataka.
Key Findings Related to Irrigation Suitability:
i.The report also provides a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in India for Irrigation
Suitability. It has examined Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values,
are two main indicators of water suitability for irrigation.
ii.As per SAR classification, 100% of the water samples from North-East (NE) states like: Assam, AR,
Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura are in the excellent category for irrigation, which means the groundwater in
these states is highly suitable for irrigation.
• Some of the other states and Union Territories (UTs) that fall in the excellent category for
irrigation: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Puducherry, Himachal Pradesh (HP), and
Kerala.
iii.States which fall in Very High Sodium range and are unsuitable for irrigation purposes: AP (0.96%),
Gujarat (1.27%), Haryana (0.34%), Punjab (0.76%), Rajasthan (12.38%) and UP (0.14%).
iv.The report highlighted that 81.49% of the groundwater samples across India had RSC values less than
1.25 which reflects that the water is safe for use in irrigation.
v.The percentage of unsuitable water samples for irrigation increased marginally from 7.69% (in
2022) to 8.07% (in 2023), which indicates a concerning trend of increasing alkalinity and sodicity in
certain groundwater resources.
Note:
India is the largest groundwater user in the world (more than 25% of global total). 87% of groundwater
extracted is used in the agricultural sector and about 11% in the domestic sector.
About Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS):
Union Minister- Chandrakant Raghunath Patil (Constituency- Navsari, Gujarat)
Minister of State (MoS)- V. Somanna (Constituency- Tumkur, Karnataka); Raj Bhushan Choudhary
(Constituency- Muzaffarpur, Bihar)
About Central Ground Water Board (CGWB):
It works under the Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR,
RD & GR), MoJS.
Chairman- Dr. Sunil Kumar Ambast
Headquarters- Faridabad, Haryana
Established- 1970

India Submits its 4th Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC

On December 30 2024, India submitted its 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report updates the Third National Communication
(TNC) and contains the National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory for the year 2020.
• The report provides in-depth information on national action plans to mitigate emissions, methods to
monitor those actions along with information on the financial technological and capacity-building
support India has received to tackle climate change.
Note: UNFCCC in its 16th Conference of Parties (COP) had made it mandatory for developing countries to
submit updates to their national communication on biennial basis in the form of BUR.

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Key Findings:
i.As per the report, India’s total GHG emissions, including land use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)
has decreased by 7.93% in 2020 compared to 2019, but it has increased by 98.34% since 1994.
ii.While, India’s total GHG emissions, excluding land use, LULUCF, stood at 2,959 million tonnes of Carbon
Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e).
• Also, after considering the absorption by forestry sector and land resources, India’s net emissions
were 2,437 million tonnes of CO2e.
iii.The report showed that the energy sector emerged as the major contributor to overall
emissions (75.66%). It is followed by the Agriculture (13.72%), Industrial Processes and Product Use (8.06%),
and Waste (2.56%).
iv.India’s forest and tree cover, along with other land use, sequestered nearly 522 million tonnes of CO2e in
2020, equivalent to decreasing 22% of India’s total carbon dioxide emissions in 2020.
• India’s forest and tree cover has consistently increased and currently stands at 25.17% of the total
geographical area of the country. During 2005 to 2021, additional carbon sink of 2.29 billion tonnes
of CO2 equivalent has been created.
v.CO2 emissions, generated from burning fossil fuels, emission of methane from livestock, and increasing
aluminum and cement production are the main contributors to the total GHG emissions.
• As per the report, CO2 emission accounted for 80.53% of total emissions, followed by methane
(13.32%), nitrous oxide (5.13%) and others (1.02%).
India’s Progress in respect of the NDC Targets:
i.The report highlighted that India’s emission intensity of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), decreased by 36%
between 2005 and 2020.
Note: GDP emission intensity means to the reduction in the GHG emissions per unit of economic output.
ii.According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the share of non-fossil sources in the installed electricity
generation capacity was 46.52%, by October 2024.
• Also, the combined installed capacity of renewable power, including large hydropower,
is 203.22 GigaWatt (GW) and total renewable power installed capacity (excluding large hydro
power projects) has increased 4.5 times from 35 GW (in March 2014) to 156.25 GW.
iii.The installed capacity of various Renewable Energy (RE) sources:
• Solar energy has increased 35 times from 2.63 GW (in March 2014) to 92.12 GW (as of 31st
October, 2024).
• Wind energy has increased more than double from 21.04 GW (in March 2014) to 47.72 GW (as of
31st October, 2024).
About UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
Executive Secretary- Simon Stiell (Grenada)
Headquarters- Bonn, Germany
Established- 1992

Union Minister Piyush Goyal releases ‘6th LEADS Report’ : 13 states, UTs listed among
achievers
On 3rd January 2025, Union Minister Piyush Goyal, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I) released
the 6th edition ‘Logistics Ease Across Different States(LEADS) Report in New Delhi, Delhi. He stated that
the logistics sector will play a crucial role in achieving a USD 32 trillion economy by 2047.
• Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha and Tamil Nadu(TN) were awarded the top rank
of ‘achievers’ amongst coastal States in the LEADS 2024 report.
• The event also marked the felicitation of the LEAPS 2024 awards.Recognitions were given
across various categories, including core logistics services, Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises(MSMEs), startups, and institutions.

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Key People:
The event was attended by Union Minister of State(MoS) Jitin Prasada, MoC&I and Amardeep Singh,
Secretary, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), MoC&I.
Key Highlights:
i. Union Minister Piyush Goyal proposed the adoption of LEAD framework –
Longevity, Efficiency and Effectiveness, Accessibility and Accountability and Digitalisation of
processes to efficiently develop the logistics sector.
ii.He also launched the Prime Minister (PM) Gati Shakti Course of Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya (GSV),
a 15–hour course on PM GatiShakti Concept for Efficient Infrastructure Planning and National
Development was launched during the event.
• The course will be conducted by Integrated Government Online training (iGOT) Karmayogi
platform and University Grants Commission (UGC) Study Webs of Active Learning for Young
Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM) portal and will be included into the curriculum of Central Training
Institutes (CTIs) and State Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs) across the country.
iii.Furthermore, a ‘Report on Logistics Cost Framework prepared’ by National Council of Applied
Economic Research(NCAER) was launched with an aim to assess logistics cost in India through inclusion of
Export-Import (EXIM) and domestic cargo data.
About Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) Report:
i.An indigenous logistics performance index on lines of the World Bank(WB)’s Logistics Performance
Index (LPI), called ‘Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)’ index for logistics performance
monitoring across states has been developed.
• The survey has been conducted annually since 2018. States and Union Territories(UTs) are
ranked according to their performance.
• This annual assessment by the DPIIT under the National Logistics Policy, 2022 provides a
strategic roadmap for enhancing logistics performance across India.
ii.The objective of the report is to identify areas of improvement and support State Governments to
undertake adequate infrastructure, services and regulatory reforms to improve their logistics
performance.
iii. The 6th edition of the LEADS report comprises an increased number of objective indicators which
includes measures related to accessibility to terminals and the speed of key road corridors across
various States/Union Territories (UTs).
iv.The 2024 LEADS report assesses the logistics performance on the basis of 4 key pillars-
• Logistics Infrastructure
• Logistics Services
• Operating and Regulatory Environment
• Sustainable Logistics (newly introduced in the survey)
Performance Categories:
The LEADS report categorizes States based on their geographic demographics into 4 categories – Coastal
Group, Landlocked Group, Northeast Group and UTs Group. Furthermore, the states are graded in the
following three categories based on their performances.
i.Achievers– States having exceptional logistics systems including ideal infrastructure and transparent
regulatory processes.
• Score- 90% or more percentage
ii.Fast Movers– States in the process of becoming achievers through progressive policies, legislative
initiatives and new infrastructure projects.
• Score- 80% to 90%

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iii.Aspirers– States that have adopted national best practices to improve their contribution in the logistics
sector.
• Score- Below 80%
LEADS 2024 Index:
In the LEADS 2024 Report, 13 states and UTs have been categorized as Achievers, 17 as Fast Movers
and 7 as Aspirers .

Categories Achievers Fast Movers Aspirers

Haryana, Bihar,
Telangana, Himachal Pradesh(HP),
Chhattisgarh,
Landlocked States Uttar Madhya Pradesh(MP),
Jharkhand
Pradesh(UP), Punjab
Uttarakhand Rajasthan

Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh(AP), West
Coastal States Maharashtra,
Goa Bengal(WB)
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu(TN).

Meghalaya,
Assam,
Northeastern Mizoram,
Arunachal Manipur
Region Nagaland,
Pradesh(AR)
Sikkim, Tripura

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Andaman and
Chandigarh, and Daman and Diu,
UTs Nicobar Islands,
Delhi Jammu and Kashmir(J&K),
Ladakh
Lakshadweep, Puducherry
LEAPS 2024 awards :

Category Winners

1. Air Freight Service Provider: Kerry Indev Logistics Private

Limited
2. Maritime Freight Service Provider: Visakha Container Terminal
Pvt Ltd
3. Multimodal Transport Operators: Avana Logistek Limited
Core Logistics 4. Rail Freight Service Provider: DP World Rail Logistics Private
Limited
5. Road Freight Service Provider: CJ Darcl Logistics Ltd.
6. Warehouse Service Provider (Industrial and Consumables): APM
Terminals India Private Limited
7. Warehouse Service Provider (Agriculture): Globus Warehousing

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 and Trading Private Limited

1. Logistics Operations: Myzek Logistics Pvt Ltd

Startups
2. Logistics Technology: Sarvodaya Infotech Pvt Ltd

MSMEs 1. Logistics Service Provider: Shipwaves Online Limited

Institutions 1. Indian Institute of Management, Mumbai

1. Logistics service delivery for e-commerce operations: Delhivery

Special
Limited
Categories
2. Multimodal logistics service provider: Pushpak Logistics
Solutions LLP
Click here to know more
About Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I):
Union Minister – Piyush Goyal (Rajya Sabha, Maharashtra)
Minister of State (MoS)– Jitin Prasada (Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh,UP)

MoE Released UDISE+ Report for 2023-24 on School Education; School Enrolment Dropped by
Over 1 Crore Compared to 2018-19 Level
In January 2025, the Ministry of Education (MoE) released a comprehensive report on the ‘Unified
District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) 2023-24’ on school education in India. As
per the report, school enrollment of students in India decreased from 25.17 crore (in 2022-23) to
24.8 crore (in 2023-24), a drop of nearly 1.22 crore students (6%) as compared to 2018-19.
• The report further revealed that enrollment in schools across the country remained above 26
crore from 2018-19 to 2021-2022, showing consistent increase annually except COVID year of
2020-21.
About UDISE+:
i.Initially, Government of India (GoI) launched UDISE in 2012-13 by integrating Information Management
Systems(IMS) in place separately for elementary education and secondary education.
• It was then being managed by the National Institute of Educational Planning and
Administration(NIEPA), New Delhi(Delhi).
ii.Later in 2018-19, the Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSE&L) under MoE, introduced
UDISE+, which is one of the largest management information systems.
• It has covered over 14.72 lakhs of schools, 98.08 lakhs of teachers and 24.08 crores of children
in India.
iii.The UDISE+ provides online uploading of data at school level with inbuilt validation checks and
subsequent data verification at the block, district and state level ensures data reliability and timely
competition.
iv.The latest edition of UDISE+ report has captured data on over 60 fields for each student and to
maintain the uniqueness of the child the Aadhaar details were also collected on voluntary basis.
• It further revealed that over 19.7 crore students provided Aadhaar numbers by 2023-24
voluntarily.
• Other than Aadhar card, a separate unique Educational ID (EID) for every student has been
created in the UDISE+ portal.

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Key Findings:
i.As per the report, total number of boys enrolled in school has decreased by 4.87%, from 13.53 crore (in
2018-19) to 12.87 crore (in 2023-24).
• Similarly, the total number of girls enrolled in school has declined by 4.48%, from 12.49 crore
(in 2018-19) to 11.93 crore (in 2023-24).
ii.Bihar, witnessed the highest drop in enrollments, from over 2.49 crore students (in 2018-19) to 2.13
crore students (in 2023-24), followed by Uttar Pradesh (UP) decreased from 4.44 crore (in 2018-19) to
4.16 crore (in 2023-24) and Maharashtra decreased from over 2.32 crore (in 2018-19) to 2.13 crore (in
2023-24).
iii.The UDISE+ report showed that the number of single-teacher schools in the country has decreased by
7219, from 1,18,190 (in 2022-23) to 1,10,971 (in 2023-24).
• Among the States, Madhya Pradesh (MP) (13,198), recorded the highest number of schools with
single teachers, followed by Andhra Pradesh (AP) (12,611).
iv.The report highlighted that enrollment in single-teacher schools has decreased from around 47.43 lakh
students (in 2022-23) to 39.94 lakh (in 2023-24).
v.As per the report, the number of schools with zero enrollments has increased from 10,294 (in 2022-23)
to 12,954 (in 2023-24).
• Among all Indian states, West Bengal (WB) has the largest number of schools with zero
enrollments (3254), followed by Rajasthan (2167) and Telangana (2097).
vi.The report showed that female representation of school teachers has increased to 53.3% between 2018-
19 and 2023-24,while male representation decreased to 46.6% during the same period.
vii.Minorities accounted for around 20% of total enrollment in 2023-24. Among the minorities, 79.6%
were Muslims, followed by Christians (10%), Sikhs (6.9%), Buddhists (2.2%), Jains (1.3%) and Parsis
(0.1%).
• Category-wise: Other Backward Class (OBC) accounted 45.2% of total students registered in
UDISE at the national level, followed by General Category (26.9%), Scheduled Caste (SC) (18%)
and Scheduled Tribe (ST) (9.9%),
About Ministry of Education (MoE):
Union Minister- Dharmendra Pradhan (Lok Sabha Constituency- Sambalpur, Odisha)
Minister of State (MoS)– Jayant Chaudhary (Rajya Sabha- Uttar Pradesh, UP); Dr. Sukanta Majumdar
(Constituency- Balurghat, West Bengal, WB)

WEF Future of Jobs Report 2025:78 Million New Job Opportunities by 2030
On January 7, 2025, the World Economic Forum (WEF) published its 5th edition of “Future of Jobs Report
2025 – Insights Report January 2025,” revealing that job disruption will equate to 22% of jobs by 2030
globally. This transformation is driven by technological advancements, demographic changes, economic
pressures, and geopolitical tensions.
• The report forecasts the creation of 170 million new jobs and the displacement of 92
million, leading to a net increase of 78 million jobs.
• This analysis is based on the perspectives of over 1,000 global employers, representing more
than 14 million workers from 55 economies.
• The report highlights key macrotrends shaping jobs and skills and discusses the workforce
transformation strategies that companies will adopt from 2025 to 2030.
Skill Demand and the Need for Reskilling:
By 2030, around 40% of existing skills are expected to become outdated. Employers recognize that skill
gaps are a major barrier to business transformation, with 63% of employers identifying this issue.

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 • According to the report, if the global workforce were composed of 100 people, 59 would need
training by 2030.
• However, 11 of these workers are unlikely to receive the necessary training, putting them at
risk of redundancy.
• To meet the demand for emerging roles, 85% of employers plan to prioritize workforce
upskilling, with 70% seeking talent with new skills.
Highlights of the Report:
i.Broadening Digital Access: By 2030, 60% of employers expect expanding digital access to transform
their businesses.
• This trend, coupled with advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), information processing,
and robotics, will drive the creation of new roles and change existing job functions.
• AI and big data is expected to be the leading catalyst for these shifts.
ii.Impact of Advancing Technologies: AI and robotics are among the top technologies anticipated to be
transformative.
• 86% of employers foresee AI and information processing to have a profound impact, followed
by 58% anticipating the influence of robotics and automation.
• Additionally, 41% of employers expect advancements in energy generation, storage, and
distribution to drive transformations.
iii.Economic Shifts: The rising cost of living is the 2nd-most transformative trend, with 50% of employers
expecting it to reshape businesses by 2030.
• The global inflation is expected to decrease, the general economic slowdown will continue to
affect 42% of businesses.
• These economic factors are predicted to displace 1.6 million jobs globally, while also driving
demand for roles requiring creative thinking, resilience, and agility.
• Employers are expected to face job displacement globally, with an estimated 92 million jobs
being lost by 2030, despite an expected 7% net growth in total employment, creating 78
million new jobs.
iv.Climate Change Mitigation: Climate-related trends are the 3rd-most transformative trends that are
expected to drive demand for roles in renewable energy, environmental engineering, and electric vehicles.
• These roles are expected to grow alongside climate change adaptation, with 47% of employers
expecting it to transform their businesses in the next 5 years.
Fastest Growing and Declining Roles:
i.Fastest Growing Jobs:
• Frontline job roles include Farmworkers, Delivery Drivers, Construction Workers, Salespersons,
and Food Processing Workers.
• Technology-related roles such as Big Data Specialists, FinTech Engineers, AI & Machine
Learning Specialists, and Software Developers.
• Green transition jobs like Autonomous & Electric Vehicle Specialists,Environmental Engineers
and Renewable Energy Engineers.
• Care economy jobs, such as Nursing Professionals and Social Work roles, will grow as
populations age.
ii.Fastest Declining Jobs:
• Clerical and secretarial roles, including Cashiers and Ticket Clerks, Administrative Assistants
and Executive Secretaries are expected to see the largest decline in absolute numbers.
• Similarly, businesses expect the fastest-declining roles to include Postal Service Clerks, Bank
Tellers and Data Entry Clerks.

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About World Economic Forum (WEF):
President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Børge Brende
Headquarters- Cologny, Geneva, Switzerland
Established – 1971

UN-DESA’s WESP 2025 Report: Indian Economy Likely to Grow 6.6% in 2025
In January 2025, United Nations- Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) released a report
titled “World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) 2025”. The report has projected that India
economy will grow by 6.6% in 2025, mainly driven by strong private consumption and investment
growth.
• Indian economy is further expected to expand by 6.7% in 2026.
• The report revealed that Indian economy registered the growth rate of 6.8% in 2024.
• The report has projected that global economic growth rate will be at 2.8% (in 2025)
and 2.9% (in 2026).
India-Specific Findings:
i.The report highlights that capital expenditure (capex) on infrastructure will significantly boost India’s
economic growth in the coming years.
ii.The report underscored that strong export growth in services and certain categories, particularly
pharmaceuticals and electronics,along with expansion in the manufacturing and services sectors will
strengthen economic activity for India.
iii.The public sector in India continues to fund large-scale infrastructure projects, physical and digital
connectivity, and social infrastructure, including improvements in sanitation and water supply. Strong
investment growth is estimated to continue through 2025.
iv.Consumer price inflation in India is expected to decelerate from an estimated 4.8% (in 2024) to 4.3%
(in 2025). This is in line with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)’s 2 to 6% medium-term target range.
• Easing inflation has led most central banks to halt rate hikes or reduce policy rates in 2024. The
RBI has kept its 6.5% policy rate unchanged since February 2023 due to ongoing inflation
risks.
v.The United Nations (UN) estimates India’s growth rate at 6.6% for this FY 2025-26, slightly higher than
the National Statistics Office (NSO) projection of 6.4% for 2024-25.
Note – National Statistics Office (NSO) is an Indian government agency under the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
Key Findings Related to South Asia Region:
i.As per the report, South Asia Region(SAR) is expected to remain robust, with growth rate at 5.7% (in
2025) and 6.0% (in 2026).
• This growth is mainly driven by strong performance in India as well as economy recovery in
countries like: Bhutan, Nepal,Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
• Pakistan and Sri Lanka are projected to see modest GDP growth of 3.4% and 4.0%, respectively.
• Bhutan and Nepal are expected to grow by over 5%, while Bangladesh’s economy may slow due
to unrest and ongoing political uncertainty in mid-2024.
ii.The report observed that investment growth has remained strong particularly in East and South Asia
region, partly supported by domestic and foreign investments in new supply chains in countries like:
Indonesia, and Vietnam.
iii.The report has outlined certain challenges like: weaker external demand, persistent debt challenges,
social unrest and political uncertainties in some countries may dampen the outlook for SAR.

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Global Scenario:
i.The report has projected that global economic growth rate will be at 2.8% (in 2025) and 2.9% (in 2026).
These projections are largely same from the rate of 2.8% registered in 2023 and estimated for 2024.
ii.The report highlighted that Global inflation has decreased from 5.6% (in 2023) to an estimated 4.0% (in
2024) and is expected to further decrease to 3.4% in 2025.
iii.The United States of America (USA) is expected to grow at 1.9% in 2025 and recover marginally to
2.1% in 2026 amid weaker labour market performance, modest income growth and cuts in public
spending.
iv.As per the report, the growth rate of China is estimated at 4.9% for 2024 and is expected to decrease
marginally by 10 basis points (bps) i.e. to 4.8% in 2025.
v.The Economic growth in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is projected to increase from 4.1%
estimated for 2024 to 4.6% in 2025.
• While, the growth rate for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is projected to increase by an
average of 3.4% in 2025, decrease from 3.8% in 2024.
About United Nations Department of Economic & Social Affairs (UN-DESA):
Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs – Li Junhua
Headquarters- New York, the United States of America (USA)
Establishment- 1948

Tracxn’s Annual India Fintech Report 2024: India Ranked 3rd in Global Fintech Funding
According to Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Tracxn Technologies Limited, a leading global market
intelligence platform, ‘Annual India Fintech Report 2024’, India ranked at 3rd position globally in terms
of funding received in the fintech segment, despite witnessing a decline of 33% on a Year-over-Year (Y-o-
Y) to USD 1.9 billion, down from USD 2.8 billion funding garnered in 2023.
• The report highlighted that this decline in fintech industry is mainly driven by a wider
slowdown in demand and geopolitical headwinds.
• As per the report, the United States of America (USA) topped the ranking globally, followed by
the United Kingdom (UK) which secured 2nd position.
Highlights of the Report:
i.The report highlighted that fintech sector received highest funding of USD 805 million during the 3rd
quarter (Q3) of 2024, which was 61% higher than on a Year-over-Year (Y-o-Y) basis.
• In addition to it, 59% of the total funding in 2024 was garnered during the second half (H2) of
the year.
• As per the report, August emerged as the most robust month for funding in 2024, contributing
USD 434 million to total funding of USD 1.9 billion.
Top Investing Companies in Fintech Sector in 2024:
i.Top 3 Indian cities which emerged as hub for fintech funding in 2024: Bengaluru (Karnataka),
Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Delhi (Delhi).
ii.Top 3 Investing Companies: Karnataka-based Peak XV Partners, LetsVenture Technologies Private
Limited based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, and California (the United States of America, USA)-based Y
Combinator, LLC.
iii.Top 3 companies in Seed Investments: Mumbai(Maharashtra)-based Venture Catalysts Private
Limited, Y Combinator LLC, and Singapore-based Antler.
iv.Top 3 companies in Early-Stage Funding: Gurugram (Haryana)-based Elevation Capital,
Tokyo(Japan)-based GMO VenturePartners, Inc. and Peak XV Partners.
v.Top 3 companies in Late-Stage Funding: Karnataka-based Creaegis Investment Advisers Private
Limited, USA-based The Rise Fund, and Amara Partners.

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Unicorns and IPOs Emerged in 2024:
i.As per the report, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Money View and Fintech-focussed Software as a Service
(SaaS) company, Perfios emerged as Unicorns in 2024 compared to single unicorn in 2023.
• This year, only 3 USD 100 million plus funding rounds recorded, registering a decrease of 50%
from 6 such rounds in 2023. The notable deals in 2024 included DMI Finance raising USD 334
million funding led by Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG).
ii.The fintech sector recorded 8 Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in 2024, which marks an increase of 300%
compared to the 2 IPOs in 2023.
Key Findings of the Report:
ii.The report showed that Early-stage funding rounds registered a 16% decrease Y-o-Y, from USD 667
million (in 2023) to USD 562 million (in 2024) and a70% decline compared to USD 1.9 billion recorded in
2022.
• Also, Seed-stage funding saw a decline of 19% Y-o-Y, from USD 219 million (in 2023) to USD
178 million (in 2024) and 66% from USD 529 million in 2022.
iii.Mergers and Acquisition activity in India saw a marginal decrease of 16%, from 31 acquisitions
recorded (in 2023) to 26 (in 2024).
iv.As per the report, Payment segment witnessed significant decrease of 77%, from USD 836 million (in
2023) and 81% decrease from USD 1.01 billion (in 2022) to USD 194 million (2024).
• Investment Tech Segment raised USD 320 million in funding in 2024, registering a decrease of
11% compared to USD 358 million secured in 2023.
v.The report showed that digital lending solutions received maximum funding in 2024, accounting 64% of
the total funding raised during 2024.
About Tracxn Technologies Limited:
Managing Director (MD) and Chairperson- Neha Singh
Headquarters- Bengaluru, Karnataka

Indian Economy Expected to Grow by 6.7% in Next Two Fiscal Year: World Bank
In January 2025, The World Bank(WB) released its biannual report titled Global Economic Prospects
(GEP) for January 2025. The report has projected that India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will grow at
a rate of 6.7% over the next two financial years i.e. for Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26) and FY27.
• The projection for FY26 remained same from its GEP for June 2024 and growth rate for FY27
was revised downwards by 10 basis point (bps), from its previous estimate of 6.8%.
India-Specific:
i.The report has estimated India’s GDP growth rate for the current financial year (FY25) at 6.5%, down
from the 8.2% in FY24, due to slowdown in investment and weak manufacturing growth.
ii.The report underscored that India’s services sector is expected to maintain its growth, while
manufacturing activity is projected to strengthen, supported by government initiatives to improve
logistics infrastructure and business conditions through tax reforms.
• It further highlighted that Private Consumption growth is expected to increase due to a stronger
labour market, expanding credit, and decreasing inflation.
iii.As per the report, investment growth is expected to be stable, strengthened by increasing private
investment, strong balance sheets, and easing financing conditions.
Global Scenario:
i.The report has estimated that global growth will remain stable at 2.7% in both 2025 and 2026. This
projection is based on the gradual decline in inflation and interest rates.
• However, the report highlighted that this projection for global growth rate is less than 3.1%
recorded in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic.

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ii.The report has cautioned about certain risks that may pose certain challenges to the global economy
such as heightened policy uncertainty and adverse trade policy shifts, geopolitical tensions, persistent
inflation, and climate-related natural disasters.
iii.The report projected that South Asia Region (SAR) is estimated to grow at 6.2% in 2025 and 2026,
compared to a 6% growth in 2024. This projection is mainly driven by the robust growth in India.
About World Bank (WB):
President– Ajay Banga
Headquarters– Washington, DC, the United States of America (USA)
Established– 1944

ILO’s WESO Report 2025: Global unemployment slow down at 5%

On January 18 2025, the International Labour Organization (ILO) released its flagship report titled ‘World
Employment and Social Outlook : Trends 2025(WESO Trends 2025)’, highlighting the current state of
global labour markets and the social outlook. The report provides an in-depth analysis of global
employment trends, challenges, and prospects for the near future.
• According to the report, the global unemployment rate slowed down at 5% in 2024 and is
projected to tick lower again in 2026 to 4.9%. However, Youth unemployment remain high
at 12.6% in 2024.
• The unemployment rates for the overall number of jobs missing, stood around 402.4 million in
2024 globally.
Highlights of the Report:
Global Economic Recovery:
i.According to the report, Global growth rates remain stable, hovering around 3.2% in 2024 and 2025.
• Inflation rates have come down from 6.7% in 2023 to 5.9% in 2024 and are expected to
decelerate further in 2025.
ii.The global Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR) remained at 61% in 2024.
ii.In 2024, the number of young people Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) in Low-Income
Countries(LICs) increased.
• Around 15.8 million young men (20.4%) and 28.2 million young women (37.0%)
were NEET, which is an increase of 500,000 and 700,000 compared to 2023.
iii.Globally, there were 85.8 million young men (13.1%) and 173.3 million young women (28.2%) who
were NEET in 2024, marking an increase of 1 million and 1.8 million, respectively, in 2023.
iv.The global jobs gap in 2024 is estimated to reach 402.4 million people, that includes 186 million
unemployed people, 137 million discouraged workers, and 79 million people who want to work but are
unable to due to other responsibilities like caring for others.
Southern Asia Recovery:
The ILO report indicates a strong economic performance in Southern Asia which is expected to
experience a 6.2% growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2024, with a slight slowdown
to 5.8% in 2025.
• While some European countries like South Africa, reported unemployment fall at stubbornly
high levels above 30% in 2024.
National Economic Recovery:
i.According to the report, the unemployment rate in India is projected to grow
by 6.2% in 2024 and 5.8% in 2025.
iii.This performance is primarily attributed to monetary policy easing, robust domestic demand, and
public investment in infrastructure.

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About International Labour Organization (ILO):
Director- General (DG)- Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo
Headquarters- Geneva, Switzerland
Established- 1919

Climate Change, Conflict, Digital Inequality Disrupting Children’s Lives: UNICEF Report
In January 2025, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), a humanitarian aid organisation of UN
released a report titled ‘Prospects for Children in 2025: Building Resilient Systems for Children’s
Futures’. As per the report, climate change, economic instability, conflict and digital inequality are
disrupting children’s lives and limiting their prospects.
• The report warned that the coming year will witness a new and escalating period of crises for
children worldwide.
• The report emphasized the urgent need to bolster national systems to protect children from
global crisis and provide necessary support.
Key Findings:
i.Global Impact of Conflict on Children: As per the report, more than 473 million children i.e. more
than one in six globally, lived in areas affected by conflict in 2023. The percentage of children affected by
conflict has almost doubled, from around 10% (in 1990s) to almost 19%.
• The report highlighted that apart from risks to their lives, children face other risks such as:
displacement, threat of starvation, disease and also substantial risks to their psychological well-
being.
• The report observed that governments worldwide are finding it more difficult to finance
important investments in children. This pressure reflects on various factors including consistent
inflation effects, faltering development assistance and low revenues from domestic taxation.
ii.Children Living in Debt-Ridden Countries: The report revealed that nearly 400 million
children live-in debt ridden countries, which hinders important investments in sectors like education,
healthcare and social protection.
• The report noted that among the 34 African Union (AU) countries (as per the available data), 15
now allocate more to debt servicing than to education.
• Also, as per the World Bank (WB) estimates, each 5% increase in external debt in Low-and-
Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) could decrease education expenditure by USD 12.8 billion.
iii.LMICs Spend More on Debt-Servicing than Crucial Sectors for Children: The report indicated
that more than 40 LMICs spend double on debt-servicing as on health, for instance countries like:
Indonesia (2.4 times as much), Pakistan (5 times as much).
• As per the report, debt service now consumes 11 times as much as social protection spending
across developing countries, leaving 1.8 billion children exposed to economic shocks that push
families deeper into poverty.
iv.Insufficient Climate Finance: The report showed that only 2.4% of multilateral climate finance is
allocated to child-responsive initiatives, which support projects aimed at protecting children.
• This indicates that climate resilience of essential services for children is deteriorating.
v.Inequitable Access to Digital Services: The report highlighted the emergence of Digital Public
Infrastructure (DPI), which is a set of shared digital systems that provide equitable access to public and
private services.
• The report noted the persistent inequalities in digital access, particularly in Least-Developed
Countries (LDCs).
• It showed that most young people from High Income Countries (HICs) have access to the
internet, while only 53% of the youth (aged 15-24 years) have access to the internet in Africa.

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 • As per the report, adolescent girls are particularly affected, as are children with disabilities. It
revealed that 9 out of 10 adolescent girls and young women (aged 15-24 years) have no internet
access in LMICs.
vi.Economy: Economic prospects in emerging markets are discouraging, with growth well below the 7%
target set in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• A mix of pandemic scarring, climate shocks, and resource constraints means emerging markets’
growth prospects have fallen from historical averages of 5.6% to just 4% by 2026–2029.
About United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF):
Executive Director (ED)- Catherine Mary Russell
Headquarters- New York, the United States of America (USA)
Established- 1946
Member Countries- 190

MoA&FW Conducts India’s First Edible Oil Consumption Survey

On January 9, 2025, the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoA&FW) launched the first-
ever edible oil consumption survey on the “My Gov” portal to assess edible oil consumption patterns
across India.
• This initiative aims to support the effective implementation of the National Mission on Edible
Oils-Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds).
• It addresses the absence of recent data on consumption patterns in India, the world’s largest
consumer and importer of edible oils.
• The 45-day questionnaire-based survey, launched on January 9, 2025, is scheduled to run until
February 23, 2025.
About India’s First Edible Oil Consumption Survey:
i.The survey aims to analyze households’ consumption patterns, choices, and preferences for edible oils,
providing valuable insights to guide policy decisions.
ii.It collects demographic details like domicile and residence type and examines oil usage patterns,
including types of oils, deep-frying frequency, seasonal variation in oil usage, and factors influencing oil
choices like health benefits and cost.
iii.It evaluates public awareness of health risks like trans fats, opinions on oil reuse, and concerns about
oils in packaged foods.
iv.It also aims to understand consumer behavior regarding advertisements, label reading, and their
willingness to pay for healthier oil options.
v.The survey results will guide the identification of priority oilseeds under the NMEO-Oilseeds program,
set to launch in the upcoming kharif (summer) season starting in July 2025.
Significance of the survey:
i.Industry reports show that per capita annual consumption (PCAC) of edible oil in India has surpassed 20
Kilogram (kg), well above the recommended limits of 12 kg by the Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) and 13 kg by the World Health Organization (WHO).
• This represents a significant rise from 2.9 kg in 1950-60, driven by factors like increasing
incomes, urbanization, and shifting dietary habits.
About India’s import of edible oils:
i.Currently, India imports 55-60% of its edible oil needs from countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia,
Argentina, Brazil, Russia, and Ukraine.
• In the 2023-24 oil marketing year, India’s edible oil imports totaled around 15.96
million tonnes (MT).

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ii.According to the Solvent Extractors’ Association (SEA) of India, the import of edible oils (excluding non-
edible oils for industrial use) during the 2023-24 oil year (November-October) decreased by 3% to 15.96
MT, valued at Rs.1,31,967 crore (or USD15.9 billion), compared to the previous year.
• The SEA has projected that imports may decrease by around 1 MT to 15 MT during the 2024-25
oil year.
About National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds):
i.The National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) is a focused initiative aimed at
increasing oilseed production and achieving self-reliance in India.
• It was launched by Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (DA&FW) under MoA&FW in
October 2024.
ii.It aims to increase the production of key oilseed crops like Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean,
Sunflower, and Sesamum, while improving collection and extraction from secondary sources like
Cottonseed, Rice Bran, and Tree Borne Oils.
• The Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory (SATHI) Portal enables states to
coordinate with stakeholders, ensuring the timely availability of quality seeds.
iii.The implementation period for NMEO-Oilseeds is seven years, from 2024-25 to 2030-31, with a
financial outlay of Rs. 10,103 crores.
iv.It also aims to increase primary oilseed production from 39 MT (2022-23) to 69.7 MT by 2030-31.
About Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoA&FW):
Union Minister– Shivraj Singh Chouhan (Constituency- Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, MP)
Minister of State(MoS) – Ram Nath Thakur (Rajya Sabha- Bihar)

ICRIER Report: India’s Digital Economy to Contribute One-Fifth of GDP by 2030

In January 2025, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released a
comprehensive report titled ‘Estimation and Measurement of India’s Digital Economy’, prepared by the
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER). This marks the first attempt to
quantify the digital sector’s impact on India’s income and employment.
According to the report, India’s digital economy is projected to grow nearly twice as fast as the
overall economy, contributing to almost one-fifth of national income by 2029-30.
In less than six years, the digital economy’s share will surpass that of agriculture or manufacturing
in India.
Methodologies:
i.The report uses global methods from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to estimate the size of India’s digital economy as a share
of national income and employment.
ii.It also includes the digital shares of industries such as trade, Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance
(BFSI), and education.
iii.The survey was conducted in partnership with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and
supported by MeitY, especially for data from the banking sector. The sample was restricted to the
corporate sector and comprised the top 10-30 companies in each industry, especially those in which
digitalisation was most likely.
Key Findings:
Current contribution:
The report estimates that India’s digital economy accounted for 11.74% of India’s income in 2022-23,
contributing Rs. 28.94 lakh crore (Approximately USD 368 billion) in Gross Value Added (GVA)
and Rs. 31.64 lakh crore (Approximately USD 402 billion) in Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
This share is projected to rise to 13.42% by 2024-25

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Key Contributors:
i.The largest contribution, 7.83% of the national GVA, is driven by sectors such as Information and
Communication Services, Telecommunications (ICT), and the manufacturing of electronics, computers, and
communication equipment.
While the traditional ICT sector remains the largest component of the digital economy, digital
platforms and the digitalization of brick-and-mortar sectors are growing rapidly
ii.The new digital industries, including Big Tech, digital platforms, intermediaries, and firms reliant on
digital intermediaries, contribute nearly 2% of the national GVA.
iii.The digital contribution of three traditional industries (BFSI, trade, and education), not included in the
OECD framework but part of the estimates, makes up 2% of the national GVA.
Contribution to Employment:
i.In 2022-23, the digital economy accounted for 14.67 million workers or 2.55% of India’s workforce.
ii.Agriculture accounted for 263.6 million workers (or 45.8% of the total workforce), while manufacturing
employed 65.6 million workers (or 11.4% of the workforce).
Global Rank :
According to India’s Digital Economy Report 2024 states that India is the third largest digitalised country
in the world in terms of overall economy-wide digitalisation after the United States of America (USA)
and China.
It ranks 12th among (Group of 20) G20 nations in individual user digitalisation.
About Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER):
ICRIER is an autonomous, policy-oriented, not-for-profit, economic policy think tank.
Chairman – Pramod Bhasin
Headquarters – New Delhi (Delhi)
Founded – 1981
About Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Meity):
Union Minister– Ashwini Vaishnaw (Rajya Sabha- Odisha)
Minister of State (MoS)- Jitin Prasada (Constituency- Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, UP)

UNCTAD Global Investment Trends Monitor 2024: FDI Rises 11%, Drops 8% Excluding
European Flows
In January 2025, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reported in
its Global Investment Trends Monitor 2024 that global foreign direct investment (FDI) increased by 11%,
reaching an estimated USD 1.4 trillion in 2024. However, FDI declined by 8% when excluding flows
through European conduit economies.
The decline in FDI poses a risk to the progress of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which
depend on international project financing.
FDI in India grew by 13%, with an increase in both the number and value of greenfield project
announcements.
Highlights of the report:
i.FDI in developing countries declined for the second consecutive year, dropping by 2%, in Central and
West Asia as well as South America.
ii.FDI to developing Asia declined by 7%, with China’s inflows dropping 29% for the second consecutive
year.
iii.Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) FDI rose 2% to a record USD 235 billion,
iv.Global investments in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-related sectors fell by 11% in 2024, with a
decline in the number of projects in agrifood systems, infrastructure, and water and sanitation compared
to 2015.

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v.In Europe, FDI dropped by 45% excluding conduit economies, with 18 of 27 member states experiencing
declines. Notable decreases included Germany (-60%), Italy (-35%), Spain (-13%), and France (-6%).
vi.The United States of America (USA) and India experienced significant growth in manufacturing projects,
hitting record levels.
In India, semiconductor and basic metals projects were key drivers of this increase.
Global trends:
i.Greenfield projects decreased by 8% in number and 7% in value, although investments in
semiconductors and Artificial Intelligence (AI) showed growth from 2023.
ii.International project finance continued to decline, with the number of deals dropping by 31% and the
value decreasing by 26%.
iii.Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) activity declined by 13% in deal numbers, but total deal
values rose by 2%, indicating a possible recovery from the past two years’ decline.
Key points:
i.International project finance: Announcement of large-scale projects involving multiple investors, often
with a significant debt component. These projects typically focus on infrastructure sectors, making them
highly relevant for investments aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
ii.Greenfield projects: Announcement-based data that reflect investment intentions for the reporting
year, providing insight into future FDI trends. These projects primarily focus on industrial sectors.
iii.Cross-border M&As: Transactions that directly impact FDI flows by involving the acquisition or
merging of companies across national borders.
About United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):
Secretary-General – Rebeca Grynspan
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Founded – 1964

Dr. Arvind Panagariya Launched NITI Aayog’s Inaugural FHI 2025 ; Odisha, Chhattisgarh and
Goa Top 3 Performing States
In January 2025, Dr. Arvind Panagariya, Chairman of 16th Finance Commission (FC) launched the
inaugural issue of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog’s report titled ‘Fiscal Heath
Index (FHI) 2025 for the Financial Year 2022-23 (FY23)’ in New Delhi, Delhi.
As per the report, Odisha has outperformed all other states with cumulative score of 67.8 out of
100, followed by Chhattisgarh (55.2) and Goa (53.6).
The report mentioned that Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Gujarat have consistently been the top-
performing states across time periods considered in the study.
About Fiscal Heath Index (FHI) 2025:
i.The report provides a comprehensive evaluation of the fiscal health of 18 major Indian states that drive
the Indian economy in terms of their contribution to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), demography,
total expenditure, revenues, and overall fiscal stability.
It also provides in-depth information about state-specific challenges and areas for improvement.
ii.The report ranked states based on 5 key sub-indices such as: Quality of Expenditure, Revenue
Mobilisation, Fiscal Prudence, Debt Index, and Debt Sustainability.
iii.The report has sourced data from the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India to calculate the
FHI of states.
Classification of States:
i.The report has classified the states into 4 main categories based on their composite score: Achiever(FHI
Score>50), Front Runner(FHI Score: 40-50), Performer(FHI Score:25-40) and Aspirational(FHI Score ≤25).

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ii.States in Achiever category: Odisha (rank 1st ), Chhattisgarh (2nd), Goa (3rd), Jharkhand(rank 4th
with overall score of 51.6) and Gujarat (rank 5th overall score of 50.5).
The report mentioned that these top 5 achiever states have higher capital outlay of up to 4% of
Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), effective mobilization of non-tax revenue, are revenue
surplus and have low interest payments, which is maximum 7% of revenue recipients.
iii.States in Front-runner category: Maharashtra (50.3); Uttar Pradesh (UP) (45.9); Telangana (43.6);
Madhya Pradesh (MP) (42.2); and Karnataka (40.8)
The report mentioned that front-runner states reported high total developmental expenditure of up
to 73%, saw consistent growth in own tax revenue, had balanced fiscal management and improved
debt sustainability with debt-to-GSDP ratio of 24%.
iv.States in Performer category: Tamil Nadu (TN) (29.2); Rajasthan (28.6); Bihar (27.8) and Haryana
(27.4)
v.States in Aspirational category: Kerala (25.4), West Bengal (WB)(21.8), Andhra Pradesh (AP) (20.9)
and Punjab (10.7)
As per the report, states in this category are the worst performers with lowest composite FHI score
compared to other states.
It has also highlighted that these states are struggling to meet the fiscal and revenue deficit targets,
have low revenue mobilization, increasing debt burden with debt sustainability a concern in these
states.
Top 3 states in FHI 2025:

Category Top 3 States

1.Odisha
Achiever 2.Chhattisgarh
3.Goa

1.Maharashtra
Front-runner 2.Uttar Pradesh (UP)
3.Telangana

1.Tamil Nadu (TN)

Performer 2.Rajasthan
3.Bihar

1.Kerala
Aspirational 2.West Bengal (WB)
3.Andhra Pradesh (AP)
Key Findings:
i.Among the 5 key sub-indices of the report, Odisha has topped the debt index (99.0) and
debt sustainability (64.0) rankings with better than average scores under Quality of Expenditure (52) and
Revenue Mobilisation (69.9).
The report outlined certain factors responsible for good fiscal health of state Odisha are: low fiscal
deficits, a good debt profile, and an above average capital outlay or GSDP ratio.
ii.According to the report, Jharkhand has shown improvement in its fiscal health. It has improved its
ranking from 10th position (in the period of 2015-19 to 2021-22) to 4th position (in 2022-23).

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 This improvement is mainly attributed to better revenue mobilization, enhanced fiscal prudence,
and stronger debt sustainability.
iii.The report observed that most South Indian states have performed poor in managing their finances. It
has specifically highlighted 3 southern states i.e. AP, Kerala and TN, which have performed worse in the
rankings as they scored below 30 out 100.
Also, Karnataka witnessed a drop in its rankings, from 3rd (in 2014-15 to 2021-22) to 10th (in the
period of 2015-19 to 2021-22), mainly due to subdued performance under Quality of Expenditure
and Debt Sustainability.
iv.The report noted that among states placed in ‘aspirational’ category, Kerala and Punjab struggled with
low quality of expenditure and debt sustainability while, WB faces revenue mobilization and debt index
issues.
It further highlighted AP has high fiscal deficit and Haryana has a poor debt profile.
About National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – B.V.R. Subrahmanyam
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 2015

ASER Report 2024: Government Schools Outshine Private in Post-COVID Learning Recovery;
Government Schools Enrolment Drops to 66.8%
In January 2025, the Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) Pratham Foundation released the “Annual
Status of Education Report(Rural) 2024 (ASER 2024)”, a nationwide household survey that covers the
status of children’s enrolment and learning outcomes in rural India annually. The report highlighted that
enrolment in both government and private schools has returned to pre-COVID levels.
However, the report noted that the government schools outshined private schools in Post-COVID
learning recovery levels.
The report showed that government schools, which saw a surge in enrolment for children aged 6-
14 during the pandemic, are now returning to pre-pandemic levels, decreased from 72.9% (in
2022) to 66.8% (in 2024). This trend can be seen in every state, except: Uttarakhand and Jammu &
Kashmir (J&K).
About ASER Report 2024:
i.Since 2005, the survey was conducted by Pratham Education Foundation in collaboration with local
organisations and institutions in each district.
In 2016, ASER switched to an alternate-year model.
ii.The survey used the framework of the 2011 Census to randomly select 30 villages from each district, and
20 households from each village.
iii.The survey was conducted for children which has categorised them into 3 main age groups: Pre-
Primary (age group 3-5), Elementary (age group 6-14), and Older Children (age group 15-16).
iv.The survey generated district, state, and national level estimates of children’s enrollment status and
their basic reading and arithmetic skills.
Key Findings of ASER 2024:
The household-based Survey ASER 2025 has covered almost covered 649,491 children aged 3-16, in
17,997 villages across 605 districts of 29 States/Union Territories (UTs) of India.
Pre-Primary (age group 3-5 years):
i.Enrolment in pre-primary institutions: The report observed that enrolment in some type of pre-
primary institutions such as Anganwadi centre, government pre-primary class, among others, among
children aged 3-5 years has improved steadily between 2018 and 2024.

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 Enrolment in pre-primary institutions among 3-year olds has increased from 68.1% (in 2018) to
75.8% (in 2022) to 77.4% (in 2024). Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha and Telangana have achieved
near-universal enrolment for this age group.
ii.Type of Pre-Primary Institution: Since 2018, over 50% of children aged 3 and 4 are enrolled in
Anganwadi centres.
Over 75% of children are enrolled in Anganwadi centres in both these age groups in states like:
West Bengal (WB), Gujarat, and Karnataka.
Nearly 33% (1/3rd) of all 5-year olds students attend a private school or pre-school in 2024
.Enrolment in these pre-schools decreased from 37.3% (in 2018) to 30.8% (in 2022) and again
increased to 37.5% (in 2024).
However, enrolment in government institutions has increased significantly in states like: Punjab
(11.2% points) and J&K (7.6% points) since 2018.
iii.Age of Entry to Class I: The overall percentage of children who are ‘underage’ (age 5 or below)
enrolled in Class I has decreased to 16.7%, the lowest level ever recorded.
Elementary (age group 6-14 years):
Enrolment Trends: The overall percentage of school enrolment for 6 to 14 year-olds increased to more
than 95% for nearly 20 years.
This proportion has remained almost the same, from 98.4% (in 2022) to 98.1% (in 2024).
Reading:
The data of the report indicates that reading levels have improved for children in government schools in
all elementary grades since 2022.
i.ClassIII: The percentage of Class III students in government schools who can read a Class II textbook,
decreased from 20.9% (in 2018) to 16.3% (in 2022) and then increased to 23.4% (in 2024). This indicates
that 76.6% of Class III students were unable to read texts, which were provided in 19 different languages.
The reading level in government schools of Uttar Pradesh (UP) has increased from 12.3% (in 2018)
to 27.9% (in 2024).
Apart from UP, states like: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh (HP), Uttarakhand, Maharashtra and Odisha
recorded a 10% increase in reading levels between 2022 and 2024.
ii.Class V: The percentage of Class V students in government schools who can read a Class II textbook
increased from 38.5% (in 2022) to 44.8% (in 2024).
While, reading levels for Class V children in private schools, which declined from 65.1% (in 2018)
to 56.8% (in 2022) and increased to 59.3% (in 2024).
Mizoram (64.9%) had the highest percentage of Class V children in government schools able to read
Class II text-books, followed by HP (64.8%).
iii.Class VIII: The percentage of Class VIII students in government schools who can read a Class VIII
textbook increased from 66.2% (in 2022) to 67.5% (in 2024). The performance of private school students
remained the same between 2022 and 2024.
Government schools in states like: Gujarat, UP, and Sikkim witnessed notable improvements in
reading levels for Class VIII students.
Arithmetic:
The report showed that the basic arithmetic level of children at national-level has improved significantly
in both government and private schools, reaching the highest level in over a decade.
i.Class III: The overall percentage of students in Class III who are able to at least do a numerical
subtraction problem, decreased from 28.2% (in 2018) to 25.9% (in 2022) and then increased to 33.7% (in
2024).

