Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machines Department

Project title

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION IN HOSPITALS

Graduation Project 2022

Supervised by:
Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Helal

Presented by

Anas Ahmed Abuzeid Eyed Adel Ibrahim

Ahmed Tarek Salem Eslam Mostafa Hamed
Antonio Hisham Nazir Eslam Mamdouh Mohamed
Ahmed Khaled Mohamed
 Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machines Department

Project title

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION IN HOSPITALS

Graduation Project 2022

Supervised by:

Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Helal

Presented by

Anas Ahmed Abu Zeid Eyed Adel Ibrahim

Antonio Hisham Nazir Eslam Mostafa Hamed

Ahmed Tarek Salem Eslam Mamdouh Mohamed

Ahmed Khaled Mohamed

 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our deep gratitude and

sincere thanks to our honorable supervisor

Prof. Dr/ Ibrahim Helal

for his supervision, motivation, and firm support

throughout the project, and for his exquisite guidance
during the work on the project.

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➢ Table of content ........................................................................2
➢ Chapter 1: introduction ..........................................................7
o 1.1 hospital design criteria ..................................................... 7
o 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................... 8
o 1.3 Project description ............................................................. 8

➢ Chapter 2: Concept design .................................................. 14

o 2.1 Types of loads.................................................................... 14
o 2.2 Load estimation ................................................................ 15
o 2.3 ZONING ............................................................................... 23

➢ Chapter 3: Design calculations .......................................... 31

o 3.1. Lighting Calculations .................................................... 31
o 3.2 socket distribution .......................................................... 42
o 3.3 Mechanical loads .............................................................. 49
o 3.4panel schedule .................................................................. 54
o 3.5 Circuit breaker ratings and cable CSA..................... 65
o 3.6 Voltage drop calculations ............................................. 68
o 3.7 Short Circuit calculations ............................................. 68
o 3.8 Example from our project ............................................ 69
o 3.9 Bulk equipment ................................................................ 76

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 o 3.10 Power factor correction ............................................. 80
o 3.11 Earthing calculations ................................................... 81
o 3.12 Single Line Diagram ..................................................... 83

➢ Chapter 4: Lighting Design ................................................. 85

o 4.1-Introduction ...................................................................... 85
o 4.2-Definitions in lighting system .................................... 86
o 4.3-Fixture types and its construction ........................... 88

➢ Chapter 5 Socket .................................................................... 98

o 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................... 98
o 5.2 Types of sockets: .............................................................. 98
o 5.3 Methods of Layout .........................................................100
o 5.4 Sockets of Special Requirements ............................101

➢ Chapter 6 Cables ................................................................. 102

o 6.1 Types of cables ................................................................102
o 6.2 Cable Selection ................................................................106
o 6.3 Technical consideration of installation cable ....106

➢ Chapter 7 Transformer..................................................... 107

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 o 7.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................107
o 7.2 Transformer Construction .........................................107
o 7.3 Classification of transformers ..................................109
o 7.4Types of Distribution transformers: .......................113
o 7.5 ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER .....................117

➢ Chapter 8 LV switch gear ................................................. 120

o 8.1introduction ......................................................................120
o 8.2 Circuit Breaker ...............................................................123
o 8.3 Load-break switch .........................................................128
o 8.4 Isolating switch (Disconnector) ..............................129
o 8.5 Contactor ...........................................................................129
o 8.6 Fuses ...................................................................................130

➢ Chapter 9 Generator .......................................................... 131

o 9.1-Purpose..............................................................................131
o 9.2 The Main Parts of Diesel Generator .......................132
o 9.3-Types of diesel generators according to loading132

➢ Chapter 10 UPS .................................................................... 134

o 10.1 introduction...................................................................134

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 o 10.2-Types of UPS .................................................................134

➢ Chapter 11 ATS ................................................................... 139

o 11.1-introduction .............................................................139
o 11.2 Interruption definition .....................................139
o 11.3 Causes of Power Interruptions .........................140
o 11.4 Automatic transfer switch (ATS) .....................141
o 11.5 types of ATS ..............................................................142
o 11.6Practical Considerations.......................................145
o 11.7 System Requirements ..........................................146