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ii.Class V: The overall percentage of students in Class V who are able to at least do a numerical division
problem increased from 25.6% (in 2022) to 30.7% (in 2024). This increase is attributed mainly by the
government schools.
iii.Class VIII: The performance of Class VIII students in basic arithmetic has increased marginally from
44.7% (in 2022) to 45.8% (in 2024).
Drop- out Rate :
The drop-out rate for children aged 15-16 has declined sharply from 13.1% (in 2018) to 7.5% (in 2022)
but remained the same at 7.9% (in 2024) at national level.
The survey showed that the drop-out rate for girls, increased marginally from 7.9% (in 2022) to
8.1% (in 2024).
However, some states witnessed decline in the percentage of drop-out for girls: Madhya Pradesh
(MP) (16.1%), Uttar Pradesh (UP) (15%), Rajasthan (12.7%), among others.
Digital Literacy:
The survey included a digital literacy section for the 1st time, to assess the digital literacy awareness
among children aged 14-16.
i.Access: The report found that almost 90% of both girls and boys among the age group of 14-16 have
access to smartphones at home.
The proportion of those who have access to smartphones and those who can use smartphones is
lower for states like: MP, Jharkhand and Bihar compared to other states.
ii.Ownership: The report highlighted that personal ownership of smartphone among 14-16 year-olds has
increased from 19% (in 2022) to 31% (in 2024).
27% of 14-year-olds and 37.8% of 16-year-olds reported having their own phone.
Among 14-16 years-olds, 36.2% of boys and 26.9% of girls reported having their own smartphone.
iii.Use: 82.2% of the children aged 14-16 reported knowing how to use a smartphone (85% of boys as
compared to 79.4% of girls).
Of these, 57% reported using it for an educational activity and 76% for the social media activity
during the same period.
iv.Digital Safety: 62% of children aged 14-16 knew how to block or report a profile and 55% knew how to
make a profile private.
v.Digi Skills: The report showed that 70.2% boys and 62.2% girls were able to bring a smartphone to do
the digital tasks.
The report noted that boys outperform girls across most states in digital skills, except in states like:
Kerala and Karnataka, where girls match or outperform boys.
School Observations:
i.Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) activities: More than 80% of schools received a
directions from the government to implement FLN activities with Class I-II/III both in the last as well as
the current academic year.
ii.Student and Teacher Attendance: The average attendance of teachers increased from 85.1% (in 2018)
to 87.5% (in 2024), and the average attendance of students increased from 72.4% (in 2018) to 75.9%
(in 2024).
iii.Small Schools and Multigrade Classrooms: The proportion of government primary schools with less
than 60 students enrolled, increased from 44% (in 2022) to 52.1% (in 2024).
Over 80% of primary schools in states like: J&K, Uttarakhand, Nagaland and Karnataka, are small
schools.
iv.School Facilities: As per the report, only 72% schools have usable girls’ toilets, increase from 66.4% (in
2018), while 77.7% schools have drinking water facilities.

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 Sports facilities show little improvement; with just 66.2% of schools having playgrounds in 2024, a
slight decrease from 66.5% (in 2018).
About Pratham Education Foundation:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Rukmini Banerji
Headquarters- Mumbai (Maharashtra), New Delhi (Delhi)
Established- 1995

AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

Padma Awards 2025: President approves 139 Padma Awards; List includes
7 Padma Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan and 113 Padma Shri
On January 25 2025, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) announced the Padma Awards for 2025. The
official list released comprises 7 Padma Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan and 113 Padma Shri Awards.
Padma Awards 2025:
i.Droupadi Murmu, the President of India has approved the conferment of 139 Padma Awards, including 1
duo case cases (in a duo case, the award is counted as one) for year 2025.
ii.Among the awardees, there are 23 women and the list also comprises 10 persons from the category of
foreigners or Non-Resident Indians (NRI) or Person of Indian Origin (PIO) or Overseas Citizenship of India
(OCI) and 13 Posthumous awardees.
Padma Awards Committee:
i.Padma Awards are given based on recommendations made by the Padma Awards committee constituted
by the Prime Minister(PM) annually. The nomination process is open to the public and even self-
nomination is accepted.
ii.Padma Awards committee is chaired by Cabinet Secretary of India which includes members such as:
Home Secretary, Secretary to the President and 4 to 6 eminent people.
The recommendations of the committee are submitted to the PM and the President of India for final
approval.
At present, T.V. Somanathan is the cabinet secretary of India.
List of Padma Awards 2025
Padma Vibhushan(7):

S.NO. Name Field State/Country

1. Dr. Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy Medicine Telangana

2. Justice (Retd.) Jagdish Singh Khehar Public Affairs Chandigarh

3. Kumudini Rajnikant Lakhia Art Gujarat

4. Lakshminarayana Subramaniam Art Karnataka

Literature and
5. M.T. Vasudevan Nair (Posthumous) Kerala
Education

6. Osamu Suzuki (Posthumous) Trade and Industry Japan

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 7. Sharda Sinha (Posthumous) Art Bihar
Eminent Personalities honoured with the Padma Vibhushan:
i.Justice (Retd.) Jagdish Singh Khehar, former Chief Justice of India (CJI) is one of the
Padma Vibhushan awardee for year 2025. He is also the 1st Sikh who served as 44th CJI between January
4, 2017 and August 27, 2017.
ii.Dr. D Nageshwar Reddy, founder and chairman of (Hyderabad)Telangana-based AIG Hospitals which
was established as unit of Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, was honoured with Padma Vibhushan
award for his exceptional contributions to public health, specifically in the field of gastroenterology.
With this, he became the 1st medical doctor in India to be conferred with all Padma Awards i.e.
Padma Shri (2002), Padma Bhushan (2016) and Padma Vibhushan (2025).
iii.Former President, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Japan based Suzuki Motor
Corporation (SMC), Osamu Suzuki conferred the Padma Vibhushan posthumously in ‘trade and industry’
category for his outstanding contributions in promoting the growth of the Indian automobile sector.
iv.Other distinguished personalities bestowed with Padma Vibhushan: famous Kathak dancer,
Kumudini Rajnikant Lakhia from Gujarat; Renowned Malayalam writer and Jnanpith
winner MT Vasudevaan Nair (Posthumous), from Kerala and Sharda Sinha (Posthumous), famous folk
singer from Bihar.

Padma Bhushan(19):

S.NO. NAME Field State/Country

Literature and
8. A. Surya Prakash Karnataka
Education-Journalism

9. Anant Nag Art Karnataka

National Capital
Literature and
10. Bibek Debroy (Posthumous) Territory (NCT)
Education-Journalism
Delhi

11. Jatin Goswami Art Assam

12. Jose Chacko Periappuram Medicine Kerala

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 13. Kailash Nath Dikshit Others- Archaeology NCT Delhi

14. Manohar Joshi (Posthumous) Public Affairs Maharashtra

15. Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti Trade and Industry Tamil Nadu (TN)

Andhra Pradesh
16. Nandamuri Balakrishna Art
(AP)

17. Parattu Raveendran (P.R.) Sreejesh Sports Kerala

18. Pankaj Patel Trade and Industry Gujarat

19. Pankaj Udhas (Posthumous) Art Maharashtra

Literature and
20. Rambahadur Rai Uttar Pradesh (UP)
Education-Journalism

21. Sadhvi Ritambhara Social Work UP

22. S. Ajith Kumar Art TN

23. Shekhar Kapur Art Maharashtra

24. Shobana Chandrakumar Art TN

25. Sushil Kumar Modi (Posthumous) Public Affairs Bihar

Science and United States of

26. Vinod Dham
Engineering America (USA)
Eminent Personalities honoured with Padma Bhushan:
i.PR Sreejesh, currently serving as the coach of the Indian men’s junior hockey team is the only
sportsperson to be honored with Padma Bhushan for year 2025 in recognition of his contributions to
hockey in India.
With this, he became only the 2nd Indian hockey player to be bestowed with Padma Bhushan after
the legendary Major Dhyan Chand honoured with the award in 1956.
ii.Renowned economist Bibek Debroy who served as Chairman of Economic Advisory Council to Prime
Minister (EAC-PM) and Sushil Kumar Modi, former Deputy Chief Minister (Dy CM) of Bihar;
and Manohar Joshi, former CM of Maharashtra (from 1995-1999), were posthumously honoured with
award.
iii.Distinguished recipients of Padma Bhushan award include: famous Tamil Actor S. Ajith Kumar, Ghazal
singer Pankaj Udhas (Posthumous), renowned filmmaker Shekhar Kapur, among others.
Padma Shri (113):

S.NO. Name Field State/Country

27. Adwaita Charan Gadnayak Art Odisha

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 28. Achyut Ramchandra Palav Art Maharashtra

Science and
29. Ajay V Bhatt USA
Engineering

Literature and
30. Anil Kumar Boro Assam
Education

31. Arijit Singh Art West Bengal (WB)

Trade and
32. Arundhati Bhattacharya Maharashtra
Industry

Literature and
33. Arunoday Saha Tripura
Education

Literature and
34. Arvind Sharma Canada
Education

35. Ashok Kumar Mahapatra Medicine Odisha

36. Ashok Laxman Saraf Art Maharashtra

Science and
37. Asutosh Sharma UP
Engineering

38. Ashwini Bhide Deshpande Art Maharashtra

Ohters-
39. Baijnath Maharaj Rajasthan
Spiritualism

40. Barry Godfray John Art NCT Delhi

41. Begam Batool Art Rajasthan

42. Bharat Gupt Art NCT Delhi

Madhya Pradesh
43. Bheru Singh Chouhan Art
(MP)

44. Bhim Singh Bhavesh Social Work Bihar

45. Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara Art Karnataka

46. Budhendra Kumar Jain Medicine MP

47. C S Vaidyanathan Public Affairs NCT Delhi

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 48. Chaitram Deochand Pawar Social Work Maharashtra

Literature and
49. Chandrakant Sheth (Posthumous) Gujarat
Education

Others-
50. Chandrakant Sompura Gujarat
Architecture

Science and
51. Chetan E. Chitnis France
Engineering

Literature and
52. David R Syiemlieh Meghalaya
Education

53. Durga Charan Ranbir Art Odisha

Jammu & Kashmir

54. Farooq Ahmad Mir Art
(J&K)

Literature and
55. Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid UP
Education

Literature and
56. Gita Upadhyay Assam
Education

57. Gokul Chandra Das Art WB

58. Guruvayur Dorai Art TN

59. Harchandan Singh Bhatty Art MP

Others- Himachal Pradesh

60. Hariman Sharma
Agriculture (HP)

61. Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale Art Punjab

62. Harvinder Singh Sports Haryana

63. Hassan Raghu Art Karnataka

64. Hemant Kumar Medicine Bihar

Literature and
65. Hriday Narayan Dixit UP
Education

Hugh and Colleen Gantzer (Posthumous) Literature and

66. Uttarakhand
(Duo) Education

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 67. Inivalappil Mani (IM) Vijayan Sports Kerala

Literature and
68. Jagdish Joshila MP
Education

69. Jaspinder Narula Art Maharashtra

Others-
70. Jonas Masetti Brazil
Spiritualism

71. Joynacharan Bathari Art Assam

Arunachal Pradesh
72. Jumde Yomgam Gamlin Social Work
(AR)

Others-
73. K. Damodaran TN
Culinary

Literature and Andhra Pradesh

74. K L Krishna
Education (AP)

75. K Omanakutty Amma Art Kerala

76. Kishore Kunal Civil Service Bihar

Others-
77. L Hangthing Nagaland
Agriculture

Literature and
78. Lakshmipathy Ramasubbaiyer Education- TN
Journalism

Literature and
79. Lalit Kumar Mangotra J&K
Education

Others-
80. Lama Lobzang (Posthumous) Ladakh
Spiritualism

81. Libia Lobo Sardesai Social Work Goa

Science and
82. M D Srinivas TN
Engineering

83. Madugula Nagaphani Sarma Art AP

84 Mahabir Nayak Art Jharkhand

85. Mamata Shankar Art WB

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 86. Manda Krishna Madiga Public Affairs Telangana

Literature and
87. Maruti Bhujangrao Chitampalli Maharashtra
Education

88. Miryala Apparao (Posthumous) Art AP

Literature and
89. Nagendra Nath Roy WB
Education

90. Narayan (Bhulai Bhai) (Posthumous) Public Affairs UP

91. Naren Gurung Art Sikkim

92. Neerja Bhatla Medicine NCT Delhi

93. Nirmala Devi Art Bihar

Literature and
94. Nitin Nohria USA
Education

Trade and
95. Onkar Singh Pahwa Punjab
Industry

96. P Datchanamoorthy Art Puducherry

97. Pandi Ram Mandavi Art Chhattisgarh

98. Parmar Lavjibhai Nagjibhai Art Gujarat

Trade and
99. Pawan Goenka WB
Industry

Trade and
100. Prashanth Prakash Karnataka
Industry

Literature and
101. Pratibha Satpathy Odisha
Education

102. Purisai Kannappa Sambandan Art TN

103. Ravichandran Ashwin Sports TN

Trade and
104. R G Chandramogan TN
Industry

105. Radha Bahin Bhatt Social Work Uttarakhand

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106. Radhakrishnan Devasenapathy Art TN

Literature and
107. Ramdarash Mishra NCT Delhi
Education

108. Ranendra Bhanu Majumdar Art Maharashtra

109. Ratan Kumar Parimoo Art Gujarat

110. Reba Kanta Mahanta Art Assam

Literature and
111. Renthlei Lalrawna Mizoram
Education

112. Ricky Gyan Kej Art Karnataka

Trade and
113. Sajjan Bhajanka WB
Industry

Trade and
114. Sally Holkar MP
Industry

Literature and
115. Sant Ram Deswal Haryana
Education

116. Satyapal Singh Sports UP

Literature and
117. Seeni Viswanathan TN
Education

Science and
118. Sethuraman Panchanathan USA
Engineering

119. Sheikha Ali Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Medicine Kuwait

Literature and
120. Sheen Kaaf Nizam (Shiv Kishan Bissa) Rajasthan
Education

121. Shyam Bihari Agrawal Art UP

122. Soniya Nityanand Medicine UP

Literature and
123. Stephen Knapp USA
Education

Others-
124. Subhash Khetulal Sharma Maharashtra
Agriculture

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 125. Suresh Harilal Soni Social Work Gujarat

Science and
126. Surinder Kumar Vasal Delhi
Engineering

Others-
127. Swami Pradiptananda (Kartik Maharaj) WB
Spiritualism

Literature and
128. Syed Ainul Hasan UP
Education

129. Tejendra Narayan Majumdar Art WB

130. Thiyam Suryamukhi Devi Art Manipur

Literature and
131. Tushar Durgeshbhai Shukla Gujarat
Education

Literature and
132. Vadiraj Raghawendracharya Panchamukhi AP
Education

133. Vasudeo Kamath Art Maharashtra

134. Velu Aasaan Art TN

135. Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar Art Karnataka

Others-
136. Vijay Nityanand Surishwar Ji Maharaj Bihar
Spiritualism

137. Vijayalakshmi Deshamane Medicine Maharashtra

138. Vilas Dangre Medicine Maharashtra

139. Vinayak Lohani Social Work WB

Eminent Personalities who are honored with Padma Shri:
i.Former Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin is among 4 sports personalities to receive Padma Shri
for year 2025. He is the second-highest wicket-taker for India in cricket with 765 scalps.
Other sports personalities selected for the Padma Shri: IM Vijayan, former Captain of Indian
Football team; Harvinder Singh, double Paralympic medalist; and Satyapal Singh, coach of the
Indian Para-athletics team.
ii.Arunadhati Bhattacharya, Chairperson and CEO of Salesforce has been named for this year PadmaShri
award for her distinguished services in ‘Trade and Industry’ category.
She was the 1st woman to chair India’s largest Public Sector Bank (PSB), State Bank of
India (SBI) from 2013 to 2017.
iii.This year total 12 distinguished personalities from North-East (NE) region have been selected for
Padma Shri: L. Hangthing, a fruit farmer from Noklak, Nagaland, with over 30 years of experience of
cultivating non-native fruits;

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 Naren Gurung, famous folk artist from Gangtok (Sikkim) devoted 60 years to preserve and promote
Sikkimese Nepali folk music and dance traditions;
Jumde Yomgam Gamlin from AR, worked for de-addiction and social reform for local communities
for last 30 years, among others.
iv.Other notable winners: P. Datchanamoorthy, an instrumentalist specializing in Thavil (a classical
percussion instrument fundamental to South Indian music and culture); Jagdish Joshila, a renowned
Nimadi and Hindi author from Khargone with experience of over 50 years; famous playback singer Arijit
Singh and 3-time Grammy award-winning musician, Rickey Gyan Kei, among others.
Note: Among the states, Maharashtra received the highest number of Padma awards (14) for year 2025,
followed by TN (13), UP (10), Karnataka and WB (9 each) and Gujarat and Bihar (8 each).
About Padma Awards:
i.Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian awards in India after”Bharat Ratna’’.
ii.Padma Awards are given in different fields of activities including art, social work, public affairs, science
and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature, education, sports, civil service, among others.
ii.Padma Awards are given in 3 different categories, namely, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and
Padma Shri.
Padma Vibhushan: is India’s second- highest civilian honour and is given for exceptional and
distinguished service.
Padma Bhushan: is 3rd highest civilian award is given for distinguished service of high order.
Padma Shri: is 4th highest civilian award and is given for distinguished service in any field.
Background of Padma Awards:
i.Government of India (GoI) established the Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan as two civilian honours
in 1954.
ii.Initially, Padma Vibhushan was classified in 3 different categories: Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg and
Tisra Varg.
iii.Later, These 3 classes were renamed as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri on January
8, 1955 as per Presidential notification.
Note: These awards have been given annually since their inception, except in 1978, 1979 and 1993-1997.
Conferment of Awards:
i.Padma Awards are announced every year on Republic Day and its official ceremony held in
Rashtrapati Bhavan tentatively in the month of March or April.
ii.The recipients receive a medallion made up of bronze but embossing on them is done with different
metals and Sanad (Certificate) that is signed by the President.
iii.The total number of awards given in a year should not exceed 120 which excludes awards given
posthumously and awards to NRIs, foreigners and OCIs.
iv.The award cannot be added as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name and is not equal to a title.
About Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA):
Union Minister- Amit Shah (Constituency- Gandhinagar, Gujarat)
Minister of State (MoS)- Nityanand Rai(Constituency- Ujiarpur, Bihar); Bandi Sanjay Kumar
(Constituency- Karimnagar, Telangana)

Haryana: Karnal Students Honoured by NASA for Asteroid Discovery

Twelve students and two teachers from Dyal Singh Public School in Karnal, Haryana have been honoured
by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA)’s International Astronomical Search
Collaboration (IASC) for their discovery of a Main-Belt Asteroid (MBA) TD40 found using data from pan-
STARRS telescope ,operated by the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii, United States.

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 • Diksha, a Class XI student, and her team Aryabhatta consisting of 11 peers under the guidance
of Principal Sushma Devgun and Dr. Kaveri Chauhan, received IASC certificates for discovering
and registering 11 near-Earth objects.
i.The students spent two years working with expert guidance and using free online software. An asteroid
will be named after Diksha, marking a first for any school in Haryana.
ii.Among the 11 solar system objects discovered by the team, the IASC has classified one as a provisional
MBA discovery.
Note: MBAs are asteroids that orbit the Sun within the asteroid belt, a region located between the orbits of
Mars and Jupiter, about 2.1 to 3.3 astronomical units(AU) ,approximately 195 to 307 million miles) from
the Sun.

MYAS announced the National Sports Awards 2024

On January 02 2025, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS) announced the recipients of
the National Sports Awards 2024 which will be conferred on 47 sportspersons, coaches, entities and
universities under 6 categories on 17th January 2025 by the President of India, Droupadi Murmu at
Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi (Delhi).
• The awards were recommended by the selection committee headed by Justice
(Retd.) V Ramasubramanian of the Supreme Court (SC) along with eminent sports persons,
sports journalists and sports administrators.
Key Highlights:
i.Olympic medallists Manu Bhaker, Harmanpreet Singh, Chess world champion Gukesh D and para-athlete
Praveen Kumar were named as the recipients of the ‘Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna 2024 award’.
ii.Gukesh D became the youngest World Chess Champion at the 2024 Chess World Championship in
Singapore. He is only the 2nd Indian after Viswanathan Anand to win the title.
iii.Harmanpreet Singh, one of the top drag-flickers in modern hockey led the Indian hockey team to its
2nd consecutive bronze medal at the Paris 2024 Olympics.
iv.Praveen Kumar won a silver medal at Tokyo 2020 and soared to victory in the men’s high jump T64
class at the Paris 2024 Paralympics, setting an Asian record with a 2.08meter (m) jump.
v.Manu Bhaker, 1st Indian woman to win an Olympic shooting medal, securing bronze in the women’s
10m air pistol event at the Paris 2024 Olympics.
vi.Chandigarh University (CU), Mohali (Punjab) won the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy 2024
for the record 17th time.
i.Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2024
Number of Awardees – 4

Name of the Sportsperson Discipline

Gukesh D Chess

Harmanpreet Singh Hockey

Praveen Kumar Para-Athletics

Manu Bhaker Shooting

i.It is the highest sporting honour of India, given for the most outstanding performance in the field of
sports by a sportsperson over a period of 4 years.

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ii.It was formerly known as the ‘Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award’ and in August 2021, it was renamed as
the ‘Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award’.
• Award – It comprises a medallion, a certificate, and a cash prize of Rs 25 Lakh each
• First Winner – Chess Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand
• Established – 1991-1992
ii.Arjuna Awards for outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2024
Number of Awardees – 32

Name of the Sportsperson Discipline

Jyothi Yarraji Athletics

Annu Rani Athletics

Nitu Ghanghas Boxing

Saweety Boora Boxing

Vantika Agrawal Chess

Salima Tete Hockey

Abhishek Nain Hockey

Sanjay Rana Hockey

Jarmanpreet Singh Hockey

Sukhjeet Singh Hockey

Rakesh Kumar Para-Archery

Preeti Pal Para-Athletics

Jeevanji Deepthi Para-Athletics

Ajeet Singh Para-Athletics

Sachin Sarjerao Khilari Para-Athletics

Dharambir Nain Para-Athletics

Pranav Soorma Para-Athletics

H Hokato Sema Para-Athletics

Simran Sharma Para-Athletics

Navdeep Singh Para-Athletics

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 Nitesh Kumar Para-Badminton

Thulasimathi Murugesan Para-Badminton

Nithya Sre Sumathy Sivan Para-Badminton

Manisha Ramadass Para-Badminton

Kapil Parmar Para-Judo

Mona Agarwal Para-Shooting

Rubina Francis Para-Shooting

Swapnil Suresh Kusale Shooting

Sarabjot Singh Shooting

Abhay Singh Squash

Sajan Prakash Swimming

Aman Sehrawat Wrestling

i.It is the 2nd-highest sporting honour of India to acknowledge good performance over a period of the
previous 4 years and for showing qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline.
‘Arjuna Award’ was the highest sporting honour of India before the introduction of the ‘Major Dhyan
Chand Khel Ratna’ in 1991-1992.
• Award– It comprises a Bronze statuette of Arjuna, a Certificate, a Ceremonial Dress, and a Cash
Prize of Rs 15 lakh
• First Winner– 20 Sportspersons
• Established– 1961
iii.Arjuna Awards (Lifetime) for outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2024
Number of Awardees – 2

Name of the Sportsperson Discipline

Sucha Singh Athletics

Murlikant Rajaram Petkar Para-Swimming

The Arjuna Award (Lifetime Achievement) acknowledges retired athletes who have not only excelled in
their sporting careers but have also significantly contributed to promoting sports post-retirement.
iv.Dronacharya Award for outstanding coaches in Sports and Games 2024
Number of Awardees – 5 (3 in Regular Category & 2 in Lifetime Category)

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Regular Category:

Name of the Coach Discipline

Subhash Rana Para-Shooting

Deepali Deshpande Shooting

Sandeep Sangwan Hockey

Lifetime Category: For coaches who have helped sportspersons to achieve excellence over a period of 20
years or more.

Name of the Coach Discipline

S Muralidharan Badminton

Armando Agnelo Colaco Football

It is the sports coaching honour of India for the outstanding and meritorious work of coaches consistently
and for enabling sportspersons to excel in international events.
• Award– It comprises a bronze statuette of Dronacharya, a Certificate, a Ceremonial dress, and a
Cash prize of Rs 15 lakh for lifetime achievement and Rs 10 Lakh for regular.
• First Winner– Bhalchandra Bhaskar Bhagwat (Wrestling), Om Prakash Bhardwaj (Boxing), and
Othayothu Madhavan Nambiar (Athletics) in the Regular Category. Athletics coach Kuntal Roy
and Hockey coach Rajinder Singh in the Lifetime Category.
• Established– 1985 (Regular); 2011(Lifetime)
v.Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar
Number of Awardee – 1

Name of the Entity

Physical Education Foundation of India

It is given to corporate entities (both in private and public sector), Sports Control Boards, NGOs (Non-
Governmental Organizations), including sports bodies at the State and National level, who have played a
visible role in the area of sports promotion and development.
• Award– A citation and a Trophy
• First Winners– Railways Sports Promotion Board, & Tata Steel
• Established-2009
vi.Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy 2024
Number of Awardees – 3

Name of the University Rank

Chandigarh University, Punjab Overall winner University

Lovely Professional University, Punjab 1st runner up University

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 Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 2nd runner up University
The Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy is awarded to the top-performing university at the Khelo
India University Games. This trophy recognizes institutions that foster talent and contribute significantly
to sports development.
• Awards– A rolling MAKA trophy and a cash prize of Rs 15 Lakh
• First Winner-Bombay University, Mumbai
• Established– 1956-57
Recent Related News:
In November 2024, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MoYAS) announced the discontinuation of the
Dhyan Chand Award for lifetime achievement and introduction of the Arjuna Award (Lifetime) with effect
from 2024. Arjuna Award (Lifetime) has been introduced in place of Dhyan Chand Award to rationalise the
various sporting honours of India.
• The ministry also announced that to recognize the Khelo India scheme, the Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad (MAKA) Trophy will be given to the University for Overall Top Performance in Khelo India
University Games.
About the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS):
Union Minister- Mansukh L. Mandaviya (Constituency- Porbandar, Gujarat)
Minister of State (MoS)– Raksha Nikhil Khadse (Constituency-Raver, Maharashtra)

Overview of 82nd Golden Globes Awards 2025: Jacques Audiard’s ‘Emilia Perez’ bagged 4
awards
The 82nd edition of Golden Globes Awards 2025 was held on 5th January, 2025 at the Beverly Hilton in
Beverly Hills, California, United States of America (USA). The Golden Globes Awards are held annually and
are presented by Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA).
• The 2025 award recognizes excellence in films of both
American International and American Television (TV)
2024.
• American comedian and actress Nikki Glaser made history
at the 2025 award ceremony as the 1st woman to solo-host
the event.
Nominations of 82nd Golden Globes Award:
i.The nominations of the 82nd Golden Globes Awards under 27 categories were announced by American
comedian & actress, Mindy Kaling and American actor, Morris Chestnut.
ii.The event marked the 1st time, the organization hosted a special ceremony for the recipients of its 2
historic honours of Golden Globes 2025: ‘the Cecil B DeMille Award’ & ‘the Carol Burnett Award’ .
iii.American actor & 3-time Golden Globes winner Ted Danson received the 1st ever ‘Carol Burnett
Award 2025’ for his role in Netflix’s ‘A Man on the Inside’.
iv.American actress & film producer Viola Davis was presented with the ‘Cecil B. DeMille Award 2025’ for
her powerful performances in ‘Fences’ and ‘The Woman King’.
v.The film ‘All We Imagine As Light’ directed by Indian filmmaker Payal Kapadia featured in double
nominations for the categories: Best Motion Picture (Non-English Language) and the Best Director (Motion
Picture).
Highlights:
i.Emilia Perez (French musical crime comedy) led with 10 nominations, including Best Motion Picture
(Musical or Comedy), Best Director (Jacques Audiard) & Best Actress (Karla Sofia Gascon).

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 • The film won 4 awards, including Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress (Zoe Saldana), Best
Non-English Feature & Best Original Song.
ii.The Brutalist (A24 film) followed closely with 7 nominations & won 3 awards including Best Actor
(Adrien Brody), Best Director (Brady Corbet) and Best Movie (Drama).
iii.On the television front, The Bear (FX) led with 5 nominations. Shogun (FX) & Only Murders in the
Building (Hulu) had 4 nominations each.
• Jeremy Allen White won Best Actor (Comedy or Musical) for The Bear.
• Jean Smart won Best Actress (Comedy or Musical).
iv.Shogun swept all 4 of its categories, winning Best Series, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor & Best
Supporting Actress.
Lists of Golden Globes Awards 2025:

Category Winner

Best Motion Picture (Musical/ Comedy) Emilia Perez (Jacques Audiard)

Best Motion Picture (Drama) The Brutalist (Brady Corbet)

Best Actor in a Motion Picture (Drama) Adrien Brody (The Brutalist)

Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama) Fernanda Torres (I’m Still Here)

Best TV Series (Drama) Shogun (Jonathan van Tulleken)

Best Actress in a TV Series (Drama) Anna Sawai (Shogun)

Best TV Series (Musical/ Comedy) Hacks (Jean Smart & Hannah Einbinde)

Best Limited Series/ Anthology Series Baby Reindeer (Richard Gadd)

Best Cinematic and Box Office Achievement Wicked (John M. Chu)

Best Original Song (Motion Picture) Emilia Perez (El Mal song)

Best Original Score (Motion Picture) Challengers (Luca Guadagnino )

Best Director (Motion Picture) Brady Corbet (The Brutalist)

Best Motion Picture (Animated) Flow (Sideshow / Janus Films)

Best Actor in a Musical/ Comedy Sebastian Stan (A Different Man)

Best Actress in a Musical/ Comedy Demi Moore (The Substance)

Best Actress in a Limited Series/Anthology

Jodie Foster (True Detective: Night Country)
Series

Best Actor in a Limited Series/Anthology Colin Farrell (The Penguin)

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 Series

Best Motion Picture (Non-English Language) Emilia Perez (Jacques Audiard)

Best Stand-Up Comedy Performance Ali Wong (Ali Wong:Single Lady)

Best Screenplay (Motion Picture) Conclave (Writer Peter Straughan)

Best Actor in a Musical/ Comedy Series Jeremy Allen White (The Bear)

Best Supporting Actor (TV Series) Tadanobu Asano (Shogun)

Best Supporting Actress (TV Series) Jessica Gunning (Baby Reindeer)

Best Supporting Actor (Motion Picture) Kieran Culkin (A Real Pain)

Best Supporting Actress (Motion Picture) Zoe Saldana (Emilia Perez)

Best Actress in a Musical/ Comedy Series Jean Smart (Hacks)

Best Actor in a Drama Series Hiroyuki Sanada (Shogun)

About Golden Globes Awards:
The Golden Globes Awards, referred to as ‘Hollywood’s Party of the Year’,is the largest award show in the
world celebrated to honor artists and professionals from both American TV’s & films.
• The 1st Golden Globes Award was held on January 20 1944.

Mumbai’s CSMIA becomes India’s 1st Airport to Receive Level 5 Accreditation from ACI
In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International
Airport (CSMIA) which is operated by Adani Airports Holding Limited (AAHL), a subsidiary of Adani
Group, has become India’s 1st and world’s 3rd airport to receive the prestigious Level 5 Accreditation
which is the highest distinction awarded from the Airports Council International (ACI) for exemplary
customer experience standards.
• This recognition consolidates CSMIA position as leader in passenger service and operational
excellence.
About ACI Level 5 Accreditation:
i.It is the highest recognition in the Airport Customer Experience Accreditation Programme.
ii.The accreditation is awarded based on rigorous evolution criteria, including customer feedback, service
quality, and airport operations. Thus, creating a 360-degree framework for customer service excellence.
Key Initiatives of CSMIA:
i.CSMIA has established new standards of excellence through its various innovative initiatives in
infrastructure, technology, and services like:
• Aviio application (app) which was launched in September 2024 by AAHL. It is designed to
provide access to real-time data to passengers in seven airports in India including CSMIA.
ii.Pawfect programme, is one of the significant initiatives of CSMIA, which includes 9 comfort dogs
stationed at Terminal 2 Departures, to further enhance the passenger experience.
iii.It has expanded its digital gateway programme by increasing the number of e-gates from 24 to 68
(highest in India).

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About Airports Council International (ACI):
It is the association of the world’s airports, representing the collective interests of airports worldwide to
promote excellence in the aviation industry.
Director General (DG)- Justin Erbacci
Headquarters- Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Established- 1991

Kerala’s Kappad and Chal Beaches Earn ‘Blue Flag’ Certification

On January 10 2025, Kerala’s renowned Kappad beach in Kozhikode and Chal beach in Kannur
respectively received the coveted ‘Blue Flag certification’ from the Denmark based non-profit
organization ‘Foundation for Environmental Education’ (FEE).
• This certification is awarded to beaches and marinas that meet 33 criteria, focusing on
environmental education, water quality, safety, services, and waste management.
Key Points:
i.Kappad Beach has earned the Blue Flag certification for the 4th consecutive year. The beach underwent
upgrades in 2020, including the installation of solar-powered lights, bio-toilets, and disabled-friendly
pathways, to meet the stringent criteria required for certification.
ii.Chal Beach also secured the Blue Flag certification, contributing to Kerala’s rising profile as a
sustainable tourism destination.
Note:The historical significance of Kappad was the site where Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama 1st
landed in 1498 .
About Blue Flag certification:
i.The Blue Flag certification is an eco-label awarded to beaches, marinas, and sustainable boating tourism
operators that meet stringent environmental and safety standards globally as a mark of excellence.
• The ‘Blue Flag’ programme was started in 1987, initially in Europe and the certification is
awarded annually.
• In 2024, over 5,000 beaches, marinas, and tourist boats across 51 countries have received a
Blue Flag.
• India is now the 4th country in Asia after South Korea, Japan and the United Arab Emirates
(UAE) with ‘blue flag beaches’.
ii.As of November 2024, India has 12 Blue Flag beaches.The beaches are: Shivrajpur (Gujarat), Ghoghla
(Daman & Diu), Kasarkod (Karnataka), Padubidri (Karnataka), Kappad (Kerala), Rushikonda (Andhra
Pradesh(AP)), Golden beach (Odisha), Radhanagar (Andaman and Nicobar(A&N)), Kovalam (Tamil
Nadu(TN)), Eden (Puducherry), Tarkarli (Maharashtra) and Bangaram (Lakshadweep).
About Kerala:
Chief Minister (CM)- Pinarayi Vijayan
Governor– Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
Stadium- Lal Bahadur Shastri stadium, VKN Menon Indoor Stadium

Bihar Sports University Gains UGC Recognition, Set to Offer Academic Courses in Sports and
Physical Education
On January 11, 2025, Bihar Sports University, located in Rajgir(Bihar), was recognized by the University
Grants Commission(UGC) under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956, enabling it to offer academic courses in
physical education and sports sciences, including undergraduate programs, diplomas, and Post Graduate
(PG) diplomas.

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 • Retired Indian Administrative Service(IAS) officer Shishir Sinha has been appointed by the
Bihar government as the first Vice-Chancellor (VC) of the university.
About Bihar Sports University:
The Chief Minister(CM) of Bihar, Nitish Kumar, inaugurated Bihar Sports University, the state’s first
sports-focused educational institution, along with the State Sports Academy (SSA) on August 29,
2023(National Sports Day).
• These initiatives, part of the International Sports Complex in Rajgir, aim to promote sports
education and develop skilled sports professionals in the state.
Key Points:
i.The university is set to start its academic programs in the 2025–2026 session. These programs will
include:
• Diplomas and PG diplomas in sports coaching, focusing on two or three sports
• Diplomas and PG diplomas in yoga.
• A four-year Bachelor of Physical Education (B.P.Ed.) program (subject to approval from the
National Council for Teacher Education(NCTE).
ii.As per UGC regulations, the university must appoint an Ombudsperson within two months of starting
academic activities.
• This step will ensure compliance with student grievance redressal guidelines under the UGC
(Redressal of Grievances of Students) Regulations, 2023.
About Bihar:
Chief Minister (CM)– Nitish Kumar
Governor– Arif Mohammad Khan
Capital– Patna
Wildlife Sanctuaries– Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary

Singapore Confers Honorary Citizen Award on former CII head Mr Tarun Das
Singapore has awarded Tarun Das, former Director General of the Confederation of Indian
Industry (CII), the Honorary Citizen Award for his outstanding contributions to Singapore
and Singapore-India relations.
• The award was presented by Singapore President Tharman Shanmugaratnam at a ceremony
held in New Delhi on 15th January 2025.
• Tarun Das is the second Indian to receive Singapore’s
honorary citizenship after late Ratan Tata, former
chairman of the Tata Group who was conferred the
same award in 2008.
About Tarun Das:
i.Tarun Das served as the Director General (DG) and Chief Mentor
of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) for over 40 years.
• He is the Founding Trustee of the Ananta Centre and
Ananta Aspen Centre, Director of the Singapore-India Partnership Foundation (SIPF), and a
Member of the India-Singapore Strategic Dialogue (ISSD).
ii.He was the first to lead a delegation of Indian industrialists to visit Singapore in 1993, as part of India’s
“Look East” policy that initiated the annual visits to Singapore by the CII Leadership team to include
Singapore’s political leadership and businesses for development in both the countries.
iii.He also played a crucial role in the establishment of the annual ISSD, which is a key platform that
brings together business leaders, policymakers, and academia to discuss upon strengthening Singapore-
India cooperation.

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iv. As Director of the SIPF, he contributed instrengthening youth and academic exchanges, and private
sector collaboration including SIPF Students Immersion Programme to India in 2023 involving students
from the Singapore University of Social Sciences.
v.Tarun Das was also awarded with the Singapore Public Service Medal in 2004.
About the Honorary Citizen Award:
i.The title of Honorary Citizen is a national award established in 2003 by the Singapore Government to
recognize and acknowledge the contributions of non-Singaporeans who have given invaluable
contributions to Singapore and its people, or who have led significant impact in the areas of business,
science and technology, information communications, education, health, arts and culture, sports, tourism
and community services or security.
ii.It is the highest form of national recognition for a non-Singaporean.
About Singapore:
President – Tharman Shanmugaratnam
Capital -Singapore
Currency – Singapore Dollar(SGD)

HSBC Hurun Global Indians List 2024: Microsoft’s satya Nadella topped
According to the 1st edition of ‘HSBC Hurun Global Indians List’ , published by HSBC(Hong Kong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation) and Hurun India, Microsoft’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
(CEO) Satya Nadella has secured the top spot with a company valued at USD 3,146 billion.
• Alphabet CEO Sundar Pichai (USD 2,107 billion) and YouTube CEO Neal Mohan (USD 455
billion) secured the 2nd and 3rd spots, respectively.
• The combined value of the top 10 individuals is equal to 73% of the total combined value of the
list. Notably, 5 companies in the list belong to the software and services sector.
About HSBC Hurun Global Indians List 2024:
i.HSBC Hurun Global Indians List 2024, ranking the 200 most valuable companies in the world led by
Indian-origin leaders.
• The combined value of companies led by these leaders is estimated at USD 10 trillion.
ii. Companies were ranked according to their value, defined as market capitalisation for listed companies
and valuations for non-listed companies.
• The cut-off date used was 29th November 2024.
iii.The list includes 226 CEOs, Managing Directors(MDs), and Founders and was created based on a survey
of 400 respondents, including wealth creators featured in its lists.
Top 5 Indians on the list:

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 Value of the Company (in
Rank Name
USD)

1 Satya Nadella (Microsoft) 3,146 billion

2 Sundar Pichai (Alphabet) 2,107 billion

3 Neal Mohan (YouTube) 455 billion

4 Thomas Kurian (Google Cloud) 353 billion

5 Shantanu Narayen (Adobe) 231 billion

NRIs on the 2024 Hurun India Rich list:
i.According to the Hurun List, a total of 102 Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) is featured on the List.
• The report showed that 79% of the list’s entrants were based in the United States of
America (USA) followed by 5% in the United Kingdom (UK) and 4% in the United Arab Emirates
(UAE).
ii.In terms of preferred cities, San Francisco tops the list of (37) which has a cut-off of USD1 bn followed
by New York and Palo Alto, California.
• Other major cities include London (8 entrants) while Dubai leads in the Middle East with
6 entrants in the list.
iii.LN Mittal & family(Rs 1,84,500 crore), Chairman of Arcelor Mittal, tops NRIs in the HSBC Hurun
Global Indians List 2024 followed by Gopichand Hinduja & Family(Hinduja Group) on the 2nd spot and
Anil Agarwal & Family(Vedanta Resources) on the 3rd spot respectively.

Value of the Company (in

Rank Name
Rs)

1 LN Mittal & family(Arcelor Mittal) 1,84,500 Cr

2 Gopichand Hinduja & Family(Hinduja Group) 1,78,600 Cr

3 Anil Agarwal & Family(Vedanta Resources) 1,11,500 Cr

4 Jay Chaudhry(Zscaler) 1,02,700 Cr

5 Sri Prakash Lohia(Indorama) 74,200 Cr

Women on the 2024 Hurun India Rich list:
i.The list includes 12 women led by Reshma Kewalramani of Vertex Pharmaceuticals, followed
by Jayshree Ullal of Arista Networks, and Leena Nair, the global CEO of Chanel, who are recognised as the
most influential women of Indian origin.
ii. Women leaders such as Neha Narkhede (Co-Founder of Confluent), Anjali Sud (CEO of Tubi), and Yamini
Rangan (CEO of HubSpot) are positioned in the list with their combined leadership overseas companies
valued at over USD 436 billion.

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Key Highlights:
i.Most of the Indian professionals in the list are in the technology sector, with most of them in the
software and services industry (87 entries). Financial services and healthcare follow with 24 and 21
representatives, respectively.
• Around 93 companies led by Indian-origin leaders work in the areas of Artificial Intelligence
(AI).
ii.According to the list, 62% of the leaders began their undergraduate studies in India and 77% did
postgraduate degrees in the USA,
• IIT Madras emerged as the top undergraduate institute, having 14 leaders to the list.
• On the postgraduate side, Stanford University has topped with 20 leaders on the list.
iii.Around 57% of the leaders are first-generation entrepreneurs, 41% are professionals, and 2% are
inheritors.
• Indian-origin entrepreneurs have founded 73 global unicorns.
• The youngest entrepreneur on the list is 27-year-old Tanay Tandon, co-founder of Commure.
iv.Most of the Indian-origin leaders come from regions such as Tamil Nadu(TN), Punjab, Kerala,
and Maharashtra and based in global hubs including the USA, the UK, the UAE, and Singapore.
v.The average age of the individuals on the list is 56 years.

Forbes 2025 Billionaires list: Elon Musk Emerges as the Richest Individual in 2025
According to the World’s Billionaires List 2025 released by Forbes, Elon Musk secured the top spot
with a net worth of USD 433.9 billion largely driven by SpaceX’s valuation of USD 350 billion.
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos has secured the 2nd position with USD 239.4 billion while Meta founder
Mark Zuckerberg bagged the 3rd spot by surpassing Oracle founder Larry Ellison net worth of USD
211.8 billion.
About Elon Musk:
i.Elon Musk has become the first individual in history to cross a net worth of USD 400 billion, mainly due
to SpaceX’s valuation of USD 350 billion.
ii.There has been an increase of USD 91 billion in his net worth since December 2024 leading to SpaceX
being the most valuable private company worldwide.
iii.Besides SpaceX, he also has the ownership of X Corp. (the company that operates the social media
platform X, formerly Twitter), and has role in the formation of the Boring Company, xAI (Artificial
Intelligence), Neuralink, and OpenAI.
Key Highlights:
i..According to Forbes’ World’s Billionaires List 2025, the United States of America (USA) is on the top
with a record 813 billionaires, followed by China with 473 and India on the 3rd spot
with 200 billionaires.
ii.As of January 1, 2025, the world’s 10 richest individuals have a combined net worth of USD 1.9
trillion, up from USD 1.8 trillion in December 2024. .
iii.The 8 technology leaders, including Elon Musk, Mark Zuckerberg, Jensen Huan, Larry Ellison, Jeff Bezos,
Michael Dell, and Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin have around USD 600 billion of the USD
1.5 trillion increase among the world’s wealthiest individuals.
iv.Jensen Huang, the CEO and co-founder of Nvidia (10th spot) has entered the list of top 10 richest people
for the first time with a net worth of USD 120.2 billion.
The company’s shares surged by 171% in 2024, totaling a market capitalisation of USD 3.28 trillion,
making it the 2nd most valuable company after Apple.

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Top 5 richest people in the world:

Rank Name Net Worth (USD) Source of Wealth Country

United
States of
1 Elon Musk 433.9 billion Tesla, SpaceX
America
(USA)

2 Jeff Bezos 239.4 billion Amazon The USA

3 Mark Zuckerberg 211.8 billion Facebook The USA

4 Larry Ellison 204.6 billion Oracle The USA

5 Bernard Arnault 181.3 billion LVMH France

Indian short film ‘Anuja’ nominated for 97th Academy Awards 2025
In January 2025, the Indian short film ‘Anuja’, received a nomination in the ‘Best Live Action Short
Film’ category for the 97th Academy Awards 2025.
The film is backed by Indian actress Priyanka Chopra and producer Guneet Monga as executive
producer, with Hollywood star-writer Mindy Kaling as producer.
This marks Guneet Monga’s third Oscar nomination, after ‘The Elephant Whisperers’ and ‘Period:
End of Sentence’, both of which won Academy Awards.
i.Written and directed by Adam J. Graves, Anuja is about a young girl working in a Delhi garment factory
who must make a life-changing choice for her family’s future.
ii.This nomination puts Anuja among five finalists chosen from an initial pool of 180 qualifying films. It will
compete against A Lien, I’m Not a Robot, The Last Ranger, and The Man Who Would Not Remain Silent.
iii.The film also won the top honor at the HollyShorts Film Festival in 2024.
Note: The 97th Academy Awards 2025, hosted by Conan O’Brien, will take place at Dolby Theatre in Los
Angeles, United States of America (USA) on March 2, 2025.

The ePlane Company Becomes India’s First to Secure DGCA’s eVTOL Certification
In January 2025, The ePlane Company, a Chennai-based urban air mobility (UAM) startup at Indian
Institute of Technology(IIT) Madras in Chennai(Tamil Nadu,TN) has become the first private Indian firm
to receive formal acceptance from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) for Type Certification
of its electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, ‘the e200X’.The company plans to launch its
eVTOL services by 2026.
With this certification, ePlane strengthens its position as a pioneer in Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
in India.
i.The e200X has a compact wingspan that reduces infrastructure requirements, making it suitable for
various regions in India and similar global markets.
ii.The ePlane Company was founded by professor Satya Chakravarthy in 2019.
Note: The DGCA has established safety criteria for certifying vertical take-off and landing capable aircraft
(VCA) and set guidelines for the design of vertiports used by these aircraft.

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Three Indian Women Make It to Forbes 50 Over 50 Global List 2025, with Quarraisha Abdool
Karim Ranking First
In January 2025 Forbes, an American global media company has unveiled its first Forbes “50 Over 50”
Women Global list 2025 celebrating the achievements of inspiring women from 32 countries and
territories across Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and South
and Central America.
Quarraisha Abdool Karim, expert in infectious diseases
epidemiology and one of the top researchers on Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is ranked first,
while Rafaela Aponte-Diamant is the co-owner of the
Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) based in Geneva,
Switzerland, ranked 2nd.
The list features three remarkable Indian women: Urmila
Asher, popularly known as ‘Gujju Ben’ and the founder of Gujju Ben Na Nasta, ranked 3rd; Kiran
Mazumdar-Shaw, a billionaire and founder of Biocon India Private Limited, ranked 32nd;
and Sheela Patel, a renowned activist, ranked 37th.
List of Top 5 Women:

Rank Name Designation Country

Cofounder and Associate

Scientific Director,
1 Quarraisha Abdool Karim CAPRISA (Center for the South Africa, SA
AIDS Programme of
Research in South Africa)

2 Rafaela Aponte-Diamant Co-owner, MSC Switzerland

Founder, Gujju Ben Na

3 Urmila Asher India
Nasta

4 Margaret Atwood Author Canada

5 Farana Boodhram Founder, MiDesk Global South Africa

Table of India Women in the list:

Rank Name Designation

3 Urmila Asher Founder, Gujju Ben Na Nasta

32 Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw Founder, Biocon India Private limited

37 Sheela Patel Activist and Co-founder, SPARC

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About Indian Women on the list:
Urmila Asher (Gujju Ben– 80 years old) launched her food business, Gujju Ben na Nasta, showcasing
her expertise in Gujarati cuisine during COVID-19
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw (71 years old) is a billionaire entrepreneur from Bengaluru, Karnataka, and a
prominent leader in the biopharmaceutical sector.
She established Biocon India Private Limited in 1978.Over time, she transformed Biocon into a
global name in affordable healthcare solutions. She has a net worth of USD 3.6 billion, as noted by
Forbes
Sheela Patel (72 years old) is an activist and academic dedicated to improving conditions for slum
dwellers and promoting equal urban spaces.
In 1984, she co-founded the Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) in Mumbai
(Maharashtra) to provide housing for low-income communities.
She also co-founded Slum Dwellers International, which operates in 33 countries, and led climate
resilience initiatives for informal settlements, including the Roof Over Our Heads campaign at 27th
Conference of the Parties (COP27) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
About Forbes 50 Over 50 Global List:
i.List was produced in partnership with Morning Joe, an american talk show cohost Mika Brzezinski and
her Know Your Value initiative.
ii.The list highlights women who are redefining success and proving that age is no barrier to making an
impact.
iii.The list features entrepreneurs, investors, inventors, artists, activists, and other high achievers
About Forbes:
Chief Operating Officer (CEO)– Sherry Phillips
Headquarters– New Jersey, the United States of America (USA)
Established– 1917

ICC Awards 2024: India’s Bumrah, Smriti ,and Arshdeep Singh Win ICC Men’s Cricketer ,
Women’s ODI, and Men’s T20I Cricketer of the Year Awards
The International Cricket Council (ICC) announced the winners of the ICC Awards 2024, with 3 Indian
cricketers making their mark on the honours list. The ICC Awards 2024 event took place over five days,
from January 24 to 28, 2025, highlighting exceptional performances across various categories.
India’s Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah claimed the top honor
‘Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy’ for Men’s Cricketer of the Year
2024 and the ICC Men’s Test Cricketer of the Year 2024
respectively.
Smriti Mandhana was named the Women’s One Day
International (ODI) Cricketer of the Year 2024.
Arshdeep Singh Aulakh bagged ICC Men’s Twenty20
International (T20I) Cricketer of the Year 2024.
Highlights of 2024 ICC Awards:
Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah:ICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year 2024
i.JaspritJasbirsingh Bumrah was honoured with 2 awards namely ‘Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy’ for ICC
Men’s Cricketer of the Year 2024 and “ICC Men’s Test Cricketer of the Year 2024” for his exceptional
performance, topping the international Test cricket wicket-taking charts with 71 wickets in 13 matches at
an impressive average of 14.92.