➢ Chapter 12 Earthing .......................................................... 147

o 12.1 introduction ..............................................................147
o 12.2 effects the grounding resistance ......................147
o 12.3 Ground system design:.........................................148
o 12.4 Earthing system classifications ........................150

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 CHAPTER (1)
INTRODUCTION
 Distribution system is one of the greatest industrial systems in the
world. With the progress of human civilization, there has been a rapid
increase in the production and use of electrical energy. When designing a
commercial power system, special studies, experiences, and knowledge must
be comprised to evaluate the best performance of the system either at present
or at future. A lot of terms should be taken into consideration to achieve the
desired goals of constructing such a system. These terms may comprise safety,
reliability, adequate cost, high performance, and ease of maintenance.

1.1 Hospital Design Criteria

The main mission of any hospital is providing high quality services and
continuity of care for patients. Underpinning this mission are numerous
complex systems, many of which require high power availability, power
reliability and power quality. Power problems can have serious consequences
on human life, finances, technical operations, the environment, and the
hospital’s image and reputation, so creating and maintaining a healthy
electrical distribution system is crucial.

Healthcare facilities are often complex several different processes, including:

o Critical medical processes: Operating theatres, Intensive care, labs, etc.

o Critical non-medical processes: Patient data systems (Server rooms,
Data Centre).
o Important medical processes: patient rooms, normal care, radiology
rooms.
o Non-critical and not medical: Parking, cafeteria, sterilization, etc.

Every concept, every component requires an appropriate selection according

to codes and standards for healthcare guides.
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1.2 Objectives

• 1.2.1 Ability to design power distribution network in healthcare

building in a way that achieves safety and reliability.

• 1.2.2 Distribution network configuration with the way to

connect to the national grid, codes and standards, equipment
sitting & sizing, technical characteristics and selection criteria
of network components are part of the project design
activities.

1.3 Project description

➢ Hospital Total Area 34810 m2

➢ Number of Floors 4 and roof

➢ Medical Departments 15

➢ Beds Number 250

In next pages we will show department and area of each floor.

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a) Ground floor consists of:

• Emergency Department • Indoor Area = 6310 m2

• Outpatient Department • Outdoor Area = 7740 m2
• Radiology Department • Total Area = 14050 m2
• Sterilization Department
• Dialysis Department
• Physical Therapy Department

Ground floor

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b) First floor consists of:

• Burns Department • Intensive Care room

• Laboratories Department • Cardiac Catheterization Department
• Endoscopy Department • Build up Area = 5010 m2
• Operations Department

First floor

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c) Second floor consists of:

• Build up Area = 5730 m2

• Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
• Nursery Department
• Patients Accommodation Ward

Second floor

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d) Third floor consists of:

• Build up Area = 5010 m2

• Patients Accommodation Ward

Third floor

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e) Fourth floor consists of:

• Build up Area = 5010 m2

• Patients Accommodation Ward

• Doctors and Nurses Accommodation

Fourth floor

f) Roof Contain chillers and chiller pumps

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 CHAPTER (2)
CONCEPT DESIGN
2.1 Types of loads
It is important to determine types of loads to determine the way that would be
used to feed the load.

• Load classified for three types:

➢ Normal Loads
Load fed through utility at normal conditions without backup
emergency source.
➢ Emergency Loads
Load fed through utility at normal conditions with backup
emergency source such as standby generators.
➢ Critical Loads
Load fed through utility at normal conditions with backup
emergency source such as standby generators and ups.

Normal load Emergency load Critical load

Socket of non-critical 20-30% of lighting loads Operation rooms

rooms
ICU room

Normal stores Medical equipment such Incubators rooms

as X-ray or CT

Some of HVAC loads for Elevators load BMS and light current
corridors and waiting room
area

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2.2 Load estimation
It is an important phase to get initial load of project then account the demand
factor relationship between connected loads and the actual demand imposed
on the system.

• Before starting the detailed design of the project

• After final detailed designs of the project

in this chapter we concern in first load estimation before any detailed designs.