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 He became the first Indian fast bowler(Pacer) to win this award.Prior to him, Sachin Tendulkar
(2010) and Virat Kohli (2017) had won the ICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year award.
iii. He reached a career-high rating of 907 points in the ICC Test Bowling Rankings in 2024, making him
the highest-rated Indian bowler in history.
iv.He ranked the 1st bowler to top the ICC Test Rankings in all three formats and became the fastest
Indian pacer to take 200 Test wickets, with an exceptional sub-20 bowling average, the best in history.
Smriti Mandhana – ICC Women’s ODI Cricketer of the Year 2024:
i.Smriti Mandhana was named this award for her exceptional performance in 2024 , marks the 2nd time
of the ICC award, following her earlier success.
ii.She scored 747 runs in 2024, with an impressive average of 57.46, further cementing her as one of the
top batters in women’s cricket.
Arshdeep Singh Aulakh – Men’s T20I Cricketer of the Year 2024
Arshdeep Singh Aulakh,the left-arm seamer was honored with this award for his exceptional
performance in 2024, where he claimed 36 wickets, playing a vital role in India’s T20I success.
Amelia Kerr Charlotte (New Zealand): ICC Women’s Cricketer of the Year 2024
i. Amelia Kerr Charlotte claimed the top honor “Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy” ICC Women’s Cricketer
of the Year 2024 for her outstanding performances throughout 2024.
ii.She scored 743 runs in 19 matches with an impressive average, establishing herself as one of the best
all-rounders in women’s cricket.
iii.She was also awarded the ICC Women’s T20I Cricketer of the Year 2024, becoming the 1st Kiwi (first
cricketer from New Zealand) cricketer to win this honour.
Lists of Winners of ICC Awards 2024:

Category Winner Country

‘Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy’ for ICC

Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah India
Men’s Cricketer of the Year 2024

‘Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy’ for

ICC Women’s Cricketer of the Year Amelia Charlotte Kerr New Zealand
2024

ICC Men’s Test Cricketer of the Year

Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah India
2024

ICC Men’s ODI Cricketer of the Year

Azmatullah Omarzai Afghanistan
2024

ICC Women’s ODI Cricketer of the

Smriti Mandhana India
Year 2024

ICC Emerging Men’s Cricketer of the Pasqual Handi Kamindu

Sri Lanka
Year 2024 Dilanka Mendis

ICC Emerging Women’s Cricketer of

Annerie Dercksen South Africa
the Year 2024

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 ICC Men’s Associate Cricketer of the
Merwe Gerhard Erasmus Namibia
Year 2024

ICC Women’s Associate Cricketer of

Esha Oza India
the Year 2024

ICC Men’s T20I Cricketer of the

Arshdeep Singh Aulakh India
Year 2024

ICC Women’s T20I Cricketer of the

Amelia Charlotte Kerr New Zealand
Year 2024

‘David Shepherd Trophy’ for ICC England (United

Richard Keith Illingworth
Umpire of the Year 2024 Kingdom,UK)
Winners of ICC Teams of the Year 2024:

Category Winners

ICC Men’s Test Pat Cummins (Captain,C), Yashasvi Bhupendra Kumar Jaiswal, Ben Duckett,
Team of the Kane Williamson, Joe Root, Harry Brook, Kamindu Mendis, Jamie Smith
Year 2024 (Wicketkeeper,WK), Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah and Matt Henry

Rohit Gurunath Sharma (C), Travis Michael Head , Philip Dean Salt ,
ICC Men’s T20I
Mohammad Babar Azam , Nicholas Pooran (WK), Sikandar Raza, Hardik
Team of the
Pandya, Rashid Khan, Wanindu Hasaranga, Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumra, and
Year 2024
Arshdeep Singh Aulakh

ICC Women’s Laura Wolvaardt (C), Smriti Mandhana, Chamari Athapaththu, Hayley
T20I Team of Matthews, Nat Sciver-Brunt, Melie Kerr, Richa Ghosh (WK), Marizanne Kapp,
the Year 2024 Orla Prendergast, Deepti Sharma, and Sadia Iqbal

ICC Men’s ODI Charith Asalanka (C), Saim Ayub, Rahmanullah Gurbaz, Pathum Nissanka,
Team of the Kusal Mendis (WK), Sherfane Rutherford, Azmatullah Omarzai, Wanindu
Year 2024 Hasaranga, Shaheen Shah Afridi, Haris Rauf, & AM Ghazanfar

ICC Women’s Laura Wolvaardt (C), Smriti Mandhana, Chamari Athapaththu, Hayley
ODI Team of Matthews, Marizanne Kapp, Ashleigh Gardner, Annabel Sutherland, Amy
the Year 2024 Jones (WK), Deepti Sharma, Sophie Ecclestone, & Kate Cross
i. ICC Men’s Test Team of the Year 2024: This team includes 11 players with Pat Cummins as the Captain
who showcased exceptional performances in Test cricket in 2024 .
Indian players Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah, Ravindrasinh Anirudhsinh Jadeja, and
Yashasvi Bhupendra Kumar Jaiswal were featured in the squad.
ii.ICC Men’s ODI Team of the Year 2024: Comprising 11 players, this team recognizes standout
cricketers from the ODI format.
iii. ICC Men’s T20I Team of the Year 2024: This team features 11 top performers from T20I cricket in
2024, with India’s Rohit Gurunath Sharma as the captain.

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 Other key Indian players in the squad include Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah, Hardik Himanshu
Pandya, and Arshdeep Singh Aulakh.
iv.ICC Women’s ODI Team of the Year 2024: The squad includes 11 players, with SmritiMandhana and
Deepti Sharma being key contributors from India, alongside other all-rounders in the team.
v.ICC Women’s T20I Team of the Year 2024: This team comprises 11 players,
with India’s SmritiMandhana,Richa Ghosh, and Deepti Sharma featured for their outstanding
performances in the T20I format.
About International Cricket Council (ICC) Awards:
The ICC Awards recognize the top cricket performers of the year across all formats. There are 13 different
categories in which these prestigious honors are awarded.
Chairman- Jay Shah
Headquarters – Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Founded: 1909 (for the ICC); ICC Awards introduced in 2004.

Winners of the 76th Republic Day Parade 2025: Awards and Recognitions
Winners were announced in different categories for the participants of the 76th Republic Day Parade in
2025, with the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) winning the Best Tableau award in the
Ministries/Departments category. The award was given for their vibrant display celebrating the
“Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh” and the 150th birth anniversary of Bhagwan Birsa Munda.
The awards were decided through two methods: one by a panel of judges and the other through an
online public vote held on the MyGov platform.
This year, 31 tableaux from 16 states and Union Territories (UTs) and 10 ministries and
departments of the Central Government (CG) participated in R-day Parade 2025 at Karvyapath,
New Delhi, Delhi.
Judging Panels:
Three separate panels of judges were formed to evaluate the performances of:
i.Marching contingents from the three services
ii.Marching contingents from the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) or other auxiliary forces,
iii.Tableaux displayed by different States, union territories (UTs), and central government departments.
Online Poll:
An online poll was held on the MyGov web page from January 26 to January 28, 2025. Registered citizens
can vote for their favorite Marching Contingents and Tableaux in the ‘Popular Choice’ category.
Highlights:
i.The Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) Rifles Contingent was awarded the Best Marching Contingent among
Services Category by the panel of judges.
ii.Uttar Pradesh (UP) won the first prize in the Best Tableaux category by the panel of judges for its
depiction of Mahakumbh 2025 and Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas.
iii.The Ministry of Women & Child Development (MoWCD) received the People’s Choice Award for Best
Tableau from the Central Ministries/Departments Category.
Results for the best Marching Contingents & Tableaux for the Republic Day Parade 2025 (By Panel
of Judges)

Category Winner

Best Tableau from Central Ministry of Tribal Affairs,

Ministries/Departments (Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh)

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 First-Uttar Pradesh (UP) – (Mahakumbh 2025, Swarnim
Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas)
Best Three Tableaux among Second-Tripura (Eternal Reverence: The Worship of 14
States/(UTs) Deities in Tripura – Kharchi Puja)
Third-Andhra Pradesh,AP (Etikoppaka Bommalu – Eco-
Friendly Wooden Toys)

Best Marching Contingent among

Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) Rifles Contingent
Services

Best Marching Contingent among

Delhi Police Marching Contingent
CAPFs/Other Auxiliary Forces

Central Public Works Department(CPWD)

Special Prize
(Highlighting Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision)

Special Momentum Jayati Jai Mamah Bharatam Dance Group

Results for the best Marching Contingents & Tableaux for the Republic Day 2025 Parade (ByOnline
Poll on MyGov):

Category Winner

Best Tableau from Central Ministry of Women & Child Development, MoWCD
Ministries/Departments (The Multifaceted Journey of Women and Children)

First -Gujarat(Swarnim Bharat: Virasat Aur Vikas)

Second- Uttar Pradesh (Mahakumbh 2025 – Swarnim
Best Tableau among States/UTs Bharat: Virasat Aur Vikas)
Third- Uttarakhand (Cultural Heritage and Adventure
Sports)

Best Marching Contingent among

Signals Contingent
Services

Best Marching Contingent among

CRPF Marching Contingent
CAPFs/Other Auxiliary Forces
Beating Retreat ceremony:
The grand finale of 76th Republic Day celebrations took place on 29 January, 2025 with the Beating
Retreat ceremony at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi.
Commander (Cmdr) Manoj Sebastian led the massed bands.The ceremony concluded with the
patriotic song.
Guinness World Record for Largest Indian Folk Dance Performance at Republic Day 2025
The Guinness World Records recognized the cultural performance titled Jayati Jai Mamah
Bharatam for setting the record for “The Largest Indian Folk Variety Dance.” The performance was
curated by the Ministry of Culture, along with Sangeet Natak Akademi.

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 This recognition was announced by Guinness officials during a special ceremony at the Pusa
Institute in New Delhi.

IBA Technology Awards 2024: CUB Wins 7 Awards for 2nd Consecutive Year
In January 2025, the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) presented the technology awards
in seven categories to honor top technology providers in the banking industry at the 20th Annual
Banking Technology Conference, Expo, & Citations, 2024 held in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
The conference was organized by Indian Banks Association (IBA) and awards presented by RBI
Deputy Governor T. Rabi Sankar.
City Union Bank Limited(CUB) and Bank of Maharashtra (BoM) win awards in all seven categories,
while Karnataka Bank Limited(KBL) secures wins in six categories.
IBA Technology Awards 2024:
The awards are presented across 7 categories of Banks in 7 citation categories. Each award was presented
to various Banks under three status :Winner, Runner-Up and Special mention.
i.Best Digital Sales, Payments & Engagement
ii.Best Information Technology (IT) Risk Management
iii.Best Fintech & Digital Payment Index (DPI) Adoption
iv.Best Financial Inclusion (FI)
v.Best Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML) Adoption
vi.Best Technology Talent & Organization and
vii.Best Technology Bank
Highlights:
i.CUB received awards in all 7 categories for the second consecutive year.
In the winner category, CUB won awards in Best Digital Sales, Payments & Engagement, Best IT Risk
Management, Best Fintech & DPI Adoption and Best FI.
In the winner category, BoM won awards in Best Digital Sales, Payments & Engagement, Best IT
Risk Management and Best Fintech & DPI Adoption.
ii.HDFC Bank Limited won the award for Best Digital Sales, Payments & Engagement.
iii.State Bank of India (SBI) won the Best Fintech & DPI Adoption and Best FI awards.
iv.Bank of Baroda (BOB) won the Best AI & ML Adoption and Best IT Risk Management awards.
v.Union Bank of India (UBI) won the Best Technology Talent & Organization and Best Technology Bank
awards.
vi.Central Bank of India (CBI) won the Best Technology Bank award.
vii.Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) won the Best Technology Talent & Organization award.
viii.ESAF Small Finance Bank Limited won the Best FI awards
Click here for the full list of IBA 2024 award winners.
About IBA awards:
The IBA awards are designed to honor top technology providers in the banking industry, fostering
competition and encouraging the showcase of innovative products, purposeful initiatives, and substantial
value through best practices in customer service.
Recent Related News:
In December 2024, the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) of Central Bank of Sri Lanka has imposed
monetary penalty of Rs 5.85 Lakhs (2 million Sri Lankan rupees(LKR)) on Chennai (Tamil Nadu (TN))-
based Public Sector Bank (PSB), Indian Bank Limited for not complying with the provisions of Sri Lanka’s
Financial Transactions Reporting Act No.6 of 2006 (FTRA). At present, Indian Bank has its two branches in
Sri Lanka i.e. in Jaffna and Colombo.

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About Indian Banks Association (IBA):
Chairman – Matam Venkata Rao
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
Founded – 1946

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Nicolas Maduro Moros Sworn in as President of Venezuela for 3rd consecutive term
On January 11 2025, Nicolas Maduro Moros was sworn in as the 53rd President of Venezuela for
the 3rd consecutive term. The swearing-in ceremony was held at the National Assembly in Caracas,
Venezuela.
• He will be serving as the President of Venezuela for a
period of 6 years until 2031.
About Nicolas Maduro:
i.Nicolás Maduro Moros is a Venezuelan politician who began his
political career in the 1990s as a Member of the United Socialist
Party of Venezuela (PSUV).
ii.In 2006, he served as the Foreign Minister of Venezuela, a
position he held until 2013 and gained international recognition
for his advocacy of socialist policies.
iii.In 2010, he served as 24th Vice President (VP) of Venezuela under Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (Former
Venezuela President).
iv.In March 2013, he was appointed as interim President (following the death of the former President).
• He won the presidential election and served as the President of Venezuela since April 2013
(6years term).
v.In March 2018, he served as the President for the 2nd consecutive term.
Awards and Honors:
i.In 2015, he received ‘the Order of the Liberator from Bolivia’ Venezuela’s highest civilian award, in
recognition of his outstanding services to the country.
ii.In 2007, he received the “Orden Francisco de Miranda” Venezuela’s highest civilian award for his
outstanding contributions to the country’s progress.
About Venezuela:
Venezuela is a country in South America.
Capital- Caracas
Currency- Venezuelan Bolívares (VEF)

Joseph Khalil Aoun elected as the 14th President of Lebanon

On January 9 2025,General Joseph Khalil Aoun was elected as the 14th President of Lebanon. He won
the parliamentary election by securing 99 votes out of 128 votes. The session was the legislature’s 13th
attempt to elect a successor to former President Michel Naim
Aoun whose term ended in October 2022.
• He is the fifth army commander to become president in
Lebanon’s history.
• Currently, he is serving as the Commander of Lebanese
Armed Forces (LAF).

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About Joseph Khalil Aoun:
i.Joseph Khalil Aoun joined the ‘Lebanese Army’ in 1983 during the Civil War and received training in the
United States of America (USA) and Syria.
• He served as a Platoon commander in the army rangers and participated in several key
operations, including the ‘Adma Battle’, Lebanon during the war.
ii.He was promoted to the rank of general in 2013 and he has led the 9th Infantry Brigade in the LAF since
2015.
iii.He was appointed as the 14th Commander of the LAF in 2017 where he successfully led the LAF
in counter-terrorism operations against the ‘Islamic State’ and ‘Al-Nusra Front’.
iv.He received widespread backing from political groups within Lebanon, and in December 2023, his term
as LAF commander was extended twice, notably during the 2024 Israeli invasion.
Honors and Awards:
i.He has received several military honors, including the War Medal (3 times), ‘Medal of the Wounded’
(twice), and the ‘Order of Merit’ in various classes for his outstanding contributions in LAF.
ii.He has also been recognized with the ‘National Order of the Cedar’, including the rank of ‘Knight and
Officer’.
About Lebanon:
Prime Minister (PM)– Najib Azmi Mikati
President- Joseph Khalil Aoun
Capital- Beirut
Currency- Lebanese Pound (LBP)

Rajat Verma Appointed as CEO of DBS Bank India

In December 2024, Rajat Verma was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer(CEO) of the DBS Bank India
Limited (DBIL), a subsidiary of the Singapore-based DBS Group, effective from 1st March 2025. He will
also become a member of DBS’s Group Management Committee.
• He will succeed Surojit Shome, who is set to retire on
February 28 2025 after successfully leading the bank
for 10 years.
• Currently, he serves as the head of Institutional
Banking Group (IBG) at DBIL..
• The Reserve Bank of India(RBI) has approved Rajat
Verma’s appointment following DBS Bank’s proposal.
About Rajat Verma:
i.He is an experienced banker with 27 years of expertise in areas
like consumer and corporate banking, transaction banking, financial institutions, sustainable finance, SME
banking, and branch banking.
ii.He joined DBIL in June 2023. Under his leadership, DBIL was also recognized as the Best Bank for
Sustainable Finance – India by Global Finance in 2024.
iii.Before joining DBIL, Verma was the Managing Director (MD) and Country Head of Commercial Banking
at Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (HSBC) India.
About DBS Bank India Limited(DBIL):
In 2019, DBS Bank announced the launch of DBIL, which was the first large foreign bank in India to
operate as a wholly-owned subsidiary of a global bank. DBIL has expanded to over 350 locations across 19
states in India.
Chief Executive Officer(CEO) – Rajat Verma
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra

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Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao Appointed as Director of IARI
In December 2024, an agricultural scientist from Andhra Pradesh (AP) , Cherukumalli Srinivas Rao was
appointed as the Director of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, Delhi.
• He succeeded Dr. A.K. Singh, who retired in June 2024.
• He currently serves as the director of the National Academy of Agricultural Research
Management (NAARM), Hyderabad, Telangana.
i.Srinivas Rao completed his postdoctoral research at Tel Aviv University in Israel. He has held leadership
roles in several research institutions across India.
ii.He was appointed member of the ICAR governing body in 2023 for a three-year term. He has also served
as central advisory member of the Rashtriya Gokul Mission.
About Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI):
The Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) also called Pusa Institute, was founded in 1905 in Pusa, Bihar. In
1911, its name was changed to the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research.It was then renamed as the
Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in 1919. After the Independence of India, it was renamed as the
IARI.
• It was relocated to New Delhi, Delhi in 1936. It is administered by the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR).
Chairman – Ashok Kumar Singh
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi

Sanjiv Ranjan Appointed as Secretary General of IORA

In December 2024, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) announced that Senior Indian Foreign Service
(IFS) officer Sanjiv Ranjan has been appointed as the Secretary General of the Indian Ocean Rim
Association (IORA) Secretariat in Ebene,Mauritius. He
succeeds Salman Al-Farisi of Indonesia.
• His term will last for three years with effect from
January 1 2025, until his superannuation on January 31,
2026, or until further orders, whichever occurs earlier.
• Prior to this, he served as the Officer on Special Duty in
the MEA.
About Sanjiv Ranjan:
i.Sanjiv Ranjan joined the Indian Foreign Service(IFS) in 1993 and
has since established a distinguished diplomacy career, focusing on multilateral and bilateral cooperation.
ii.From 1995 to 2009, he held several diplomatic roles in Indian embassies in Madrid and Lima and at the
Permanent Mission of India in New York, the United states of America(USA).
• Additionally, from 2006 to 2009, he served as the Deputy High Commissioner of India to
Mauritius.
iii.He served as India’s Ambassador to Argentina (2016-2019), with additional accreditation to Uruguay
and Paraguay, and later as Ambassador to Colombia (2019-2022), with accreditation to Ecuador.
v.Most recently, he has been serving as an Officer on Special Duty (Secretary Rank) at MEA, Government of
India (GoI), handling personnel, establishment, and e-governance.
About Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA):
i.Founded in 1997, IORA is an inter-governmental organization dedicated to promoting regional economic
cooperation across the Indian Ocean.
ii.IORA comprises 23 member states: India, Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, France, Indonesia, Iran,
Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia,
South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

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iii.It includes 12 dialogue partners: China, Egypt, the European Union, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Saudi
Arabia, Turkey, South Korea, the UK, and the USA.
iv.In 2015, IORA was granted observer status at both the United Nation General Assembly(UNGA) and the
African Union.
Secretary-General – Sanjiv Ranjan
Headquarters – Ebene, Mauritius
Chair – Sri Lanka
Vice-Chair – India
Note: India will take over the chairmanship from Sri Lanka for the 2025-2027 term.

Vitul Kumar appointed as DG of CRPF

On December 31 2024, the Government of India(GoI) appointed Vitul Kumar, a 1993-batch Indian Police
Service(IPS) officer, as an additional charge as Director General (DG) of Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF) upon the superannuation of incumbent DG of CRPF, Anish Dayal Singh.
• The appointment order was issued by the Ministry of
Home Affairs (MHA). He will hold the position until
regular appointment or until further orders, issued by
the MHA.
• The senior IPS officer from the Uttar Pradesh (UP) cadre,
is currently serving as the Special DG of the CRPF.
About Vitul Kumar:
i.Vitul Kumar, IPS officer of Uttar Pradesh(UP) cadre, has held
various positions within the CRPF.
ii.In 2009, he was promoted to the rank of Deputy Inspector General (DIG).
iii.He was further promoted to IG in 2012, and to Additional Director General (ADG) in 2018.
iv.In September 2024, he was appointed as the ‘Special DG of the CRPF’, a position he will hold until his
retirement on August 31, 2028.
Awards & Honors:
i.His distinguished service has earned him several awards and honors, including the President’s Police
Medal (PPM) on January 26, 2021 and the Police Medal (PM) on August 15, 2009.
ii.He was also awarded the ‘Director General’s Commendation Disc’ in Silver on January 26, 2016, and in
Gold on January 26, 2018.
About Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF):
The CRPF, initially established as the ‘Crown Representatives Police’ on July 27, 1939, assumed its current
name when the CRPF Act was passed on December 28, 1949.
• The force has since evolved into a substantial and diverse organization with a Directorate, four
Zonal Headquarters, 21 Administrative Sectors, 2 Operational Sectors, 39 Administrative
Ranges, 17 Operational Ranges, 43 Group Centres & 22 Training Institutions.
Director-General (DG)- Vitul Kumar
Headquarters- New Delhi (Delhi)
Established– 1939

Bhuvnesh Kumar appointed as CEO of UIDAI

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) appointed Bhuvnesh Kumar, additional
Secretary of the MeitY, as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Unique Identification Authority of
India (UIDAI) with effect from January 2, 2025.

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 • He replaced Amit Agrawal who was appointed as the Secretary, Department of
Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (MoC&F) in December 2024.
About Bhuvnesh Kumar:
i.Bhuvnesh Kumar, a 1995-batch Indian Administrative Service
(IAS) officer from the Uttar Pradesh (UP) cadre, began his
administrative service in1993 and has held pivotal positions both
in UP and at the Central Government.
ii.In UP, he served as the Principal Secretary in the Department
of Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries,Ministry
of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
iii.He served as Secretary in charge of Sports and Youth Welfare,
Planning, and Vocational Education,Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports (MYAS).
• He also served as a Joint Secretary, MeitY, overseeing technology initiatives and governance.
iv.He also served as the Secretary of Finance, Ministry of Finance (MoF), Secretary of micro, small, and
medium enterprises (MSME), MoMSME, Secretary of Technical Education and Divisional Commissioner
Department of Land Revenue in the Government of UP.
About Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI):
The UIDAI was initially set up in 2009, as an attached office under the aegis of the Planning Commission
(now NITI Aayog).
• The UIDAI was established as a statutory authority in 2016 by the Government of India (GoI)
under the MeitY, following the provisions of the Aadhaar Act 2016.
• It is mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number (Aadhaar) to all the
residents of India.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Bhuvnesh Kumar
Headquarters- New Delhi (Delhi)

Brijendra Pratap Singh appointed as CMD of NALCO

On January 10 2025, Brijendra Pratap Singh was appointed as the Chairman-cum-Managing
Director (CMD) of National Aluminium Company (NALCO) succeeding Sridhar Patra. He will be presiding
over the corporate office of NALCO located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
• Prior to joining NALCO, he served as the Director-In-Charge for Burnpur and Durgapur Steel
Plant (DSP), West Bengal(WB) and was a member of the Board of Directors (BoD) of Steel
Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
i.In 1989, he began his career in the steel industry at the Iron Ore Mine of Bhilai Steel Plant
(BSP),Chhattisgarh and has since worked in key positions in both frontline operations and leadership at 4
of SAIL’s integrated steel plants: BSP, BSL (Bokaro Steel Limited), DSP and ISP (Indian Iron and Steel
Company (IISCO) Steel Plant).
ii.He has over 35 years of experience in the field of mining and steel sectors.

Anup Kumar Sinha Reappointed As Non-Executive Chairman of Bandhan Bank

In December 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved the re-appointment of Anup Kumar
Sinha as the Non-Executive (Independent) Chairman of the Bandhan Bank Limited. He will hold the office
for the period from January 07, 2025 to July 04, 2026.
i.Anup Kumar Sinha, an economist, was the former Director of Heritage Business School (‘HBS’),West
Bengal (WB) and currently designated as Chief Mentor.

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 • He has also authored publications on various topics including economics, rural economy,
management.
ii.He served 3 terms on the Board of Governors at IIMC and also as the Dean during 2003-06.He has also
served on the Board of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).

TATA AIG General Insurance Company Appointed Amit Ganorkar as MD & CEO
Mumbai(Maharashtra) based TATA AIG General Insurance Company Limited has appointed
‘Amit Ganorkar’ as its Managing Director(MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), effective from 1st January
2025.
• He succeeds Neelesh Garg, who resigned from the company
after leading it for over nine years.
i.He previously held the position of MD at Chennai (Tamil Nadu,TN)
based Royal Sundaram General Insurance Company. He has also held
the role of Chief Operating Officer(COO) at TATA AIG General
Insurance.
ii.With over twenty years of experience in the general insurance
industry, Ganorkar has specialized expertise in key areas such as sales
and distribution, along with product development.
Note: TATA AIG General Insurance Company Limited is a Joint Venture(JV) between the TATA Group and
American International Group (AIG), and it began its operations in India on 22nd January 2001.

Jyoti Sharma Named as CEO of NASSCOM foundation

On January 02 2025, Jyoti Sharma was appointed Chief Executive Officer(CEO) of National Association of
Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) foundation with immediate effect.
• Jyoti Sharma will succeed Nidhi Bhasin, who has been
appointed as the CEO of Digital Green Trust.
i.Sharma comes with over 20 years of experience in driving social
impact, alongside expertise in program development, resource
mobilization, and stakeholder engagement.
ii.She has held leadership positions in organizations such as Organic
Cotton Accelerator, the European Commission, the World Resources
Institute, Magic Bus India Foundation, Action Aid, and Save the
Children.

ACC Appoints Faiz Ahmed Kidwai as DG of DGCA

On January 03 2025, the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) appointed Faiz Ahmed Kidwai, a
1996-batch Indian Administrative Service(IAS) officer of Madhya Pradesh(MP) Cadre, as the Director
General (DG)of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), under Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA),
as part of senior level bureaucratic reshuffle.
• He succeeds Vikram Dev Dutt, a 1993-batch IAS officer,
who was appointed as the Secretary in the Ministry of
Coal (MoC) in October 2024. Since then Dinesh Chand
Sharma, Joint DG of DGCA, has held the additional
charge.
i.He currently serves as the Additional Secretary in the Department
of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and
Farmers Welfare (MoA&FW).

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ii.He has been appointed as the DG of DGCA with the rank and pay of Additional Secretary to the
Government of India (GoI), temporarily setting aside the Recruitment Rules for the position, according to
the order issued by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), Ministry of Personnel, Public
Grievances and Pensions (MoPP&P).
Other Appointments:
Ashutosh Agnihotri as Chairman and MD of FCI:
Ashutosh Agnihotri, a 1999-batch IAS officer from the Assam-Meghalaya cadre, has been appointed as
the chairman and Managing Director (MD) of New Delhi(Delhi) based Food Corporation of India (FCI).
• He currently serves as an Additional Secretary in the Department of Home(DH), Ministry of
Home Affairs (MHA).
Akash Tripathi as Additional Secretary of MoP:
Akash Tripathi, a 1998-batch IAS officer of the MP cadre has been appointed as the Additional Secretary,
Ministry of Power(MoP).
• He currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer(CEO) of MyGov, under the Ministry of
Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY)
Kamal Kishore Soan as Additional Secretary & Mission Director of Jal Jeevan Mission:
Kamal Kishore Soan, a 1998-batch IAS officer of the Jharkhand cadre has been appointed as the
Additional Secretary & Mission Director of Jal Jeevan Mission(JJM) under the Department of Drinking
Water & Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS).
• He currently serves as Additional Secretary in Labour welfare, under the Ministry of Labour &
Employment(MoL&E).
About Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):
The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was launched by Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi on August 15, 2019,
with the ambitious goal of providing tap water supply to every rural household by 2024.
• Under JJM, the fund sharing pattern between Centre and States/ UTs (Central share :State
share) is 100:00 for UTs without legislature, 90:10 for North-Eastern & Himalayan States and
UTs with legislature, and 50:50 for the rest of the States.
Shubha Thakur as Additional Secretary of Inter-State Council Secretariat of MHA:
Shubha Thakur, a 1989-batch Central Secretariat Service(CSS) Officer, has been appointed as the
Additional Secretary at the Inter-State Council Secretariat, MHA.
• He currently serves as the Additional Secretary in the Department of Agriculture(DoA) under
the MoA&FW.
Vinay Kumar as Additional Secretary of MoRTH:
ACC approved the in-situ upgrade of the post held by Vinay Kumar, 1999 batch IAS officer of Bihar
cadre, as the Additional Secretary of the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH).
• He currently serves as the Joint Secretary of MoRTH.
About the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA):
The DGCA is a statutory body of the Government of India (GoI) to regulate civil aviation in India. It became
a statutory body under the Aircraft (Amendment) Act, 2020.
Directorate General(DG) – Faiz Ahmed Kidwai
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Founded – 1946

V Narayanan appointed as 11th Chairman of ISRO

On January 07 2025, the Government of India (GoI) appointed V Narayanan as the 11th chairman of the
Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) and Secretary of the Department of Space(DoS). His tenure

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starts on January 14, 2025, for a period of 2 years by replacing
incumbent Sreedhara Panicker Somanath.
• The appointment was approved by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) and was
notified by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) under the Ministry of Personnel,
Public Grievances and Pensions (MoPP&P).
• Currently V Narayanan serves as the Director of the Liquid Propulsion Systems
Centre (LPSC), Valiamala, Kerala.
• He will also be the Chairman of the Space Commission, playing a key role in India’s development
of the cryogenic engine.
About V Narayanan:
i.V Narayanan completed his graduation in Cryogenic Engineering
in 1989 at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur , West
Bengal (WB) and earned a Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in
Aerospace Engineering in 2001.
• He was a distinguished scientist (APEX Scale) who gained
40 years of experience in rocket and spacecraft
propulsion.
ii.He worked forTube Investments (TI) of India Diamond Chain Limited (Tamil Nadu TN), Madras Rubber
Factory (Chennai, TN), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Trichy (TN) and Ranipet (TN).
iii.In 1984, he started his career at ISRO in the Solid Propulsion area of Sounding Rockets and Augmented
Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
(VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram(Kerala).
iv.In 2018, he served as the Director of LPSC in Thiruvananthapuram, with a unit in Bengaluru
(Karnataka).
v.He served as the Project Director for the C25 Cryogenic Project of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle (GSLV) Mk II and III.
• Under his guidance, the LPSC delivered 183 Liquid Propulsion Systems and Control Power
plants for various ISRO missions.
vi.He chairs the Programme Management Council Space Transportation Systems (PMC-STS), which makes
decisions in all launch vehicle projects.
vii.He also heads the National Level Human Rated Certification Board (HRCB) for ‘Gaganyaan’, India’s
planned human spaceflight mission.
Awards and Honors:
i.He received the ‘ASI Award’ for Rocket and Related Technologies and a Gold Medal from the
Astronautical Society of India (ASI).
ii.He also received the National Aeronautical Prize by the Aeronautical Society of India (AeSI).
ii.He has won several ISRO awards, including the Outstanding Achievement Award, Team Excellence
Award, the High Energy Materials Society of India’s Team Award for his contributions in aerospace.
About Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO):
ISRO is one of the six largest space agencies in the world.
Chairman- Sreedhara Panicker Somanath(Till January 14, 2025)
Headquarters- Bengaluru, Karnataka
Establishment– 1969

MoF Appoints C S Setty, Uday Kotak as Governing Council Members of NIIFTL

In January 2025, the Ministry of Finance (MoF) appointed Challa Sreenivasalu Setty, Chairman of State
Bank of India (SBI) and Uday Kotak, Founder and Director of Kotak Mahindra Bank Limited(KMBL) as the

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governing council member of the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Trustee Limited (NIIFTL),
which provides strategic guidance on a number of matters including investment of the corpus of NIIF.
• C S Setty replaced Dinesh Khara, former Chairman of
SBI, while Uday Kotak replaced T V Mohandas Pai,
Chairman of Bangalore (Karnataka) based Aarin Capital.
• According to the circular issued by the Department of
Economic Affairs (DEA), MoF, the nomination was
approved by Nirmala Sitharaman, the chairperson of
the Governing Council.
About National Investment and Infrastructure
Fund Limited (NIIFL):
i.NIIFL, an Indian Public Sector Company, was established in December 2015 with the goal of boosting
infrastructure financing by investing in new (greenfield), existing (brownfield), and stalled projects.
ii.NIIFTL was established to serve as an advisory council to NIIF, offering strategic guidance on matters
such as the investment of NIIFL’s corpus.
iii.NIIFTL is a six member council chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.
• The other members of the council include Ajay Seth, Secretary of the DEA; M. Nagaraju,
Secretary of the Department of Financial Services (DFS), MoF; and Hemendra Kothari,
Chairman of the Mumbai-based DSP Mutual Fund.

Former shot putter Bahadur Singh Sagoo Appointed as President of AFI

On January 7 2025, former Indian athlete and Asian Games Gold Medalist Bahadur Singh Sagoo was
appointed as the President of the Athletics Federation of India (AFI) for a period of four years, during the
Annual General Assembly Meeting of the AFI in Chandigarh, Punjab.
• He will replace Adille Sumariwalla , who served as the AFI president for three consecutive
terms from 2012.
• Stanely Jones from Telangana was appointed as the new treasurer and former middle-distance
runner Jyotirmoyee Sikdar as the joint secretary of the AFI.
i.He is a one-time Asian Games gold medalist and a two-time national champion in shot put.
ii.He won the gold medal at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea with a throw of 19.03 meters.
He also represented India at the Olympics in 2000 and 2004.
iii.In 2004, his career-best throw of 20.40 meters(m) was recorded at the Koncha-Zaspa Sinitskoha
Memorial in Kyiv, Ukraine.
iv.In 2006, he was honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour for his contributions
to sports.
Note: AFI was established in 1946 in New Delhi, Delhi. It is the national governing body for the sport of
athletics in India and is responsible for organising competitions across India.

Anju Bobby George chaired Athletes Commission: Neeraj Chopra included among 9 athletes
On 8 January 2025, Long-jump great Anju Bobby George was named Chairperson of the Athletics
Federation of India (AFI)’s Athletes Commission. Two-time Olympic medallist and javelin
thrower Neeraj Chopra is one of the members in the Athletes Commission.
• This commission features India’s nine-athletes with six women athletes and three men
athletes.
Key Points:
i.The commission includes six women athletes: Anju Bobby George, a 2003 World Championships bronze
medal winner and also a senior vice president in the AFI; runner Jyotirmoyee Sikdar; discus

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thrower Krishna Poonia; hurdler MD Valsamma;
steeplechaser Sudha Singh; and runner Sunita Rani.
ii.Three men athletes including Neeraj Chopra, 3000m
steeplechaser Avinash Sable and newly-elected AFI
president Bahadur Singh Sagoo, a shot put gold medal winner at
2002 Asian Games.
• Bahadur Singh Sagoo was the chairman of the previous
Athletes Commission.
iii.Outgoing AFI president Adille Sumariwalla, who served as AFI president for three consecutive terms
from 2012, will continue to be a part of the executive council as an ex-officio member as he is a part of the
World Athletics Council.
About Athletes Commission:
i.The Athletes Commission seeks to represent the viewpoints and interests of athletes within the Athletics
Federation of India’s governing bodies.
ii.The eligibility criteria include being a champion at the Asian or Commonwealth Games or at least
participating in an Olympics or World Championships.
iii.The tenure of the Athletes Commission is four years; the current members are committed to the 2025–
2029 cycle.

Austrian Foreign Minister Alexander Schallenberg to serve as the country’s interim leader
Foreign Minister of Austria Alexander Schallenberg (55 years) of the Austrian People’s Party (OVP) will
be serving as the country’s Federal Chancellor till the time the far-right Freedom Party is trying to form a
new coalition government.
• Schallenberg was elected for this position after the existing leader Karl Nehammer announced
his resignation on 4th January 2025.
• He will resume the office as interim Chancellor of Austria on 10th January 2025.
• This marks Schallenberg’s second tenure as interim Federal Chancellor. He served as chancellor
for less than two months in 2021 after the resignation of then Chancellor Sebastian Kurz.
• Alexander Schallenberg has worked on the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the
government of Chancellor Karl Nehammer since 2021, and has served on the same position
from 2019 to 2021.

Justin Trudeau Steps down as PM of Canada

In January 2025, Canadian Prime Minister (PM) Justin Trudeau announced his resignation to step down
as Canada’s PM and as leader of the Liberal Party after facing a stiff internal revolt. He leaves the office
once a new ruling party leader is elected.
• Canada’s parliament will be suspended until 24 March
2025 when a new leader is chosen.
Key Points:
i.Justin Trudeau, is the leader of the Liberal Party for 11 years
and served as PM for 9 years.
ii.In 2007, he won the Liberal Party nomination for the Montréal
riding of Papineau. He was elected in 2008 and re-elected in
2011, 2015, 2019 and 2021.
• He was elected Leader of the Liberal Party in April
2013.

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iii.In 2015, he won a landslide victory in the federal election and became the second-youngest PM in
Canadian history.
• He was sworn in as 23rd PM on November 4, 2015 and he successfully led the party to re-
election in 2019, and again in 2021, securing a third term.
iii.He advocated for progressive issues like combating climate change and addressing historical crimes
against Indigenous peoples, but the final years of his presidency have been marked by mounting economic
unrest.
About Canada:
Capital – Ottawa
Currency – Canadian Dollar

Devajit Saikia Elected as Secretary of BCCI

On 12 January 2025, Devajit Saikia, an advocate and a former wicket-keeper batsman from Assam, was
announced as the new Secretary of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), succeeding Jay Shah
who took over the role of ICC Chairman in December 2024.
• Prabhtej Singh Bhatia, cricket administrator from
Chhattisgarh, was also elected as the Treasurer of BCCI,
succeeding Ashish Shelar who was elected as a Member
of the Legislative Assembly(MLA) in Maharashtra.
• Devajit Saikia and Prabhtej Singh Bhatia were appointed
without opposition, and neither office required an
election, during the BCCI Special General Meeting (SGM)
held in Mumbai(Maharashtra).
About Devajit Saikia:
i.Devajit Saikia, a former first-class cricketer, represented Assam during the 1990-91 season. He played
four Ranji Trophy matches, scoring 53 runs.
• After retiring from cricket, he became a practising advocate at the Guwahati High Court(HC).
ii.He has significant experience in cricket administration, having served as the Joint Secretary of BCCI and
the Secretary of the Assam Cricket Association (ACA).
iii.He also served as the Vice-President of the ACA from 2016 to 2019, and as Secretary from 2019-2022.
iv.Currently, he has been serving as the acting interim secretary of the BCCI.
About Prabhtej Singh Bhatia:
i.Prabhtej Singh Bhatia is a young entrepreneur from Chhattisgarh in the liquor industry, is the co-founder
and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Simba Beer.
ii.He has served as Apex Council member in BCCI’s 2019-2022 tenure. He also served as a councillor for
three years.
iii.Bhatia brings his expertise in finance and management to the role of BCCI Treasurer.
About Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI):
President – Roger Binny
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established – 1928

Zoran Milanović re-elected as President of Croatia for 2nd consecutive term

On January 13 2025, Zoran Milanović, political leader of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), was re-
elected as the 5th President of Croatia for the 2nd consecutive term.
• He won the presidential election by securing 74% of the votes, defeating Dragan Primorac, a
candidate from the ruling party Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ).

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About Zoran Milanović:
i.Zoran Milanović is a Croatian politician and Lawyer who had a
prominent role in the political landscape of Croatia.
ii.He began his political career in the early 2000s when he was
Science and Education Minister in the HDZ-led government.
iii.He became the leader of the SDP in 2007, During his time as
party leader, he led the SDP into the 2011 parliamentary
elections, in which the party won a majority, and he became the
Prime Minister(PM).
• He served as the PM of Croatia from December 2011 to January 2016.
iv.He served as the President of Croatia for the 1st time in January 2020 by defeating former
president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović.
v.He received numerous awards and honors, including ‘the Grand Cross of the Order of the White
Lion’ (highest award in the Czech Republic) and ‘the Order of Prince Branimir’ for his contributions to
Croatian diplomacy and governance.
About Croatia:
Prime Minister (PM)– Andrej Plenković
Capital– Zagreb
Currency– Croatian Euro (EUR)

PV Sindhu appoints PUMA India as brand ambassador

On January 13 2025, Global sportswear brand PUMA India has officially partnered with two-time Olympic
medalist Pusarla Venkata (PV) Sindhu in a multi-year collaboration as brand ambassador. The
collaboration is aimed at utilizing the sport’s popularity in India.
• This marks official entry of PUMA India into the badminton sector with PV Sindhu being
the first badminton player to promote the German sportswear giant.
i.She is now a part of PUMA’s exclusive list of athletes and icons, including cricketers Harmanpreet Kaur
and Mohammed Shami, Olympian Sarabjot Singh, Paralympian Avani Lekhara, and international legends
like Usain Bolt and Neymar Junior.
ii.PV Sindhu is the first Indian to win five badminton world championship medals and is victorious across
the Olympics, Commonwealth Games and Asian Games.
• She has been awarded with the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna(2016), the Padma Shri(2015),
the Padma Bhushan(2020), and the Arjuna Award(2013) for her contributions in the field of
sport.

ACC Approves Ashok Chandra as PNB MD & CEO, Binod Kumar as Indian Bank MD & CEO
The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved the appointment of Ashok Chandra as
the Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Punjab National Bank (PNB) and Binod
Kumar as the MD and CEO of Indian Bank (IB).
Both appointments are for a tenure of three years, effective from
the date they assume charge, or until further orders. Binod
Kumar tenure may be extended by an additional two years after
a performance review.
• Ashok Chandra succeeds Atul Kumar Goel, who
retired on December 31, 2024.Binod Kumar takes
over from Shanti Lal Jain, who also retired on

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 December 31, 2024.
Note: The appointments were recommended by the Financial Services Institutions Bureau (FSIB), a part
of the Department of Financial Services. The FSIB is chaired by Bhanu Pratap Sharma.
About Ashok Chandra:
i.Holds a postgraduate degree in Economics and began his banking career in 1991 with Corporation Bank
as a Probationary Officer (PO).
ii.He is a Certified Associate of the Indian Institute of Bankers (CAIIB).He also served as director in the
Board of The Union Trustee Company Private Limited and as a Director in The National Asset
Reconstruction Company Limited (NARCL).
iii.He served as Executive Director (ED) at Canara Bank Limited before being appointed as MD and CEO
of PNB.
About Binod Kumar:
i.Holds a Postgraduate (PG) Diploma in Banking & Finance from the National Institute of Bank
Management (NIBM) and is certified as a Financial Risk Manager (FRM) by the Global Association of Risk
Professionals (GARP), United States of America (USA).
ii.He is also a Certified Associate Member of the Indian Institute of Bankers (CAIIB).
iii.Before his appointment as MD and CEO of Indian Bank, he served as the ED at PNB.
About Punjab National Bank (PNB):
Established- 1894
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Tagline– The Name You Can Bank Upon
About Indian Bank (IB):
Established- 1907
Headquarters- Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Tagline– Your own bank

RBI Assigns Deputy Governor M Rajeshwar Rao to head monetary policy

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has redesigned portfolios of its deputy governors as the 5-year term with
two one-year extended tenure of Dr. Michael Debabrata Patra ended on 14th January 2025.
• The central bank has reshuffled its 33 departments among the three deputy governors -
Rajeshwar Rao, T Rabi Sankar and Swaminathan Janakiraman.
i.The key Monetary Policy department under Michael Debabrata Patra was given to Deputy
Governor M Rajeshwar Rao.
• M Rajeshwar Rao will handle 11 portfolios – Co-ordination, Department of Communication,
Department of Economic and Policy Research, Department of Regulation, Department of
Statistics and Information Management, Enforcement Department, International Department,
Legal Department, Monetary Policy Department, Risk Monitoring Department and Secretary’s
Department.
ii.Rabi Sankar will look after 13 departments, including Currency Management, Information Technology,
Financial Markets Operations and Financial Markets Regulation.
iii.Swaminathan Janakiraman will look after 9 departments, including Supervision and Deposit
Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).
iv.Dr. Michael Debabrata Patra was first appointed as the RBI deputy governor in 2020 for three years. In
2023, his term was extended by one year and by another year in 2024.
• He was a member of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) since it was established in 2016.
Note: The RBI has four deputy governors, an economist to oversee the monetary policy department, one
commercial banker, and two from within the ranks.

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Nawaf Abdallah Salim Salam appointed as 53rd PM of Lebanon
In January 2025, Nawaf Abdallah Salim Salam was appointed as the 53rd Prime Minister (PM) of
Lebanon. He was selected by the parliament by securing 78 votes out of 128 Members of the Parliament
(MPs) and will replace incumbent PM Najib Azmi Mikati.
• Currently, he is serving as the President at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), The Hague,
Netherlands.
About Nawaf Abdallah Salim Salam:
i.Nawaf Abdallah Salim Salam is a Lebanese politician, diplomat,
jurist, and academic who had a distinguished career in
international law and diplomacy.
ii.He began his legal career in 1984 as an appellate lawyer. He
served as an advisor and representative for numerous local and
international organizations between 1984 to 1989 and 1992 to
2007
iii.He is known for voting to condemn Israel 210 times when he was Lebanon’s ambassador to the UN. He
also voted against United Nations(UN) resolutions condemning crimes committed by Iran, Lebanon, Cuba
and Syria.
iv.He held positions as Lebanon’s Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the United Nations
(UNs) in New York, the United States of America (USA) from 2007 to 2017.
v.He served as a judge at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) from 2009 to 2018.
• He also served as the President of the UN Security Council(UNSC) and Vice President (VP) of the
67th UN General Assembly(UNGA).
vi.In February 2024, he was elected as the 27th President of the ICJ, becoming the 2nd Arab and 1st
Lebanese to hold the esteemed position.
About Lebanon:
President– Joseph Khalil Aoun
Capital– Beirut
Currency– Lebanese Pound (LBP)

DoT Extends Robert Jerard Ravi’s Tenure as CMD of BSNL and MTNL until April 2025
In January 2025, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications (MoC) has
extended the additional charge of Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of BSNL (Bharat Sanchar
Nigam Limited) and MTNL (Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited) assigned to Robert Jerard Ravi for
another three months with effect from January 15, 2025, till April 14, 2025, or until further orders,
whichever is earlier, subject to approval by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC).
i.Ravi is currently serving as Deputy Director General (Standards Research and Innovation) and was
assigned additional charge of telecom public sector undertakings as their CMD on July 13, 2024.
ii.He has played a vital role in finalizing the tender for the third phase of the BharatNet project and
boosting BSNL’s 4G network rollout during his tenure as CMD.
• BharatNet Phase 3 aims to provide broadband connectivity to 6.4 lakh villages and all 2.64 lakh
Gram panchayats across India.

Gyanendra Pratap Singh Appointed as DG of CRPF

In January 2025, Gyanendra Pratap Singh was appointed Director General (DG) of the Central Reserve
Police Force (CRPF),India’s largest paramilitary force, with the approval of the Appointments Committee
of the Cabinet (ACC). He will serve as the CRPF chief until further orders or until his superannuation on
November 30, 2027.