2.2.1 Classification of Loads

During Load Estimation electrical loads can be classified into the following
groups:

➢ Lighting loads
o It’s divided into two types one for indoor lighting (Spaces,
Corridors and General Lighting) and outdoor lighting (Cosmetic
Lighting, Lighting of outdoor squares and Stairs Lighting)
o Lighting loads cover both: Normal and Emergency Lighting.
➢ Loads of Small Electrical Appliances
o Includes appliances used in offices, Sockets feed refrigerators and
televisions.
➢ Air Conditions Loading
o Includes Cooling and Heating appliances.
➢ Electrical Loads for Water Equipment
o It covers water pumps, water boilers and firefighting.

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 ➢ Elevator Loads
o Called Dynamic Loads, also cover movable stairs loads.
➢ Medical loads

2.2.2 Load Estimation during Primary Stages:

• During this stage electrical loads are determined according to knowing the
area of spaces, and this load is used to estimate whole load of the project
to obtain licenses, transformers rating and spaces required for electrical
equipment.

a) Lighting
▪ According to NEC – Table 220.12:
Lighting Load = 27070 * 22
= 595540 VA
= 596 kVA

b) Sockets
▪ According to IEEE – Table 5:
Sockets Load = 27070 * 1 * 11
= 297770 VA
= 298 kVA

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c) Air Conditioning
▪ According to IEEE – Table 7:
Air Conditioning Load for Hotels
= 6 VA/ft2
So, We Consider for Hospitals
= 8 VA/ft2
= 8 * 11 * 27070
= 2382160 VA = 2382 kV

d) Plumbing and Sanitation

▪ According to IEEE – Table 9:
We have about 50 patients / floor
So, Plumbing Load = 2 * 1= 20 kW
= 25 kVA

e) Fire Protection
▪ According to IEEE – Table 11:
Area / Floor = 27070 / 5
= 5414 m2 (* 11)
= 59554 ft2
Load of Fire Protection
= (60/50) * 120
= 144 kW (/ 0.8)
= 180 kVA

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f) Water Heater
▪ According to IEEE – Table 10:
We Have 250 Patient
So, Heaters Load = 2.5 * 200
= 500 kW (/ 0.8)
= 625 kVA

g) Kitchen Load
▪ According to IEEE – Table 12:
Kitchen Load = 300 kW (/ 0.8)
= 375 kVA

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 h) Elevators Load
▪ According to Egyptian Code for Feeding:
We Have 10 Elevators
So, Elevators Load = 10 * 9
= 90 kVA

i) Load estimation for outdoor area

▪ According to NEC – Table 220.12:
Load of Lighting = 6 * 7740
= 46 kVA

j) Medical Equipment load estimation

1. Neonatal Incubators

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 • The Hospital Has 27 Neonatal Incubators
Neonatal Incubators Load
= 27 * 1000 = 27 kW (/0.8) = 34 kVA

2. Cardiac Catheterization

• Total Load = 18 kVA

3. X-Ray
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 • X-Ray Load=65kW (/0.8)
= 82

4. Computed Tomography (CT)

• CT Load = 80 kW (/0.8)
= 100 kVA

5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• MRI Load = 36 kW (/0.8)
= 40 kVA

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6. Kidney dialysis machine

• We Have 37 Bed

• Total Load = 37 * 1500 = 55500 W

= 69375 VA
= 70 kVA

• Total Medical Estimated Load

= 34 + 18 + 82 + 100 + 40 + 70 = 344 kVA

❖ Total Load Required =

596 + 298 + 2382 + 25 + 180 + 625 + 375 + 90 + 46 = 4617 kVA

❖ Total Load = 4617 + 344 = 4961 kVA

❖ Dry transformers are used, so load required from transformers = 4961/0.9

= 5520 kVA

❖ About 6 MVA transformers are needed.

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 ➢ According to Power Supply Connection Guide The main of the two-
voltage installations medium and low Distributor room will be provided
and building will feed through 11kv M.V network from two different
loops to achieve high level of reliability of power flow.

➢ According to Design standards for Egyptian hospitals hospital will feed

from to different source from utility and for emergency load will feed
from stand by generator and for critical load UPS will be used.