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 • He will take charge from Special DG of the CRPF Vitul Kumar who has been holding officiating
charge of the force after the retirement of Anish Dayal Singh on December 31, 2024.
• Prior to this, he served as the DG of Police (DGP) of Assam.
About Gyanendra Pratap Singh:
i.Gyanendra Pratap Singh is a 1991-batch Indian Police Service (IPS) officer from the Assam-Meghalaya
cadre.
ii.He also worked with the Special Protection Group (SPG), which provides security to the Prime Minister.
iii.He has worked with the National Investigation Agency (NIA) for six years, and in several parts of the
northeast for over 18 years.
iv.He also served as Director of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption
Bureau (ACB) of Assam and led the Rhino Protection Task Force
constituted by the state government in 2021.
Mahesh Kumar Aggarwal named ADG of BSF
Senior IPS officer Mahesh Kumar Aggarwal has also been named
as the Additional Director General (ADG) of the Border Security
Force (BSF).
• He will hold the position for four years from the date
he assumes charge or until further orders, whichever is earlier.
• Shamsher Singh, the current DG of the Gujarat Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB), has been
appointed as the ADG of the BSF for a tenure upto the 31st of March 2026.
About Mahesh Kumar Aggarwal:
i.Mahesh Kumar Aggarwal is a 1994-batch IPS officer from the Tamil Nadu (TN) cadre, currently serving as
the Special DGP, Armed Police in TN.
ii.He headed the Operations, Enforcement Bureau and Armed Police units while serving as Commissioner
of Police, Chennai, TN
iii.He is the recipient of the President Police Medal for Distinguished Service and Police Medal for
Meritorious Service.
About Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF):
Director General (DG) – Gyanendra Pratap Singh
Headquarters – New Delhi(Delhi)
Established – 1939

Nidhi Khare Assumes Additional Charge as Secretary of MNRE

In January 2025, Nidhi Khare, Secretary of the Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA), Ministry of
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (MoCAF&PD), was given the additional charge as
the Secretary of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
• The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved her assignment with
immediate effect. She will hold the position until a regular incumbent is appointed or until
further orders.
• She replaced Prashant Kumar Singh who was appointed as the Chief Secretary(CS) of Manipur.
i.Nidhi Khare,a 1992-batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from the Jharkhand cadre, brings
over 3 decades of administrative experience.She held several prominent positions throughout her career.
ii.From 2015 to 2018, she served as the Special/Additional Secretary, DCA, MoCAF&PD.
iii.In Jharkhand, she served as the Secretary, Commercial Taxes from 2015 to 2016, and as the Principal
Secretary, Personnel, Administrative Reforms and Rajbhasha from 2016 to 2018.

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Donald Trump Sworn in as 47th President of the USA, JD Vance Takes Office as Vice President
On January 20, 2025, Donald John Trump took the oath of office as the 47th President of the United
States of America ( USA) at Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C., USA. This marked the beginning of his second
term in office. He succeeded Joe Biden after securing victory in
the November 2024 election.
• James David (JD) Vance sworn in as the 50th Vice
President of the United States, succeeding Kamala
Harris.
About Donald Trump:
Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, in New York City,
USA. In 2016, Trump won the presidential election in the United
States and went on to serve as the 45th President from 2017 to
2021.
Policy Agenda for Second Term:
i.Key actions during President Trump’s second term include issuing nearly 1,600 pardons for those
involved in the 2021 USA Capitol riots, withdrawing the USA from the Paris Climate Agreement and the
World Health Organization (WHO), and ending birthright citizenship for children of undocumented
immigrants and temporary visa holders.
ii.Additionally, he proposed a 100% tariff on goods from BRICS ( Brazil, Russia, India, China, South
Africa) countries, which could significantly impact India, and a 25% tariff on imports from Canada and
Mexico starting February 1.
iii.He also declared a national emergency at the southern border with Mexico and reversed 78 executive
orders issued by former President Joe Biden.
iv.He imposed travel bans on certain countries and repealed several executive orders that supported
diversity initiatives and aimed to promote equality for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and
Queer (LGBTQ) community.
v.On behalf of Government of India External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar attended Donald Trump’s grand
inauguration ceremony.

Alok Kumar Agarwal Appointed MD and CEO of Zurich Kotak General Insurance
Alok Kumar Agarwal was appointed as the Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of
Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Zurich Kotak General Insurance. He took charge of this post from January
01, 2025, succeeding Suresh Agarwal.
• His appointment came following Zurich completed the strategic majority stake acquisition of
Mumbai based Kotak Mahindra General Insurance Company Limited (KGI) in June 2024.
i.Alok Agarwal has an extensive experience of more than 20 years in the insurance industry.
ii.Earlier, he served at various senior positions at ICICI Lombard General Insurance, managing diverse
segments like: corporate, government, rural, crop and retail businesses.

Amrit Mohan Prasad to Hold Additional Charge as BCAS DG

On 22 January 2025, Amrit Mohan Prasad, the Director General (DG) of Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), was
given the additional charge of DG of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) for six months.
The appointment was approved by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) with effect
from 1 November 2024, or till the joining of the regular incumbent or until further orders,
whichever is the earlier.
He succeeded Zulfiqar Hasan, who retired on 31 October 2024.

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Key Points:
i.Amrit Mohan Prasad is a 1989-batch Indian Police Service (IPS)
officer of the Odisha cadre.
ii.He had held the position of Jail DG and served as the Special DG in
the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF).
About the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS):
i.BCAS is the regulating body for civil aviation security in India. It
was reorganized as an independent department within the Ministry
of Civil Aviation (MoCA) on 1 April 1987.
ii.It is the proper authority for implementing Annexure-17 to the Chicago Convention of the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and it is led by an officer of the rank of Director General of Police (DGP)
and is designated as DG.
iii.DG of BCAS is in charge of developing, implementing, and maintaining the National Civil Aviation
Security Programme (NCASP).
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 1978

Micheal Martin elected as PM of Ireland

On 23 January 2025, Micheal Martin, leader of the Fianna Fail party, was elected as the Prime Minister
(PM) of Ireland for a second term. He received 95 votes out of 171 votes in the parliament. He will serve
as the PM of Ireland until November 2027. He succeeds Simon Harris.
He previously served as PM of Ireland from 2020 to 2022.
Key Points:
i.Micheal Martin will lead a coalition government that comprises
Fianna Fail party, their historic rival Fine Gael Party, and
independent parliamentarians.
ii.This marks the second consecutive coalition between Fianna
Fail and Fine Gael, replacing the Green Party in government.
iii.Simon Harris of Fine Gael will become the PM of Ireland in
2027, he is expected to become Foreign Minister after
succeeding Micheal Martin as Deputy PM under the coalition agreement.
About Micheal Martin:
i.Micheal Martin was a history teacher before entering into politics.
ii.He was first elected in 1989 to the constituency of Cork South Central, Ireland.
iii.He was a senior member of the Fianna Fail government that signed up for the European Union
(EU)/International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailout in 2010.
Despite the significant losses Fianna Fail suffered in the 2011 elections following the EU/IMF
bailout, Martin led the party’s recovery, guiding Fianna Fail back into power nine years later.
iv.He has held several ministerial positions, including health, trade and education.
About Ireland:
President – Michael Daniel Higgins
Capital – Dublin
Currency – Euro(EUR)

Janet E. Petro, 1st Woman appointed as 15th Acting Administrator of NASA

On January 20 2025, Janet E. Petro was appointed as the 15th Acting Administrator of National
Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) by the President of the United States of America (USA) Donald

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John Trump. She became the 1st woman to lead NASA since its founding in 1958 and replaced the 14th
NASA administrator, Bill Nelson.
Currently, she also serves as the 11th Director of NASA’s
John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC, originally known as
the NASA Launch Operations Center) in Florida, USA,
and was the 1st woman to hold this position.
About Janet E. Petro:
i.Janet E. Petro is an American Engineer and civil servant known
for her impactful career in space exploration and aviation.
ii.In 2000, she joined NASA and served as the Deputy Director at
the John F. Kennedy Space Center, USA, a position she held until 2019.
iii.In 2018, she was selected by the Florida Governor to be inducted into the ‘Florida Women’s Hall of
Fame’.
iv.She also served a 12-month appointment as the Deputy Associate Administrator and Acting Director of
NASA for the Office of Evaluation.
v.On June 30, 2021, she was appointed as the 11th Director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, USA by
the 14th NASA administrator, Bill Nelson
About National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA):
Headquarters– Washington, District of Columbia (DC), USA
Established– 29 July 1958

IDBI Bank Re-appoints Rakesh Sharma as MD & CEO for 3 years

In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based IDBI Bank Limited has reppointed Rakesh Sharma as
Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the bank for three years with effect from
March 19 2025.
The decision, approved by the Board of Directors after receiving approval from the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI).
i.In 1980, he started his career at the State Bank of India (SBI) as Chief General Manager (CGM). Later, he
moved to Lakshmi Vilas Bank Limited, where he served as MD & CEO from March 2014 to September
2015.
ii.He joined Canara Bank as MD & CEO in September 2015 and led the organization for three years before
retiring in July 2018.
iii.In October 2018, he became the MD & CEO of IDBI Bank, a role he held until his reappointment.
iv.He currently serves as the President of the Governing Body at the Entrepreneurship Development
Institute of India (EDII) and is a member of the Managing Committee of the Indian Banks’ Association
(IBA).
Note: The reappointment comes as IDBI Bank’s promoters — Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC),
holding 49.24%, and the Government of India (GoI), with 45.48% — work to reduce their stakes.

ICC Chairman Jay Shah Elected as New Member of Marylebone Cricket Club
In January 2025, Jay Shah, chairman of International Cricket Council (ICC) was elected as the board
member of the London (the United Kingdom, UK)-based Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) advisory board.
Jay Shah is among the 13 founding members of the newly formed advisory board of World Cricket
Connects (WCC), which will be chaired by former Sri Lanka skipper and MCC
president Kumar Sangakkara.
i.The new advisory board replaced the World Cricket Committee (WCC), which was constituted in 2006.
ii.Other founding members of new advisory board:

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 Anurag Dahiya, Chief Commercial Officer (CCO) of ICC;
Chris Dehring Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Cricket West Indies (CWI);
Sourav Ganguly, former Captain of Indian Men’s Cricket Team and former President of Board of
Control for Cricket in India (BCCI);
Graeme Smith, former South Africa Captain;
Andrew Strauss, former England Captain and Director of England Cricket Board (ECB);
Sanjog Gupta, CEO of JioStar-Sports;
Heath Mills, Executive chair at World Cricketers’ Association;
Trudy Lindblade, CEO of Cricket Scotland;
Heather Knight, Women’s Captain of England;
Mel Jones, Former Australia International and current broadcaster
Imtiaz Patel, former chair of SuperSport
Note: MCC announced that the 2nd WCC forum will be held from June 7 to June 8, 2025, ahead of the
World Test Championship (WTC) final at Lord’s Cricket Ground in London, the UK.

KRBL Appoints Amitabh Bachchan as Ambassador for Indian Rice Brand ‘India Gate’
In January 2025, Noida(Uttar Pradesh, UP) based KRBL Limited, an Indian rice processing and exporting
company, has appointed Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan as the brand ambassador for
its flagship ‘India Gate’ brand.
This decision aimed to strengthen the brand’s connection with consumers and enhance its global
presence in the basmati rice market.
Amitabh Bachchan is the brand ambassador for several well-known products in India, including
upGrad, FirstCry, Maggi, Kalyan Jewellers, Cadbury Dairy Milk, Parker Pens, Gujarat Tourism, ICICI
Prudential Life, and Maaza.
i.KRBL Limited(formerly known as Khushi Ram Behari Lal Ltd.,) was founded in 1889 in Lyallpur,Punjab
by two brothers namely Khushi Ram and Behari Lal.
ii.It is recognized as one of the world’s largest rice millers. It is best known for its India Gate brand of
basmati rice, which is the largest selling rice brand in India.
iii.Anil Kumar Mittal is the Chairman and Managing Director(MD) of KRBL Limited.

Alexander Lukashenko Wins 7th Consecutive Term as President of Belarus

In January 2025, Alexander Lukashenko was re-elected as president of Belarus for the 7th consecutive
five-year term. He received 86.8% of the vote in the presidential election.
The Republic of Belarus was formed in 1991 shortly after declaring itself independent of the Soviet
Union. In 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected as the first president of Belarus. As of January
2025, he is the only person to have served as President of Belarus.
Belarus, officially called the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked(without coastal line) country in
Eastern Europe. It shares borders with Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia.
The capital of Belarus is Minsk and its currency is the Belarusian Ruble(BYN). Roman
Alexandrovich Golovchenko is the Prime Minister(PM) of Belarus.
Belarusian Parliament :-
The Belarusian Parliament is also known as the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus with the total
capacity of 174 member,it consists of two chambers:
The Council of the Republic – the upper house consists of 110 members.
The House of Representatives – the lower house consists of 64 members.

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 ACQUISITION & MERGERS
RBL Bank Sells Entire Stake in DAM Capital Advisors
Mumbai (Maharashtra) based RBL Bank Limited has sold its entire 8.16% stake in DAM Capital
Advisors Limited, also based in Mumbai. As a result of this transaction, RBL Bank Limited no longer holds
any shares in DAM Capital Advisors Limited.
i.The sale, involving 57.71 Lakh equity shares with a face value (FV) of Rs. 2 each, was conducted through
an offer for sale (OFS) following DAM Capital’s initial public offering (IPO), which took place from
December 19 to 23, 2024.
ii.The shares were sold at Rs. 283 each, with the total transaction value amounting to Rs. 163.32
crore.Before the IPO, the bank had already sold 10.60 lakh shares, or 1.5%, of DAM Capital Advisors
Limited through a secondary market transaction.
• DAM Capital Advisors Limited(DAM Capital),an investment bank in India ,established in 1993,
made its stock market debut on December 27, 2024.
• RBL Bank, formerly known as Ratnakar Bank Limited, is an Indian private sector bank founded
in 1943 and R Subramaniakumar is Managing Director(MD)& CEO of the Bank since June 23,
2022.

CCI Approvals on December 31st 2024

On December 31 2024, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has approved the following proposals:
i.The certain stake acquisition of Hyderabad (Telangana)-based Fourth Partner Energy
Limited (FPEL), India’s leading renewable energy company focusing on building and financing renewable
energy projects jointly by Washington, D.C. (the United States of America, USA)-based International
Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group (WBG), Manila (the Philippines)-based
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and German government’s DEG (Deutsche Investitions und
Entwicklungsgellschaft mbH).
ii.Virginia (the USA)-based Mars, Incorporated (Mars) to acquire all outstanding equity shares of Chicago
(the USA)-based Kellanova (formerly Kellogg Company), a Delaware corporation listed on the New York
Stock Exchange(NYSE) for USD 36 billion.
iii.Acquisition of 72.89% voting share capital in Indore (Madhya Pradesh, MP)-based Prataap Snacks
Limited by Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Authum Investment & Infrastructure Limited(Authum), a Non-
Banking Finance Company (NBFC) registered with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Ms.
Mahi Madhusudhan Kela.
CCI Approved Stake Acquisition Jointly by IFC, ADB and DEC in Fourth Partner Energy Limited
The CCI has approved the Washington, D.C. (the USA)-based International Finance Corporation (IFC), a
member of the World Bank Group (WBG), Manila (the Philippines)-based Asian Development
Bank (ADB) and German government’s DEG which provides financing, advise, and support to private
sector enterprises operating in developing and emerging-market nations, proposal to jointly buy stake in
Hyderabad (Telangana)-based Fourth Partner Energy Limited (FPEL), India’s leading renewable energy
company focusing on building and financing renewable energy projects.
• As per the proposed arrangement, IFC, an international organisation, constituted in 1956, which
aimed to further boost the economic growth in its developing member nations by promoting
private sector development; DEG and ADB will collectively invest USD 275
million (approximately Rs 2,296.25 crore) in FEPL.
• The consortium’s investment will infuse capital to fund FPEL’s business expansion plans which
include a target portfolio of 3.5 GW of renewable energy assets by 2026.

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 • Under this arrangement, each entity will acquire a certain percentage of FPEL’s (Target) share
capital through primary subscription and secondary purchase.
CCI Approved the Proposal of Mars, Incorporated to Acquire All Outstanding Equity Shares
of Kellanova
The CCI has approved the proposal of Virginia (the USA)-based Mars, Incorporated (Mars) to acquire all
outstanding equity shares of Chicago (the USA)-based Kellanova (formerly Kellogg Company), a Delaware
corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) for USD 36 billion.
• As per the proposed arrangement, merger sub, a directly 100%-wholly owned subsidiary of
Acquirer 10VB8 LLC (Acquirer), will merge with and into Kellanova.
• On completion of the acquisition, Kellanova will become an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of
Mars.
Note: Mars operates its business mainly in three segments: snacking, food and nutrition, and petcare.
CCI Approved Prataap Snacks Buyout by Mahi Madhusudan Kela, Authum Investment
The CCI has approved the proposed acquisition of 72.89% voting share capital in Indore (Madhya
Pradesh, MP)-based Prataap Snacks Limited by Authum Investment & Infrastructure
Limited (Authum), a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) registered with the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) and Ms. Mahi Madhusudhan Kela.
• As per the proposed arrangement, Authum, which provides services like: investment in listed
and unlisted companies; investment in real estate; among others and Ms.
Mahi Madhusudhan Kela will be Acquirer No.1 and Acquirer No.2, respectively.
• Prataap Snacks Limited, a listed company incorporated in 2009, which is engaged in the
business of snacks food and its products are featured under the popular ‘Yellow Diamond’ and
Avadh brands will be the Target company.
Key Points about Acquisition:
The proposed transaction is divided into two parts:
i.Acquisition by Acquirer No.1 of equity shares accounting 42.33% of the voting share capital of the Target
by a share purchase agreement with sellers like: Peak XV Partners Growth Investment Holdings I, Peak V
Partners Growth Investments II and Sequoia Capital GFIV Mauritius Investments.
• While, Acquirer No.2 will buy equity shares accounting for 4.54% of the Voting Share Capital of
the Target from the above mentioned – sellers. It will result in combined acquisition of equity
shares accounting 46.87% of the Voting Share Capital in the Target Company.
ii.Both Acquirers had publicly announced an Open offer to purchase up to 62.98 lakh fully paid-up equity
shares, each with face value of Rs 5, from the company’s public shareholders. This accounts for 26.01% of
the voting share capital of the target company.
iii.Following the completion of acquisition, the Acquirer No.1 will become the promoter of the Target and
Acquirer No.2 will become a member of the promoter group of the Target.
About Competition Commission of India(CCI):
It is a statutory body constituted under Competition Act, 2002.
Chairman- Ravneet Kaur
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 2003

SBI Life acquires 10% stake in Bima Sugam India Federation

In December 2024, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based SBI Life Insurance Company Limited (SBI Life) has acquired
a 10% stake in Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Bima Sugam India Federation.
• The investment, totalling Rs. 6.6 crore was made through the purchase of 66 lakh equity shares
with a face value of Rs 10 each.

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i.The board of directors of SBI Life Insurance has approved an aggregate investment in Bima Sugam, not
exceeding 10% of its paid-up equity share capital.
ii.Bima Sugam India Federation is an unlisted company founded on June 18, 2024, and is supported by the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).
Note: In November 2024, ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company had approved an investment of Rs 5
crore in Bima Sugam.

RBI Approves Merger of National Co-operative Bank with Cosmos Co-operative Bank
On January 03 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved the merger of National Co-operative Bank
Limited, Bengaluru (Karnataka) with Cosmos Co-operative Bank Limited, Pune (Maharashtra), effective
from January 6, 2025.
• The RBI sanctioned the Scheme of Amalgamation of the banks in exercise of the powers
conferred under Sub-Section(4) of Section 44A with Section 56 of the Banking Regulation Act,
1949.
Key Points:
i.With this merger, all branches of the National Co-operative Bank, which include 12 in Bengaluru
(Karnataka) and 1 in Mysore (Karnataka), will now operate as branches of Cosmos Co-operative Bank.
• In the Financial Year 2023-24(FY24), the Cosmos Bank had already merged with two Mumbai
(Maharashtra) based banks, Maratha Sahakari Bank Limited (7
branches) & Sahebrao Deshmukh Sahakari Bank Limited (11 branches).
ii.In July 2023, RBI imposed certain restrictions on the National Co-operative Bank, limiting deposit
withdrawals to Rs 50,000 per account & these restrictions were extended until January 24, 2025.
RBI Grants Approval to HDFC Bank for 9.5% stake Acquisition in AU Small Finance Bank
The RBI granted approval to Housing Development Finance Corporation(HDFC) Bank Limited to acquire
up to a 9.5% stake in AU Small Finance Bank Limited, Kotak Mahindra Bank Limited(KMBL), and Capital
Small Finance Bank Limited.
• The approval is valid until 1-year period, expiring on January 2, 2026.
i.This approval extends to HDFC Bank’s group companies, including HDFC Mutual Fund (MF), HDFC Life
Insurance, HDFC ERGO General Insurance, HDFC Securities and HDFC Pension Management.
ii.HDFC Bank is allowed to purchase up to 9.5 % of the paid-up share capital or voting rights in AU Small
Finance Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, and Capital Small Finance Bank to ensure its group entities’
aggregate holdings do not exceed the limit set by the RBI.
iii.The RBI Directions 2023 specify that “aggregate holding” includes shares owned by the bank, its
affiliates, trustees, Mutual Funds(MFs), and promoter group entities.
About AU Small Finance Bank:
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Sanjay Agarwal
Headquarters- Jaipur, Rajasthan
Established-1996
Tagline- Chalo Aage Badhe
About Cosmos Co-operative Bank Limited:
Managing Director (MD)– Apekshita Thipsay
Headquarters- Pune, Maharashtra
Established-1906
Tagline- Say I’M banking and mean it!

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CCI Grants Automatic Approval to Avenue-Mavco Acquisition of MHM Holding GmbH
On January 04 2025, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) granted automatic approval to the
Murugappa family affiliate Mavco Investments and Avenue Capital Group to acquire 100% ownership of
Germany based ‘MHM Holding Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung (GmbH)’ under its Green Channel
route.
i.Mavco Investments Private Limited (Mavco), a private investment firm linked to members of the
Murugappa family, is working with Avenue India Emergence Private Limited, an arm of New York-based
Avenue Capital Group.
ii.Avenue India Emergence Private Limited (Avenue), part of the Avenue Capital Group, specializes in
specialty lending and investments, with operations in markets across the United States (US), Europe, and
Asia.
iii.MHM Holding GmbH, is the parent company of Hubergroup, a global leader in printing inks and
chemicals with significant presence in India and Europe.

CCI approvals on January 7th 2025

On January 7 2025, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has approved the following proposals:
i.Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tata Sons, to acquire a majority
stake in Apple’s contract manufacturer Pegatron Technology India Private Limited(Pegatron India), a
subsidiary of Taiwan based Pegatron Corporation Limited.
ii.Malaysia based Gentari Renewables India Management Private Limited to acquire 21 Special Purpose
Vehicles (SPVs) owning renewable power generation plants, along with the holding companies of certain
SPVs.
iii.The United States of America (USA)-based global investment firm CA Carob Investments to acquire up
to 68.9% stake in Roop Automotives Limited (RAL), a key player in India’s automotive components
industry.
CCI approves TEPL to acquire majority stake in Pegatron India
i.The CCI has approved TEPL proposal to acquire a majority stake in Pegatron India.
• This acquisition is a significant step for TEPL which specializes in Electronics Manufacturing
Services (EMS), particularly for smartphones.
• The transaction was structured in 2 phases, including the transfer of TEL Components Private
Limited’s business to Pegatron India.
ii.TEPL, through Tata Electronics Systems Solutions (TESS) (formerly known as Wistron Infocomm
Manufacturing (India) Private Limited), was also engaged in the provision of EMS for smartphones.
Points to Note:
i.TEPL had earlier acquired the iPhone unit of Taiwanese firm ‘Wistron’ in Bengaluru (Karnataka) for USD
125 million in November 2023.
• It is also building another plant in Hosur in Tamil Nadu.
ii.Pegatron India provides EMS to Apple Inc., with exports to North America (NA), Asia and Europe.
CCI approves Gentari Renewables India’s acquisition of 21 SPVs:
i.The CCI has given its approval for Gentari Renewables India Management Private Limited to
acquire 21 Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) that own Renewable Energy(RE) plants.
• These SPVs are engaged in generating and selling power through wind turbines and solar power
plants.
• Along with these SPVs, the holding companies of certain SPVs will also be acquired by Gentari
Renewables India.
ii.Gentari (the acquirer) is an indirect subsidiary of Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Petronas), a Malaysian
multinational oil and gas company, which is focused on delivering clean energy solutions.

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 • The company’s core pillars include renewable energy, hydrogen, and green mobility.
iii.This strategic acquisition strengthens Gentari’s RE portfolio, contributing to India’s sustainable energy
goals and boosting investments in clean energy infrastructure.
CCI approves the acquisition of 68.9% stake in Roop Automotives by CA Carob Investments
i.The CCI has approved CA Carob Investments’ proposal to acquire up to 68.9% stake in
Roop Automotives Limited (RAL).
• This acquisition involves interconnected steps, including a securities swap between Highway
Industries Limited (HIL) shareholders and RAL, ultimately leading to the acquisition by CA
Carob Investments.
ii.The acquisition boosts RAL’s growth, enhancing its operational scale and India’s goal
of Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliance), contributing to the development of the auto-components sector.
iii.CA Carob Investments (Investor) is a SPV based in Mauritius, controlled by affiliates of the global
investment firm Carlyle Group Inc.(Carlyle).
iv.RAL and HIL manufactures and sells auto-components, with a strong presence in both domestic and
international markets.
About Competition Commission of India (CCI):
It is a statutory body constituted under Competition Act, 2002.
Chairperson- Ravneet Kaur
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 2003

GoI Approved Suzuki Motor Corporation to Acquire 26% Stake in NDDB Mirda Ltd
In January 2025, the Government of India (GoI) has granted approval to Suzuki Motor Corporation,
headquartered in Shizuoka, Japan, to acquire a 26% stake in NDDB (National Dairy Development
Board) Mirda Limited, a bio-gas venture of the NDDB, headquartered in Anand, Gujarat.
• Suzuki Research and Development ( R&D) Center India Private Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki
Motor Corporation, signed an agreement with NDDB to invest in NDDB Mirda Limited.
• The total investment for this acquisition is Rs 34 crore. Suzuki will initially invest Rs 8.84 crore,
with the remaining Rs 25.16 crore to be invested later.
i.This collaboration is part of Suzuki’s strategy to use Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) to enhance vehicle
sustainability and performance.
ii.The deal also allows Suzuki to gradually increase its equity to 49%.
Note: In 2023 an agreement was signed between Suzuki, Banas Dairy, and NDDB plans to set up four
dung-based CBG plants in Banaskantha district of Gujarat, with NDDB constructing the plants, Banas
Dairy operating them, and Suzuki providing the funding.

GoI Approved Suzuki Motor Corporation to Acquire 26% Stake in NDDB Mirda Ltd
In January 2025, the Government of India (GoI) has granted approval to Suzuki Motor Corporation,
headquartered in Shizuoka, Japan, to acquire a 26% stake in NDDB (National Dairy Development
Board) Mirda Limited, a bio-gas venture of the NDDB, headquartered in Anand, Gujarat.
• Suzuki Research and Development ( R&D) Center India Private Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki
Motor Corporation, signed an agreement with NDDB to invest in NDDB Mirda Limited.
• The total investment for this acquisition is Rs 34 crore. Suzuki will initially invest Rs 8.84 crore,
with the remaining Rs 25.16 crore to be invested later.
i.This collaboration is part of Suzuki’s strategy to use Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) to enhance vehicle
sustainability and performance.
ii.The deal also allows Suzuki to gradually increase its equity to 49%.

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Note: In 2023 an agreement was signed between Suzuki, Banas Dairy, and NDDB plans to set up four
dung-based CBG plants in Banaskantha district of Gujarat, with NDDB constructing the plants, Banas
Dairy operating them, and Suzuki providing the funding.

CCI Approved Proposed Acquisition of 34% Shareholding of Ashoka Concessions by Ashoka

Buildcon
In January 2025, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) approved the proposed acquisition
of 34% shareholding of Ashoka Concessions Limited (ACL), the infrastructure arm of the Ashoka Group by
Ashoka Buildcon Limited (ABL), which mainly engaged in engineering, procurement and construction
(EPC) in various sectors and operation and maintenance (O&M) .
• On the completion of this acquisition, ACL will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of ABL,
which already owns 66% shares of ACL.
i.CCI has also approved the acquisition of certain convertible instruments of ACL by ABL and Nashik
(Maharashtra)-based Viva Highways Limited (Viva), a subsidiary of ABL.
ii.Additionally, Viva will acquire 26% shareholding of Jaora Naygaon Toll Road Company Limited(JTCL), a
Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) concessionaire worth Rs 150 crore.
iii.Madhya Pradesh Road Development Corporation Limited(MPRDC) has granted concession to JN for
reconstruction, strengthening, widening, and rehabilitation of 125 kilometer (km) to 250 km of State
Highway (SH)-31in Madhya Pradesh (MP).

CCI Approvals on January 21 2025

On January 21 2025, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has approved the following proposals:
• Acquisition of 100% shareholding of Gurugram (Haryana)-based Del Monte Foods Private
Limited (DMFPL) by Gurugram based Agro Tech Foods Limited (ATFL), worth Rs 1,300 crore.
• Merger of 9 entities with pharmaceutical firm Sequent Scientific Limited (SSL).
• Acquisition of 100% shareholding of Cyprus-based investment holding company of Advent
International Group, AI Lenarco Midco Ltd. by Singapore-based Majesty II Pte. Limited.
CCI Approved Acquisition of Del Monte Foods by Agro Tech Foods for Rs 1,300 Crore
CCI has approved the proposed acquisition of 100% shareholding of Del Monte Foods Private
Limited (DMFPL), primarily engaged in manufacture and sale of packaged foods by Agro Tech Foods
Limited (ATFL), a publicly listed company engaged in the business of manufacturing, marketing and
selling of broad range of food products and edible oils, worth Rs 1,300 crore.
• On the completion of this acquisition, DMFPL will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of ATFL.
Key Points:
i.As per the proposed combination, ATFL (Acquirer) will buy entire shareholding of DMFPL (Target)from
its existing shareholders, i.e. Bharti Enterprises Limited (BEL), conglomerate mainly engaged in
management consultancy services within the Bharti Group (including its subsidiaries) and DMPL India
Limited (DMPL India).
ii.ATFL will issue 20.95% and 14.39% of its equity shares to Bharti and DMPL India, respectively through
preferential allotment.
iii.Various entities of Bharti Group involved in this transaction, namely Bharti (SBM) Holdings Private
Limited, Bharti (RBM) Holdings Private Limited, Bharti (RM) Holdings Private Limited, and Bharti (Satya)
Trustee Private Limited (on behalf of Bharti (Satya) Family Trust) (Bharti Satya).
Points to Note:
i.Bharti Enterprises and the global investment group EL Rothschild established FieldFresh Foods as a
50:50 Joint Venture (JV) in 2004.

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ii.In 2007, Singapore-based Del Monte Pacific Limited acquired 40.1% stake in FieldFresh Foods for USD
20.8 million.
iii.Later, FieldFresh was rebranded as DMFPL in 2021, which aimed at providing a ‘sharper focus on
branded processed foods and retail businesses’.
CCI Approved Merger of 9 Pharma Entities with Sequent Scientific Limited
CCI has approved the merger of 9 pharma entities with India-based Sequent Scientific Limited (SSL), a
publicly listed company, which operates in the Animal Health market with a global footprint.
• This merger aimed to streamline operations and strengthen SSL’s position in both animal and
human healthcare segments.
Merger of Entities with SSL:
i.Mangalore (Karnataka)-based Sequent Research Limited (SRL), 100% subsidiary of SSL, which operates
as a Contact Research Organisation providing analytical services and a wide range of testing to the
international pharmaceutical industry.
ii.Hyderabad (Telangana)-based Viyash Life Sciences Private Limited (Viyash), pharmaceutical company
and through its subsidiaries is mainly engaged in the development, manufacture and sale of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and intermediates for human healthcare in India.
iii. Symed Labs Limited (Symed), Appcure Labs Private Limited (Appcure), Vindhya Pharma (India)
Private Limited (Vindhya Pharma) and Vandana Life Sciences Private Limited (Vandana) are wholly
owned subsidiaries of Viyash and S.V. Labs Private Limited (SV Labs) is a wholly owned step-down
subsidiary of Viyash (through Vindhya Pharma).
• All these subsidiaries of Viyash are based in Telangana, Hyderabad.
iv.Telangana (Hyderabad)-based Genin Life Sciences Private Limited (Genin), a holding company and does
not have any operations of its own.
• Vindhya Organics, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Genin, based in Telangana, Hyderabad. It is
mainly engaged in the business of development, manufacture and marketing APIs for human
healthcare.
CCI Approved Acquisition of AI Lenarco Midco & Convertible Debentures in
Manjushree Technopack by Majesty II Pte Ltd
CCI has approved the proposed acquisition of 100% shareholding of the investment holding company of
Advent International Group, AI Lenarco Midco Ltd. by Majesty II Pte. Ltd., a newly incorporated Special
Purpose Vehicle (SPV) and an investment holding company of the PAG group.
• This will result in indirect acquisition of the majority equity shareholding in Bengaluru
(Karnataka)-based Manjushree Technopack Limited, which is engaged in the business of
manufacturing and sale of rigid plastic packaging products in India.
• It has also approved the acquisition of certain compulsory convertible debentures in
Manjushree Technopark from AI Lenarco by Ashoka India Equity Investment Trust plc, a
close-ended investment company incorporated in England and Wales; Mumbai (Maharashtra)-
based Nuvama Private Investment Trust, registered with Securities and Exchange Board of
India (SEBI) as a Category-II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) and InCred Growth Partners
Fund-I (IGPF-I),is a scheme under InCred Alternative Opportunities Trust (IAOT) and is
registered with SEBI as a Category-II AIF .
About Competition Commission of India(CCI):
It is a statutory body constituted under Competition Act, 2002.
Chairman- Ravneet Kaur
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 2003

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KMBL Completed Acquisition of StanChart’s Personal Loan Portfolio for Rs 3,330 Crore
In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Kotak Mahindra Bank Limited (KMBL), a leading Indian
private sector bank announced that it has completed the acquisition of Rs 3,330 crore personal loan book
of Mumbai based Standard Chartered Bank(SCB), India, following the approval from Competition
Commission of India (CCI).
In October 2024, KMBL signed an agreement to acquire the personal loan book of Standard
Chartered Bank, India for Rs 4,100 crore to strengthen its position in the retail credit market.
i.This acquisition includes all personal loans classified as standard advances.
ii.The personal loans are part of unsecured retail loans, which include retail microcredit had 10.5% share
in net advances of KMB at the end of December 2024.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

China launches ‘Shijian-25’ satellite to test orbital refueling in space
In January 2025, China successfully launched the ‘Shijian-25’ satellite into Geostationary Transfer
Orbit(GTO) aboard a Long March 3B rocket marking its first space mission of 2025.
• The launch took place from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China. This
launch marked China’s first rocket launch in 2025 and the 555th mission of Long March series
carrier rockets.
• The satellite is been developed by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST), to
conduct tests related to developing technologies for in-orbit refueling and extending the
operational lifespan of satellites.
Note:The Long March 3B rocket is one of the primary vehicles of China for launching payloads into GTO
since its introduction in 1996.
Key Highlights:
i.The mission follows the 2021 launch of the Shijian-21 space debris mitigation satellite which was also
developed by SAST.
ii.It will support China in enhancing sustainability and reduce costs in space operations.
• The satellite is primarily used for the verification of satellite fuel replenishment and life
extension service technologies.
iii.The satellites feature sophisticated Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology, enabling high-
resolution imagery and precise spatial data collection.
In addition to Shijian-25, China is going to conduct numerous other missions throughout 2025, including
crewed missions to its Tiangong space station and the Tianwen-2 asteroid sample return mission.
About China:
President– Xi Jinping
Capital– Beijing
Currency – Renminbi

ISRO Successfully Launches PSLV-C60 SpaDeX Mission for Space Docking Experiment
On December 30, 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the Polar
Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)-C60 rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota,
Andhra Pradesh (AP). The mission, named Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX), aims to demonstrate the
ability to dock 2 small spacecraft, SDX01 and SDX02, in space.

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 • The success of this mission will make India the 4th country in the world, with only space
docking technology after Russia (the former USSR), the United States of America (USA) and
China.
• The PSLV-C60 mission was ISRO’s 99th launch and will undergo various operations leading up
to the final docking by January 7, 2025.
• PSLV rocket becomes the 1st vehicle to be integrated up to the 4th stage at the PSLV
Integration Facility (PIF) established at the SDSC.
Key Objectives of the Mission:
The SpaDeX mission is designed to test and demonstrate various advanced space technologies, including
rendezvous, docking, and undocking capabilities.
• The mission has 2 primary objectives:
i.Spacecraft Docking and Undocking: The primary goal is to successfully dock two spacecraft in space –
SDX01 (the Chaser) and SDX02 (the Target). The process will involve controlled rendezvous, bringing the
spacecraft from a distance of 20 kilometer (km) to just 3 meters (ms) before docking.
• The docking will be conducted using precision-controlled maneuvers coordinated by ISRO’s
ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network) in Bengaluru (Karnataka).
ii.Demonstrating Power Transfer: After docking, the spacecraft will transfer power between each other
and then undock to continue their individual operations that will continue upto 2 years.
Mission Details:
i.The PSLV-C60 rocket is 44.5 ms tall which was launched with a total of 24 payloads. This includes 14
payloads from ISRO centers and 10 payloads from non-government entities, including startups and
academic institutions through the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe).
ii.Orbit and Payload: The PSLV-C60 rocket placed the SpaDeX spacecraft into a 475 km Low Earth
Circular Orbit (LEO) with a 55° inclination, each spacecraft weighs 220 kilograms (kgs) will work together
to demonstrate the docking technology in space.
• The SpaDeX spacecraft were designed and developed by the U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC),
Bengaluru (Karnataka) with support from other key ISRO centres.
iii.Spacecraft Specifications: The mission features two small spacecraft:
• SDX01 (Chaser): This spacecraft will approach SDX02 for the docking maneuver.
• SDX02 (Target): This spacecraft will serve as the stationary target for the docking process.
iv.Rendezvous and Docking Process:The docking procedure will begin with the Chaser (SDX01)
gradually reducing the distance between itself and the Target (SDX02). The distance will be progressively
decreased in the following steps:
• Far Rendezvous: The spacecraft begin at a distance of 20 km.
• Controlled Approach: The Chaser will close the gap with steps of 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 meters,
225 meters, 15 meters, and finally 3 meters, before docking occurs in a precision-controlled
manner managed by ISRO’s ISTRAC.
iv.Satellite Assembly and Integration:The Assembly, Integration, and Testing (AIT) of the spacecraft was
conducted at ATL’s new state-of-the-art facility in Karnataka Industrial Areas Development
Board (KIADB) Aerospace Park, Bengaluru (Karnataka).
• The 10,000 square metre facility can integrate up to 4 large satellites simultaneously and
supports advanced technologies for spacecraft manufacturing and integration.
v.After the docking process, both spacecraft will undock and separate, marking the completion of one of
the mission’s secondary objectives.
Secondary Objectives:
i.In-Space Electric Power Transfer: The mission where spacecraft need to share energy resources, such
as in satellite servicing or space station maintenance.

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ii.Composite Spacecraft Control: Managing and coordinating multiple spacecraft in orbit for future
interplanetary missions and satellite constellations.
iii.Payload Operations After Separation: Once undocked, both spacecraft will continue their operations,
testing the functionality and performance of their payloads.
Note:
Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS): The development of docking technologies will be crucial for the
creation of a space station, similar to the International Space Station (ISS), in the future.
Mission’s Technological Innovations:
• Differential GNSS-based Satellite Positioning System (SPS): This system provides precise
position, navigation, and timing (PNT) solutions for both spacecraft, ensuring accurate control
during the docking process.
• Inter-Satellite Communication Link (ISL): This allows for real-time communication and state
monitoring between the two spacecraft during the docking procedure.
• GNSS-based Relative Orbit Determination and Propagation (RODP): This processor
accurately determines the position and velocity of the spacecraft, essential for precise
rendezvous and docking.
About Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV):
PSLV is a 3rd-generation launch vehicle, termed as the ‘Workhorse of Indian Space ISRO‘.The 1st
successful launch of PSLV took place in October 1994.
Four stages of PSLV:
i.First Stage (PS1):Uses a solid rocket motor (S139).
• Augmented with 6 solid strap-on boosters.
• Provides the initial thrust to lift the rocket (1,750 kg).
ii.Second Stage (PS2):Uses an Earth-storable liquid engine (Vikas engine).
• Liquid engines are efficient and use less fuel compared to solids.
iii.Third Stage (PS3):A solid rocket motor.
• Provides additional thrust after the rocket has passed through the atmosphere.
iv.Fourth Stage (PS4):Uses two Earth-storable liquid engines.
• Responsible for placing the payloads into their final orbit.
• Can be turned on multiple times to release multiple payloads (e.g., PSLV-C43 mission had 31
satellites released in stages).
Variants of PSLV:
• PSLV-G: Has strap-on boosters for extra thrust.
• PSLV-CA: No strap-on boosters.
• PSLV-XL: Similar to PSLV-G but with larger strap-on boosters.
Payload Capacity:
• 1750 kg to Sun-synchronous Polar Orbits (SSO) at an altitude of 600 km.
• 1425 kg to Geosynchronous or Geostationary Orbits (GTO).

Google-Backed Pixxel Launches First Three Satellites of Firefly Constellation

Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Pixxel, a space technology startup backed by Google, has successfully
launched the first three satellites of its Firefly constellation, marking India’s first private satellite
constellation.
• This launch is the first phase of Pixxel’s commercial satellite constellation, with three more
Firefly satellites set to launch in the second quarter (Q2) of 2025.
About Firefly constellation:
The Firefly constellation consists of some of the highest-resolution commercial-grade hyperspectral

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satellites, launched aboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission from Vandenberg Space Force Base in
California, United States of America (USA).
• The Firefly constellation’s cutting-edge technology sets a new standard in hyperspectral
imaging, with a resolution that is six times sharper than existing satellites.
Note:The Fireflies are now the world’s highest-resolution commercial-grade hyperspectral satellites
Key Features of the Satellites:
i.The satellites, integrated by Exolaunch, boast a resolution of 5 meters (m)—much sharper than the 30-
meter resolution typical of most hyperspectral satellites—offering exceptional clarity for Earth
observation.
ii.These advanced satellites are designed to capture data across more than 150 spectral bands, allowing
them to detect even the smallest changes in chemical compositions, vegetation health, water quality, and
atmospheric conditions.
iii. This high level of precision makes them invaluable for applications in agriculture, climate monitoring,
resource management, and environmental protection.
iv.They orbit at approximately 550 kilometers (kms) in a sun-synchronous orbit, serving as a key part of
Pixxel’s mission to create a global “health monitor” for the planet.
v.With a swathe width of 40 kms and the ability to revisit areas daily, the satellites can monitor large
areas continuously, ensuring important events are not missed.
Related News: Digantara, an aerospace company based in Bengaluru, Karnataka and backed by Aditya
Birla Group, has successfully launched its Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT) mission.
• The mission is designed for space surveillance, enabling the detection and tracking of objects
as small as 5 centimeters( cm). This launch was also a part of SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission.
About Pixxel:
Founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Awais Ahmed
Headquarters– Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established- 2019

China Unveils World’s Fastest High-Speed Train ‘CR450’

In December 2024, China introduced its next-generation world’s high-speed train, the CR450, setting a
new record with a top test speed of 450 kilometer/hour(km/h), surpassing the previous High Speed Rail
(HSR) CR400 Fuxing, which reached 350 km/h.
• It was developed by China Railway Group Limited (CREC), the CR450 prototype underwent
tests in China, showcasing advanced technology and engineering.
• The project ,initiated in 2021, aims to enhance safety, energy efficiency, and passenger comfort.
i.Key features of the CR450 include streamlined design that reduces energy consumption by 20%.The
prototypes, designated CR450AF and CR450BF, utilize advanced technologies such as water-cooled,
permanent magnet traction systems, and high-stability bogie systems.
ii.The CR450 provides a superior travel experience with increased cabin space, noise reduction and
adjustable storage for bikes and wheelchairs.

SwetchaSAT-V0 and VYOM 2U Successfully Tested on ISRO’s PSLV-C60

On December 30, 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the Polar Satellite
Launch Vehicle (PSLV)-C60 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP).
• This mission carried 24 payloads, including two experimental systems: the SwetchaSAT-V0 UHF
communication system by N Space Tech India Private Limited and the VYOM 2U green propulsion
system by Manastu Space Technologies.

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 • Both experiments were part of ISRO’s PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4) initiative, which
repurposes the 4th stage of the PSLV rocket into a stable orbital platform.
SwetchaSAT-V0 Communication System:
i.AP-based startup N Space Tech India Private Limited successfully tested its indigenously developed Ultra-
High-Frequency(UHF) communication system, SwetchaSAT-V0.
ii.The main purpose of SwetchaSAT-V0 is to test a communication system that uses UHF waves.
• UHF is a type of radio wave used for communication to enhance faster and more reliable
communication in remote areas, especially for things like mobile phones and the internet.
iii.On January 1, 2025, the company received its 1st data set from SwetchaSat-V0 at ISRO’s Telemetry,
Tracking, and Command Network in Bengaluru (Karnataka).
VYOM 2U Green Propulsion System:
i.Manastu Space Technologies, a space tech start-up founded by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Bombay, Maharashtra successfully test-fired its green propulsion system, VYOM 2U (self-developed thruster) .
• The green propulsion system is designed to be a non-toxic, environmentally friendly alternative to
conventional chemical propulsion systems, utilizing MS289 propellant, a blend of hydrogen
peroxide, instead of harmful hydrazine-based propellants.
ii.The test involved the VYOM 2U thruster firing for 30 seconds (s), causing the POEM-4 platform to tilt by 24
degrees and spin at an angular velocity of 0.5 degree per second (/s).
• The platform’s onboard systems successfully regained control after this maneuver.
iii.The green propulsion system is now at Technology Readiness Level 8 (TRL-8), signifying its readiness
for commercial deployment.
About N Space Tech India Private Limited:
Founder & Managing Director (MD)-Divya Ram Kurapati & Raghuram Kothamasu
Headquarters– Tenali, Andhra Pradesh (AP)
Established– December 14, 2020
About Manastu Space Technologies:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Tushar Jadhav & Ashtesh Kumar
Headquarters– Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established– 2017

NASA Unveiled New Mars Design “Mars Chopper” Successor of Ingenuity Helicopter
In January 2025, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has unveiled the design of
new mars drone named “Mars Chopper” for advanced exploration of planet Mars.
• It is a successor of the ‘Ingenuity helicopter’ that roamed over the surface of Mars for over 3
years after landing on its surface alongside the Perseverance Rover in 2020.
Note:
i.Ingenuity Helicopter, a small helicopter which weighs 1.8 kilogram (kg).
ii.It was initially designed to perform up to 5 experimental test flights over 30 days but operated for
almost 3 years performing 72 flights and flying 30 times farther than planned.
About Mars Chopper:
i.It is produced by the Southern California (the United States of America, USA)-based Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL) in partnership with the California-based Ames Research Center(ARC).
ii.It is a drone-like vehicle that is about the size of an Support Utility Vehicle (SUV) with 6 rotors. Each
rotor has 6 blades, which are smaller in size compared to blades of Ingenuity but allows for increased lift.
iii.It is bulkier than its predecessor and has more payload capacity to carry scientific instruments such as
imaging and analysis kits.
iv.It can carry maximum 5 kg of equipment and enables one to perform more complex tasks and can fly
longer distances which is up to 3 kilometers(kms).

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About National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA):
Administrator– Bill Nelson
Headquarters– Washington DC, the United States of America(USA)
Established– 1958

Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin Launched ‘New Glenn Rocket’ on First Test Flight
In January 2025, Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P., the American space technology company headquartered
in Washington, the United States of America (USA), founded by Amazon’s Executive Chairman Jeff Bezos,
successfully launched its reusable ‘New Glenn(NG) rocket’ on a first test flight, from Cape Canaveral
Space Force Station in Florida, the USA. The rocket was named after John Glenn who was the first
American to orbit Earth.
• The mission named NG-1, included a first-stage booster landing in the Atlantic Ocean, while the
rocket’s second stage continues towards orbit
• The 320-foot (98-meter(m)) rocket sent a prototype satellite into orbit, designed to deploy
satellites into their correct orbits.
About New Glenn Rocket:
i.The mission aimed to demonstrate the rocket’s capabilities by placing the Blue Ring Pathfinder test
satellite into orbit and landing the rocket’s booster onto a drone ship in the Atlantic Ocean.
• The rocket is built to haul spacecraft and eventually astronauts to orbit and also the Moon.
ii.The first-stage booster couldn’t land on a barge in the Atlantic, but the company emphasized that the
main mission was successful.
iii.For this test, the satellite was planned to stay inside the second stage while orbiting Earth. The mission
was expected to last six hours, after which the second stage would be placed in a safe orbit to avoid
creating space debris, following NASA’s guidelines.
iv.New Glenn is one of several large rockets launched in recent years, joining United Launch Alliance’s
Vulcan, Europe’s updated Ariane 6, and NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS), which replaced the Saturn V
for moon missions.
Note: SpaceX’s Starship, founded by Elon Musk, is the largest rocket ever built, standing about 400 feet
(123 meters) tall.
About Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P.:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Dave Limp
Headquarters – Washington, the United States of America (USA)
Founded – 2000

SpaceX Falcon 9 Launches Blue Ghost and Resilience Lunar Landers from Kennedy Space
Center
On January 15, 2025, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, United States
of America (USA) carrying two lunar landers: Blue Ghost as the primary payload and Resilience as the
secondary payload.
• The Blue Ghost , named Ghost Riders in the Sky, is led by Firefly Aerospace, headquartered in
Texas, USA and the Resilience lunar lander, is spearheaded by Tokyo (Japan)-based ispace Inc.
• The two landers have different timelines for reaching the Moon, with Blue Ghost being deployed
first.
About Blue Ghost Mission:
Blue Ghost is expected to take about 45 days to reach the Moon, gradually increasing its orbit around
Earth before entering lunar orbit and landing near Mons Latreille, a volcanic feature in Mare Crisium,
located on the Moon’s northeast side.

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Note:Blue Ghost’s mission, targeting a landing on March 2, 2025, will span 60 days, including
approximately 45 days in orbit and 14 days of operations on the lunar surface.
Key payloads onboard include:
• LuGRE (Lunar Global Navigation Satellite System,(GNSS) Receiver Experiment): Monitoring GPS
signals to extend navigation capabilities to the Moon.
• RadPC: Demonstrating radiation-tolerant computing during transit.
Key Operations:
i.After landing in Mare Crisium, Blue Ghost will run 10 NASA payloads over a full lunar day (14 Earth
days), performing subsurface drilling, sample collection, X-ray imaging, and dust studies.
ii.It will also capture a total lunar eclipse and observe regolith reactions at sunset, with brief operations
continuing into the lunar night.
About Resilience Mission:
The Resilience mission focuses on deploying innovative technologies and cultural payloads. Resilience —
also known as the Hakuto-R Mission 2 lander. It will land in Mare Frigoris, carrying:
• Tenacious Micro Rover: Built by ispace-Europe, this rover will collect lunar regolith, capture
high-definition images, and transmit data to the lander.
• Water Electrolyzer and Food Production Equipment, Deep Space Radiation Probe
• Moonhouse: A symbolic model house designed by Swedish artist Mikael Genberg.
• UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Memory Disk:
Preserving linguistic and cultural heritage.
Resilience will take about four to five months to reach the Moon’s Mare Frigoris in the far north.
Points to Note:
i.Both missions are pivotal efforts to advance lunar exploration under National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative.
iiThese efforts are key milestones in NASA’s goal to develop a lunar economy and support future human
exploration under the Artemis program.
iii.Both landers face significant challenges in achieving a successful soft landing on the Moon. They must
navigate rocky terrain and craters while relying on thrusters for a controlled descent since there is no
atmosphere to use parachutes
About Firefly Aerospace:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)-Jason Kim
Headquarters– Texas, United States of America (USA)
Established– 2014
About ispace Inc:
Founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Takeshi Hakamada
Established- 2010
Headquarters- Tokyo, Japan

China Launches PRSC-EO1 Satellite for Pakistan’s Space Program

On January 17 2025, China successfully launched Pakistan’s first Remote Sensing Satellite -Earth
Observing 1 (PRSC-EO1) aboard the Long March-Dimensional (LM-2D) rocket for Pakistan from the
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC), China. The rocket also carried 2 other satellites, Tianlu-1 and
Lantan-1.
• The satellite was designed and developed by Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research
Commission (SUPARCO).
• The PRSC-EO1 launch marked the 95th flight of the Long March-2D and the 556th flight of the
entire Long March fleet. The launch was China’s third orbital launch attempt of the year.

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Key Points:
i.PRSC-EO1 satellite was equipped with a high-resolution electro-optical sensor.
• It is the first of a series of three optical remote sensing satellites for Pakistan, which will join
Pakistan’s existing remote sensing satellites, PRSS-1 and PakTES-1A, in orbit.
ii.The satellite’s data will be used for various purposes including land mapping, agricultural classification
and assessment, urban and rural planning, environmental monitoring, natural disaster monitoring and
management, surveying, natural resource protection, and others.
iii.The mission also launched Decentralized autonomous organization (DAO-1 or Tianlu-1), developed by
Galaxy Space (Anhui) for Jianghuai Frontier Innovation Technology Center, China and Blue Carbon-
1(Lantan-1), developed by Geespace, also known as Zhejiang Geespace Technology Co Limited (China) for
Hangzhou Dianzi University (China).
iv.The LM-2D is a two-stage liquid propellant launch vehicle designed and developed by the Shanghai
Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST), a subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science and Technology
Corporation(CASC).
• It is primarily used to launch small to medium-sized satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and
Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO), with a payload capacity ranging from 1,300 kilogram (kg) to 700
kilometer (km) SSO.
Note: In 2018, China sent 2 Pakistan satellites into orbit. The PRSS-1, Pakistan’s first optical remote
sensing satellite, and the PakTES-1A, a smaller observation craft.
About China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation(CASC):
Chairman- Chen Mingbo
Headquarters- Beijing, China
Established– 1999

ISRO Successfully Demonstrated Restarting of Vikas Liquid Engine

In January 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka) based Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully
demonstrated the restart of its Vikas liquid engine at a test facility at the Propulsion Complex in
Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu (TN).
• The test marks a significant milestone in the development of stage recovery technologies,
paving the way for reusability in future launch vehicles.
Key Points:
i.The Vikas engine is the reliable workhorse that drives the liquid stages of ISRO’s launch vehicles.
ii.In this test, the engine was fired for 60 seconds, then shut off for 120 seconds before being restarted and
fired again for 7 seconds.
iii.All engine parameters during the test were within normal limits and met expectations.
iv.Further tests are planned in the coming days to optimize the engine’s performance under restart
conditions.
V Narayanan Flags Off Core Liquid Stage of ISRO’s LVM3 Launch
In January 2025, V Narayanan, Chairman of ISRO flagged off the core liquid stage (L110) of ISRO’s Launch
Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) launch vehicle to the launch complex at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP).
• The stage was designed and developed by the Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) based Liquid
Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) as part of the development of the LVM3 launch vehicle.
Key Points:
i.It is designated for the LVM3 mission under a commercial agreement between Bengaluru (Karnataka)
based NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and United States of America (USA) based AST SpaceMobile &
Science, Limited Liability Company (LLC) to launch their BlueBird Block 2 satellite.
ii.It is powered by twin Vikas engines, with a propellant loading capacity of 110 tonnes (t).

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iii.It is the tenth L110 liquid stage integrated at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, TN.
About Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO):
Chairman – V. Narayanan
Headquarters – Bengaluru, Karnataka
Established – 1969

ISRO Dispatches Crew Module for First Uncrewed Mission of Gaganyaan

In January 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka) based Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) of the Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) dispatched the Crew Module for the first uncrewed mission of
Gaganyaan (G1) to Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP). It has
completed the integration of the liquid propulsion system.
Key Points:
i.The Crew Module Propulsion System (CMPS) is a bi-propellant Reaction Control System (RCS) designed
for precise three-axis control (Pitch, Yaw, and Roll) for the crew module.
The control will be initiated following separation of service module during the descent and re-entry
phase until the deployment of parachute-based deceleration system.
ii.It has 12 thrusters, each producing 100N (Newton) thrust, as well as a propellant feed mechanism and
high-pressure gas bottles.
The 100 N thrusters are small rocket motors used for spacecraft propulsion.
iii.The Crew Module Uprighting System (CMUS) designed by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) was
also included into the module at LPSC.
v.The Crew Module will also go through additional integration operations including avionics package
assembly, electrical harnessing, and tests at VSSC, before being delivered to the U R Rao Satellite Centre in
Bengaluru, for the last step of Orbital Module integration.
About Gaganyaan :
Gaganyaan, a crewed spacecraft being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The
first crewed flight is planned for 2026.
India would become the 4th nation to launch its own crewed spacecraft, after Russia, the United
States of America(USA), and China.
Gaganyaan will consist of two parts, the Crew Module (CM) and the Service Module (SM), which
together will form the orbital module.
About Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO):
Chairman – Dr. V. Narayanan
Headquarters – Bengaluru, Karnataka
Established – 1969

Digantara Launches World’s First Commercial Satellite SCOT for Advanced Space Monitoring
In January 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based aerospace company Digantara, backed by the Aditya Birla
Group and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), launched Space Camera for Object
Tracking (SCOT) satellite, the world’s first commercial satellite for Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
• Besides, Indian space-tech startup XDLINX Space Labs also launched its high-tech satellites to
monitor earth and space objects.
• The satellites were launched aboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission from Vandenberg
Space Force Base in California, the United States of America (USA).
About Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT):
As Earth’s orbits become increasingly crowded with satellites and space debris, SSA plays a vital role
in preventing collisions and ensuring the safety of spacecraft.

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 • SCOT contributes significantly in improving safety by offering precise and reliable tracking
capabilities.
Key Features:
i.SCOT is designed to monitor Resident Space Objects (RSOs), significantly enhancing space safety by
tracking objects as small as 5 centimetres (cm) in Low Earth orbit (LEO).
ii It provides continuous monitoring unaffected by weather or geographic limitations.
iii.Equipped with advanced technology, SCOT operates in a sun-synchronous orbit, ensuring consistent
observation of the near-Earth environment.
XDLINX Space Labs launches ELEVATION-1 satellite:
Hyderabad(Telangana) based XDLINX Labs Private Limited in collaboration with the USA based
Almagest Space Corporation launched its technology demonstrator satellite, ELEVATION-1 which carried
the world’s first E-band communications payload.
• This will push data rates into the 10 Gigabits Per Second(Gbps) regime.
i.The ELEVATION-1 satellite, developed by XDLINX Spacelabs, is powered by Antaris’ Cloud Platform and
SatOS™, and was assembled, integrated, and tested by Hyderabad based Ananth Technologies Limited.
ii.This 6U (Units) cubesat includes power, computing, avionics, and communication systems.
iii.The spacecraft will test the world’s first miniaturized space-grade E-band communication payload, and
measurement.
iv.Other transmission data will be used to develop advanced propagation models for Almagest’s global
high-speed and Ultra-High Throughput Screening(UHTS) LEO constellation.
Note: The E band represents the frequency range from 60 gigahertz(GHz) to 90 GHz.
About Digantara:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Anirudh Sharma
Headquarters– Bengaluru, Karnataka
Established– 2018

Sarla Aviation Unveiled India’s 1st Air Taxi Prototype ‘Shunya’, Expected to be launched by
2028
In January 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based aerospace startup company, Sarla Aviation Private
Limited unveiled India’s 1st electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) air taxi prototype, ‘Shunya’, at
the Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2025, held at the Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, Delhi.
For the initial phase, the company aims to launch the electric air taxi in Bengaluru by 2028 to
become the 1st to introduce urban air transport in India.
Key Points:
i.The company further plans to gradually extend the electric air taxis services to cities like: Mumbai
(Maharashtra), Delhi (Delhi), Pune (Maharashtra) and other major Indian cities.
ii.Sarla Aviation also plans to introduce a free air ambulance service, to address the urgent medical
transportation requirements in urban areas.
iii.The company is expected to offer air taxi services at prices competitive with existing premium taxi
services.
iv.Sarla Aviation also announced plans to launch a free air ambulance service to address urgent medical
needs in urban areas.
About Shunya Prototype:
i.It is designed basically for short trips within the range of 20 to 30 kilometers (kms) and can reach a
maximum speed of 250 kilometers per hour (kmph).
ii.The vehicle will have the capacity to accommodate up to 6 passengers and carry a maximum load of 680
kilogram (kg).It is the highest payload eVTOL vehicle currently in the market.

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iii.Shunya will help to address the challenges like: traffic congestion and pollution, which are generally
faced by most of the major Indian cities.
About Sarla Aviation Private Limited:
The startup company was founded in October 2023 by Adrian Schmidt, Rakesh Gaonkar, and Shivam
Chauhan. It is named after Sarla Thakral, 1st female pilot in India. She received her pilot license at the age
of 21 in 1936.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Adrian Schmidt
Headquarters- Bengaluru, Karnataka

GalaxEye Space Solutions Private Limited deploys GLX-SQ payload aboard ISRO’s PSLV POEM
On January 23, 2025, Chennai (Tamil Nadu TN) based startup GalaxEye Space Solutions Private Limited
successfully deployed its GLX-SQ payload aboard the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) Polar
Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) Orbital Experimental Module-4 (POEM-4), which was launched on
December 30, 2024.
This mission marks the world’s 1st-ever integration of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical
imagery in orbit.
This first-of-its-kind integration of SAR and optical imagery addresses critical needs in sectors such
as defence, agriculture, and disaster response.
Key Points:
i.The GLX-SQ payload is designed to generate, capture, and process SAR images in space, completing all
image processing and compression within 10 minutes.
ii.By reducing 400 megabytes (MB) of raw data to under 1.5 MB, it ensures efficient data transmission
and minimizes communication challenges.
This fast-paced processing capability underscores the company’s cutting-edge approach to real-
time data acquisition and management in space.
iii.SAR can capture detailed images even through clouds and darkness, providing valuable insights where
traditional optical imagery would fall short.
This combination enhances Earth observation by offering more reliable and actionable data, in
challenging conditions.
iv.The GLX-SQ payload was part of ISRO’s POEM initiative, which repurposes the 4th stage of the PSLV
rocket to carry and support experimental payloads.
Note: GalaxEye is also gearing up for its flagship mission, ‘Mission Drishti’, a multi-sensor satellite
designed to deliver all-weather, high-resolution imaging, further establishing the company as a leader in
the future of remote sensing and satellite technology.
About GalaxEye Space Solutions Private Limited:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)- Suyash Singh
Headquarters- Chennai, TN
Incorporated– 21 May 2021
About Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO):
Chairman- V Narayanan
Headquarters- Bengaluru, Karnataka
Established– August 15, 1969

ISRO Completes 100th Mission, GSLV-F15 Successfully Launched from Sriharikota, AP

On January 29 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched GSLV-
F15/NVS-02 mission, carrying the NVS-02 satellite, from the Second Launched Pad (SLP) Satish Dhawan

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Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP). With the successful launch of this mission, ISRO
completed its 100th launch from Sriharikota spaceport.
This mission marks the 17th flight of India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
and 11th flight with indigenous cryogenic stage.
It is also the 8th operational flight of GSLV with an indigenous cryogenic stage.
Points to Note:
i.ISRO launched its 1st mission on August 10, 1979, which was the experimental flight of Satellite Launch
Vehicle-3 (SLV-3 E10) carrying the Rohini Technology Payload(RTP) from Sriharikota, AP.
ii.Since 1979, ISRO has conducted 99 launches with Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) carrying out 62
launches, followed by GSLV (16), Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)(7), Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
(ASLV) (4), among others.
About GSLV-F15 Rocket:
i.The GSLV-F15 rocket is equipped with an indigenous cryogenic upper stage has successfully placed the
NVS-02 satellite into the intended Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
ii.It is a 3-stage launch vehicle, with lift-off mass of 420.7 tonne (t) and height of 50.9 meter (m).
iii.The GSLV-F15 payload fairing is a metallic version with a diameter of 3.4 m.
About NVS-02 satellite:
i.It is 2nd out of the 5 second-generation Navigational Satellite (NVS) series (NVS-01/02/03/04/05),
which are designed to augment Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)base layer constellation with
improved features for ensuring the continuity of services.
The NVS series of satellites uses L1 band Standard Positioning Service (SPS) signals to enhance
adoption of NavIC services.
It operates in the L1, L5, and S bands, essential for accurate navigation signals and improved
positioning services.
ii.The satellite was designed, developed and integrated at Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based U.R. Rao Satellite
Centre (URSC).
iii.It weighs around 2,250 kilogram (kg) and power handling capacity of nearly 3 kilo-Watt (kW) .
iv.It will be placed at 111.75 degree E, and will replace IRNSS-1E, the 5th navigation satellite of the Indian
Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
Note: In May 2023, ISRO launched GSLV-F12 mission, placed the 1st satellite of the 2nd-generation NVS,
NVS-01 into GTO.
About NavIC System:
i.It is previously known as IRNSS, is an independent regional satellite system of India, designed to provide
precise Position, Velocity and timing (PVT) service to users in India as well as in regions extending
around 1,500 kilometer (km) beyond Indian land mass.
It will consist of 7 satellites placed in Geosynchronous and inclined geosynchronous orbits.
ii.NavIC will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted
Service (RS).
iii.SPS of NavIC will provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m and timing accuracy better than 40
nanoseconds (ns) over the service area.
About Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO):
It is one of the six largest space agencies in the world.
Chairman- V Narayanan
Headquarters– Bengaluru, Karnataka
Established– 1969

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South Africa’s MeerKAT Telescope Discovers the “Inkathazo” Galaxy
In January 2025, a team of South African researchers and astrophysicists discovered a new giant radio
galaxy (GRG), named ‘Inkathazo,’ using the MeerKAT telescope (formerly known as the Karoo Array
Telescope (KAT)) in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.
It spans 3.3 million light-years from end to end , 32 times the size of our Milky Way galaxy, and is
1.44 billion light-years away from Earth.
This discovery was published in the scientific journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society (MNRAS).
i.Inkathazo, meaning “trouble” in South Africa’s isiXhosa and isiZulu languages, was named due to the
challenges in understanding the physics behind this discovery.
ii.GRGs are enormous cosmic structures that emit jets of hot plasma, extending millions of light-years into
space
iii.These glowing jets, visible at radio frequencies, are driven by supermassive black holes at the centers of
galaxies.

NASA Discovers LID-568: A Supermassive Black Hole

In January 2025, NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration) of United States(US) government
has unveiled a discovery “LID-568”, a supermassive black hole that challenges current beliefs about how
black holes form and grow.
Supermassive black holes are one of the most common types in the universe. They are usually
found at the center of most galaxies.
Key Highlights:
i.LID-568 was identified using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Chandra X-ray
Observatory.
ii.This black hole exists approximately 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, making it one of the earliest
known black holes in the universe.
iii.The mass of LID-568 is estimated to be around 10 million times that of the Sun, positioning it as a low-
mass supermassive black hole.
iv.LID-568 exhibits a remarkable feeding rate, consuming material at a pace 40 times greater than the
established Eddington limit, a phenomenon known as super-Eddington accretion. Super-Eddington
accretion refers to a rare phenomenon where a black hole consumes material at a rate much higher than
the Eddington limit.
v.The study, led by Hyewon Suh from the International Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab, was published
in Nature Astronomy in November 2024.
LID-568 Comparison with Other Supermassive Black Holes:
i.Sagittarius A: Located at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A,has a mass of about 4.3 million solar
masses. While LID-568 is heavier, both are categorized as low-mass supermassive black holes.
ii.M87: In contrast, M87, another well-known supermassive black hole, has a mass of around 6.5 billion
solar masses, highlighting the significant difference in mass when compared to LID-568.

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 DEFENCE
EXERCISE
18th Edition of India-Nepal Military Exercise ‘Surya Kiran’ commences in Nepal
The 18th edition of the Battalion Level Joint Military Exercise ‘Surya Kiran’ commences in Saljhandi,
Nepal. The exercise was scheduled to take place from 31st December 2024 to 13th January 2025.
• The exercise aims to strengthen India-Nepal defence cooperation and enhance the professional
skills of the IA and NA personnel.
Note: The 17th Edition of ‘Surya Kiran’, was conducted in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India from 24th
November to 7th December 2023.
Key Points:
i.The annual bilateral military exercise is alternatively hosted by the Indian Army(IA) and the Nepali
Army.(NA).
ii.The exercise focuses on joint operations, particularly in jungle warfare and counter-terrorism
operations on mountains and also emphasises Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief(HADR), in
alignment with the United Nations Charter(UNC).
iii.The exercise follows successful visits by General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of IA
to Nepal, and the visit by General Ashok Raj Sigdel, COAS of NA to India.
Participants:
i.The IA contingent is being led by a Battalion from the 11th Gorkha Rifles.
• A contingent of 334 personnel from the 11th Gorkha Rifles Regiment of the IA will
represent India.
• The 11th Gorkha Rifles holds historical significance as the 1st regiment raised post-
independence in 1947.
ii.The NA contingent represented by the Srijung Battalion.
India-Nepal Defence Relations:
i.India and Nepal share a deep defence relationship, with Nepali Gorkhas serving in the IA.
ii.The prominent traditions between the two countries was the mutual conferment of the Honorary
General rank.
• General Upendra Dwivedi, COAS of IA, was awarded the Honorary General rank of the NA by
the President of Nepal Ramchandra Paudel in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Similarly, the President of India, Droupadi Murmu conferred the Honorary General rank of the
IA for General Ashok Raj Sigdel, COAS of the NA in New Delhi (Delhi), India.
About Nepal:
Prime Minister(PM)– KP Sharma Oli
President- Ram Chandra Poudel
Capital- Kathmandu
Currency- Nepalese Rupee(NPR)

Indian Navy Participates in 5th Edition of La Perouse 25 Multinational Naval Exercise

On January 16, 2025, the Indian Navy (IN), along with eight Indo-Pacific nations, is participating in the 5th
edition of the La Perouse 25 multinational naval exercise.
• The exercise is being conducted in the strategic maritime straits of Malacca, Sunda, and
Lombok, which serve as crucial routes for global maritime trade between the Indian Ocean and
the Pacific Ocean.

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 • This eight-day exercise, organized by the French Carrier Strike Group (CSG), began on January
16, 2025, and will continue until January 24, 2025.
About the exercise La Perouse 25:
The exercise aims to prepare navies for real-world challenges, enhancing their collective response
capabilities.
Participants:
i.The exercise involves naval forces from nine nations: India, Australia, Canada, the United States of
America (USA), France, Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Kingdom (UK), and Singapore.
ii.The Indian Navy participated with its destroyer Indian Naval Ship (INS) Mumbai while other nations
have deployed various advanced vessels.
Key Points:
i.A highlight of the exercise is the use IORIS (Indian Ocean Regional Information Sharing) system.
ii.During the exercise, all navies trained in the use of IORIS, a system designed for communication and
coordination, enabling the effective exchange of information and documents to collectively manage
maritime crises.
iii.The exercise focused on enhancing interoperability through training in ship inspections for illicit
activities while emphasizing the protection of key trade routes from accidents, illegal activities, and
natural disasters.
Note: The 4th edition of the La Perouse exercise was held in 2023 and involved seven nations, taking
place in the Bay of Bengal.

Indian Armed Forces Conducts ‘Exercise Devil Strike’

The Indian Armed Forces conducted ‘Exercise Devil Strike’, a joint exercise involving the elite airborne
forces of the Indian Army (IA) and the Indian Air Force (IAF) from January 16-19, 2025 at the training
areas and firing ranges, validating critical drills and improving operational preparedness.
About Exercise Devil Strike:
i.Exercise Devil Strike evaluates and improves logistical sustaining plans to ensure troops remain
operational and well-equipped under challenging circumstances.
ii.It includes state-of-the-art equipment and advanced technologies that enable the precise and effective
delivery of airborne forces to remote locations.
iii.It demonstrates the dedication of the Indian Armed Forces to sustaining operational excellence and
flexibility in the constantly changing military environment.
iv.The exercise has improved combined operational capabilities and reaffirmed the readiness of the Indian
Armed Forces to protect the interests of the country and respond effectively to any emerging threat.
About Indian Army (IA):
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) – General Upendra Dwivedi
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 1895
Motto – Seva Parmo Dharma (Service Before Self)
About Indian Air Force (IAF):
Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) – Amar Preet Singh
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 1932
Motto – Nabha Sparsham Deeptam(Touch the sky with Glory)

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TEST
India Test Fired Its First Indigenous Micro-Missile System Named Bhargavastra
In January 2025,Economic Explosives Limited (EEL), a subsidiary of Nagpur, Maharashtra-based Solar
Industries India Limited,successfully test-fired India’s first guided micro-missiles as part of
its ‘Bhargavastra’ counter-drone system.
• This system, developed by EEL, was initiated by the private sector without formal requisitions
from the Indian Armed Forces.
• The new micro-missile system, developed for the Indian Army, successfully hit virtual targets
over 2.5 km away.
• This system, developed to counter the rising threat of loitering munitions and weaponized
drones, uses micro-missiles to effectively target and destroy enemy drones at an affordable cost.
About The Bhargavastra system:
The Bhargavastra system, designed for the Indian Army (IA), is a multi-layered defense option that can
detect small flying objects up to 6 kilometers (km) away.
Key Features:
i.It is capable of firing over 64 micro missiles at once, making it a cost-effective alternative to expensive
surface-to-air missiles.
ii.It has been designed to operate across various terrains, including high-altitude areas, and can be
mounted on a mobile platform for quick deployment.
iii.TThe system’s multi-missile salvo capability offers an edge over global counterparts, effectively
countering drone swarms beyond conventional methods like jamming or spoofing.
iv.The system focuses on countering drone attacks by utilizing an advanced radar and fire control system
to detect and track Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The system is designed to operate at altitudes of up
to 5,000 meters.
• The radar in the command control center can detect medium to large drones at a range of 10 km
and small drones at 6 km. This advanced radar can also detect targets with low radar cross-
section (RCS).
Key Trials:
i.On January 12, the first trial was conducted against a stationary target located 2,500 meters (m) away
and 400 meters in the air.
ii.On January 13, the second trial was carried out on a moving electronic target.
Both tests were held at the Gopalpur Seaward Firing Ranges located in Odisha.
iii The system is set to undergo more extensive trials in the coming year, with the potential for induction
into the military.

DRDO Successfully Conducts Field Trials of Nag Mark 2 Anti-Tank Guided Missile
On January 13, 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO),under the Ministry of
Defence (MoD), and headquartered in New Delhi, Delhi, successfully conducted field trials of the Nag Mark
2, an advanced Anti-Tank Fire-and-Forget Guided Missile.
• The trials took place at the Pokhran Field Range in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
• With the successful trials, the Nag Mark 2 and its carrier system are now ready for induction
into the Indian Army (IA), reflecting India’s progress under the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ (self-
reliant India) initiative.
About Nag Mark 2:
The Nag Mark 2 is a third-generation anti-tank missile, developed indigenously by DRDO.

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Key Features:
i.It incorporates fire-and-forget technology, enabling operators to lock onto a target before launch and
strike it with high accuracy.
ii.During the three field trials, the missile successfully destroyed all targets, demonstrating its
effectiveness at both maximum and minimum ranges.
• This showcased its capability to neutralise modern armoured threats, including tanks equipped
with explosive reactive armour (ERA).
iii.It travels at 230 metres per second and destroys enemy tanks up to 4 kilometers away within 17-18
seconds.
iv.It weighs approximately 45 kg and measures 6 feet 1 inch.
v.It was developed by DRDO at a cost of ₹300 crore.
Note: The Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA) Version 2, a vehicle-mounted missile carrier, was also tested
successfully. This system ensures the effective deployment of the Nag Mark 2 missile on the battlefield.
About Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO):
Chairman– Sameer Venkatapathy Kamat
Established– 1958
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi

MoU SIGNED
MoD Signs Rs 2,867 Crore Contracts with MDL & Naval Group to bolster submarine capabilities
On December 30 2024, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed two contracts worth Rs 2,867 crore for the
construction of “Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) Plug for Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO)-AIP system and its integration onboard Indian Submarines”, and “the integration of
Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedo(EHWT) onboard the Kalvari-Class submarines”.
• Both the contracts were signed in the presence of Defence Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Singh in
New Delhi (Delhi).
• The aim is to enhance the endurance and firepower of India’s naval assets through indigenous
technologies, boosting both the operational capabilities and self-reliance in the defence sector.
About the MoUs:
i.AIP Plug Construction and Integration: A contract valued at Rs 1,990 crore was signed with Mazagon
Dock Shipbuilders Limited(MDL), Mumbai (Maharashtra) for constructing and integrating AIP Plug for the
DRDO-AIP system.
• The AIP technology is being indigenously developed by DRDO and its Naval Materials Research
Laboratory (NMRL),Thane, Maharashtra. The project pertaining to construction of AIP-plug and
its integration will enhance the endurance of conventional submarines.
• The AIP Plug will allow submarines to stay submerged for longer durations by generating
power without the need for atmospheric oxygen.
ii.Integration of EHWT: A contract worth Rs 877 crore was signed with Naval Group, France, for the
integration of the EHWT onboard Kalvari-Class submarines.
• The EHWT is a large-caliber, self-propelled underwater weapon designed for engaging surface
ships and submarines.
• The torpedo, developed by DRDO, is a cutting-edge weapon system that will significantly boost
the offensive capabilities of these submarines, allowing them to better protect India’s maritime
borders.
• This collaborative effort between the Indian Navy(IN), DRDO, and Naval Group will significantly
boost the firepower of these submarines.

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iii.These projects will enhance the endurance of conventional submarines and contribute to the
“Aatmanirbhar Bharat” (Self-Reliant India) initiative.
About Kalvari-Class submarines:
i.The Kalvari-class (Scorpene) diesel-electric attack submarines have been constructed at MDL with
technology transfer from Naval Group.
ii.The boats are capable of various missions such as anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, long-
range strikes, special operations, and intelligence.
About Naval Group:
Chief Executive Officer(CEO) – Pierre-Eric Pommellet
Headquarters – Paris, France
Founded – 1631
About Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL):
Chairman & Managing Director (CMD)– Sanjeev Singhal
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established- 1934

MoD & BDL Ink Rs. 2,960 crore Contract for MRSAM
On January 16, 2025, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed a Rs. 2,960 crore contract with Hyderabad
(Telangana) based Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) for the supply of Medium-Range Surface-to-Air
Missiles (MRSAM) for the Indian Navy (IN) in New Delhi(Delhi).
• The contract was signed by MoD and BDL officials in the presence of Rajesh Kumar
Singh, Defence Secretary, MoD.
Key Points:
i.The MRSAM system is jointly developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), in partnership with Indian industries from both the public and
private sectors, including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
ii.It will be installed on various Indian Naval Ships (INS) and integrated into upcoming naval platforms.
ii.Under the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative, BDL will supply the missiles under the ‘Buy (Indian)’
category with mostly indigenous components.
About Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM) :
i.MRSAM, developed jointly with Israel, is a high-response, quick-reaction, vertically launched supersonic
missile designed to counter enemy aerial threats such as missiles, aircraft, guided bombs, and helicopters.
• It is used by the IN, the Indian Army(IA) and the Indian Air Force(IAF) in different variants.
ii.It is 4,500 millimeters (mm) long, 225 mm in diameter, and weighs 275 kilograms (kg).
iii.It is capable of engaging multiple targets simultaneously at a range of up to 70 kilometers (km)
iv.It is powered by an indigenously developed rocket motor and control system, and offers high flexibility
in the terminal phase.
v.In December 2020, the DRDO conducted the first successful launch of the MRSAM (Army Version) from
the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, Odisha.
• The IA established its first MRSAM Regiment in the Eastern Sector in 2023.
About Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL):
BDL is a Miniratna I Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE) under the Ministry of Defence (MoD),
Government of India (GoI) that manufactures guided missile systems and allied equipment for the Indian
Armed Forces (IAF).
Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) – Commodore A Madhavarao (Retd.)
Headquarters – Hyderabad, Telangana
Founded – 1970

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MoD signs Rs 1,561 crore deal with Heavy Vehicles Factory for 47 T-72 Bridge Laying Tanks
In January 2025, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed a Rs 1,561-crore deal with Chennai(Tamil Nadu,
TN) based Heavy Vehicles Factory(HVF), a unit of Armoured Vehicle Nigam Limited(AVNL), for the
acquisition of 47 Tank (T)-72 Bridge Laying Tanks (BLTs) for the Indian Army(IA).
The contract was signed by the senior officials of the MoD and HVF, AVNL, in the presence of Rajesh
Kumar Singh, Secretary of the MoD.
T-72 BLTs are manufactured by HVF under the license from Russia.
i.The deal is categorized as Buy IDDM(Indian-Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured)
procurement category, introduced in India’s Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) 2016.
ii.The T-72 BLTs is an important equipment that is used by the Mechanised Forces of the IA to launch
bridges during both offensive and defensive operations.
iii.The T-72 BLT, also known as BLT T-72, features a scissors-type bridge that can be deployed in two
configurations: a 20-meter(m) span supporting vehicles up to 60 tons, and a 22m span supporting vehicles
up to 70 tons.

OTHER DEFENCE NEWS

DRDO celebrates 67th Foundation Day in New Delhi
On 1st January 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) celebrated
its 67th Foundation Day in New Delhi, Delhi. Union Minister Rajnath Singh, Ministry of Defence (MoD),
participated in the Foundation day event and unveiled the DRDO’s goals for 2025.
• During his visit, he lauded DRDO for boosting the nation’s self-reliance by equipping the Armed
Forces with cutting-edge technologies and equipment, while also fortifying the defence sector
through collaborations with the private sector.
ii.With 2025 declared as the ‘Year of Reforms’, DRDO is set to play a vital role in achieving the outlined
objectives.
iii.DRDO aims to involve start-ups in its Research and Development (R&D) initiatives to promote idea
exchange and enable the Indian defence sector to develop innovative technologies.
Points to Note:
• As of January 2025, 1,950 Transfer of Technologies (ToTs) for DRDO-developed systems have
been handed over to Indian industries, with 256 Licensing Agreements for ToTs signed in 2024.
• Over 18,000 tests were carried out in the last three years, with 5,000 tests conducted in 2024 at
the DRDO test facilities.

L&T Launches Second Multi-Purpose Vessel ‘INS Utkarsh’ for IN

In January, 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra)- based Larsen & Toubro Limited(L&T) has launched the Indian
Navy (IN)’s second Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV), named ‘Indian Naval Ship (INS) Utkarsh’, from its
shipyard in Kattupalli, near Chennai, Tamil Nadu (TN).
• This launch follows just three months after the launch of the first MPV, INS Samarthak
Key People: The vessel was launched by Dr. Sushmita Misra Singh, wife of Union Secretary Rajesh
Kumar Singh, Ministry of Defence (MoD). The event was attended by senior Navy officials, including Vice
Admiral B. Sivakumar and Rear Admiral Vishal Bishnoi.
About INS Utkarsh:
The INS Utkarsh was designed at L&T’s Warship Design Centre in Chennai and constructed at the L&T
Shipbuilding Limited in Kattupalli.
Key Features:
i.The MPV is 107 meters (m) long, 18.6 m wide, weighs over 3,750 tonnes (t) and reaches speeds of up to

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50 knots.
ii.It is designed to perform various tasks, including maritime surveillance, humanitarian assistance and
pollution control.
iii.It also serves as a platform for testing indigenous weapons and sensors, promoting self-reliance in
defense technology. Additionally, the vessel aids in the navigation of ships, further enhancing its
versatility.
Note: In addition to these MPVs, L&T is building three Cadet Training Ships and six other defence vessels
for the IN under a Public-Private Partnership(PPP).
About Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Limited :
Chairman and Managing Director (CMD)– Sekharipuram Narayanan (SN) Subrahmanyan
Headquarters– Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established– 1946

Vandana Agrawal Launches 2 FPVs GSL YARD – Amulya & Akshay for ICG
On January 5 2025, Vandana Agrawal, Chairperson, International Financial Services Centres Authority
(IFSCA) Committee on Ship Acquisition, Financing and Leasing, launched 2 Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) built
by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) YARD – Amulya (1272) and Akshay (1273) for the Indian Coast
Guard (ICG) in Vasco da Gama, Goa.
• The event marked a significant milestone in GSL’s growth, reflecting its commitment to
technological and operational excellence.
• The 2 FPVs are indigenously designed and constructed by GSL, in line with the Atmanirbhar
Bharat initiative.
Background:
i.In 2022, the Ministry of Defence(MoD) has signed a contract with GSL for the construction of 8 FPVs for
the ICG for Rs 473 crore.
ii.In October 2024, GSL launched two vessels of the same series ‘Amulya’ and ‘Akshay’.
Key Features:
i.These vessels are specifically tailored to meet the ICG’s operational needs, including surveillance and
protection of offshore assets and island territories.
• Key specifications: Length: 52 meters (m), Breadth: 8 meters (m) and Displacement: 320
tonnes (t)
ii.The FPVs are equipped to perform high-speed patrolling and surveillance missions, contributing to the
Indian Coast Guard’s enhanced operational capabilities.
iii.For the 1st time in its history, GSL used its ‘State-of-the-Art Ship-Lift System’ to launch 2 vessels of the
same series in October 2024 simultaneously, highlighting the shipyard’s advanced infrastructure and
modernization efforts.
About Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL):
Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) – Brajesh Kumar Upadhyay
Headquarters- Goa
Established-1957

MDL delivers 6th Scorpene Submarine ‘INS Vagsheer’ to IN

On January 9, 2025, Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) delivered the 6th and final Scorpene-class
submarine, ‘Indian Navy Ship (INS) Vaghsheer (S26)’ to the Indian Navy (IN) in Mumbai, Maharashtra,
marking the successful completion of Project P-75.

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 • The Acceptance Document was signed by Sanjeev Singhal, Chairman & Managing Director
(CMD), MDL and Rear Admiral (RAdm) R Adhisrinivasan, Chief Staff Officer (CSO) (Technical),
Western Naval Command.
• India aims to be fully self-reliant in defence by 2047, with numerous ships and submarines
under construction in domestic shipyards.
Note:Other 5 Submarines: INS Kalvari (2015), INS Khanderi (2017), INS Karanj (2018), INS Vela (2021),
and INS Vagir (2020).
Background :
i.Vaghsheer (S26) was launched on April 20, 2022, underwent trials for more than a year, to ensure
delivery of Combat Worthy Submarine.
• It was ordered in 2005, as part of the Project 75 program.
ii.This submarines have been completely built by MDL through a transfer of technology from Naval
Group(France), in line with the Government of India’s(GoI) “Make in India” policy.
Key Features of INS Vaghsheer :
i.Combat Capabilities: It is armed with wire-guided torpedoes and anti-ship missiles, which can be
launched both underwater and at the surface.
• It boasts a very high level of automation with Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)
and a Combat Management System (CMS).
ii.Advanced Technology:It is equipped with state-of-the-art stealth technologies, including reduced
radiated noise levels and a hydrodynamically optimized design, becoming the quietest submarines in the
world.
• It can undertake multifarious types of missions such as Anti-Surface warfare, Anti-Submarine
Warfare, Intelligence Gathering and Area Surveillance.
iii.Indigenous Systems: The submarine is fitted with indigenously developed systems including Air
Conditioning Plant and Internal Communication & Broadcast System in addition to Main Batteries and Ku-
Band SATCOM (Rukmini).
About Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL):
MDL is preparing for Project 75(I), which involves building 6 nuclear-powered attack submarines.
• As of September 2024, the government held an 84.83% stake in the defence PSU.
Chairman & Managing Director (CMD)– Sanjeev Singhal
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established- 1934

DRDO completes HIMKAVACH Clothing System user trials for Cold Weather Military Operations
On January 10, 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced that
its HIMKAVACH multi-layer clothing system has successfully completed user trials in extreme cold
weather conditions.
• It aims to improve soldier performance by enhancing mobility, comfort, and durability in harsh,
cold environments.
i.The system is designed to protect soldiers in temperatures ranging from +20 degree celsius (°C) to -
60°C, making it ideal for high-altitude military operations, particularly in the Himalayan region.
ii.The system features a modular, multi-layer structure, allowing soldiers to add or remove layers based
on weather conditions, ensuring both comfort and mobility.
iii.Previously, the Indian Army (IA) used the Extreme Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS), a 3-
layered outfit developed by DRDO’s Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS) which
provided insulation and waterproofing and a reversible outer layer for camouflage in snowy and non-
snowy terrain.

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India & France strengthens maritime security cooperation in IOR
In January 2025, India and France strengthened their maritime security cooperation to maintain peace
and security in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) during the 7th India-France maritime cooperation
dialogue held in New Delhi, Delhi.
• The dialogue was co-chaired by Pavan Kapoor, Deputy National Security Adviser(NSA),
Government of India(GoI) and Alice Rufo, Director General(DG) for international relations and
strategy, Ministry for the Armed Forces, France.
Note: India assuming chair of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in 2025 for two years.
Key Points:
i.During the dialogue, India and France agreed to develop an analysis of threats to maritime security in the
IOR to prevent illegal maritime activity, including piracy and armed robbery, maritime terrorism,
contraband smuggling, unethical unreported and excessive fishing.
ii.Both countries will also provide free and secure access to sea lanes of communications through
association of their maritime assets and organisations.
• These organizations include the Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region in Gurugram,
the Regional Coordination Operations Centre in Seychelles, and the Regional Maritime
Information Fusion Centre in Madagascar.
India, France expands partnership in high-end technology sectors
In January 2025, India and France agreed to deepen their bilateral partnership in high-end technologies,
during the India-France Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) held in Paris, France.
• The consultations were co-chaired by Vikram Misri,Foreign Secretary of India and Anne-Marie
Descôtes, Secretary-General of the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs.
• They also co-chaired a meeting of the India-France Special Task Force on Civil Nuclear Energy.
ii.Both the countries discussed to cooperate in various areas including defence, civil nuclear energy, space,
cybersecurity, digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI), institutional dialogue mechanisms and
initiatives to enhance people-to-people exchanges and cultural ties.
• The two countries also reviewed progress on the India-France ‘Horizon 2047 roadmap’.
• Discussions were also held on climate change and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific as well as joint
development projects in third countries.
About France:
President– Emmanuel Macron
Prime Minister(PM) – François Bayrou
Capital– Paris
Currency– Euro(EUR)

DRDO Carries Out Test of India’s First Scramjet Combustor for Hypersonic Technology
In January 2025,The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the Ministry of
Defence (MoD) successfully carried out a ground test of an active cooled scramjet combustor, lasting
120 seconds, marking a first for India.
• This test is part of India’s effort to develop hypersonic technology powered by supersonic
combustion ramjets (scramjets).
• This technology was developed by the Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL),
based in Hyderabad, Telangana, and part of the DRDO.
Key Points:
i.A significant achievement was the creation of a unique type of endothermic scramjet fuel developed
entirely in India. This fuel, designed by DRDL in collaboration with industry experts, enhances cooling
efficiency and simplifies ignition.

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ii.Another accomplishment is the development of an advanced Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC). Made from
a specialized ceramic material, this coating can withstand extremely high temperatures, even exceeding
the melting point of steel.
• The coating is applied inside the engine using special techniques to improve its durability and
performance.
iii.The scramjet combustor test showed its ability to ignite and maintain stable combustion under
challenging conditions.This is a difficult task because the flame has to stay stable while air flows at speeds
over 1.5 kilometres per second (km/s).
• To improve the engine’s design and performance, advanced tools such as Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used.
About Hypersonic Missiles:
Hypersonic missiles are highly advanced weapons that travel at speeds over Mach 5, which is more than
five times the speed of sound (around 5,400 kilometres per hour, km/hr).
i.These missiles are designed to evade existing air defense systems and deliver swift, powerful strikes.
ii.A crucial element of hypersonic vehicles is the scramjet engine, which uses air from the atmosphere to
sustain combustion at supersonic speeds without requiring moving parts.
About Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO):
Chairman– Samir V Kamat
Headquarters– New Delhi, Delhi
Established– 1958

Union Minister Rajnath Singh Flags-off ‘SANJAY – The Battlefield Surveillance System’ from
New Delhi
On 24th January 2025, Union Minister Rajnath Singh, Ministry of Defence (MoD) flagged off ‘SANJAY’, the
Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS) from South Block, New Delhi, Delhi.
It has been indigenously and jointly developed by the Indian Army (IA) and Bengaluru(Karnataka)
based Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) , establishing a favorable environment for the realization of
“Aatmanirbharta” as a sequel to the IA’s “Year of Technology Absorption.”
This system has been developed under the Buy (Indian) category at a cost of Rs 2,402 crore.
Key People:
Union Minister of State(MoS) Sanjay Seth, MoD; Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan, Chief of
the Army Staff(CoAS) General Upendra Dwivedi, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Secretary of MoD, and other senior
officials of MoD and BEL,were present at the flagging-off ceremony.
About SANJAY:
i.An automated system called SANJAY combines the data from all battlefield sensors, both aerial and
ground-based, processes it to ensure its accuracy, avoids duplication, and combines it to create a Common
Surveillance Picture of the battlefield via the Army Data Network and Satellite Communication Network.
ii.It will improve battlefield transparency and reshape the future battlefield through a Centralised Web
Application that will provide information to the Command and Army Headquarters, and the IA Decision
Support System.
iii.The BSS is equipped with modern sensors and advanced analytics. It will be a force multiplier in
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, monitor the broad land borders, stop invasions, and
evaluate circumstances with unmatched accuracy.
In a network-centric environment, this would allow commanders to conduct both conventional and
non-conventional operations. Its implementation will be a significant step toward data and network
centricity in IA.

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iv.These systems will be implemented in three stages across all operational Brigades, Divisions, and Corps
of IA from March 2025 to October of 2025, which has been declared as ‘Year of Reforms’ by the MoD.
About Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL):
Chairman & Managing Director(CMD) -Manoj Jain
Headquarters – Bengaluru, Karnataka
Founded – 1954

SPORTS
Haryana Steelers won the first ever ‘PKL Title’ with 32-23 Over Patna Pirates
On December 29, 2024, Haryana Steelers (professional kabaddi team based in Haryana) triumphed
over Patna Pirates (professional kabaddi team based in Bihar) with a 32-23 victory in the final of Pro
Kabaddi League (PKL) Season 11 held at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex in Balewadi, Pune,
Maharashtra.
• This win marked the first-ever PKL title for the Haryana Steelers.
• The Iranian player of Haryana Steelers, Mohammadreza Shadloui was awarded the “Most
Valuable Player of Season 11” & “Best Defender of Season 11” and the coach of Haryana
Steelers Manpreet Singh was named as the “Super Coach of Season 11”.
Prize Money:
• The Haryana Steelers were awarded a prize of Rs 3 crore for winning the title, while the Patna
Pirates received Rs 1.8 crore as runners-up.
About Haryana Steelers:
The team is led by Jaideep Dahiya & Rahul Sethpal and was coached by Manpreet Singh. It is owned by
JSW (Jindal South West) Sports, of the JSW Group.
Key Points:
i.The Haryana Steelers topped the league stage of PKL Season 11 maintained control through a solid
defensive effort led by Jaideep and Rahul Sethpal, making it difficult for Patna Pirates’ raiders, including
Devank Dalal and Ankit, to score.
ii.As the match neared its end at the second half, Mohammad Reza Shadloui led his team to a 9-point
advantage, completing an All Out, sealing the victory by securing 32-23 scoreline .
• For the Haryana Steelers, the champions, Shivam Patare scored 9 points, leading the offensive
charge, Mohammadreza Shadloui bagged 7 points and was pivotal in both attack and defence
and Vinay added 6 more to the cause.
iii.The victory also marked the Haryana Steelers’ dominance in the league, having finished at the top of the
table with 16 wins from 22 matches and 84 points during the regular season.
PKL 2024 Awards Season 11:

Category Name

Raid of Season 11 Manjeet (Telugu Titans)

Tackle of Season 11 Ankit (Patna Pirates)

Best Raider of Season 11 Devank Dalal (Patna Pirates)

Best Defender of Season 11 Mohammadreza Shadloui (Haryana Steelers)

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 New Young Player of Season 11 Ayan Lohchab (Patna Pirates)

Most Valuable Player of Season 11 Mohammadreza Shadloui (Haryana Steelers)

Super Coach of Season 11 Manpreet Singh (Haryana Steelers)

Denmark’s Anders Antonsen won the Inaugural King Cup International Badminton Open 2024
Denmark badminton player Anders Antonsen (World no. 2) claimed the inaugural King Cup International
Badminton Open 2024 title after defeating China’s Hu Zhe’an in a 2-1 victory (21-18, 11-21, 18-21)in the
final match held in Shenzhen, the People’s Republic of China.
• Anders Antonsen won the monetary prize of 1.1 million Renminbi (RMB) and the Hu Zhe’an, 1s
the runner-up of the tournament received 5,00,000 RMB.
• While, India’s ace badminton player ranked at world no. 12, Lakshya Sen secured 3rd position
at the tournament by defeating Alex Lanier (France), and received the monetary prize of around
36 lakhs.
King Cup International Badminton Open 2024:
i.It is a unique badminton tournament started by two-time Olympic champion Lin Dan (China).
ii.It featured only men’s singles event and witnessed the participation of 8 players.
iii.The tournament is officially registered on the Badminton World Federation (BWF) but is categorised as
non-world ranking event, means it does not offer ranking points.
About Anders Antonsen:
i.He is a 3-time world championships medallist: silver (2019 and 2021) and Bronze (2023).
About Lakshya Sen:
i.Lakshya Sen, former World Junior No.1 badminton player, has won a gold medal in 2022 Commonwealth
Games (CWG) in Birmingham, the United Kingdom (UK) and in 2018 Asia Junior Championships in Jakarta,
Indonesia.
ii.He reached in the men’s singles semi-finals at Paris 2024 Olympics thus, became the 1st Indian ever to
reach the semi-finals at Summer Olympic Games.

World Boxing forms new Asian body: India Takes Centre Stage with Ajay Singh as Board
Member
In December 2024, World Boxing (formerly known as Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur, AIBA)
added Asia as the newest member of its global structure. A new Asian Confederation was formed to
enhance the development, representation and promotion of boxing throughout Asia.
• The development came after Asian Boxing
Confederation (ASBC) members voted in favour of
remaining part of the International Boxing Association
(IBA) during the Congress held in Bangkok, Thailand.
• India has emerged as a key player in this strategic
expansion, reflecting its growing prominence in
international boxing.
Key Appointments and Their Roles:
The Boxing Federation of India(BFI) has been granted seven
pivotal positions in the new interim Asian Boxing body, with Ajay Singh, President of the BFI, appointed
as a board member.
i.Hemanta Kumar Kalita, Secretary General of BFI, has been included in the Olympic Commission.

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ii.The BFI Treasurer, Digvijay Singh, will be a part of the Finance and Audit Committee, ensuring fiscal
oversight and accountability within the organization.
iii.Other key figures from India will hold important roles:
• Narender Kumar Nirwan, Vice President (VP) (North Zone) of BFI, will serve on the
Constitution Commission.
• DP Bhatt, Chairman of the BFI Disciplinary & Disputes Commission, will join the Sports and
Competition Commission.
• Dr. Karanjeet Singh will represent India on the newly formed Medical Commission.
iv.Lovlina Borgohain, a Tokyo 2020 Olympic medalist, has been appointed to the Athlete Commission of
the new Asian body.
• As one of the three members, she will advocate for improved training facilities, equitable
opportunities, and strong support systems across Asia to help boxers excel internationally.
• She won a bronze medal in boxing at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and also earned a gold medal at
the 2022 Commonwealth Games.
vi.The creation of the Asian Boxing body marks a significant milestone for World Boxing, as it seeks to
secure the sport’s place in the Los Angeles 2028 Olympics and beyond.
Upcoming Events :
i.India is set to host major boxing events, including the World Boxing Cup Final 2025 and the World
Boxing Congress 2025 in New Delhi (Delhi).
ii.These events are scheduled for November 2025, positioning India as a central hub for global boxing
development and growing prominence in the sport.
About World Boxing:
President – Boris van der Vorst
Headquarters – Renens, Switzerland
Founded – 2023

2024 FIDE World Rapid and Blitz Championship- India’s Humpy won Rapid’s title; Vaishali won
bronze in Blitz
The International Chess Federation (FIDE) World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championships 2024 was
held from 26th December to 31st December 2024 in Wall Street, New York, United States of America
(USA).Five world champions claimed titles across different categories in this tournament for the year
2024.
• Women’s World Rapid Championship – India’s Koneru Humpy won the women’s
championship title with 8.5 points after defeating Indonesia’s Irene Sukandar in the finals.
• World Rapid Championship – In the open section, 18-year-old Russian Volodar Murzin won
the World Rapid Championship.
• Blitz Championship – Norway’s Magnus Carlsen and Russia’s Ian Nepomniachtchi shared
the title with after both players after 3 tie breaking matches.
• Blitz women’s category, China’s Ju Wenjun won the blitz title after defeating Lei Tingjie
(China) in the finals while Vaishali Rameshbabu (2.5 points) won a bronze.
Note:
• Open Tournaments: The total prize money is USD 1 Million (Rs.8.5 crore), and the winner
receives USD 90,000.
• Women’s Tournaments: The total prize money is USD 428,500 (Rs.3.6 crore), and the winner
receives USD 60,000.

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Key Highlights:
i.This marks Koneru Humpy’s 2nd World Rapid Championship title, her first being in 2019 in Georgia. She
is the only player besides China’s Ju Wenjun to win the title more than once.
• She had won a bronze medal in the 2012 edition of the Rapid Chess Championship in Moscow
and a silver in 2024 at Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
• China’s Ju Wenjun secured the 2nd spot while Russia’s Kateryna Lagno won the 3rd position.
ii.Murzinhas become the second-youngest FIDE World Rapid Champion, after Nodirbek
Abdusattorov (Uzbekistan), who claimed the title at 17.
• Russian chess players Alexander Grischuk and Ian Nepomniachtchi, both secured on 9.5
points securing 2nd and 3rd spots.
• India’s Arjun Erigaisi finished at the 5th spot with 9 points.
iii.Under the Blitz section, this was the first Blitz title won by Ian Nepomniachtchi.
• Earlier he had won silver medals in the 2013, 2015, and 2021 World Rapid championships,
the 2014 World Blitz championship, the 2022 World Fischer Random championship, and
secured second positions in the 2021 and 2023 Classical World championships.
iv.This win was Carlsen’s eighth Blitz title (earlier won in 2009, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023)
and 18th major championship triumph.
• He already is a five-time World Chess Champion (won in 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021) and
a five-time World Rapid Chess Champion (won in 2014, 2015, 2019, 2022, 2023).
Winners
Rapid Chess title

Open Section Women’s Section

Rank Winner Points Rank Winner Points

Koneru
1 Volodar Murzin (Russia) 10 1 8.5
Humpy (India)

Alexander Ju Wenjun
2 9.5 2 8
Grischuk (Russia) (China)

Ian Kateryna
3 9.5 3 8
Nepomniachtchi (Russia) Lagno (Russia)
Blitz Chess title

Open Section Women’s Section

Rank Winner Points Rank Winner Points

Magnus Carlsen
Ju Wenjun
1 (Norway) and Ian 3.5 1 3.5
(China)
Nepomniachtchi (Russia)

2 Wesley So (United States 2 2 Lei Tingjie 2.5

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 of America) (China)

Vaishali
Jan-Krzysztof Duda
3 0 3 Rameshbabu 1.5
(Poland)
(India)

West Bengal Wins 78th Santosh Trophy Title in Hyderabad

On December 31, 2024, West Bengal (WB) claimed the 78th Santosh Trophy 2024 title by
defeating Kerala in the final at the GMC Balayogi Stadium in Hyderabad, Telangana. This victory marked
WB’s record 33rd title win in the history of the tournament.
i.It is a National Football Championship organised by the All India Football Federation. 31 teams
participated in the tournament and played in the Group stage.
ii.Robi Hansda, a skilled striker from WB, was a standout player in the tournament. He was honored with
two major individual awards: The Tulsidas Balaram Player of the Match Award and
the Peter Thangaraj Player of the Tournament Award, acknowledging his outstanding performance
throughout the competition.
Note: The Santosh Trophy 2023 title was won by Meghalaya, who defeated Karnataka in the final to claim
the championship.

KKFI Unveils Trophies and Mascots for the 1st ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025
On January 03 2024, the Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) unveiled the trophies and mascots for
the 1st-ever Kho Kho World Cup scheduled from January 13-19, 2025. This event, supported by the Sports
Authority of India (SAI), will be held at the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, New Delhi (Delhi).
• The tournament will feature 21 men’s and 20 women’s teams from 24 countries across 6
continents, showcasing global talent.
i.The mascots, ‘Tejas’ and ‘Tara’, are dynamic gazelles that represent the spirit of the tournament.
• Tejas, symbolising brilliance and energy, and Tara, representing guidance and aspiration, were
depicted in vibrant blue and orange sporting attire adorned with traditional Indian motifs.
ii.The tournament will feature 2 magnificent trophies, a blue trophy for the men’s championship and a
green trophy for the women’s championship.
• The blue trophy symbolizes trust, determination, and universal appeal, while the green trophy
represents growth and vitality.

New Zealand Cricketer Martin Guptill Retires from International Cricket

On 9th January 2025, New Zealand cricketer 38-year-old Martin Guptill announced his retirement from
international cricket. He played 367 games for New Zealand in total and scored 13,463 runs in his 14-year
international career.
i.He played 198 One Day Internationals (ODIs), 122 Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is), 47 Tests and scored
23 centuries across the three formats and breaking numerous white-ball batting records.
ii.He became the first New Zealand cricketer to score an ODI double-century achieving an unbeaten 237 in
the International Cricket Council (ICC) Cricket World Cup 2015 quarter-final against the West Indies at
Wellington Stadium, New Zealand.
iii.He is the current captain of the Auckland Aces now will continue to play T20 franchise and domestic
cricket matches.

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Australia beats India 3-1 to win Border-Gavaskar Trophy after 10 years
Australia beats India 3-1 in 5 match test series to win Border-Gavaskar Trophy after 10 years and final test
of the Series was held on 5th January 2025 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in Sydney, Australia.
• The Border Gavaskar Trophy 2024-25 was scheduled from 22nd November 2024
to 7th January 2025 in Australia.
• This marks the first time Australia had won the series over India in the last 10 years since they
won at home in 2014-15.
• India has won four consecutive series (2016-17, 2018-19,2020-21 and 2022-23) including
two in Australia.
Key Highlights:
i.India won the 1st match series at Perth by 295 runs but Australia won the 2nd one in Adelaide, by 10
wickets.
• The 3rd match ended in draw in Brisbane but Australia won the 4th test in Melbourne by 184
runs and then the final test in Sydney.
ii. Australia have qualified for the World Test Championship (WTC) final for the second consecutive time
after this win and will compete with South Africa in the final at Lord’s on 11th June 2025.
iii.Pat Cummins has become the first captain since Michael Clarke and Steven Smith (combined)
in 2015 to win a Test series against India.
iv.India off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwinhad announced his retirement from international cricket in
which he secured a total of 765 wickets for India across the formats.
v.Virat Kohli scored his 7th test century in the Perth Test surpassing Sachin Tendulkar’s tally of 6 Test
centuries in Australia.
India broke 47-year record with commanding Perth Test win
i.India broke a 47-year-old record by 295-run win in the opening Test of the five-match series at Optus
Stadium in Perth Australia and making it India’s biggest victory against Australia in Australia in terms of
runs. The previous record stood at 222 runs, achieved at Melbourne on December 30, 1977.
Bumrah named Player of the Series after record-breaking tour of Australia
i.Jasprit Bumrah was awarded with the Player of the Series title as he emerged as the highest wicket
taker of the tournament with 32 wickets.
• He has broken the 47-year-old record of Bishan Singh Bedi who secured 31 wickets during
India’s tour of Australia in 1977-78.
• Also, Bumrah’s average of 13.06 ranks is second only to Richard Hadlee’s 12.15 in 1985
among bowlers who have secured more than 20 wickets in a Test series in Australia.
ii.He has become the first Indian bowler to win a Player of the Series award in Test matches across
three SENA nations (South Africa, England, Australia and New Zealand).
• Furthermore, he is the only second pacer, after Brett Lee in 2007-08, to win the Player of the
Series award in the prestigious Border-Gavaskar Trophy.
iii.He had previously won the Player of the Series award during India’s tour of England in 2022-23 where
he took 23 wickets in 5 matches and also during India’s tour of South Africa in 2024 where he became the
first and only Indian bowler to secure 12 wickets in two matches.
Bumrah equals with Kapil Dev for SENA countries record during Perth Test
Jasprit Bumrah made history by securing his 7th five-wicket haul in SENA (South Africa, England, New
Zealand and Australia) and He has equaled with Kapil Dev.
• During the Perth match, Bumrah claimed five wickets for just 30 runs at an economy rate of
1.67.
• Now in 27 Tests in SENA countries, Bumrah has got 118 wickets at an average of 22.55.

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Bumrah quickest Indian to 200 Test wickets by balls bowled
i.Jasprit Bumrah has become the fastest Indian bowler to reach 200 Test wickets.
ii.Bumrah made his 200th Test wicket off only the 8484th delivery he has bowled in the format, making
him the fastest Indian to the mark in terms of balls bowled, surpassing Mohammed Shami who took his
200th wicket from his 9896th delivery.
iii.Overall, Bumrah is now the fourth-fastest bowler to achieve 200 wickets, behind Waqar Younis (7725
balls), Dale Steyn (7848 balls), and Kagiso Rabada (8154 balls).
• He has also become the first bowler to achieve 200 wickets with a sub-20 bowling average
(19.56).
Rishabh Pant slams fastest Test fifty in Australia by a visiting batter
i.Rishabh Pant smashed the fastest Test half-century in just 29 balls in Australia by a visiting batter.
• He has broken the record of 33 balls held by England’s John Brown (Melbourne 1895) and
West Indies’ Roy Fredericks (Perth 1975).
• It also marked the second-fastest half-century by an Indian batter in Test cricket.
ii.The fastest half-century record by an Indian batter in a Test match also belongs to Pant which he made
in 28-balls against Sri Lanka in Bengaluru in 2022.
Note
Pant has also become the first Indian wicketkeeper to achieve mark of 25 dismissals against any opponent
in a series.
About Border Gavaskar Trophy:
i.The Border–Gavaskar Trophy (BGT) is an International Test cricket tournament played between India
and Australia.
ii.It is named after former captains, Australia’s Allan Border and India’s Sunil Gavaskar and was first
held in 1996-97.
iii.Out of 17 test series, India have been victorious 10 times, Australia have won 6 times, and one series
was drawn.

Bangladesh Batsman Tamim Iqbal Khan Retires from International Cricket

On January, 10, 2025, a 35-year-old Bangladesh left-handed batsman Tamim Iqbal Khan announced his
retirement from all forms of International Cricket.
• This marks his second departure from the game; he initially retired in July 2023 but reversed
the decision within 24 hours after intervention by Bangladesh’s – Prime Minister (PM), Sheikh
Hasina.
Achievement of Tamim Iqbal:
i.Tamim debuted in One Day Internationals (ODIs) in 2007 and played his first Test in 2008.
ii.He became the first Bangladeshi player to reach 50 half-centuries in ODIs.
iii.He is the only Bangladeshi cricketer to score centuries in all three formats of the game.
iv.In 2011, he was named one of the four Cricketers of the Year by Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack.
v.He has scored over 15,000 runs in his international career, the most by any Bangladeshi batsman to date.

Spanish Super Cup: FC Barcelona defeats Real Madrid to win 15th title
In January 2025, Futbol Club(FC) Barcelona, defeated Real Madrid by 5-2 to win the 41st edition
of Spanish Super Cup (also known as Supercopa de España) Clasico final held at the King Abdullah Sports
City stadium in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
• The tournament was held from 8th January to 12th January 2025.
• Barcelona has won the Spanish Cup for the 15th time after this win which is two more than Real
Madrid (13).

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i.The Supercopa de Espana 2025 has a prize money pool of USD 20.7 million.
• FC Barcelona and Real Madrid will receive USD 6.2 million while Athletic Bilbao will receive
around USD 2.1 million and RCD Mallorca will get USD 880,150.
ii.In addition to the prize money, the champions of the tournament will be rewarded with USD 2.1 million,
and the runners-up with USD 1 million.
Note: FC Barcelona won their first Super Cup in 1983–84 – that has been followed by wins in 1991-92,
1992-93, 1994-95, 1996-97, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2016-17, 2018-19,
2022-23 and now 2024-25.

22nd India Open 2025: Viktor Axelsen, An Se-Young secure men’s and women’s singles titles
Paris Olympic gold medalists Viktor Axelsen of Denmark and South Korea’s An Se Young won
the Men’s and Women’s Singles titles in the finals of 22nd India Open Super 750 badminton
tournament 2025 held on 19th January 2025 at the KD Jadhav Indoor Hall in New Delhi, Delhi.
• Axelsen defeated Hong Kong’s Lee Cheuk Yiu in the Men’s
Singles final while An Se Young defeated
Thailand’s Pornpawee Chochuwong in the women’s
singles final.
• This was Axelsen’s 6th India Open final in 10 years and
has won his 3rd India Open men’s singles title after
winning it in 2017 and 2019.
• The India Open Super 750 badminton tournament 2025
was held from 14th January to 19th January 2025.
Note:
The total prize money for the India Open 2025 was USD 950,000.
• Out of the total, the men’s and women’s singles winners will be awarded with USD 66,500 and
the winners in the men’s, women’s and mixed doubles categories will be awarded USD
70,300 respectively.
Key Highlights:
i.Malaysia’s Goh Sze Fei and Nur Izzuddindefeated South Korea’s Kim Won Ho and Seo Seung Jae in
the Men’s doubles
ii.In the Women’s doubles category, Japan’s Arisa Igarashi and Ayako Sakuramoto defeated South
Korea’s Kim Hye jeong and Kong Hee Yong in the finals to win the title.
iii.China’s Jiang Zhenbang and Wei Yaxin won in the mixed doubles category after defeating France’s
Thom Gicquel and Delphine Delrue in the finals.
Results:

Category Winners

Men’s singles Viktor Axelsen (Denmark)

Women’s singles An Se-young (South Korea)

Men’s doubles Goh Sze Fei and Nur Izzuddin (Malaysia)

Women’s doubles Arisa Igarashi and Ayako Sakuramoto (Japan)

Mixed doubles Jiang Zhen Bang and Wei Ya Xin (China)

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About Viktor Axelsen:
i.Viktor Axelsen has won gold medals in men’s singles at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 2024 Paris
Olympics after his bronze medal in 2016 Rio Olympics.
ii.He has also won the World Championships in 2017 and 2022, becoming the only non-Asian male
player besides Thomas Lund to win the title twice.
iii.On individual levels, he has won 3 European Championships titles in 2016, 2018, and 2022, and a gold
medal at the European Games in 2023.
About An Se Young:
i.An Se-young has won the gold medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics in the women’s singles event.
ii.She has also won the gold medal at the 2023 World Championships, becoming the first Korean
women’s singles player to win the World Championships title.
iii.Besides, she has won gold medal in the women’s singles at the 2022 Asian Games and in women’s
team at the 2022 Uber Cup and at the 2022 Asian Games.
About India Open:
i.The India Open, officially known as the Yonex Sunrise India Open 2025 is an annual badminton event
which has been held in India since 2008.
• It was held for the first time in 1973.
ii. In 2018, the Badminton World Federation (BWF) included it in its World Tour as a Super 500
event and later was upgraded to a Super 750 tournament.

Kho Kho World Cup 2025: India wins both men’s and women’s team events
The Indian men’s and women’s teams won the Kho Kho World Cup 2025 titles in their respective finals of
the 1st edition of the Kho Kho World Cup 2025 held from January 13 to 19, 2025 at the Indira Gandhi
Indoor Stadium in New Delhi, Delhi.
• The Indian men’s Kho Kho team beat Nepal by 54-36
while the women’s team defeated the Nepalese team
by 78-40 in the finals.
• The Indian men’s team was captained
by Pratik Waikar while the Women’s team was
captained by Priyanka Ingle.
Key Highlights:
i.India men’s team remained unbeaten throughout the Kho Kho
tournament.
• The team topped the Group A standings with four wins defeating Sri Lanka in the quarter-
finals and South Africa in the semi-finals.
ii.The Indian women’s Kho Kho team also remained undefeated in the tournament.
• They won their three Group A matches and then defeated Bangladesh and South Africa in
the quarter-finals and semi-finals, respectively.
About Kho Kho World Cup 2025:
i.The Kho Kho World Cup 2025 tournament was organized by the Kho Kho Federation of India(KKFI) and
the International Kho Kho Federation(IKKF).
• This inaugural edition of the competition was backed by the Indian Olympic Association (IOA),
and featured 20 men’s and 19 women’s teams.
ii.The Indian men’s team was in Group A with Nepal, Peru, Brazil and Bhutan while the women’s team
was in Group A with the Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia and Republic of Korea.
iii.Teams competed in a round-robin format, with the top performers advancing to the knockout rounds
and finals.

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Note: The second edition of Kho Kho World Cup will take place in Birmingham, England in 2026-27.
About Kho Kho Federation of India(KKFI):
President – Sudhansu Mittal
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 1955.

Jannik Sinner and Iga Natalia Świątek Crowned ITF World Champions 2024
On January 21, 2025, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) announced Jannik Sinner (Italy) as ‘Men’s
ITF World Champion 2024’ and Iga Natalia Świątek (Poland) as
‘Women’s ITF World Champion 2024’, for their exceptional
performances across major tournaments, including Grand Slams
tournaments, the Davis Cup, Billie Jean King Cup, the Olympic
Games and other premier events.
• With this, Jannik Sinner became the first Italian player
to receive this award.
• Iga Natalia Świątek was awarded the ITF honor for
the second time, after 2022.
Winners of ITF World Champion Awards 2024:

Category Player

Men’s Singles Champion Jannik Sinner (Italy)

Women’s Singles Champion Iga Natalia Świątek (Poland)

Men’s Doubles Champions Marcelo Arévalo González (El Salvador) & Mate Pavic (Croatia)

Women’s Doubles
Sara Errani & Jasmine Paolini (Italy)
Champions
About Jannik Sinner:
i.Jannik Sinner, the world number 1 in men’s tennis, an Italian player secured his 1st Grand Slam title at
the Australian Open 2024 followed by another triumph at the United States of America (USA) Open 2024.
ii.He capped off the year 2024 by winning the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Finals, finishing
the season with a 73-6 win-loss record.
iii.He also played a crucial role in leading Italy to their 2nd consecutive Davis Cup victory in Malaga,Spain.
About Iga Natalia Świątek:
i.Iga Natalia Świątek, a Polish tennis player, ranked world number 1 in women’s tennis, by winning her
4th French Open title, 4 Women Tennis Association (WTA) 1000 tournaments, and earning a Bronze
medal at the Paris 2024 Olympics.
ii.She is the only player representing Poland to win a major singles title. She has won 5 major singles titles.
About Marcelo Arévalo González:
i.Marcelo Arévalo González, a Salvadoran tennis player, named Men’s Doubles Champions 2024, marks his
1st ITF World Champion 2024 for earning multiple ATP titles in 2024.
ii.He has won 13 ATP Tour doubles titles, including two Grand Slam titles.
iii.In November 2024, he became the world No. 1 player in doubles jointly with his partner Mate Pavić.

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About Mate Pavic:
i.Mate Pavic, a Croatian tennis player, named ‘Men’s Doubles Champions 2024’ marks his 2nd ITF World
Champion for winning multiple Grand Slam doubles titles in 2024, including Wimbledon Championships
and the USA Open.
ii.He is a seven-time Grand Slam champion, having won four in men’s doubles and three titles in mixed
doubles, as of December 2024
iii.In 2018, he became the first Croatian to be ranked number one in the world in doubles.
About Jasmine Paolini & Sara Errani:
i.Jasmine Paolini and Sara Errani were named ‘Women’s Doubles Champions 2024’ where the Italian duo
made history by winning Italy’s 1st Olympic tennis Gold at the Paris 2024 Games.
ii.They won 2 WTA 1000 events and played a key role in Italy’s 5th Billie Jean King Cup win in Málaga,
Spain.
About the International Tennis Federation (ITF):
President & Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– David Haggerty
Headquarters- London, United Kingdom (UK)
Established- 1913

Vijay Hazare Trophy 2024-25: Karnataka defeats Vidarbha to win record 5th time
In January 2025, Karnataka Cricket Team secured their 5th title after defeating Vidarbha Cricket
Team by 36 runs in the finals of 2024-25 edition of Vijay Hazare Trophy(VHT) held at the Kotambi
Stadium in Vadodara, Gujarat.
• Karnataka was captained by Mayank Anurag Agarwal while Vidarbha was captained by Karun
Kaladharan Nair.
• The 23rd edition of Vijay Hazare Trophy was held, from 21st December 2024 to 18th January
2025, with 38 teams competing in 135 matches.
Note: Karnataka has won their previous 4 titles in 2013-14, 2014-15, 2017-18 and 2019-20.
Key Highlights:
i.Smaran Ravichandran secured his 2nd List A hundred that made Karnataka reach a total of 348 for 6 in
the finals.
• Karnataka finished the group stage with just one loss in seven matches and then defeated
Baroda and Haryana in the knockouts before finals with Vidarbha, which was their first final in
over 5 years.
ii.Vidarbha captain Karun Nair was named Player of the Tournament for scoring 779 runs while India
and Punjab pacer Arshdeep Singh topped the bowling charts with 20 wickets.
iii.Karnataka’s Smaran Ravichandran claimed the Player of the Match award for his century in the final
(101 runs in 92 balls).
iv.Karnataka received a prize money of Rs 1 crore and the runner-up Vidarbha was awarded with Rs 50
lakh.
About Vijay Hazare Trophy(VHT):
i.The VHT (officially known as the IDFC First Bank VHT), is the annual One day domestic tournament
organised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).
ii.It is a domestic 50-over tournament which was established as a national tournament as the Ranji One
Day Trophy in the 2002-03 season from its previous zonal format.
iii.The tournament was renamed as Vijay Hazare Trophy in the 2007-08 edition, named after Indian
batsman Vijay Samuel Hazare.
iv.2023-24 edition of VHT was won by the Haryana men’s cricket team.

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Mumbai Marathon 2025: Berhane Tesfay & Joyce Chepkemoi Tele Win Men’s & Women’s Elite
Race
In January 2025, Eritrea’s Berhane Tesfay and Kenya’s Joyce Chepkemoi Tele won the men’s and
women’s elite races, respectively, at the TATA Mumbai Marathon 2025 held in Mumbai,Maharashtra.
• It is the 20th edition of the Mumbai Marathon, which is a World Athletics Gold Label Road Race
event,organized by Procam International Private Limited. It was also a qualifier for the World
Athletics Championships in Tokyo(Japan) in September 2025.
• The top three finishers in both men and women elite sections received a prize money
of USD 50,000, USD 25,000 and USD 15,000 respectively.
i.In overall Elite Men Category, Berhane Tesfay (Eritrea) won the race followed by Merhawi Kesete
(Eritrea) in second and Tesfaye Demeke (Ethiopia) in third place .
ii.In overall Elite WomenCategory,Joyce Chepkemoi Tele (Kenya) won the race followed by Shitaye
Eshete (Bahrain) in second and Medina Deme Armino (Ethiopia) in third.
iii.Indian Elite Category, Anish Thapa won the race in Indian Men’s Category while Nirmaben
Thakor won the race in Indian women’s category.
iv.Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah, widely known as Sir Mo Farah, represents Great Britain in athletics, a
multiple Olympic and World Champion, as the International Event Ambassador for the 20th edition of the
Mumbai Marathon.
Note: Ethiopians Hayle Lemi and Aberash Minsewo won the men’s and women’s elite races, respectively,
at the Mumbai Marathon 2024

Australian Open 2025: Jannik Sinner & Madison Keys Win Men’s and Women’s Singles Title
Jannik Sinner of Italy won the Men’s Singles title while Madison Keys of United States of America (USA)
won the Women’s Singles title at the Australian Open (AO) 2025 held at Melbourne Park,
Melbourne, Australia.
This was the 113th edition of the Australian Open, the 57th in the Open Era, and the first major of
2025 and was held from 12th January to 26th January 2025.
Note:
i.Five Indian contingents participated in the tournament – Rohan Bopanna, Yuki Bhambri, and Sriram
Balaji, Sumit Nagal and Rithvik Bollipalli.
ii.Rithvik Bollipalli had made his Grand Slam debut in Melbourne.
Prize Money:
The total prize money for the tournament was USD 96.5 million.
The men’s and women’s singles champions were given USD 3.5 million while the doubles’ (men
and women) champions were given USD 810,000.
Australian Open 2025 Winners:

Category Winner Runner-Up

Men’s Singles Jannik Sinner (Italy) Alexander Zverev (Germany)

Women’s Singles Madison Keys (USA) Aryna Sabalenka (Belarus)

Harri Heliovaara (Finland) Simone Bolelli and Andrea

Men’s Doubles
and Henry Patten (Britain) Vavassori (Italy)

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 Katerina Siniakova (Czech
Hsieh Su-Wei (Taiwan) and
Women’s Doubles Republic) and Taylor
Jelena Ostapenko (Latvia)
Townsend (USA)

Olivia Gadecki and John Peers Kimberly Birrell and John-

Mixed Doubles
(Australia) Patrick Smith (Australia)
Prithvi Sekhar wins Australian Deaf tennis championship
i.India’s Prithvi Sekhar won the men’s singles title by defeating France’s Olivier Grave at the Australian
Open Deaf Championships 2025 in Melbourne.
This is his 2nd consecutive title after winning it in 2024.
ii.He has also won men’s singles world title at the 2019 World Deaf Tennis Championships.
iii.Prithvi also represented India at the Deaflympics in 2013 and 2017 and has won a bronze medal in the
mixed doubles at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics.
Highlights of the Australian Open:
Men’s Singles:
i.World No. 1 Jannik Sinner (Italy) won his 2nd consecutive Australian Open title after defeating World
No. 2 Alexander Zverev (Germany).
He won 1st major singles title in Australian Open in 2024.
Italy’s Sinner is the 11th man in the Open Era to retain the title in Melbourne.
ii.He has become Italy’s first three-time men’s Grand Slam singles champion surpassing Nicola Pietrangeli
who won 2 consecutive men’s titles at Roland Garros in 1959-60.
iii.He is also the youngest man to win multiple Australian Open titles since Jim Courier in 1992-93.
Women’s Singles:
i.Madison Keys (USA) secured her first-ever Grand Slam title after defeating defending champion
Aryna Sabalenka (Belarus) in the finals.
This was her first Grand Slam final since the 2017 US Open.
At 29, she has become the fourth-oldest player to win her first Grand Slam title.
ii.With this victory, Madison Keys’ rank will rise to number 7 in the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA)
rankings.
iii.She is one of five Americans to win the Australian Open this century, joining Lindsay Davenport Jennifer
Capriati, Serena Williams and Sofia Kenin (2020).
iv.She has also become the first women’s singles player to defeat the top two players at a major since
Svetlana Kuznetsova at Roland Garros 2009 and the first at the AO since Serena Williams in 2005.
Men’s Doubles:
Harri Heliovaara (Finland) and Henry Patten (Britain) have won their 2nd major title at the Australian
Open after defeating Italian pair Simone Bolelli and Andrea Vavassori in the finals.
Heliovaara and Patten won the Wimbledon title 2024 which was their first major event as a team.
They have also won four tour-level trophies in 2024.
Women’s Doubles:
i.Katerina Siniakova (Czech Republic) and Taylor Townsend (USA) defeated Jelena Ostapenko (Latvia)
and Hsieh Su-wei (Taiwan) to the women’s doubles titles on the finals.
This was their 2nd Grand Slam title as a team after their Wimbledon title win in 2024.
ii.It was the 10th major title for Katerina Siniakova.
For Townsend, it was her 2nd title after she won the title as a junior in Melbourne in 2012.

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Mixed Doubles:
i.Australian pair Olivia Gadecki and John Peers defeated their compatriots John-Patrick Smith and
Kimberly Birrell to win the mixed doubles final.
This was the first all-Australian final in the hard-court major in the Open Era and the first
since 1967.
ii.This was Gadecki’s first mixed doubles title at a Grand Slam while Peers won his second after winning
the 2022 U.S. Open in the category.
John Peers also won men’s doubles gold at the Paris Olympics and the 2017 Australian Open.
iii.This has been 14th edition of the Australian Open where a home player was crowned champion in at
least one category.
About Australian Open:
i.The Australian Open is a tennis tournament organized by Tennis Australia annually at Melbourne Park
in Melbourne, Australia.
It is chronologically the first of the 4 Grand Slam tennis events every year, held before the French
Open, Wimbledon and the US Open.
ii.It was first held in 1905 and is played on hard courts.

Indian GM Iniyan Panneerselvam wins 9th Johor International Chess title

In January 2025, 22-year-old Grandmaster (GM) Iniyan Panneerselvam from Erode, Tamil Nadu (TN),
won the 9th Johor International Open Chess Tournament, organized by the Johor Chess Association,
held at Fairview International School in Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
He defeated Vietnamese GM Nguyen Van Huy in the final round.
Indian International Master (IM) V.S. Raahul and Chinese IM Li Bo secured second and third places,
respectively.
i.Iniyan scored an impressive 8.5 points over nine rounds in the tournament.
ii.He finished 1.5 points ahead of his nearest rival, achieving victories against four IMs and one GM.
Note: Earlier in January 2025, Iniyan won the 15th Chennai Open International GM Chess Tournament
2024

Odisha Warriors win 1st ever Inaugural Women’s Hockey India League Title 2025
In January 2025, Odisha Warriors won the 1st ever ‘Inaugural Women’s Hockey India League Title 2025’
by defeating JSW ((Jindal South West) Soorma Hockey Club of Punjab and Haryana.
The ‘Odisha Warriors’ secured 2-1 in the final tournament held at Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh
Munda AstroTurf Hockey Stadium in Ranchi, Jharkhand.
i.Rutuja Dadaso Pisal was the Star player of the show for the ‘Odisha Warriors’ as she scored both the goals
for her side in the 20th and 56th minute.
ii.She gave the ‘Odisha Warriors’ the lead in the 2nd quarter but Penny Squibb (28′) equalised for JSW
Soorma Hockey Club.
iii.Other Winners:
Best Goalkeeper – Savita Punia (JSW Soorma Hockey Club)
Player of the Tournament – Jyoti Rumavat (JSW Soorma Hockey Club)
Top Scorers of the Tournament – Yibbi Jansen (Odisha Warriors) and Charlotte Englebert (JSW
Soorma Hockey Club)
Upcoming Player of the Tournament: Sonam (JSW Soorma Hockey Club)

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Indian Athlete Jyothi Yarraji Sets National Record in 60m Hurdles
In January 2025, Jyothi Yarraji, Indian track and field athlete from Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh (AP)
clinched the Gold medal in the women’s 60 meter(m) hurdles held at the Elite Indoor Meeting in Nantes,
France.
Jyothi Yarraji, broke her own National Record twice in one day and clocked 8.07 seconds in the
heats and 8.04 seconds in the final, setting a new National Record for India.
i.Her previous record was 8.12 seconds, set at the 2024 Asian Indoor Championships in Tehran (Iran)
where she also won Gold medal in the 60m hurdle.
ii.On January 17, 2025, she was awarded the ‘Arjuna Award 2024’ for her performance in the 100 m
hurdles in athletics at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi (Delhi).
Note:In the men’s 60m hurdles, Tejas Shirse secured the Bronze Medal with a time of 7.68 seconds and
set a national record in Luxembourg with a time of 7.65 seconds.

OBITUARY
Former Time Warner’s CEO Richard Parsons passed away
In December 2024, Richard Parsons, an American black businessman, former chairman of Citigroup and
former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Time Warner Inc. passed away at the age of 76 in New York, the
United States of America (USA). He was born on April 4 1948 in New York, USA.
About Richard Parsons:
i.Richard Parsons began his career as a lawyer for former New York governor Nelson Rockefeller.
• In 1995 , he joined Time Warner Inc. as President after serving as Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer(CEO) of Dime Bancorp Inc. He ascended to CEO position in 2002.
ii.He stepped down as the CEO of Time Warner Inc. in 2007 and the Chairman in 2008 in the evolution of
the media conglomerate.
iv.From 2009 to 2012, he served as Chairman of Citigroup Inc. Under his leadership, the company
returned to profitability and restored stability.
• In 2018, he served as the ‘Interim Chairman’ of the Board at Columbia Broadcasting System
(CBS).
• He also served as an Economic Adviser on President Barack Obama’s transition team.
v.He also served on the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture boards, the
Museum of Modern Art, and the American Museum of Natural History.

Renowned French Indologist and Padma Shri Awardee Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat passed away
On December 28 2024, French-Indian Sanskrit Scholar and Padma Shri Awardee Pierre-
Sylvain Filliozat passed away at the age of 88 in Paris, France. He was born on 15 February 1936 in
France.
• Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat has received numerous awards
including the ‘Padma Shri’ award in 2024.
About Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat:
i.Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat , a prominent scholar specializing in
Sanskrit and Indian studies was a Professor Emeritus of Sanskrit.
• His thesis, titled “Alamkara-shastra,” analyzed the 13th-
century Sanskrit treatise on poetics.
ii.He worked in India from 1963 to 1967 as a member of the
École française d’Extrême-Orient (French School of Asian Studies) in Pondicherry.

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 • He served as a Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 2000 and served as
President in 2010.
• He served as the Vice-President of the Société Asiatique, Paris (2000-2019).
• He conducted training in Sanskrit with traditional Pandits, including N. Ramachandra Bhat and
M. S. Narasimhacharya, during his time in Pondicherry.
iv.From 1967 to 2004, he served as a Professor of Sanskrit at the École pratique des Hautes Études (School
of Higher Studies), Sorbonne, France.
• Since his retirement in 2004, he has continued to research and contribute to the field as
an Emeritus Professor.
v.He made contributions to various fields of Indology, including Sanskrit language and grammar
(Vyakarana), philology, paleography, epigraphy, poetry & poetics Tantra, and the Sanskrit
literature of Saiva siddhanta school.
• He has published over 23 books and more than 250 scholarly articles on these subjects.
vi.He also did research on Indian religious architecture and iconography, with special focus on Karnataka
monuments and Hampi.
Awards and Honors:
i.In 2013, he was awarded the ‘Mahamaho Padhyaya Honoris Causa’ from Lal Bahadur Shastri National
Sanskrit University, New Delhi, Delhi.
• He was presented with a Certificate of Honour for Sanskrit from the President of India (2014).
ii.He received the ‘Padma Shri’ award in 2024 for his contributions to Sanskrit studies.
iii.He received ‘Shree Vanamali Samskruti Seva Award’ from the Shree Vanamali Charitable Trust, Mysuru
in 2023.
• He has been awarded Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur, Chevalier de l’Ordre national du Mérite,
and Commandeur de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques in recognition of his academic and
scholarly achievements.

Renowned botanist and Padma Shri awardee Dr. K. S. Manilal passed away
Dr. Kattungal Subrahmanyan Manilal, popularly known as K.S. Manilal, a renowned botanist and
Padma Shri awardee, passed away on January 1 2025, at the age of 86 in Thrissur, Kerala. He was born on
September 17, 1938 in the Kingdom of Cochin(now Kerala).
• In 2020, he was awarded the Padma Shri, India’s
fourth-highest civilian honor, for his contributions in
the field of science.
About Dr.K.S.Manilal:
i.K.S. Manilal was an Indian botany scholar, taxonomist, and a
professor at the University of Calicut, Kerala.
• He dedicated nearly 35 years to researching,
translating, and annotating the manuscript ‘Hortus
Malabaricus’, bringing this ancient botanical treasure to the modern world.
ii.In 1971, as a Nuffield Foundation Fellow of the Royal Society, Dr. Manilal carried out botanical research
in Britain.
iii.In 1989, he was the founding president of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT) at
the Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala. He served as the chief editor of Reedia,
the journal of the IAAT, from 1991.
• He also served as the president of the Botanical Society of India in 1999.
iv.He worked at renowned institutions, including the University of London, England; the University of
North Wales, the United Kingdom(UK); the National Museum of Natural History(NMNH),Washington, DC,

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the United States of America(USA); the Royal Botanical Garden Rijks Herbarium in Washington, DC; and
the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. He retired as Head of Botany department, Calicut University.
v.He introduced 19 new plant species to the scientific community, four of which are named after him.
vi.He has published over 200 research papers and authored or co-authored 15 books.
• His other notable works include Flora of Calicut (1982), Flora of Silent Valley (1988), Botany
and History of Hortus Malabaricus (1980), An Interpretation of Van Rheede’s Hortus
Malabaricus (1988), and Hortus Malabaricus and the Socio-Cultural Heritage of India (2012).
Awards:
i.He received the Vishwambhar Puri Medal (1990), the Y.D. Tyagi Gold Medal (1998), and the E.K. Janaki
Ammal Taxonomy Award (2003) from the Ministry of Environment and Forests(MoEF), Government of
India(GoI).
ii.He received international recognition with the Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau award from the
Netherlands, presented by Queen Beatrix in 2012, becoming the first Asian to receive this honor.
About Hortus Malabaricus:
i.Hortus Malabaricus (The Garden of Malabar) is a 17th-century Latin manuscript created by Dutch
Governor Hendrik Adrian van Rheede.
ii.The 12-volume work, which documented the wide variety of medicinal plants in Kerala, had been nearly
forgotten until Dr. Manilal’s thorough research brought it back to prominence.
iii.It was published in Amsterdam between 1678 and 1693.
iv.Manilal’s translations of the monumental work were published in English in 2003 and in Malayalam in
2008, making it accessible to both researchers and the public.

Veteran nuclear scientist and Padma Awardee Rajagopala Chidambaram Passed away
On January 04 2025, Dr. Rajagopala Chidambaram, a profound nuclear scientist who played an important
role in advancing India’s nuclear capabilities, passed away at the age of 88 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He was
born on November 11, 1936 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu(TN).
• He was honoured with the Padma Shri in 1975 and the
Padma Vibhushan in 1999 for his contributions in the
field of Science & Technology.
About Rajagopala Chidambaram:
i.He was a key contributor to India’s first nuclear test in 1974 and
the Pokhran-II tests in 1998, which established the country as a
nuclear power.
ii.Hehad worked at numerous prestigious positions including
Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India,GoI (2001–
2018), director of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) (1990-1993), chairman of Atomic Energy
Commission, and secretary to the GoI, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) (1993-2000).
• He also worked as a chairman of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) (1994–1995).
iii. He had conducted researches in areas like high-pressure physics, crystallography, and materials science
that has contributed to modern materials science research in India.
iv.He also had expertise in areas such as energy, healthcare and strategic self-reliance that helped in
development of India’s science and technology.
v.Besides, he played a key role in developing India’s supercomputing capabilities and the National
Knowledge Network.
• He was an integral part of initiatives such as the Rural Technology Action Groups and Society for
Electronic Transactions and Security.

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Awards & Honours:
i.C.V. Raman Birth Centenary Award of the Indian Science Congress Association(1995), Lokmanya Tilak
Award(1998), Veer Savarkar Award(1999 ), Dadabhai Naoroji Millennium Award(1999), Homi Bhabha
Lifetime Achievement Award of the Indian Nuclear Society(2006 ), Lifetime Contribution Award in Engineering
from the Indian National Academy of Engineering(2009), C. V. Raman Medal from the Indian National Science
Academy(2013).
ii.He has received honorary doctorates from several universities and was a fellow of some Indian and
international science institutes.

World’s Oldest Olympic Champion & Hungarian Gymnast Agnes Keleti passed away
On January 2 2025, World’s Oldest Olympic Champion, Hungarian gymnast and a Holocaust
survivor Agnes Keleti passed away at the age of 103 in Budapest, Hungary. She was born on January 9, 1921 in
Budapest.
• She was the world’s oldest living Olympic gold medalist
and the most decorated female Olympian in Hungarian
history, with 10 Olympic medals, including 5 golds, 3
silver and 2 bronze medals.
About Agnes Keleti:
i.Agnes Keleti joined the National Gymnastics Association in 1938
and won her 1st Hungarian championship in 1940.
ii.Her Olympic journey began at the age of 31 where she made her
Olympic debut at the 1952 Helsinki Games, and won her 1st gold
medal in the floor exercise along with 1 silver and 2 bronze medals.
iii.In 1956 Melbourne Olympics, where she captured 4 gold medals and 2 silvers, becoming the most
successful athlete of the Games.
iv.Following the1956 Olympics, she chose to settle in Israel and played a significant role in the development of
gymnastics as a coach and educator.
v.She retired from coaching at the age of 75 but continued to mentor athletes and was widely celebrated as one
of the greatest gymnasts of all time.
Note: Following the death of Ágnes Keleti, French cyclist Charles Coste(100) became the oldest living Olympic
champion.

Former Greek Prime Minister Costas Simitis passed away

Former Greek Prime Minister (PM) Costas Simitis, a law professor and a reformist, has passed away at
the age of 88 in Corinth, Greece. He was born on 23rd June 1936
in Piraeus, Greece.
• He served as the PM of Greece for eight years from
1996 to 2004.
• He was credited as the architect of Greece’s joining the
common European currency, the euro.
About Costas Simitis:
i.Costas Simitis was a notable Greek politician and academic, was
a founding member of the Socialist Panhellenic Socialist
Movement (PASOK) party.
ii.In 1996, he was elected as President of PASOK at the 4th Congress of the party, as former PM Andreas
Papandreou passed away.
iii.He served as the leader of the PASOK from 1996 to 2004 and as Greece’s PM during the same period.

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iv.He lowered the public debt and budget deficit during his administration and paved the way for Greece
to join the eurozone in 2001.
• He also helped Cyprus join the European Union(EU) in 2004.

Renowned Kannada Novelist and Writer Na D’Souza Passed Away at 87

On January 05 2025, Prominent Kannada Novelist and writer Norbert D’Souza, popularly known as Dr. Na
D’Souza, passed away at the age of 87 in Mangalore, Karnataka. He was born in Sagar, Karnataka on June 6,
1937.
• He was known for his inspiring works on social justice, human rights, and human
relationships and was one of those early Kannada writers who created awareness on
environment and climate change.
• His stories reflected the struggles faced by the people of Malnad region.
About Norbert D’Souza:
i.Na D’Souza began his career as typist in Karnataka’s Department of Public Works and worked for 37
ii.He has written over 40 novels, various short stories, plays, and children’s literature, totalling more than
94 published books.
iii.In 2014, he presided over the 80th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana held in Madikeri, Karnataka.
iv.Moreover, some of his works were also adapted into critically acclaimed films, including Kadina Benki,
Dweepa, Baluvali, Antharya, and Bettada Puradaditta Makkalu.
Awards and Honors:
i. Na D’Souza has received various awards including Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award in 1993 for his
work “MulugadeyaOorigeBandavaru” and the Karnataka Rajyotsava Award in 1998.
ii.He also won the Pampa award in 2024 by the Karnataka government.

Renowned Writer-filmmaker and Padma Shri Awardee Pritish Nandy passed away
On January 8 2025, Renowned Writer-filmmaker and Padma Shri Awardee Pritish Nandy passed away at
the age of 73 in Mumbai (Maharashtra). He was born on 15 January 1951 in Bhagalpur, Bihar.
• Pritish Nandy has received numerous awards
including the ‘Padma Shri’ award.
About Pritish Nandy:
i.Pritish Nandy was a versatile writer, journalist, poet, filmmaker,
and animal rights activist.
• He began his career as a writer, published his 1st poetry
collection, ‘ Of Gods and Olives’, in 1967.
ii.Over the years, he published over 40 volumes of poetry and
translated works from Bengali, Urdu, Punjabi, and Sanskrit into
English.
iii.In the 1980s, he became the Publishing Director of ‘The Times of India Group’ (Bennett Coleman & Co-
Limited). He served as the Editor of prominent publications, including ‘The Illustrated Weekly of India’,
‘The Independent’, and ‘Filmfare’.
iv.In 1990, he made substantial contributions to Indian cinema through his production company, creating
hit films such as Sur (2002), Kaante (2002), Chameli (2003), Jhankaar Beats (2003),
Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi (2005) and Pyaar Ke Side Effects (2006).
• He was the founder of Pritish Nandy Communications Limited (PNC), the media and
entertainment company.
v.In 1992, he founded People for Animals (PFA), India’s 1st animal rights non-governmental organisation
(NGO).

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 • He represented Maharashtra in the Rajya Sabha as a Shiv Sena member from 1998 to 2004.
vi.In 1996, he opened India’s 1st cyber café at Hotel Leela Kempinski, Mumbai and in 2010, his web series
‘Four More Shots Please!’ was nominated for an Emmy Award.
Awards and Honors:
i.In 1997, he received the ‘Padma Shri’ India’s 4th highest civilian award at the age of 26 for his
exceptional contributions to Indian literature.
iii.In 2008, he received the ‘KarmaVeer Puraskaar (KVP)’ for his outstanding contributions to the NGO’s.
iv.In 2012, he was awarded ‘International Humanitarian Award’ at the Genesis Awards from the
Humane Society of the United States of America (USA) for his contributions to the film industry.
• He also received the ‘Friends of Liberation War Honour’ and the EM Forster Literary Award and
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) Asia Pacific
Heritage Award.

Renowned playback singer P Jayachandran passed away

On January 9 2025, Renowned playback singer P Jayachandran, affectionately called as
‘Bhava Gayakan‘ passed away at the age of 80 in Thrissur (Kerala). He was born on March 3 1944, in
Ernakulam.
• He has won numerous awards including the ‘National
Film award’.
About P Jayachandran:
i.PJayachandran was an acclaimed playback singer, known for
his versatility in singing in Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu,
and Hindi.
ii.His career began in 1966 with the song
“Manjalayil Mungi Thorthi” from the Malayalam film Kalithozhan.
iii. Over a career spanning 5 decades, he recorded more
than 16,000 songs in various Indian languages.
• In 1986, he also acted in a Malayalam film for the 1st time (Nakhakshathangal).
Awards and Honors:
i. He received the ‘National Film Award’ for Best Male Playback Singer (1986) for his outstanding
contribution to Indian cinema .
ii.He received the ‘J C Daniel Award’ the highest award in Malayalam cinema, for his contributions to
Malayalam industry (2020).
iii. He received 5 Kerala State Film Awards and 4 Tamil Nadu (TN) State Film Awards: TN State Film
Award (1994) and TN Kalaimamani Award (1997).

Veteran Soldier Havaldar Baldev Singh Passed Away

In January 2025, Veteran soldier (retired) Havaldar Baldev Singh, who fought four wars against Pakistan,
passed away at the age of 93 in Rajouri district, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). He was born on 27th
September 1931 in Naunihal village, Nowshera, J&K.
i.Singh had volunteered at age 16 to join Bal Sena Force under the leadership of Brigadier Usman,
Commander of the 50 Para Brigade, during the battle of Nowshera and Jhangar in 1947-48.
ii.In 1950, he joined the Indian Army, where he served for nearly three decades. He served during several
battles, notably the India-Pakistan conflicts in 1961, 1962, and 1965.
iii.He retired from service in 1969, but he was recalled during the India-Pakistan war in 1971 and served
for another eight months.

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H Lakshmanan, former ED of TVS passed away
On January 10 2025, H Lakshmanan former Executive Director (ED) of Sundaram Clayton Limited (SCL)
(now TVS Holding Limited) and the Director of Thirukkurungudi Vengaram Sundaram (TVS) Motor
Company Limited passed away at the age of 92 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu (TN). He was born in 1933 in
Shenkottai, TN.
i.H Lakshmanan was a key figure in the TVS Group spanning over 7 decades of experience. He began his
career at the age 20 as a typist.
ii.He played a crucial role in the establishment of the Padi manufacturing unit in the 1960s and worked
alongside T S Srinivasan from 1960 to 1980. He served as ED of SCL from 2000 to 2015.
iv.He also served on TVS Motors board since 2000 as one of the most trusted mentors for the automaker
and retired in 2022.

Senior Advocate Iqbal M Chagla passed away

In January 2025, Iqbal M Chagla, senior advocate and one of India’s leading lawyer, passed away at the
age of 85 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He was born on March 7 1939 in Mumbai.
• He was the son of M C Chagla, the 1st permanent Chief Justice of India (CJI) of the Bombay High
Court (BHC), Mumbai from 1948-58.
i.Iqbal Chagla was a distinguished Indian lawyer, known for his exceptional legal acumen, integrity, and
leadership.
ii.He began his career as an advocate at the BHC, under the mentorship of Kharshedji Hormasji Bhabha. He
was conferred as the Senior Advocate at the age of 39 in 1979.
iii.He served as the President of the Bombay Bar Association (BBA) for 3 times from 1990 to 1999.
• He also served as a Member of the Executive Committee of the Bar Association of India (BBI), as
well as the National Legal Services Authority (NLSA), New Delhi (Delhi).

Dr. K. Ramchand, Founder & Director of CABS passed away

In January 2025, Wing Commander Dr. K. Ramchand (Retd), the founder and director of the Centre for
Airborne Systems (CABS), under Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) lab in
Bengaluru, Karnataka, passed away at the age of 82 in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
i.He led the team at the DRDO for the indigenous design and development of the Airborne Early Warning
and Control (AEW&C) aircraft.
• The aircraft was inducted into the Indian Air Force (IAF) in 2017 and was used during the 2019
airstrike on Balakot (Pakistan), providing air cover to Mirage 2000 jets.
ii.He authored the book “The Incredible Journey of the Indian Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS)”, released at Aero India in 2019.
iii.During his over 20-year career in the IAF, he served as IAF Communication Squadron(COM Squadron)
and flew several Very Important Persons (VIPs) as a crew member.
iv.The crew transported senior Indian Army officers during the surrender of the Indo-Pakistan war ending
on December 16, 1971.
v.He is the recipient of the “Distinguished Alumni Award” from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). And
also received “Scientist of the year award” in 1985

Ballon d’Or Winner Denis Law Passed Away

In January 2025, Manchester United legend and Ballon d’Or winner Denis Law, passed away at the age of
84 in Aberdeen, Scotland. He was born on 24 February 1940 in Aberdeen.

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 • He is the only Scottish player to win both the Ballon d’Or and the European Player of the
Year awards in 1964.
• He was also known as “The King,” “The Lawman,” and “Holy Trinity.”
i.In 1956, Denis Law began his career with Huddersfield Town and created a name for himself at
Manchester United.
ii.He spent 11 years at Manchester United and won the league titles in 1965 and 1967 and the European
Cup in 1968.
iii. With 237 goals in 404 games, he is the club’s third-highest goalscorer after Wayne Rooney (253) and
Sir Bobby Charlton (245).

Former El Salvador President Mauricio Funes Passed Away

In January 2025, Former El Salvador President Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena passed away at the age
of 65 in Managua, Nicaragua. He was born on 18 October 1959 in San Salvador, El Salvador.
He served as the President of El Salvador from 2009 to 2014.
About Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena:
i.Mauricio Funes is a television journalist. He began his career as a Cable News Network (CNN)
correspondent and war reporter.
ii.He was well-known for his in-depth interviews with politicians
and for exposing corruption on his popular interview show.
iii.He ran in the 2009 presidential race for the former leftist
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front(FMLN).
He won the presidential elections, defeating Rodrigo Ávila
of the conservative National Republican Alliance, known as
Arena.
iv.He was plagued by charges of corruption. In 2016, he fled to
Nicaragua, where he spent his last nine years in the protection of Daniel Ortega, the president of
Nicaragua.
About El Salvador:
President – Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez
Capital – San Salvador
Currency – United States Dollar(USD)

Renowned Cardiac Surgeon & Padma Shri Awardee Dr. K. M. Cherian passed away
On January 25 2025, a renowned Cardiac Surgeon and Padma Shri
Awardee, Dr Kotturathu Mammen Cherian, who performed India’s 1st coronary artery bypass surgery
passed away at the age of 82 in Bengaluru, Karnataka. He was born on 8 March 1942 in the Kingdom of
Travancore (now Travancore-Cochin), Kerala.
He has won numerous awards including the ‘Padma Shri’ award.
About Dr Kotturathu Mammen Cherian:
i.Dr. K.M. Cherian, a pioneering cardiac surgeon, began his career
with a Master of Surgery (MS) from Kasturba Medical College
(KMC), Mangaluru in 1964.
In 1968, he performed his first open heart surgery at the
age of 26 in Australia.
ii.In 1973, he became a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of
Surgeons in Cardiothoracic Surgery.

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iii.In 1975, he performed India’s 1st successful coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, at Southern
Railway Headquarters hospital, Perambur, Chennai(Tamil Nadu, TN).
He was recognized as an honorary surgeon to the President of India from 1990 to 1993.
He also introduced the Physician Assistant profession to India in 1992.
iv.He performed India’s 2nd Heart Transplant surgery in 1995 and India’s 1st Heart-Lung
transplantation(HLT) surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and the Laser heart surgery, transmyocardial
revascularization (TMR).
v.In 2004, he founded Frontier Lifeline Hospital and the Dr. Cherian Heart Foundation in Chennai.
v.In 2010, he became the 1st Indian to be designated as President of the World Society of Cardio Thoracic
Surgeons(WSCTS).
vi.In May 2016, he was selected to be a member of the “Founder Circle” of the American Association for
Thoracic Surgery.
Awards and Honors:
i.In 1991, he was honored with the ‘Padma Shri’, India’s 4th highest civilian award for his exceptional
work in the medical field.
ii.In 2000, he received a ‘Lifetime Achievement Award’ from Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal for
his contributions in the field of cardiothoracic surgery in India.
iii.In 2005, he received a ‘Harvard Medical Excellence Award’, recognizing his professional development
and career advancement.

BOOKS & AUTHORS

Former Indian Wicket-Keeper Syed Kirmani Releases His Autobiography in Karnataka
On December 29 2024, Legendary former Indian Cricketer and wicket-
keeper Syed Mujtaba Hussein Kirmani, an One Day International (ODI) World Cup winner with India in
1983, released his autobiography titled “Stumped: Life Behind and Beyond the Twenty-Two Yards”.
• The book was launched on his 75th birthday at Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru (Karnataka)
and was published by Penguin Play.
• The book was authored over a span of 5 years by Syed Mujtaba Hussein Kirmani and was co-
authored by Debashish Sengupta and Dakshesh Pathak.
i.The book explores the personal glimpses of his life, his cricket journey of both on and off the field and an
intense anecdotes from his career bringing the audiences a look into the world of 80s cricket.
ii.The event witnessed the presence of legendary cricketers, EAS Prasanna, Kapil Dev, Rahul Dravid, Anil
Kumble, VVS Laxman and Infosys founder Narayana Murthy along with Karnataka Deputy Chief Minister
(DYCM) D. K. Shivakumar.

‘How India scaled Mt G20: The inside story of the G20 Presidency’ authored by Amitabh Kant
In January 2025, the book titled ‘How India scaled Mt G20: The inside story of the G20
Presidency’ written by Amitabh Kant was released. This book was published by Rupa Publications India.
• The book explores India’s pivotal role in hosting and shaping the Group of Twenty (G20) during
its presidency(December 1, 2022 and ended on November 30, 2023).
i.The book highlights India’s initiatives to address pressing global challenges, such as economic disparities,
climate change, and technological innovation.
ii.Amitabh Kant, G20 Sherpa of India, served as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the National
Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog, the Government of India (GoI).

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VP Jagdeep Dhankhar launched the book “Parliament: Powers, Functions & Privileges;
A Comparative Constitutional Perspective”
In January 2025, the Vice-President (VP) of India, Jagdeep Dhankhar launched the book “Parliament:
Powers, Functions & Privileges; A Comparative Constitutional Perspective” in New Delhi (Delhi). The book
was authored by Dr. KS Chauhan, Senior Advocate, at VP’s Enclave, New Delhi(Delhi).
i.The book consists of two volumes and was published by Mohan Law House (MLH) Publishing Private
Limited.
ii.The book explains about the functions of Parliament, its special rights, and its important role in holding
the government accountable, especially in shaping the India’s democracy.

Amitav Ghosh’s new book, “Wild Fictions” addressing climate change & societal issues
On January 10 2025, A new book named ‘Wild Fictions’ authored by Amitav Ghosh was published by the
Fourth Estate India at the 41st Dr CD Deshmukh Memorial Lecture at the India International
Centre (IIC) in New Delhi, Delhi.
• The book explores climate change, societal issues, and political instability in “time of monsters”
addressing urgent global crises like biodiversity loss, climate change, and emerging diseases.
i.He is the author of several acclaimed works of fiction and non-fiction including The Shadow Lines, The
Glass Palace, The Hungry Tide, the Ibis Trilogy (comprising the novels Sea of Poppies, River of Smoke and
Flood of Fire), Gun Island, The Great Derangement, The Nutmeg’s Curse, Jungle Nama and The Living
Mountain.
ii.In 2019 he was the 1st English-language writer to receive the ‘Jnanpith Award’, India’s highest literary
honour for his writings on the planetary crisis and climate change.

A new biography ‘Soumitra Chatterjee and His World (Vintage)’ Released in WB

“Soumitra Chatterjee and His World” is a comprehensive biography, written by journalist Sanghamitra
Chakraborty, was released during the Kolkata Literary Meet in West Bengal(WB). It was published
by Penguin India’s Vintage Books.
The book delivers the multifaceted life of Soumitra Chatterjee, a renowned Indian and Bengali film
actor celebrated for his collaboration with filmmaker Satyajit Ray and his contributions to Indian
cinema and culture.
It explores his work as an actor, poet, editor, and artist, offering insights into the cultural landscape
of Bengal.
About Soumitra Chatterjee:
i.Soumitra Chatterjee was born in 1935 at Kolkata,West Bengal and died in 2020.
ii.Chatterjee starred in 14 Ray films, including the iconic Apur Sansar (The World of Apu), Sonar Kella (The
Golden Fortress), Joy Baba Felunath (The Elephant God), Devi (The Goddess), Charulata (The Lonely Wife),
Ghare Baire (The Home and the World).
iii.His iconic characters, like Apu and Feluda, are well-known among Bengalis and cinephiles.
iii.Soumitra was the first Indian film personality who was conferred with France’s highest award for
artists ‘Commandeur’ of, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1999).
He was also awarded the Padma Bhushan (2004) ,two National Film Awards(2007 and 2017) and
the Dadasaheb Phalke Award(2012), India’s highest award in cinema.

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 IMPORTANT DAYS
Ministry of Defence Declared 2025 as “Year of Reforms”
On January 1 2025, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) declared 2025 as the “Year of Reforms”, with the
objective of transforming the tri-services into a technologically-advanced combat-ready force capable of
multi-domain integrated operations.
• This decision was unanimously taken during a meeting chaired by Rajnath Singh, MoD with all
the secretaries of the MoD to review the progress on various schemes, projects, reforms, among
others.
Key Focus Areas:
i.As per the MoD, Reforms should aim to further strengthen Jointness & Integration initiatives and
facilitate the setting-up of the Integrated Theatre Commands.
ii.Reforms should focus on new key areas like: Cyber and Space, and emerging technologies such as:
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Hypersonics and Robotics. MoD has outlined associated
tactics, techniques and procedures which play an important role in the winning of future wars should also
be developed.
iii.The wider aim of the reforms will be to make the defence acquisition procedures simpler and time-
sensitive to facilitate quick and robust capability development.
iv.MoD has also directed for developing a shared understanding of operational requirements and joint
operational capabilities through inter-service cooperation and training.
v.Reforms should provide technology transfer and knowledge sharing between the defence sector and civil
industries and promote Public-Private partnerships (PPPs) by enhancing ease of doing business.
vi.Reforms should focus on fostering collaboration among key stakeholders in the defence ecosystem,
break silos, eliminate inefficiencies and optimize utilization of resources.
vii.MoD should work towards positioning India as a credible exporter of defence products, promoting
Research and Development (R&D) and partnerships between Indian industries and foreign Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) for knowledge sharing and resource integration.
viii.Reforms should also ensure the welfare of veterans while using their expertise.
ix.Reforms should instil pride in Indian culture and ideas, promoting confidence in achieving international
Points to Note:
The MoD has set a target to achieve defence exports worth Rs 50,000 crore by 2029, which is over
137% larger than the record Rs 21,083 crore (approximately USD 2.63 billion) achieved in the Financial
Year 2023-24(FY24).
• This latest data represents a 32.5% increase from the Rs 15,920 crore exported in FY23 and
marks a 31-fold growth compared to FY14.
About Ministry of Defence (MoD):
Union Minister- Rajnath Singh(Lok Sabha constituency- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, UP)
Minister of State (MoS)– Sanjay Seth( Lok Sabha constituency- Ranchi, Jharkhand)

World Braille Day 2025 – January 4

The United Nations(UN’s) World Braille Day is observed annually on January 4 across the globe to
commemorate the birth anniversary of Louis Braille, the 19th-century French inventor of the Braille writing
system. This day emphasizes the importance of Braille as a means of communication for individuals who are
blind or partially sighted.
• January 4 2025 marks the observance of 7th World Braille Day and the 216th birth anniversary of
Louis Braille.

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 • The day aims to raise awareness about Braille’s significance in promoting education, encouraging
independence and ensuring equality for the visually impaired.
History and Background:
i.World Braille Day was established by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on December 17 2018,
through the adoption of resolution A/RES/73/161.
ii.The day honors the pioneering work of Louis Braille, who, at the age of 15, created the Braille system
in 1824.
• The 1st World Braille Day was observed on January 4, 2019.
Braille: A Tactile System of Communication
i.Braille is a tactile writing system designed specifically for blind and partially sighted individuals.
• It utilizes 6 dots arranged in a rectangular cell with raised dots in a 3 x 2 pattern representing
letters, numbers & punctuation marks that allows users to read by touch, an accessible way to
engage with written content.
ii.Braille and Its Versatility: Braille is not limited to alphabetic and numerical symbols but also extends to
musical, mathematical, and scientific symbols and even computer programming enabling users to access a wide
range of information.
iii.Before Braille’s invention, visually impaired individuals relied on the Haüy system, which embossed Latin
letters on thick paper to read but was not practical for writing.
• He simplified this process, creating a system that was easier to use and required less training.
About Louis Braille:
i.Louis Braille was born on January 4, 1809, in Coupvray, France. At the age of 3, he accidentally injured his
right eye, and by the age of 5, he was completely blind.
ii.His journey towards creating the Braille system began, at the age of 12, when he learned about “night
writing,” a 12-dot code invented by French Army officer Charles Barbier for military communication.
iii.His system was 1st published in 1829 in his maiden book “Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Songs
by Means of Dots”, for use by the blind and arranged for them.
iv.He was passed away at the age of 43 on January 06, 1852.
UN’s Role in Promoting Braille:
i.The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), adopted in 2006, acknowledges the
Braille system as a fundamental tool for communication, education, and freedom of expression for people with
visual impairments.
ii.In 1949, the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) worked toward standardizing
Braille, and by 1950, it had helped universalize the Braille alphabet.
• In 2005, UNESCO declared Braille to be as legitimate a language as any other.
Key Facts:
i.According to the World Health Organisation(WHO), over 2.2 billion people globally face near or distant vision
impairment. Approximately 1 billion cases could have been prevented or remain unaddressed.
ii.According to the 2011 Census, India has 5,032,463 individuals with visual impairment, including those with
visual impairments, face major challenges in accessing healthcare, education, and employment.

World Day of War Orphans 2025 – January 6

World Day of War Orphans is observed annually on January 6 across the globe to raise awareness about
the challenges faced by children who have been left orphaned by wars and about the trauma experienced
by war orphans globally.
• The Day addresses social, psychological and physical obstacles confronted by war orphans,
protects their rights and well-being and highlights the need for global attention and support.
Note:
• A war orphan is a child or children whose parents died while serving in military duty.

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 • The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) defines an orphan as any child under 18
years who lost one or both parents to any cause of death.
Objectives:
• Raising Awareness: Educating society about war orphans’ struggles.
• Mobilizing Resources: Securing support for education, healthcare, and rehabilitation.
• Policy Advocacy: Promoting policies to protect war orphans’ rights.
Background:
i.The World Day of War Orphans was proposed by the French organization SOS (Societas Socialis)
Enfants en Détresse (SOS Children in Distress), to protect children from abuse and mistreatment.
ii.In Anno Domini (AD) 400, the Romans established the 1st orphanages to support widows and orphans
of soldiers who died in battle, offering aid until the age of 18.
• In 1741, The Foundling Hospital, London United Kingdom (UK) became the 1st
charity orphanage.
Violations against children:
In 2005, the United Nations (UN’s) Security Council identified and condemned 6 grave violations against
children in times of war.
• Killing and maiming of children
• Recruitment or use of children in armed forces and armed groups
• Attacks on schools or hospitals
• Rape or other grave sexual violence
• Abduction of children
• Denial of humanitarian access for children.
Significance:
i.Over 473 million children more than 1 in 6 globally live in areas affected by conflict, the highest number
since World War II.
• The percentage of children living in conflict zones has doubled from 10% in the 1990s to almost
19% today.
ii.By the end of 2023, 47.2 million children had been displaced due to violence, with additional
displacements expected in 2024 (e.g., in Haiti, Lebanon, Myanmar, Palestine, Sudan).
iii.In 2023, 32,990 grave violations against children were verified, the highest number ever recorded.
• Haiti,Caribbean saw a 1,000% increase in sexual violence against children in 2024.
iv.Over 52 million children in conflict areas are out of school or repurposed in places like Gaza, Sudan,
Ukraine, and Syria.
Other Global Observance:
‘World Orphans Day’ was observed annually worldwide on April 20, declared by Worldwide Organisation
for Charity (WOC) to raise awareness and inspire support for orphans worldwide.
Indian Constitutional Provisions:
Article 21, Article 21(a), Article 29(2), Articles 23 and 24, Article 39(e), Article 39(f) of the Indian
Constitution contain provisions pertaining to the protection of orphans and orphanages.
• Article 39(f) of the Indian Constitution empowers the state to enact laws protecting children
from exploitation and abandonment.
About United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF):
Executive Director(ED)- Catherine M Russell
Headquarters- New York, United States of America (USA)
Established-December 11, 1946
Member Countries- 190

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Earth’s Rotation Day 2025 – January 8
Earth’s Rotation Day is observed globally on January 8 to highlight the importance of Earth’s rotational
motion. It commemorates the anniversary of French physicist Léon Foucault‘s scientific demonstration in
1851.
• January 8 2025 marks the observance of the 174th anniversary of Léon Foucault’s
demonstration.
• The day honors his 1st public display of Earth’s rotation in Paris (France), emphasizing its
scientific significance.
Basics of Earth’s Rotation:
i. The spinning of the Earth around its axis is called ‘rotation.’ Earth completes a full rotation on its axis
every 23 hours and 56 minutes, rounded up to 24 hours.
ii.The full rotation is known as one Earth Day and is responsible for day and night cycles.
iii.Earth rotates on its axis from West (W) to East (E), the Sun and the Moon appear to move from E to W
across the sky.
History:
i.In 470 Before Christ (BC), the Greeks claimed that the earth rotated on its own back.
ii.In the 16th century, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model,
suggesting Earth rotated on its axis and revolved around the Sun.
• This theory was confirmed by Galileo Galilei’s observations of Jupiter’s moon in 1610.
iii.In 1851, French physicist Léon Foucault provided conclusive proof of Earth’s rotation with the Foucault
Pendulum experiment.
• The principle of the experiment was 1st demonstrated in the Pantheon in Paris.
iv.The experiment involved suspending a 28 kilogram (kg) brass bob, 38 centimeters (cm) in diameter (d),
hanging on a 67 meter (m) (220 foot) long wire.
v.It was the 1st satisfactory demonstration of the earth’s rotation using laboratory apparatus rather than
astronomical observations.
Note: Later, it was displayed at the Pantheon in Greece, (Rome, Italy).
Key Facts :
i.Earth rotates on its axis on an imaginary line passing through the North(N) and South (S) Poles, at a
speed of 1,670 kilometer per hour(km/h) (1,037 miles/h) at the equator.
ii.The Earth’s diameter is 12,714 km (7,900 miles) from N towards S Poles and 12,756 km (12,756 miles)
via the equator (7,926 miles).

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2025 – January 9

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), also known as Non-Resident Indian (NRI) Day, celebrated once in two
years on 9th January is a significant event that honors the contributions of the Overseas Indian
community (Indian diaspora) in the development of India.
Background :
The PBD is observed every year on 9th January since 2003 to commemorate the day
in 1915 when Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, returned to India
from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom struggle.
• Since 2015, under a revised format, PBD Convention has been organised once every 2
years with the theme-based PBD Conferences.
Overseas Indians/Indian Diaspora:
i. Indian Diaspora is a generic term used for addressing people who have migrated from the territories
that are currently within the borders of the Republic of India.

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ii.It constitutes Non Resident Indians (NRIs), and Persons of Indian origins (PIOs) including Overseas
Citizens of India (OCI), who are foreign nationals with Indian roots.
• NRIs have rights like voting in India, which PIOs don’t have.
iii. As of November 2024, there are around 35.4 million overseas Indians around the world (data by
MEA).
Note: To streamline processes and enhance engagement, the government merged PIO and OCI cardholders
into a unified category, OCI, in 2015.
Objectives:
• To Honor the Indian diaspora’s contributions to India’s development.
• To Foster a better understanding of India abroad.
• To Support India’s causes and promote the welfare of Indian communities worldwide.
• To Provide a platform for engagement with India’s government and people.
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Convention:
The PBD Convention, the flagship event of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) was 1st introduced in
2003 by the Government of India (GoI), led by Late Prime Minister (PM) Atal Bihari Vajpayee.It aims to
honor and connect with the overseas Indian community, acknowledging their role in India’s development.
i.17 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Conventions have been organised till date.
• The 17th PBD Convention took place in Indore, Madhya Pradesh (MP) from 8th to 10th January
2023.
ii.The 18th PBD Convention was held for the 1st time in Bhubaneswar, Odisha from 8th to 10th January
2025.
• The theme of PBD Convention 2025:”Diaspora’s Contribution to a Viksit Bharat” (Developed
India).
Segments of PBD Convention 2025:
i.Youth Pravasi Bharatiya Divas:
On 8th January 2025, the Youth Pravasi Bharatiya Divas event was inaugurated jointly by the Union
Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, MEA, Union Minister Mansukh L Mandaviya, Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports (MYAS), and the Chief Minister (CM) of Odisha, Mohan Charan Majhi.
• The day serves as a platform for Pravasi youth from Odisha to reconnect with their cultural
roots.
ii.18th PBD Convention:
On 9th January 2025, the Prime Minister (PM) of India, Narendra Modi inaugurated the 18th PBD
Convention Event in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
• He also flagged off the Pravasi Bharatiya Express, a special tourist train under the
‘Pravasi Teertha Darshan Yojana’ scheme, MEA.
• He also inaugurated 4 exhibitions:
1.Vishwaroop Ram – The Universal Legacy of Ramayana:
2.Diaspora’s Contribution to Technology and Viksit Bharat.
3.Spread and Evolution of Indian diaspora in the world with special focus on Mandvi to Muscat.
4.Heritage and Culture of Odisha
The 18th PBD featured 5 thematic plenary sessions:
1. Diaspora Youth Leadership: Focus on leadership roles of youth in a globalized world.
2. Migrant Skills: Stories of overcoming barriers and contributing skills to bridge gaps.
3. Sustainable Development: Exploring the diaspora’s contributions to green initiatives.
4. Women’s Leadership: Recognizing the role of women in the diaspora, focusing on Nari Shakti
(Women Power).

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 5. Cultural Connections: Exploring cultural dialogues and the sense of belonging among the
diaspora.
iii.Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA) 2025:
On 10th January 2025, the President of India, Droupadi Murmu, conferred the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman
Awards (PBSA), highest honour conferred on overseas Indians, to 27 People to distinguished members of
the Indian diaspora.
• The PBSA recognizes outstanding achievements of NRIs and PIOs in sectors like education,
science and innovation, trade and industry, arts and culture, social work, public service and
philanthropy. Click Here to view the List of PBSA 2025 Awardees

World Hindi Day 2025 – January 10

World Hindi Day or Vishwa Hindi Diwas is annually observed across the globe on 10 January to
highlight the significance of the Hindi language and its role in connecting people globally.
• The day is observed to honor Hindi’s global significance and to showcase its cultural diversity to
the world, as well as to promote Hindi as an international language.
• The theme of this year is “A Global Voice of Unity and Cultural Pride,” which aims to promote
linguistic and global interchange through the use of Hindi.
Note: Hindi Diwas, also known as Hindi Day, is annually observed on September 14 to commemorate the
adoption of Hindi written in Devanagari script as one of the 22 official languages of India.
Background:
i.In 1949, Hindi was first spoken at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York, the United
States of America(USA).
ii.In a meeting of the Follow up Committee on World Hindi Conference held on June 8, 2005, it was decided
to commemorate 10th January as World Hindi Day every year.
iii.In 2006, former Prime Minister (PM) Dr. Manmohan Singh presided over the inaugural celebration of
Vishwa Hindi Diwas.
• Since then, January 10 has been observed globally as World Hindi Day.
iv.The first-ever World Hindi Day was celebrated on 10 January 2006 to mark the anniversary of the
first World Hindi Conference in Nagpur, Maharashtra on 10 January 1975.
v.The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) commemorates this day around the world by organising a variety
of events and activities through Indian embassies and cultural centres.
Significance of Hindi:
i.The term “Hindi” is derived from the Persian language.
ii.Hindi is an Indo-European language and also a descendant of the Sanskrit language.
iii.Hindi is the third most spoken language in the world, with about 4.46% of the world population. It
ranks fourth in the world in terms of the number of native speakers, behind English, Spanish, and Chinese.
iv.In 1950, Hindi was declared the official language of India and was designated as Hindi in Devanagari
script in Article 343 of the Indian Constitution.
• Hindi is one of the 22 scheduled languages, listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution.

AICTE declared 2025 as ‘Year of AI’ to shape India as global leader

The All-India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) has announced 2025 as the “Year of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)” to shape India as a global leader in AI.
• This initiative will be adopted by all AICTE-approved institutions, empowering
around 14,000 colleges and benefiting 40 million students nationwide.

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Its key features
i.The Institutes will adopt an AI Affirmation Pledge to make India a global leader in AI through
innovation, ethics, and education.
ii.AI Awareness Campaigns: A nation wide campaign “AI for all: The Future Begins Here”will be held
which include workshops, hackathons, and guest lectures to raise awareness about AI’s potential among
the students. Also council will organize workshops and certifications to provide training to faculty in AI
education.
iii.The institutes will be encouraged to accommodate interdisciplinary courses and research programs
related to AI, set up AI labs with industries and promote socially ethical AI practices.
iv.Moreover, students will be provided with the real-time experience through internships, projects, and
mentorships through collaborations by the council with global companies like Adobe, CISCO, and
International Business Machines (IBM).
v.Top-performing institutions will be recognized by AICTE and will serve as the role models of AI
excellence for other institutes.

National Road Safety Week 2025 – January 11 to 17

National Road Safety Week, organised by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), is
annually observed across India from January 11-17 every year to raise awareness about road safety. It
highlights the need for responsible driving, pedestrian safety, and better road infrastructure to prevent
and reduce accidents and save lives.
• 2025 marks the observance of the 36th National Road Safety Week.
Background:
i.The 1st-ever National Road Safety Week, introduced by the MoRTH, was observed in 1989.
• It was later expanded to a month-long observance in 2021 to intensify road safety efforts.
ii.The annual observance is led by the MoRTH to promote road safety measures.
• The National Safety Council of India (NSC) under the Ministry of Labour & Employment
(MoL&E), also organises the National Road Safety Week.
National Road Safety Month (RSM):
i.It is an annual observance introduced by the MoRTH to sensitize citizens and road users about the
severity of the challenges of road safety.
• The first National RSM was observed in 2021.
• In 2025 the National RSM is being observed from January 1-31, 2025.
Key Highlights on Road Safety in India:
i.The ‘India Status Report on Road Safety 2024’ of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi (Delhi)
indicates concerning trends in road safety. As per the Report,
• Accident Statistics: India accounted for 11% of global road accidents and 10% of global
fatalities.
• Vulnerable Groups: Pedestrians, cyclists, and 2-wheeler riders constitute over 50% of
fatalities.
• High-Risk States: States like Uttar Pradesh (UP), Tamil Nadu (TN), and Maharashtra report the
highest number (50%) of accidents and fatalities. West Bengal(WB) and Bihar had the lowest
rates at (5.9%).
ii.The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 was implemented to strengthen road safety norms and
law enforcement to reduce fatalities.
iii.The National Highway Accident Relief Service Scheme (NHARSS) was introduced to provide quick
medical aid to accident victims.

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iv.The National Road Safety Policy (NRSP) was introduced in 2010 following recommendations by
the S. Sundar Committee in 2007 to reduce road accidents and fatalities in India.
UN’s Global Road Safety Week:
i.The United Nations Global Road Safety Week (UNGRSW) is a biennial campaign, hosted by the World
Health Organization (WHO), aimed to raise awareness of road safety and reduce the number of road
deaths.
• This week-long event is observed across the globe in May every year.
• In 2024, it was observed from May 10–14.
ii.The UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted resolution “Improving global road safety ” with the
ambitious target of preventing at least 50% of road traffic deaths and injuries by 2030.

National Youth Day 2025 – January 12

National Youth Day, also known as ‘Rashtriya Yuva Divas’ in Hindi and ‘Vivekananda Jayanti’, is observed
annually across India on 12th January to commemorate the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, a
Hindu spiritual leader, Philosopher and social reformer in India, who played a crucial role in shaping
modern India.
• 12 January 2025 marks the 162nd birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.
• The day aims to inspire and motivate youths by promoting the life and message of him
encouraging their participation in nation-building.
Background:
i.In 1984, the Government of India (GoI) declared the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda as National
Youth Day to honour his teachings and ideals.
• The first-ever National Youth Day was observed on 12 January 1985.
ii.The day highlights his teachings, inspired by ‘Ramakrishna Paramahansa’, to motivate and guide the
youth of India.
About Swami Vivekananda:
i.Swami Vivekananda originally known as Narendranath Dutta was born on 12 January 1863 in Pausha
Krishna Saptami Tithi, Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (Now Kolkata, West Bengal, WB).
• He was a disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.
ii.He dedicated his life to teach and guide the youth on the importance of social service and character-
building.
iii.On 1 May 1897, he founded the Ramakrishna Mission and Ramakrishna Math (“monastery”), a
worldwide, non-political, non-sectarian spiritual organisation with headquarters at Belur, on the banks of
the Ganges (River Ganga), Kolkata.
iv.On 4 July 1902, he passed away at the age of 39 at Belur Math in WB.
2025 Events:
On January 11 2025, Union Minister Mansukh L Mandaviya, Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports(MYAS),
inaugurated the ‘Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue’ and the ‘28th National Youth Festival(NYF)’ at
Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi(Delhi).
Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025 :
i.The ‘Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025’ organised by the Department of Youth Affairs(DYA)
under MYAS, held on 11th and 12th January 2025, reimagines the ‘National Youth Festival’ as a national
youth engagement initiative aligned with the PM’s call to involve 100,000 young people in leadership and
civic life.
• It aims to break the 25 year old tradition of holding the NYF in a conventional manner.
ii.The event also includes plenary sessions with national and global leaders, exhibitions showcasing youth
initiatives, and cultural performances highlighting “Vikas Bhi Virsat Bhi.”

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PM Narendra Modi participate in the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025:
On 12th January 2025, PM Narendra Modi participated in the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025
and interacted with 3,000 dynamic young leaders from across India, selected through a merit-based,
multi-level process from over 30 lakh participants.
• The young leaders presented innovative solutions for a developed India in 10 key thematic
areas such as technology, sustainability, women empowerment, manufacturing and agriculture.
• The event aims to break the 25-year-old tradition of holding the ‘National Youth Festival’ in a
conventional manner.
About National Youth Festival 2025:
i.The NYF began in 1995 as a major activity under the program of the National Integration Camp (NIC).
ii.It is organized by the MYAS, in collaboration with one of the State Governments.
• It is held in a different state each year during National Youth Week, 12 to 16 January every year.
ii.The week commencing from the birthday of Swami Vivekananda is known as National Youth Week.
• As part of National Youth Week celebrations, the Gol holds the NYF every year, and National
Youth Day is a part of this festival.
Key Schemes and Initiatives for Youth Empowerment:
i.Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS): Established in 1972, NYKS is one of the largest youth
organizations globally, aiming to develop the personality of youth and involve them in nation-building
activities.
ii.National Youth Corps (NYC): Launched in 2010-11, this scheme seeks to build a group of disciplined
youth dedicated to national development.
iii.National Young Leaders Programme (NYLP): This program fosters leadership and innovation among
youth, providing them with a platform to express their views and highlight socio-economic development
issues.
iv.National Youth Awards: Recognizing exceptional contributions by youth and non-governmental
organizations NGOs in nation-building.
• The awards include cash prizes, medals, and certificates, with Rs. 1 lakh to individual winners
and Rs. 3 lakh to voluntary organizations.
v.National Service Scheme (NSS): Established in 1969, NSS encourages students to engage in community
service, promoting social responsibility and national integration.
vi.International Cooperation: The MYAS collaborates with United Nations (UNs) Agencies like United
National Development Programme (UNDP), Commonwealth Youth Programme (CYP), United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to address global youth-related issues.
vii.Through these initiatives, the government continues to support youth empowerment, ensuring their
active role in building a ‘Viksit Bharat’ (Developed India).
About the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS):
Union Minister- Mansukh L. Mandaviya (Constituency- Porbandar, Gujarat)
Minister of State (MoS)– Raksha Nikhil Khadse (Constituency-Raver, Maharashtra)

77th Indian Army Day – 15 January 2025: Commissioning of Three Major Naval Combatants
Indian Army Day is celebrated every year on 15th January across the globe to honor the courage and
dedication of the Indian Army (IA) soldiers.
• It is also known as Bhartiya Sena Diwas, the day commemorates the appointment of Field
Marshal KM Cariappa as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in 1949.
Note: Indian Army was established in 1895, but it was not until 1949 that India had its first Army Chief.
15th January 2025, marks the observance of the 77th Indian Army Day.

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The year 2025 has been declared as the ‘Year of Reforms’ for the Ministry of Defence (MoD), focusing on
enhancing processes across the ministry and the three armed forces.
PM Modi Commissions INS Surat, INS Nilgiri, and INS Vaghsheer:
On the occasion of Indian Army Day 2025, Prime Minister (PM) of India Narendra Modi commissioned
three significant naval combatants—Indian Naval Ship (INS) Surat, INS Nilgiri, and INS Vaghsheer—at
the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai, Maharashtra, built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), located
in Mumbai.
• This remarkable event marked the first-ever tri-commissioning of a destroyer, frigate, and
submarine together.
Key Points:
i.INS Surat, the fourth Visakhapatnam-class destroyer and the final ship of Project 15B, is a highly
advanced guided missile destroyer with 75% indigenous content and state-of-the-art technology.
ii.INS Nilgiri, the first ship of Project 17A, is a next-generation stealth frigate designed by the Indian Navy
(IN) with advanced survivability features.
iii INS Vaghsheer, the sixth and final submarine of the P75 Scorpene Project, is the sixth submarine of the
first batch of six Kalvari-class submarines for the Indian Navy, highlights India’s submarine construction
expertise in collaboration with France’s Naval Group.
2025 Events:
For the first time, the Indian Army Day Parade was held in Pune, Maharashtra, at the BEG & Centre Parade
Ground, Khadki.
i.The event featured a grand march past by eight regimental contingents, a “Know Your Army
Mela” highlighting technological advancements, and the participation of the Women
Agniveer Contingent, emphasizing inclusivity and empowerment.
ii.The Indian Army (IA) showcased its Multi-Utility Legged Equipment (MULEs), commonly referred to as
robotic dogs.
• These advanced machines enhance operational capabilities in challenging terrains, reducing
risks for soldiers. The Army recently added 100 robotic dogs to its arsenal, marking a step
forward in technological innovation.
iii.Participation of the Nepali Army Band:
The Nepali Army Band participated in the parade for the first time, symbolizing the strong bonds between
the Indian and Nepali armed forces.
• The band, comprising 33 members, including three women soldiers, performed with both a
Brass and Pipe Band.Their performance showcased the cultural and musical ties between India
and Nepal, highlighting the nations’ commitment to peace and stability.
Point to Note: PM Modi announced the approval and commencement of work on the Vadhavan Port in
Maharashtra, with an investment of Rs 75,000 crore.
Key Facts:
i.India has established itself as the First Responder in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), reinforcing its
leadership in regional security and humanitarian efforts.
ii.Defence production has crossed Rs 1.25 lakh crore, with exports to over 100 countries.
iii.Over the last decade, the Indian Navy has inducted 33 ships and 7 submarines, with 39 of 40
vessels built in Indian shipyards.
iv.India is constructing 60 large ships valued at around Rs 1.5 lakh crore.

9th Indian Armed Forces Veterans’ Day – January 14

Armed Forces Veterans’ Day is annually celebrated across India on 14 January to honour and recognise
the service of Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa, the 1st Indian Commander-in-Chief (C-in-

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C) of the Indian Armed Forces, who retired on this day in 1953 and led Indian forces to victory in the
1947 war.
• 14 January 2025 marks the 9th Armed Forces Veterans’ Day observance.
Background:
i.The Armed Forces Veterans’ Day was first celebrated in 2017.
ii.Since then the day has been commemorated by all the 3 services by hosting interactive events in honour
of the Ex-Servicemen, who have selflessly served the nation.
About KM Cariappa:
i.KM Cariappa joined the British Indian Army in 1919 after the end of World War I and was commissioned
as a temporary first lieutenant into the 2/88 Carnatic Infantry.
ii.Field Marshal KM Cariappa led Indian forces on the Western Front during the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War.
iii.He was appointed C-in-C of the Indian Army in 1949 and was one of only 2 Indian Army officers to hold
the 5-star rank of Field Marshal.
• The other officer was Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.
2025 Events:
9th Armed Forces Veterans’ Day is observed with programs at major military stations and cities, featuring
ceremonial parades and gatherings of veterans, Veer Naris(the widows of our soldiers), and their families.
Organizations such as the Army Welfare Placement Organization and the Directorate of Indian Army
Veterans (DIAV) are dedicated to supporting and providing opportunities for these courageous women.
i.Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, Ministry of Defence(MoD) highlighted 2025 as the diamond
jubilee year of the 1965 Indo-Pak war, crediting India’s victory to the courage and sacrifice of the
Armed Forces.
• He referred to Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) as an integral and cherished part of India,
calling it the nation’s “crown jewel.”
i.Rajnath Singh hoisted a 108-foot National Flag and inaugurated the ‘Akhnoor Heritage Museum,’ in
Jammu and Kashmir(J&K), celebrating the region’s rich history and culture.
Notable Schemes Supporting Defence Pensioners &Veterans –
• On November 7, 2015, One Rank One Pension (OROP) was implemented as a tribute to the
courage and sacrifices of veterans and ex-service personnel.
• Project NAMAN (National Assistance for Military and Armed Forces Veterans) aims to support
Defence Pensioners, Veterans, and their families. It focuses on the implementation of the System
for Pension Administration Raksha (SPARSH), a digital pension system that streamlines
pension processes and ensures accessible facilitation points for Veterans and Next of Kin (NOK)
across India.
About Ministry of Defence(MoD):
Union Minister – Rajnath Singh (Constituency – Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, UP)
Minister of State (MoS) – Sanjay Seth(Constituency- Ranchi, Jharkhand).

National Disaster Response Force Raising Day 2025 – January 19

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Raising Day is observed annually across India on January
19 to mark the founding of the NDRF, a special force under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
• January 19, 2025 marks the observance of the 20th NDRF Raising Day.
Note:The NDRF, is a ‘Specialist Force’ to handle emergencies, trained to respond to both natural disasters
like floods, cyclones, and earthquakes, and man-made disasters like chemical spills and terrorist attacks.
Background:
i.India experienced a series of devastating natural disasters between 1990 and 2004, which led to the
creation of the Disaster Management (DM) Act on December 26, 2005.

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ii.The Act paved the way for the establishment of the NDRF under Section 44, with the force being
officially raised on January 19, 2006, to become India’s premier disaster response unit.
• Since then, NDRF Raising Day has been observed annually on January 19.
iii.The mission is to develop and implement comprehensive plans, policies, and guidelines for effective
disaster management across India.
Organization and Structure:
i.Formation and Expansion: Initially formed in 2006 with 8 battalions, NDRF at present comprises 16
battalions from various forces of personnel from Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) including: Assam
Rifles (AR), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).
ii.Team Composition: Each battalion consists of 18 specialised Search and Rescue (SAR) teams, each with
45 personnel. The teams include: Engineers, Technicians, Electricians, Dog Squads and Medical/Paramedic
staffs.
iii.Total Personnel and Infrastructure: Each battalion has a strength of 1,149 personnel, with 28
Regional Response Centers (RRCs) and 24 Tactical Pre-Positioning Locations (TPLs) across India. The
sanctioned strength of the force was 18,556.
• The battalions are well-equipped to handle both natural and man-made disasters, including
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies.
Achievements:
i.Rescue Operations: NDRF has rescued over 1.55 lakh lives and evacuated more than 7.88 lakh stranded
individuals during critical situations.
ii.Global Interventions: The force has also provided assistance during global crises such as: Japan Triple
Disaster (2011), Nepal Earthquake (2015) and Türkiye Earthquake (2023).
iii.In 2024, NDRF conducted a record 1,038 operations, rescuing more than 4,000 lives and evacuating
63,000 people to safety.
2025 Events:
The 20th Raising Day ceremony of the NDRF was held at the 10th Battalion of NDRF located in
Kondapavuluru, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh (AP) with Union Minister, Amit Shah, MHA as the Chief
Guest.
• During the event, Union Minister Amit Shah inaugurated several projects and laid foundation
stones for various initiatives worth approximately Rs 220 crore.
Key People:
Chief Minister (CM) of AP, N. Chandrababu Naidu, Union Minister, K. Rammohan, Ministry of Civil
Aviation (MoCA), Union Minister of State, Bandi Sanjay Kumar, MHA , Home
Secretary Govind Mohan, and NDRF Director General (DG) Piyush Anand.
The projects include:
i.Inaugurated the National South Campus of the Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), AP.
ii.Inaugurated the 10th Battalion of NDRF.
iii.Inaugurated the Regional Response Centre (RRC) at Supaul (9th Battalion) Campus, AP.
iv.Laid foundation stone for ‘Integrated Indoor Shooting Range’ at the National Police Academy (NPA) in
Hyderabad, Telangana worth Rs. 27 crore.
• This range will be used to train Indian Police Service (IPS) probationary officers in shooting
skills. The range will be 50 meters (m) long and have 10 lanes, so 10 people can practice
shooting at the same time.
• It will be operational in all weather conditions and will use advanced, automated technology
that meets international standards. This will be a unique facility for police forces in India.
v.Inaugurated the Regional Forensic Science Laboratory(RFSL) Building in Tirupati, AP.

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About National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
Director-General (DG)- Piyush Anand
Headquarters– New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 2006

UNESCO & WMO Declare 2025 as International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation

On January 21 2025, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) have jointly declared 2025 as International Year of
Glaciers’ Preservation(IYGP) in Geneva(Switzerland), emphasizing the global urgency to safeguard
glaciers, which are critical sources of freshwater for over 2 billion people worldwide.
• This international year focuses to gain worldwide support, encourage research, and make
cryosphere data more accessible, all with the goal of reducing the impacts of rapid glacier
melting.
Note : UN weather experts from the WMO confirmed that 2024 was the hottest year on record, at 1.55
degrees Celsius (C) above pre-industrial temperatures.
Background:
i.The International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation 2025 (IYGP 2025) was established through resolution
A/RES/77/158, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) during its 77th session in
December 2022, with the leadership of UNESCO and the WMO.It was proposed by Republic of Tajikistan.
ii.As part of this initiative, March 21st has been officially designated as International Day of Glaciers’
Preservation or World Glacier Day, starting from 2025.
iii.It will coordinate international efforts supported by over 75 international organizations and 35
countries.
iv.The International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation (2025) and World Glacier Day (March 21) support
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 by addressing the critical role glaciers play in water resources.
Highlights of the Event
i. The first World Glacier Day will be celebrated on March 21, 2025, aligning with World Water Day,
observed annually on March 22.
• This annual observance aims to raise awareness about the significance of glaciers and the need
for global collaboration to protect them.
ii.The UN has established a Trust Fund to support activities and initiatives focused on preserving glaciers.
• The resolution invites governments,inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations,
major groups, other relevant stakeholders, and donors to voluntarily contribute to the trust
fund in support of activities for glaciers’ preservation.
iii.An International Conference on Glacier Preservation will be held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan in May
2025.
About World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS)
• WGMS, at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, collects data on glacier changes (mass,
volume, area, length) and ice distribution.It is service of IACS (International Association of
Cryospheric Sciences), IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics).
• It is a Part of World Data System (International Science Council) and works under UN
Environment, UNESCO, and WMO.
About Earths Cryosphere
The cryosphere refers to all the frozen parts of the Earth, both on land and in the ocean. This includes
snow, glaciers, ice sheets, ice shelves, icebergs, sea ice, lake and river ice, permafrost, seasonally frozen
ground, and solid precipitation like snow.
i.The term comes from the Greek word krios, which means cold.

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ii.More than 275,000 glaciers worldwide cover approximately 700,000 km². Glaciers and ice sheets store
about 70% of the global freshwater.
iii.70% of Earth’s fresh water exists as snow or ice and around 10% of Earth’s land area is covered by
glaciers or ice sheets.
iv.The Hindu Kush Himalayan(HKH) cryosphere is warming at twice the global average rate, according
to the International Cryosphere Initiative.
Hindu Kush Himalayan cryosphere:-
• The Hindu Kush is an 800-kilometre(km)-long (500 mi) mountain range in Central and South
Asia to the west of the Himalayas. It stretches from central and eastern Afghanistan into
northwestern Pakistan and far southeastern Tajikistan.
• The HKH is located in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and
Pakistan.
About World Meteorological Organization (WMO):
Secretary General – Professor Celeste Saulo
Founded –1950
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Parent Organization – United Nations (UN)

Parakram Diwas 2025 – January 23

Parakram Diwas, also known as the Day of Valour, is observed annually across India on 23 January to
commemorate the birth anniversary of one of the Indian freedom fighters Subhash Chandra
Bose, popularly called as Netaji.
• 23 January 2025 marks the 128th birth anniversary of Subhash Chandra Bose.
Background:
i.In 2021, the Government of India (GoI) decided to commemorate 23 January, the birth anniversary of
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose as Parakram Diwas to honour the contributions of Netaji to the Indian
independence movement.
ii.The 1st ever Parakram Diwas was celebrated on 23 January 2021 on the 124th birth anniversary of
Netaji.
About Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose:
i.He was born on 23rd January 1897 in the Oriya Bazar in Cuttack, Orissa Division of Bengal Presidency
(now Odisha).
ii.He Joined the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1921 and actively participated in the Indian
Independence movement.He became the President of the INC twice, first in 1938, and again in 1939.
iii.Formation of Forward Bloc and Indian National Army (INA)
• In 1939, formed the Forward Bloc to unify all anti-British forces in India.
• In 1942, the Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, was formed in
Southeast Asia to secure Indian independence with Japanese assistance.
• INA was initially led by Mohan Singh for a very brief period, Subhas Chandra Bose became the
Commander-in-Chief in June 1943.
• On October 21, 1943, founded the Provisional Government of Free India.It was recognized by
nine world powers, including Germany, Italy, Japan, and Myanmar. He passed away in August
1945 in a plane crash in Taiwan.
iv.Tribute to Subash Chandhra Bose
• In 2018, Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi announced the renaming of three islands of
Andaman and Nicobar(A&N) as a tribute to Netaji.

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 • The Ross Island was renamed as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep, the Neil Island as Shaheed
Dweep and the Havelock Island as Swaraj Dweep
Points to be noted:
• The title “Netaji (Respected Leader)” was given to Subhas Chandra Bose by Indian soldiers of
the Indian National Army (INA) and German and Indian officials in Berlin,Germany in early
1942.
• Rabindranath Tagore gave Subhash Chandra Bose the title Desh Nayak (hero of the country).
• On September 8, 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a 28-foot-tall statue of Netaji
Subhas Chandra Bose near India Gate in New Delhi.
INCOIS Hyderabad Awarded Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2025
The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), based in Hyderabad,Telangana has
been selected for the Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2025 in the institutional
category for its outstanding contributions to disaster management.
About INCOIS
• It was established in 1999 in Hyderabad, Telangana,and plays a pivotal role in India’s disaster
management by providing early warnings for ocean-related hazards.
• It set up the Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) to deliver the tsunami alerts within
10 minutes, serving both India and 28 Indian Ocean countries.
• It was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization(UNESCO) as a leading Tsunami Service Provider, INCOIS clearly demonstrates
or represents high standards in early warning systems.
About the Award
• The Government of India(GoI) has instituted an annual award known as Subhash Chandra
Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar to recognize and honour the invaluable contribution
rendered by individuals and organizations in India in the field of disaster management.
• Since 2022, the award is announced every year on 23rd January, the birth anniversary of Netaji
Subhash Chandra Bose.
• The award carries a cash prize of Rs. 51 lakh and a certificate in case of an institution and Rs. 5
lakh and a certificate in case of an individual.

International Day of Education 2025 – January 24

The United Nations (UN)’s International Day of Education (IDE) is annually observed across the globe
on 24 January to celebrate the role of education in peace and development.
24 January 2025 marks the 7th observance of the IDE.
The International Day of Education encourages reflections on the power of education to equip
individuals and communities to navigate, understand and influence technological advancement.
Theme:
The 2025 theme of IDE is “AI and education: Preserving human agency in a world of automation”.
The theme focuses on how education can help people understand and control Artificial
Intelligence(AI). It aims to ensure AI is used in ways that respect human rights and support the
Sustainable Development Goals.
Note: In India, National Education Day is celebrated on November 11 every year in honour of Maulana
Abul Kalam Azad, the first Education Minister of independent India.
Background:
i.On 3 December 2018, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted the resolution
A/RES/73/25 proclaiming 24 January of every year as International Day of Education.
The resolution was co-authored by Nigeria and 58 other UN Member States.

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ii.The 1st ever International Day of Education was celebrated on 24 January 2019.
Education: A Key to Sustainable Development
i.In September 2015, the international community adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
highlighting education as key to achieving all 17 goals. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 focuses on
ensuring inclusive, quality education and lifelong learning for all by 2030.
ii.Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees the right to education, requiring free
and compulsory elementary education.
iii.The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child adds that countries must make higher education
accessible to all.
UNESCO dedicates the IDE 2025 to Artificial Intelligence
AI is becoming more common in education, with over two-thirds of secondary students in high-income
countries already using generative AI for schoolwork.
i.A UNESCO survey (May 2023) found only 10% of schools and universities have an official AI
framework. By 2022, just 7 countries created AI frameworks for teachers, and 15 included AI training in
their national curricula.
ii.In the field of education, UNESCO published the first-ever Guidance for Generative AI in Education and
Research in September 2023, as well as two AI competency frameworks for students and teachers in 2024.
iii.These publications include the suggestion to set an age limit of 13 for the use of AI in the classroom.
iv.Around 244 million children and adolescents worldwide are out of school, and 617 million cannot read
or do basic math. In sub-Saharan Africa, less than 40% of girls finish lower secondary school, and 4 million
refugee children and youth are out of school. This violation of their right to education is unacceptable.
2025 Events:
On 24 January 2025, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning hosted the webinar ‘Lifelong learning in the
age of AI’ in Paris, France.
About United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO):
Director-General (DG)- Audrey Azoulay
Headquarters– Paris, France
Member Nations- 194
Established–1945

National Girl Child Day 2025- January 24

National Girl Child Day (NGCD) is annually observed across India on 24th January to promote awareness
about the rights of a girl child and to promote the importance of their education, health, and nutrition.The
day addresses issues like child marriage, discrimination and other challenges faced by girls in Indian
society.
24th January 2025 marks the observance of 18th NGCD.
The theme of the NGCD 2025 is “Empowering the Future of India”.
Background:
i.NGCD was established in 2008 by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD).
ii.The first ever NGCD was observed on 24th January 2008.
Initiatives for Girl Child Development
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP):
Launched in 2015 to address declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR), prevent gender-biased
elimination, and promote survival, protection, and education of girls. Integrated with Mission
Shakti for 2021–2026.
UDAAN:
Launched by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in 2014 under the guidance of

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 Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) to improve girl students’ enrollment in
engineering institutions by bridging the gap between school education and entrance exams.
Scheme for Adolescent Girls (SAG):
Introduced in 2010 for girls aged 11–14 to improve nutrition, address gender issues, and
support overall development.
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY):
A small savings scheme launched in 2015 for girls under BBBP, offering an 8.2% interest rate
for future financial needs.
Menstrual Hygiene Scheme (MHS):Launched in 2011 by the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare (MoHFW) to promote menstrual hygiene among rural girls aged 10–19.
POSHAN Abhiyaan (erstwhile National Nutrition Mission): Launched in March 2018 to improve
the nutritional status of children (0–6 years), adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating
mothers.
Initiatives to empower and protect the girl child:
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, aims to eliminate child marriage.
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, addresses child abuse,
with updated rules in 2020 to enhance its implementation.
The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015, ensures the care and protection of children in need.
Mission Vatsalya launched in 2021 focuses on child development and protection, with services like
the Child Helpline and the Track Child Portal to assist missing children.
Track Child Portal (2012): This portal helps match missing children reported at police stations
with found children residing in Child Care Institutions (CCIs).
PM CARES for Children Scheme: Launched in 2021,supports children orphaned by COVID-19,
offering financial, educational, and health assistance.
NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences) and E-SAMPARK (System for
Accessing, Managing, and Promoting Awareness & Reach of Key Services): Provide mental health
support and medical care to affected children.
Sex Selection and Abortion:
PNDT (Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques)Act, 1994 (amended in 2002)
prohibits sex selection and misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques.
MTP Act (Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act): Allows abortion of fetuses with risks of severe physical
or mental disabilities but prohibits sex-based selection, even for genetic diseases.

National Voters’ Day 2025 – January 25

National Voters’ Day (NVD) is observed annually across India on 25th January, commemorating the
foundation of the Election Commission of India (ECI) in 1950. The day aims to raise awareness about the
importance of voting and to encourage active participation in the electoral process and to promote voter
registration, especially among the youth.
25th January 2025 marks the observance of the 15th NVD and also marks the celebration of 75
years of service of ECI.
The theme of NVD 2025 is “Nothing Like Voting, I Vote For Sure”, a continuation of the 2024
theme.
Background:
i.The 1st-ever NVD was celebrated in 2011 to mark the foundation day of the ECI.
ECI is a permanent Constitutional Body, established on 25 January 1950 by the Constitution of
India.

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ii.The NVD was approved during a Cabinet meeting, with Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then Prime Minister
(PM) of India in 2011.
Points to Note:
i.The right to vote is enshrined in Article 326 of the Indian Constitution, recognizing it as a fundamental
right for eligible citizens.
ii.The 61st Amendment of the Constitution of India (Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989), lowered
the minimum voting age from 21 to 18 years for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative
Assemblies.
Significance:
i.The day focuses on enrolling new voters and distributing voter identity cards, known as Electoral Photo
Identity Cards (EPIC).
ii.The day motivates 1st-time voters to participate in the electoral process by registering to vote and
obtaining their voter identity (ID) cards.
2025 Events:
On January 25th, 2025, the ECI hosted a National event in New Delhi (Delhi) with
President Droupadi Murmu as the Chief Guest and Union Minister, Arjun Ram Meghwal, Ministry of State
(MoS) (Independent Charge, IC), Ministry of Law and Justice (MoL&J), as the Guest of Honour.
This year’s 2025 celebration follows the historic and successful conduct of the 2024 Lok Sabha
Elections, hailed as the largest democratic exercise in history.
The event, celebrating the voters of India assumes a grand scale this year 2025 that India’s total
electorate was approaching 100 crore mark.
Best Electoral Practices Awards 2024:
President Murmu presented the ‘Best Electoral Practices Awards for 2024’, recognizing outstanding
performances by state and district officers in various aspects of election management including
innovations in outreach, technology, and voter accessibility.
Awards were also given to government departments and media organizations that contributed to
voter awareness campaigns.
Other Highlights:
i.The 1st copy of the ECI Coffee Table Book titled “India Votes 2024: A saga of democracy” was presented
to the President Droupadi Murmu by Chief Election Commissioner Rajiv Kumar.
The publication is a tribute to every voter, election official, security personnel and all the
stakeholders who contributed to the success of the 18th Lok Sabha elections.
ii.A short clip of the upcoming docu-drama series “India Decides” produced by Warner Bros Discovery
was released at the event.
The 3-part series dives deep into the history and making of the largest elections in the world.
iii.An ECI publication “Belief in the Ballot: Human stories shaping India’s 2024 elections” was presented to
President Droupadi Murmu.
The book is a curated set of human interest stories that set these elections apart.
iv.Multimedia Exhibition: A multimedia exhibition was showcased, highlighting the key aspects of the
2024 elections with interactive and immersive experiences.
v.International Conference:The 2-day International Conference titled “Global Election Year 2024:
Reiteration of Democratic Spaces” was held in New Delhi (Delhi) India and was hosted by the Election
Commission (EC) on the occasion of NVD.
The aim of the conference was to deliberate on common concerns related to electoral integrity,
including the challenges posed by misinformation.
It sought to address and discuss strategies to safeguard democratic processes, especially in the
context of the upcoming elections in 2024.

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Key People: Representatives from ECs and Election Management Bodies (EMBs) of countries including
Mauritius, Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Namibia, Indonesia, Russia, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines,
Tunisia, Ireland, and Georgia attended the International Conference.
Note:
i.The electoral database has reached 99.1 crore in January 2024, with a youthful and balanced
representation of genders.
There are 21.7 crore young voters in the 18-29 age group.
ii.The Electoral Gender Ratio was improved by 6 points, increasing from 948 in 2024 to 954 in 2025.
About Election Commission of India (ECI):
Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) – Rajiv Kumar
Election Commissioner (EC)– Gyanesh Kumar ; Sukhbir Singh Sandhu
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 1950

National Tourism Day 2025 – January 25

National Tourism Day is observed annually across India on January 25 to highlight the significance of
tourism in India’s economy. The day emphasizes the importance of preserving cultural heritage and
promoting various tourist destinations across India.
The theme for National Tourism Day 2025 is “Tourism for Inclusive Growth”.
This theme aligns with India’s broader tourism vision, Maha Kumbh Mela, one of the world’s
largest religious gatherings, being held from January 13 to February 26, 2024, in Prayagraj, Uttar
Pradesh (UP).
Background:
i.On January 25, 1949, the Government of India (GoI) instituted this day as a National Tourism Day,
marking the formation of the Ministry of Tourism (MoT).
The Tourist Traffic Committee established in 1948 initiated the celebration of “National Tourism
Day” to promote tourism in India.
iii.The day highlights the importance of tourism in driving India’s growth, a vision formalized in 1982 to
promote tourism.
Significance:
i.Sustainability in Tourism: It promotes responsible tourism and sustainable practices, focusing on
environmental preservation and heritage conservation.
ii.Economic Impact: Tourism is a key driver of India’s economy, supporting employment and
infrastructure development.
iii.Cultural Promotion: The day celebrates India’s unique traditions, languages, and cuisines on a global
platform.
Government Initiatives :
i.Travel for LiFE Program: Launched in 2023, focuses on promoting sustainable tourism practices and
encourages eco-friendly travel and responsible behavior among travelers and businesses.
ii.Swadesh Darshan Scheme: Launched in 2014-15 to develop theme-based tourism circuits, including:
‘Eco Circuit’ which promotes sustainable tourism infrastructure.
‘Buddhist, Coastal, and Wildlife Circuits’ that enhance visitor experiences with improved
infrastructure and cohesive storytelling.
iii.PRASAD Scheme: The Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive (PRASAD) launched
in 2014-15, focuses on the development and rejuvenation of iconic pilgrimage sites like Varanasi,
Amritsar, and Puri, with improved infrastructure and amenities

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iv.Incredible India Campaign 2.0: A digital marketing campaign was launched in 2017 to promote India
as a top tourist destination which targets adventure, luxury, wellness, and cultural tourism for both
domestic and international audiences.
Facts about Indian Tourism:
i.India has 43 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage
Sites, with the latest addition of Moidams, the burial system of the Ahom Dynasty in Assam.
ii.The Chenab Bridge in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), is the world’s highest rail bridge, 35 meters (m)
higher than the Eiffel Tower, France at 1,315 m long.
iii.Kangra Fort in Himachal Pradesh (HP) was the oldest fort in India, dating back around 3,500 years.
iv.India boasts over 550 wildlife sanctuaries, with Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan being the
largest.
v.Mawlynnong, in Meghalaya, is known as Asia’s cleanest village and offers a stunning and pristine
location in Northeast India.
vi.Kumbh Mela holds the title of the largest peaceful gathering in the world.
Points to Note:
i.As per the World Economic Forum 2024, India is ranked 39th out of 119 countries in the Travel and
Tourism Development Index (TTDI).
ii.The United Nations (UN’s) World Tourism Day is observed annually on September 27 globally to mark
the anniversary of the adoption of the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Statutes in 1970.
About Ministry of Tourism (MoT):
Union Minister – Gajendra Singh Shekhawat (Constituency – Jodhpur, Rajasthan)
Minister of State (MoS) – Suresh Gopi (Constituency – Thrissur,Kerala)

International Day of Clean Energy 2025 – January 26

The United Nations(UN’s) International Day of Clean Energy is observed annually on 26 January across
the globe to raise awareness and encourage action toward a fair and inclusive transition to clean energy,
benefiting both people and the planet.
26th January 2025 marks the observance of the 2nd International Day of Clean Energy.
Note: Clean energy is crucial in reducing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ensuring that communities
have access to reliable power sources.
Background:
i.On January 26 2023, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) declared the International Day of
Clean Energy through resolution A/77/327, recognizing the need to accelerate the global transition to
clean and sustainable energy.
The 1st-ever International Day of Clean Energy was celebrated on 26th January 2024.
Significance:
i.The day holds significance as it coincides with the founding date of the International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA), a global intergovernmental agency established on January 26, 2009.
26 January 2025 marks the 16th anniversary of the IRENA.
IRENA supports countries worldwide in their Renewable Energy(RE) transitions, providing crucial
data, policy guidance, and fostering international cooperation.
ii.The Day emphasizes the importance of clean energy solutions in combating climate change, reducing
energy poverty, and ensuring equitable access to reliable energy for all communities.
Global Challenges:
i.Global Energy Poverty: 685 million people lack access to electricity, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa
(more than 80%), limiting education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

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ii.Polluting Energy Sources: Continued reliance on fossil fuels perpetuates poverty and environmental
harm.
iii.Transition to Clean Energy: Solar, wind, and hydropower are essential in overcoming these challenges
and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) – “Affordable and clean energy for all by 2030.”
SDG 7 aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030.
iv.Decarbonization: Shifting to renewable energy is critical for addressing the climate crisis and reducing
greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.
Key Facts:
i.A significant portion of greenhouse gases, which trap the Sun’s heat and warm the planet, comes from
energy production, particularly from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity and
heating.
ii.Fossil fuels account for nearly 90% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the leading contributors to
climate change.
Over 75% of global greenhouse gas (Methane, Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3)
emissions come from burning fossil fuels for energy.
iii.Polluting fuels for cooking cause 3.2 million premature deaths annually; clean cooking can prevent
many of these.
iv.Every USD 1 invested in renewables creates 3X more jobs than in the fossil fuel industry.
iv.Renewable sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal currently generate around 29% of the
world’s electricity.
2025 Events:
i.The Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), hosted 2 significant
events ‘Renewables Talk’ and ‘Women in Diplomacy’ on the occasion of International Day of Clean Energy
at the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai, the UAE.
ii.The event fostered collaboration and facilitated knowledge exchange in the clean and renewable energy
sectors and also highlighted the crucial role of women in diplomacy and leadership in driving the clean
energy transition.
iii.Key Attendees: Dr Amna Al Dahak, UAE Minister of Climate Change and Environment, Saeed
Mohammed Al Tayer, Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of DEWA, Francesco La
Camera, Director General(DG) of IRENA, HE Dr Nawal Al Hosany, and UAE Permanent Representative to
IRENA.
Key Points:
i.UAE aims for Net Zero by 2050 and drives global clean energy initiatives in the Global South.
DEWA aims to provide 100% clean energy for Dubai by 2050.
iii.Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, the largest single-site solar park in the world based on
the Independent Power Producer (IPP) model, set to exceed 5,000 megawatt (MW) by 2030, utilizing solar
power, green hydrogen, and AI-driven solutions.
Note: As per the International Energy Agency’s Electricity report 2024, Global electricity demand is
expected to rise at a faster rate over the next 3 years, growing by an average of 3.4% annually through
2026.
About International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA):
Director-General(DG) – Francesco La Camera
Headquarters -Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates(UAE)
Founded – 2009

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International Customs Day 2025 – January 26
International Customs Day (ICD) is observed annually on January 26 across the globe to highlight the
vital role of customs officials and customs agencies in maintaining security, trade compliance, and major
anti-smuggling achievements.
26 January 2025 marks the 72nd anniversary of WCO, an intergovernmental body dedicated to enhancing
customs administrations worldwide.
Theme:
i.The theme for ICD 2025 is “Customs Delivering on its Commitment to Efficiency, Security, and
Prosperity.”
ii.This theme highlights the ongoing dedication of customs authorities in improving the efficiency of global
trade, ensuring security, and fostering economic growth.
Background:
i.The CCC was established in 1952 as an intergovernmental body to improve the efficiency of customs
administrations around the globe.
ii.On January 26, 1953, the inaugural session of the CCC was held in Brussels, Belgium marking the
beginning of the organization worldwide.
iii.On December 26, 1983, the Customs Cooperation Council (CCC), celebrated the 1st International
Customs Day (ICD) to commemorate the 30th anniversary of its founding.
The event took place in Brussels with 17 member countries participating.
iv.In 1994, the CCC became a global organization and was renamed the WCO, expanding its membership to
183 countries, which now manage 98% of global trade.
v.WCO, currently works with 186 member states to improve customs operations and adapt to the
changing landscape of international trade.
Custom Administration in India:
i.The Indian Customs system is governed by the Customs Act of 1962, which defines the regulations for
import and export duties and the customs valuation process.
ii.The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), formerly known as the Central Board of Excise
& Customs, is the primary authority overseeing customs, excise, and Goods and Services Tax (GST) matters
in India.
iii.CBIC operates under the Department of Revenue (DoR), Ministry of Finance (MoF).
Roles of Customs Agencies in India:
i.Collecting Revenue: Responsible for collecting import and excise duties, along with other taxes and
levies imposed on imported goods.
ii.Enforcing Compliance: To ensure compliance with various regulations, including technical quality
standards, veterinary regulations, and plant health rules for imports.
iii.Protecting Consumers: Work to detect and stop the import of counterfeit goods, ensuring consumer
safety.
iv.Customs Duties and Taxes: All imported goods in India are subject to customs duty, along with other
taxes like Value Added Tax (VAT), excise duty, and service tax.
v.Customs House Agent (CHA) or Customs Broker, assists exporters and importers in ensuring accurate
documentation and a smooth customs clearance process.
About World Customs Organization (WCO):
Secretary-General– Ian Clifton Saunders (the United States of America, USA)
Headquarters– Brussels, Belgium
Established- 1952

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World Leprosy Day – January 26 2025
World Leprosy Day (WLD) is observed annually on the last Sunday of January across the globe to raise
awareness about leprosy and to celebrate the resilience of those affected by the disease, combat stigma
and discrimination. The day also serves as a reminder to eradicate leprosy and improve the lives of those
impacted by it.
26 January 2025 marks the 72nd observance of the WLD.
In 2024, WLF was observed on 28 January and in 2026, WLD will be observed on 25th January.
Theme:
The theme for WLD 2025 is “Unite. Act. Eliminate.” which highlights the need to urge governments, non-
governmental organizations (NGO’s), and individuals to work together and eliminate the disease & its
associated stigma.
Note: In India, WLD is observed on January 30 every year, coinciding with the death anniversary (January
30 1948) of Mahatma Gandhi in recognition of his legacy, social justice and the welfare of people affected
by leprosy.
Background:
i.WLD was founded in 1954 by Raoul Follereau, a French philanthropist and writer to raise global
awareness about leprosy.
The first-ever WLD was observed on 31st January (Last Sunday of January)1954.
ii.The day was chosen to coincide with the Feast of Saint Lazarus, the biblical figure who is associated with
leprosy in the Christian tradition.
iii.Since then, WLD was observed annually and was recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Significance:
i.2025 also commemorates the 152nd anniversary of the discovery of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae),
the bacterium that causes leprosy.
ii.The bacterium was discovered by Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen on February 28, 1873.
About Leprosy:
i.Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is one of the oldest diseases which was named after Norwegian
physician Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen, who proved that leprosy was not inherited, but was
actually caused by bacteria.
It is a chronic condition caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects
the skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, and upper respiratory tract.
ii.The disease has a long incubation period, often taking 5 to 20 years for symptoms to appear.
iii.Transmission: Leprosy spreads through droplets from the nose and mouth during close contact with
untreated individuals.
iv.Treatable and Curable: Leprosy is curable with Multidrug Therapy (MDT), which has been provided
free of charge by the WHO since 1995.
Points to Note:
i.India has achieved the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem as per WHO criteria of less than
1 case per 10,000 population at the National level in 2005.
ii.According to WHO, Leprosy is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) that continues to affect over 120
countries worldwide, with more than 200,000 new cases reported annually.
About World Health Organization (WHO):
Director-General (DG)-Dr.Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
Headquarters- Geneva, Switzerland
Established- April 7, 1948

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International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust 2025 –
January 27
The United Nations (UN’s) International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the
Holocaust (International Holocaust Remembrance Day) is observed annually on 27 January across the
globe to honor the memory of victims of the Holocaust, also known as the Shoah.
Shoah was the genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II,
primarily targeted European Jews, resulting in the loss of 6 million Jewish lives.
The theme of International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust 2025
is, “Holocaust remembrance for Dignity and Human Rights.”
Background:
i.On November 1, 2005, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted Resolution A/RES/60/7,
and proclaimed January 27 as an annual ‘International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of
the Holocaust’.
The 1st International Holocaust Remembrance Day was observed on January 27, 2006.
ii.It also established the Holocaust and the UN Outreach Programme to deepen understanding of the
Holocaust’s lessons in the context of the UN’s work for peace and human rights.
iii. The commemoration serves as a reminder of the need to uphold human rights, dignity, and the values
of tolerance and mutual respect across the globe.
Significance:
i.January 27 also marks the anniversary of the liberation of the ‘Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi German
Concentration and Extermination Camp’ by Soviet troops which took place on January 27, 1945.
January 27, 2025 marks the observance of the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-
Birkenau Nazi German Concentration and Extermination Camp.
About Holocaust:
i.The Holocaust (1933-1945) was the organized, state-backed persecution and slaughter of 6 million Jews
across Europe by Nazi Germany, along with its allies and collaborators.
ii.This Holocaust era began in January 1933 when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party assumed power in
Germany, and it ended in May 1945 with the defeat of Nazi Germany by the Allied Powers in World War II.
iii.The Holocaust is also referred to as “the Shoah,” a Hebrew term meaning “catastrophe.”
2025 Events:
On the occasion of the International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) organized a series of events
on 23 January 2024 in Paris, France. The events include:
i.A Symposium titled “As the Witnesses Fall Silent” was conducted in collaboration with the United
States (US) Holocaust Memorial Museum, the United States of America (USA), exploring the role of young
generations in preserving the memory of the Holocaust.
ii.”Campus XL” Session: Around 300 students attended which was organized in partnership with the
Mission for the 80th Anniversary of the D-Day Landings.
iii.Exhibitions: ‘Beyond the Abyss’: A powerful photography exhibit by Olivier Mériel displayed on
UNESCO’s outer fences, in partnership with the Shoah Memorial, Paris, France.
iv.‘Timeless Treasures’: This exhibition, curated by Xavier Bourgois and Christophe Viseux, showcased
the Jewish cultural heritage through the lens of various photographers.
UN Events:
i.The UN Holocaust Memorial Ceremony was held at the UNGA Hall in New York, the USA and was hosted
by Melissa Fleming, the UN Secretary-General (SG) under Global Communications.

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ii.The event featured testimonies from Holocaust survivors and included speeches from notable figures
such as the UN Secretary-General, the President of the 79th session of the General Assembly, and various
representatives from Member States.
About United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
Director-General (DG)– Audrey Azoulay
Headquarters- Paris, France
Established – 1945
About United Nations (UN):
Secretary-General (SG)– António Guterres
Headquarters- New York, the United States of America (USA)
Established – 1945

World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2025- January 30

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day (WNTDD) is observed
annually on January 30 across the globe to raise awareness of the devastating impact of NTDs on the most
vulnerable populations around the world.
Theme:
i.The theme of WNTDD 2025:“Unite. Act. Eliminate” emphasizes the collective commitment needed to
end these diseases.
ii.The theme urges leaders and communities to unite and make bold, sustainable investments to eliminate
NTDs and free an estimated 1.5 billion people in the most vulnerable communities from the cycle of
disease and poverty.
Background:
i.WNTDD was 1st announced by the Crown Prince Court of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) at the
2019 Reaching the Last Mile Forum held in Abu Dhabi.
The inaugural observance was observed on January 30 2020.
ii.On May 31,2021, the 74th World Health Assembly (WHA) designated January 30 as WNTDD through
decision WHA74(18), a proposal supported by the UAE, Oman, Brazil, and other member states.
iii.This day is now recognized as one of the 11 Global Health Days and 2 Global Health Weeks by the WHO.
Note: As of December 2024, 54 countries had successfully eliminated at least one NTD worldwide.
Why January 30?
i.On 30th January 2012, WNTDD marked the release of the 1st NTD Roadmap (2012-2020) alongside the
adoption of the London Declaration on NTDs, which highlighted the global impact of neglected tropical
diseases.
ii.The WHO launched the new NTD road map (2021-2030) on January 28, 2021.
iii.The WHO’s NTD roadmap (2021–2030) and the Kigali Declaration 2022 on NTD set ambitious targets
for control and elimination.
The primary goal of WHO is to eliminate at least one NTD in 100 countries by 2030.
About Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs):
i.NTDs are a group of treatable and preventable conditions caused by parasites, bacteria, viruses, and
fungi, impacting over 1 billion people worldwide.
ii.These diseases comprise around 20 conditions and are most common in tropical and subtropical areas,
where poor living conditions, limited access to sanitation, clean water, and healthcare exacerbate their
spread.
iii.Affecting the world’s most impoverished populations, NTDs contribute to 1000 of preventable deaths
each year

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Global Challenges:
i.NTDs affect millions globally, with burdens in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia
regions.
ii.Interventions for NTDs benefit from one of the largest global medicine donation programs, with 12
manufacturers providing donations of 20 different medicines to support NTD efforts.
An estimated 75 million people require interventions against NTDs in the Eastern Mediterranean
Region.
iii.In South-East Asia, 16 NTDs remain endemic, with 833 million people still needing interventions, in
each of the 11 Member States.
iv.Between 2010 and 2022, the number of people requiring interventions against NTDs in the Region
decreased by 54%.
v.Between 2011 and 2024, nearly 30 billion tablets and vials were delivered to countries, with 1.8 billion
tablets and vials donated and delivered for treatments in 2024 alone.
vi.In 2024, 7 countries achieved the elimination of an NTD and in 2023, over 860 million people received
treatment for NTDs through mass drug administration and individual disease management efforts.
10 countries in the Region had eliminated at least one NTD by 2024.
NTDs Elimination Strategies:
The Regional Strategic Framework for the elimination of NTDs in the South-East Asia Region (2024–2030)
outlines a clear and comprehensive roadmap to tackle these diseases through 3 strategic pillars. It
includes:
i.Strengthening Country ownership, Leadership and Stewardship,
ii.Accelerating Programmatic Actions, and
iii.Intensifying Integrated and Cross-Cutting Approaches.
About World Health Organization (WHO):
Director-General (DG)-Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
Headquarters- Geneva, Switzerland
Established- April 7, 1948

Shaheed Divas or Martyrs’ Day 2025 – January 30

Martyrs’ Day, also known as Sarvodaya Day or Shaheed Diwas, is annually observed across India
on January 30 to honour those who sacrificed their lives for the nation.
This day also marks the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, the ‘Father of the Nation.
30th January 2025 marks the 77th death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.
Background:-
Martyrs’ Day was officially declared in 1949,a year after Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination on
January 30, 1948, to honour his memory and the sacrifices of other freedom fighters.
Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on 30th January 1948 by Nathuram Godse, in Birla House, New
Delhi, Delhi.
About Mahatma Gandhi:
i.Mahatma Gandhi was born as “Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi” on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar,
Gujarat.
ii.He was a lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and politician who played a major role in India’s freedom
struggle.
iii.Gandhi played a pivotal role in movements like the Khilafat Movement, Quit India Movement, Civil
Disobedience Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, and Champaran Satyagraha.

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Books:
i.“The Story of My Experiments with Truth” the autobiography of Gandhi, covers his life through to
1921. It was originally written in Gujarati and was translated into English by Mahadev Desai.
ii.His other noted works include, ‘Gokhale: My Political Guru’; ‘The Law and the Lawyers’, and ‘Satyagraha
in South Africa’.
iii.He translated John Ruskin’s “Unto This Last” in Gujarati as “Sarvodaya”.
Honours:
i.In 1930, he was named TIME Magazine’s “Man of the Year” (Now awarded as ‘Person of the Year’). To
date, he remains the only Indian to be honoured with the title.
ii.On the occasion of his 125th birth anniversary (2nd October 1995), the Government of India launched
the International Gandhi Peace Prize as a tribute to Gandhi.
Other Martyrs’ Day observed in India:
23rd March – to commemorate the death anniversary of Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and
Sukhdev Thapar.
19th May – observed as Bhasha Shahid Divas (Language Martyrs’ Day), to remember the
martyrdom of 11 people who were killed during the Bengali Language Movement.
19th November – to commemorate the birth anniversary of Rani Lakshmibai, the Maratha queen
who ruled the Princely state of Jhansi.

APPS & WEB PORTAL

DFS Secretary Nagaraju Maddirala Launches Revamped e-auction Portal ‘BAANKNET’
On January 03 2025, Nagaraju Maddirala, Secretary of the Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of
Finance (MoF) launched a revamped e-auction portal ‘Bank Asset Auction Network(BAANKNET)’ in New Delhi,
Delhi, designed for the e-auction of properties from all Public Sector Banks(PSB).
About BAANKNET portal:
i.The portal serves as a one-stop destination for buyers and investors, making it easier to explore a wide range
of assets, participate in property e-auctions, and discover valuable opportunities.
ii.The portal features listings that encompass a variety of assets, including residential properties like flats,
independent houses, and open plots, along with commercial spaces, industrial lands and buildings, shops,
vehicles, machinery, and both agricultural and non-agricultural land.
iii.The portal supports PSBs in recovering dues, strengthening their balance sheets, and boosting credit
availability for businesses and individuals.
iv.The collaboration between PSBs, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI), and Debt Recovery
Tribunals (DRTs) would be critical to the success of this initiative.
v.The DFS has conducted training sessions on the features of the ‘BAANKNET‘ portal for executives of all PSBs
and recovery officers in Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRT) to ensure the portal is used effectively and efficiently.
Note: Over 1,22,500 properties have already been transferred to the new BAANKNET portal, ready for auction.
Key Features:
i.The platform ensures frictionless user journeys across the entire process, from pre-auction to auction and
post-auction, making each step seamless and efficient.
ii.The platform features an automated and integrated payment gateway along with Know Your Customer(KYC)
tools.
iii.It is built on a microservices-based architecture, utilising an open Application Programming Interface(API)
that allows seamless integration with third-party services.
iv.It offers a dashboard feature for ‘Spend Analytics’ and various Management Information System (MIS)
Reports.

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v.It provides a dedicated helpdesk and call centre facility, complete with a callback request option.
About Department of Financial Services (DFS):
The DFS, under the Ministry of Finance (MoF), serves as the nodal department for the Banking, Financial
Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector, administers various Acts related to banking, insurance, and pension
sectors.
Secretary – Nagaraju Maddirala

Union Home Minister Amit Shah Launched ‘BHARATPOL’ portal

to Revolutionalize International Crime Investigations
On January 07 2025, Union Minister Amit Shah, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and Ministry of
Cooperation (MoC) launched the ‘BHARATPOL’ portal during the event held at Bharat Mandapam in New
Delhi, Delhi.
• He also awarded 35 Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) officers and officials with the
President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service and the Union Home Minister’s Medal for
Excellence in Investigation.
About ‘BHARATPOL’ portal :
i.The portal is developed by the CBI, which aims to streamline the process for Law Enforcement Agencies
(LEAs) in India to seek international assistance through International Criminal Police
Organisation (INTERPOL) in criminal matters.
ii.The portal will be managed by the CBI, which also acts as India’s National Central Bureau (NCB) for
INTERPOL. This portal will enable the CBI to coordinate international police requests, including those
related to Red notices and other INTERPOL alerts.
• The portal will provide quicker and more efficient real-time sharing of information among
Indian LEAs and other international law agencies.
iii.The five key modules of Bharatpol are connect, Interpol notices, references, broadcast, and resources,
providing a technological platform to support all our law enforcement agencies.
iv.It will enhance collaboration between central, state, Union Territory (UT) LEAs, providing seamless
communication between various police organisations in India.
v.The portal will replace previously used communication methods like: letters, emails, and faxes, with
faster, digital solutions .This will ensure more efficient exchanges among CBI, INTERPOL liaison officers
(ILOs), and unit officers (UOs).
vi.It will also address the increasing threat of translational crimes such as: cybercrime, financial fraud,
human trafficking, and organised crime by providing rapid international assistance.
About Ministry of Home Affairs(MHA):
Union Minister- Amit Shah (Constituency- Gandhinagar, Gujarat)
Minister of State (MoS)- Bandi Sanjay Kumar (Constituency- Karimnagar, Telangana)
About International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL):
Secretary General- Valdecy Urquiza(Brazil)
Headquarters- Lyon, France
Established- 1923

ICAR Launches Kisan Samriddhi Portal to Promote Efficient Agricultural Marketing

In January 2025, Dr. Himanshu Pathak, Director General (DG) of the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) and Secretary of the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) under
the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (MoA&FW), launched the ‘Kisan Samriddhi Market
Portal’ and the Kisan Samriddhi trademark at the ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
(CPCRI) in Kasaragod, Kerala.

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 • The launch took place during the 109th Foundation Day celebrations of ICAR-CPCRI, as part of
the inaugural session of the National Seminar on ‘Harnessing the Plantation Sector for
Sustainable Development Goals’ and an exhibition.
i.The portal was developed by ICAR’s Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI),
based in Bengaluru, Karnataka and is managed by ICAR’s Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), based in
Pathanamthitta, Kerala.
ii.The portal, operating in Karnataka, Kerala and Lakshadweep, connects farmers, agri-entrepreneurs, and
consumers for direct online sales of agricultural products, promoting transparency.
iii.The portal aims to create a Digital Vyapar Network (DIVYAN) to promote efficient agricultural
marketing, and it is scalable to connect all KVKs across the 11 ICAR-ATARI centers in India.
Note: ICAR-ATARI has registered the Kisan Samriddhi trademark for over 150 products across five
categories. A mobile application (app) for easy access is also under pilot testing and will be launched soon.

Karnataka launches ‘Garudakshi’ portal for Forest Protection

In January 2025, Karnataka’s Forest Department launched ‘Garudakshi’ portal to register an online First
Information Report (FIR) cases for forest crimes such as encroachments, poaching, and illegal logging.
• The initiative was inaugurated by the Minister of Forests, Ecology, and Environment Eshwar
B. Khandre, which was developed in collaboration with Noida(Uttar Pradesh, UP) based
Wildlife Trust of India (WTI).
i.This system aims to increase public participation in forest conservation activities, case management, and
efficiency.
ii.Initially, Garudakshi will be implemented on a pilot basis in five divisions: Bengaluru Urban Division,
Bengaluru Forest Mobile Squad Division, Bhadravati Division, Sirsi Division, and Male Mahadeshwara
Wildlife Division.
iii.The program will be further improved and gradually expanded to all divisions around the State based
on experience from the departments.

Govt Launches Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan App to Promote Battlefield Tourism

Union Minister Rajnath Singh, Ministry of Defence(MoD) launched “Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan”
mobile application (app) and website to enable civilians to visit and explore significant battlefields along
India’s borders. The app was launched on 15 January 2025, coinciding with the 77th Indian Army Day.
• This app was developed by the MoD, Ministry of Tourism(MoT), and the Indian Army(IA).
i.The app offers a comprehensive guide to tourists, which includes historical insights, battle accounts,
stories of bravery, travel information, and applications for permission to enter restricted places.
ii.It includes detailed information of 77 battlefield sites and provides visitors an in-depth overview of
some of the major military events.
iii.As part of their tour schedule, tourists can visit important locations like Siachen, the world’s highest
battlefield, and Galwan, the site of the 2020 conflict between Indian and Chinese forces.
iv.Users can explore sites like the Dras War Memorial (Kargil War, 1999) in Ladakh, Walong War
Memorial (Battle of Walong, 1962) in Arunachal Pradesh(AR), Tawang War Memorial in AR, Longewala
War Memorial in Rajasthan, Operation Meghdoot War Memorial in Ladakh, Kibithoo and Bum-La in
Arunachal Pradesh (AP), Rezang-La, and Pangong Tso in Ladakh and Cho-La conflict site in Sikkim, using
the app’s virtual tours and interactive multimedia features.

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Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia Launches Sanchar Saathi App, NBM 2.0 and ICR Facility to
Boost Telecom Connectivity
In January 2025, Union Minister Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia, Ministry of Communications (MoC),
introduced several citizen-focused initiatives, including the launch of the Sanchar Saathi Mobile
Application (App), the unveiling of the National Broadband Mission (NBM) 2.0, and the inauguration of
the Intra Circle Roaming(ICR) facility at Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN)-funded 4G (fourth generation) mobile
sites in New Delhi, Delhi.
About Sanchar Saathi Mobile Application (App):
The Sanchar Saathi Mobile App is a user-friendly platform aimed at enhancing telecom security and
empowering citizens. It enables users to secure their telecom services and protect against fraud.
Key features:
i.Chakshu: Allows users to report Suspected Fraudulent Communications (SFC) such as calls and SMS
(Short Message Service) directly from mobile logs.
ii.Citizens can monitor all mobile connections registered in their name to prevent unauthorized usage.
iii.Users can block, trace, and recover lost or stolen devices.The app helps users verify the authenticity of
mobile handsets, ensuring they purchase genuine products.
Note: Sanchar Saathi portal was launched in 2023 by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), MoC.
About National Broadband Mission (NBM) 2.0:
NBM 2.0, is an expansion of the earlier NBM 1.0 and aims to further develop India’s digital infrastructure.
• Under NBM 2.0, the government intends to connect the remaining 1.7 lakh villages and improve
the broadband speed to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
Key features:
i.Extending Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) connectivity to 2.7 lakh villages by 2030.
ii।Providing broadband access to 90% of essential institutions like schools, healthcare centers, and
Panchayat offices by 2030.
iii.Improving the national average broadband download speed from 63.55 Mbps to 100 Mbps by 2030.
iv.Mapping government-owned fibre networks by 2026.
v.Reducing Right of Way (RoW) application processing time from 60 days to 30 days by 2030.
vi.Increasing the number of rural internet subscribers , Ensuring 30% of mobile towers are powered by
sustainable energy by 2030.
vii.Promoting the use of the Call Before u Dig (CBuD) app which was launched in 2023, Collaboration
with various stakeholders will ensure the implementation of the (Right of Way) RoW Rules 2024.
viii.Leveraging Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) from the power sector will improve broadband
connectivity and network resilience, particularly in remote areas.
Note: NBM 1.0, was launched in 2019 as part of the National Digital Communications Policy(NDCP) 2018.
About Intra Circle Roaming(ICR) facility:
With the launch of Intra Circle Roaming (ICR) at Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN)-funded 4G sites, subscribers
of multiple Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) can now access 4G services from the same tower,
improving connectivity with lower costs.
• It will provide seamless 4G access to over 35,400 villages across approximately 27,000 towers.
Note: The DBN, formerly Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), funds mobile towers to improve
telecom connectivity in rural areas.

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DARPG Launched Scheme and Portal for PM’s Awards for Excellence in Public
Administration 2024
In January 20 2025, the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG), the
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions (MoPP&P) officially launched the scheme
and web-portal for the Prime Minister (PM)’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration 2024.
• The registration on PM’s Awards web portal has started from January 20, 2025. Submission of
nominations will commence from January 27, 2025. The last date for submission of nomination
is February 14, 2025.
Background:
i.In 2006, the Government of India(GoI) has launched the scheme “Prime Minister’s(PM’s) Awards for
Excellence in Public Administration” to acknowledge, recognize and reward the extraordinary and
innovative work done by Districts/ Organizations of the Central and State Governments.
ii.The Scheme was restructured in 2014, 2020 and revamped with a new approach in 2021.
iii.The main objective of the scheme is to promote constructive competition, innovation, replication and
institutionalization of best practices.
About PM’s Awards for Excellence 2024:
The scheme for PM’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration for 2024, will recognize the
contribution of civil servants under 3 categories through 16 awards. Name of these 3 categories and
Awards are:
• Category-1: Holistic Development of Districts under 11 priority sector programmes (05
awards);
• Category-2: Aspirational Blocks Programme (05 awards);
• Category-3: Innovations for Central Ministries/Departments, States and Districts (06 awards).
i.For the year 2024, under the “Holistic Development” category, the award scheme recognizes the
performance of the DC through targeted individual beneficiaries and implementation with saturation
approach.
• The applications process for Awards will be evaluated on 3 main parameters such as: good
governance, qualitative and quantitative.
ii.Districts with Aspirational Blocks, covering 500 Aspirational Blocks, across 329 districts of India, will
participate in the “Aspirational Blocks Programme” category.
• The period of consideration is 1st April, 2022 to 31st December, 2024,
iii.The winners will be selected through an evaluation process which includes 3 stages: Short-listing of
districts/organisations by screening committee (1st and 2nd stage), evaluation by expert committee, and
empowered committee.
• The recommendations of the empowered committee for Awards will be sent for the final
approval of the PM.
iv.The award will comprise of a Trophy, Scroll and an incentive of Rs 20 lakh to the awarded district or
organisation to be utilized for implementation of project/programme or bridging the gap of resources in
any area of public welfare.
About Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (MoPP&P):
Union Minister- PM Narendra Modi (Constituency- Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, UP)
Minister of State (MoS)- Dr. Jitendra Singh (Constituency- Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir, J&K)

“Samman Sanjeevani” App launched in Haryana on National Girl Child Day

Shruti Choudhry, the Women & Child Development (WCD), Irrigation & Water Resources Minister,
Government of Haryana, launched the ‘Samman Sanjeevani‘ app for the ‘Mahila Evam Kishori Samman
Yojana‘ in Chandigarh, Haryana on National Girl Child Day, January 24, 2025.

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 The app ensures timely delivery of services by collecting beneficiary data and updating monthly
benefits.
It will track the scheme’s facilities to make sure beneficiaries receive their benefits on time.
i.Under the ‘Mahila Evam Kishori Samman Yojana,’ sanitary napkins are distributed to women and girls
aged 10 to 45 years from Below Poverty Line (BPL) families.
ii.These benefits are provided through Anganwadi centers and schools.
iii.The Minister also highlighted that the WCD Department is celebrating the 10th anniversary of the ‘Beti
Bachao Beti Padhao’ scheme, with various programs planned to promote women’s empowerment and
raise awareness about the importance of daughters.

SEBI Launches ‘iSPOT Portal’ for Reporting Technical Issues

In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched a
web-based portal named the ‘Integrated SEBI Portal for Technical Glitches (iSPOT)’ for submission of
preliminary and final Root Cause Analysis (RCA) reports of technical glitches by stock exchanges and other
Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs).
The portal will be operational from 3rd February, 2025. It is integrated with SEBI’s Intermediary
(SI) portal, allowing MIIs to access it using their existing login credentials.
It aimed to simplify the reporting process of technical glitches across MIIs and establish a
centralized repository for all such incidents.
i.With the introduction of iSPOT, MIIs will now share preliminary and RCA reports of technical glitches
with SEBI through this portal, ensuring better data quality, traceability, and improved compliance
monitoring.
Previously, MIIs, including stock exchanges, clearing corporations, and depositories, were required
to report technical glitches and submit RCA reports to SEBI via a dedicated electronic
mail Identification (email ID).
iii.iSPOT will send automated reminders to MIIs for RCA submissions and generate system-driven reports
for regulatory monitoring.

ENVIRONMENT
Discovery of new species of Stellaria in WB named as Stellaria bengalensis
In December 2024, Researchers identified a new species of the genus Stellaria (family Caryophyllaceae) in
Kalimpong, West Bengal (WB), marking the 2nd Stellaria species reported in 2024. The species was
named as ‘Stellaria bengalensis’. A paper on the finding was published in the journal Phytotaxa.
• The 1st discovery was found in Nelliyampathy Hills, Palakkad , Kerala in May 2024 and was
named as ‘Stellaria mcclintockiae’.
• It was discovered by Arya S, Post-Graduate (PG) & Research Department of Botany, PSG College
of Arts and Science, Coimbatore(Tamil Nadu, TN); and Harsh Singh, Centre for Advanced Studies
in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong(Meghalaya).
i.Stellaria bengalensis is an annual herb growing to a height of 8 to 10.5 centimetres(cms). It is
characterized by white flowers, absence of bract, shorter petals included within the sepal and sharp,
pointed seeds. The flowering period of the plant is from May to September.
ii.India is home to around 22 Stellaria species, mostly found in the Himalayan region. The population of
the species was assessed as ‘data deficient’ under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
criteria.

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New Ant Species ‘Tapinoma onaele’ discovered in Western Ghats
In January 2025, a team of researchers from Goa, Dehradun(Uttarakhand) and Karnataka discovered a
new ant species named ‘Tapinoma onaele’, in the Western Ghats, Kodagu district, Karnataka. This
species, named after the Kannada term ‘onaele’, meaning “dried leaves,” reflects its natural habitat in the
leaf litter of the forest floor.
i.This discovery follows previous notable finds, such as Protanilla flamma and Probolomyrmex procne,
a species not seen in India for 3 decades.
• Goa is only the 3rd known location where it has been documented in India.
ii.Leaf litter, composed of fallen leaves and organic material, is vital for the ecosystem which provides
shelter and nourishment for a range of organisms, including ants.
• These ants help with decomposition, soil movement, and pest control, playing an essential role
in forest ecology.

New Pangolin species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh by ZSI team

In January 2025, a new species of pangolin named, the Indo-Burmese pangolin, scientifically
called ‘Manis indoburmanica’, was discovered by researchers at the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) from
Arunachal Pradesh (AR). It separated from the Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) about 3.4 million
years ago.
• This finding has been published in the paper ‘Indo
Burmese pangolin (Manis indoburmanica): a novel
phylogenetic species of pangolin evolved in Asia’ in
the German-published popular scientific
journal Mammalian Biology.
About Indo-Burmese pangolin:
i.This new species belongs to the family ‘Manidae’. The scale is
dark brown and dark olive brown, while the face is pinkish in
color. The body is covered in bristle-like fur, just like other
Asian pangolins.
ii.The species have evolved in isolation during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs due to geological and
climatic changes.
• Its present range includes parts of AR and Assam, and it may also reach Nepal, Bhutan, and
Myanmar.
iii.Dr. Mukesh Thakur of the ZSI led the study, which analyzed mitochondrial genomes using state-of-the-
art genomic methods.
iv.The discovery of Indo-Burmese pangolin highlights the necessity of region-specific conservation
initiatives while also enhancing our knowledge of Asian pangolins.
About Pangolins:
i.Pangolins are among the most trafficked wild mammals globally.
ii.India is home to two species: the Indian Pangolin, found across the subcontinent; and the Chinese
Pangolin, found across a larger area in south Asia.
• Bihar, West Bengal(WB) and Assam have both species in their States.
Note: World Pangolin Day is observed every year on the third Saturday in February.
Two rare Neuroptera species found in Kerala
Researchers have found two rare Order Neuroptera species, ‘Glenochrysa zeylanica’
and ‘Indophanes barbara’ from Kerala.
• The findings were produced by the Shadpada Entomology Research Lab (SERL) research team
at Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Kerala.

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 • The findings are published in the recent issue of the two international scientific journals:
Journal of the Entomological Research Society and Natura Somogyiensis.
About Glenochrysa zeylanica:
i.Glenochrysa zeylanica is a green lacewing of the Chrysopidae family in Order Neuroptera.
• This is the 12th green lacewing species and 8th antlion species reported from Kerala.
Note: Neuroptera is a group of insects commonly called lacewings because of the complex vein patterns in
the wings, giving them a lacy appearance.
ii.The species was rediscovered after 111 years from Mananthavady and Thirunelly in Wayanad district,
Kerala.
iii.This species was found for the first time in India, previously endemic to Sri Lanka.
About Indophanes barbara:
i.Indophanes barbara is an antlion belonging to the Myrmeleontidae family. It can be easily distinguished
by their long distinct antennae.
• An antlion species has been identified across various locations in Kerala.
ii.Unlike common antlion species, Indophanes barbara larvae do not form pits. They are shielded from the
sun, wind, and rain by living under the surface in loose soils.

Researchers Discovered Two New Goby Fish Species in AP

In January 2025, Researchers from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) discovered two unrecorded goby
fish species, ‘Hemigobius hoevenii’ and ‘Mugilogobius tigrinus’, at Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra
Pradesh (AP).
This discovery is significant as it is the first time Mugilogobius tigrinus has been observed along
India’s eastern coastline.
i.Both species belong to the group of fish commonly known as “gobies”. Most gobies are found in estuarine
areas, especially around mangroves.
ii.Gobies are small, carnivorous fish that live on the bottom and are found throughout the world, but they
are especially common in tropical areas.
iii.They have a significant impact on the ecosystem. They can be used as indicators of environmental
health and occupy different levels in the food chain.
iv.Of the 135 goby species found along India’s coasts, 95 species are recorded in Indian mangroves, with
53 species found in the Coringa wildlife sanctuary.

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