2.3 ZONING
➢ It is important phase to get number of distribution panels which feed
loads and imagine how this boards will be fed from upper panels.
➢ Each panel will supply load for radius within the limits 40 to50m to
avoid high voltage drop.
➢ Each Critical rooms will feed from separate panel is supplied from
isolation transformer.

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• Ground Floor

• Electrical Rooms in Ground Floor

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 • First floor

• Critical Rooms in First Floor

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• Electrical room in first floor

• Second Floor

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• Electrical Rooms in Second Floor

• Critical Rooms in Second Floor

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• Third Floor

• Electrical Rooms in Third Floor

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• Fourth Floor

• Electrical Rooms in Fourth Floor

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 CHAPTER (3)
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
3.1. Lighting distribution
3.1.1 Manual calculation

Steps:
• Determine room dimensions (L, W, and H).
• Specify the electrical power and the efficacy of the chosen luminaire.
• Calculate room utilization factor (UF).
• Choose the appropriate maintenance factor (MF).
• Specify the suitable lux according to Egyptian code.
• Calculate the number of lamps required.

➢ Utilization factor depends on Room Dimensions, Color of Ceiling

and Color of Walls.
➢ Utilization Factor according to Egyptian code.

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UF = 0.46

Maintenance factor

3.1.2 DIALUX software calculations:

I. Insert area dimensions

II. Determining the required Lux selecting project luminaires.
➢ According to EGY code

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➢ Select project luminaires
From different catalogs we determine our luminaires to be used
for this project depending on:
o Types of lamps to be used and its availability
o Types of ballast (electronic to improve P.F)
o Types of cover (prismatic, opal)

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 o With or without battery
o Type of ceiling recessed or surface mounting
o Determine the suitable color temperature and color
rendering index used 4000K.
o Determine the suitable IP and IK.

➢ Luminaires used:
▪ For surface mounting

Generator and transformer Air conditioning and

room stairs
Philips Pacific TCW216 Trilux 74Q WD2
LED2000-830 ET
IP 66 IP 44

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▪ For Recessed Mounting

Operation room Kitchen For general use as offices

Philips CR200B 4xTL5- Trilux Valineo EU G3 Trilux Belviso C1 600
14W HFP O M73 PW19 CDP LED3900nw

IP65 IP 44 Ip20

▪ For down light spots

Bathroom Corridors and waiting area
Trilux Aviella C07
OA 2000-840
▪ Trilux Aviella C05 OA 1200-830
▪ Trilux InperlaLP C05 HR19 1800-830 ET 03
IP 44 IP20

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▪ For wall mounted for roof: ALVA HUS NR BELYSNING
15W /840 1005LM HV

➢ Positioning of luminaire:

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3.1.3 Example from project plans:
❖ dialysis department

❖ reception and waiting area

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❖ operation room

❖ Kitchen

❖ RMU room ❖ MRI room

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❖ Patient room

❖ Air conditioning room

❖ ICU

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 ❖ Nursery Department

➢ Lighting Wiring in Egyptian code

• But as we use led luminaires which have low wattage, we connect

around 12 to 14 in circuit.

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3.2 socket distribution
Distribution of sockets is depending on function of each area and considering
Egyptian code regulations.

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➢ Form medical load according to the Hospital design standards

• Legend used

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3.2.1 Example for socket distribution in different rooms.

• Kidney Dialysis
Department

• Outpatients
Clinics

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• Isolating Rooms

• Operations Room

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• Preparation Room

• Intensive Care Units

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• Offices

• Nursery Units

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 • Patients Accommodation

Bed head unit has number of

sockets, ventilation outlet and
luminaire which used in direct
and indirect lighting for the
patient.

3.3 Mechanical loads

• HVAC
o Central
o Split unit
o Hybrid
• Elevators
• Electric water heater
• Fire Fighting pump

Our project has central HVAC, it will separate to two sections according to
type of supply Fan coil unit will be supplied from disconnect switch

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connected to distribution board And Motor Control Center (MCC) which
will supply chiller, chiller pump, air handling unit and exhaust fan.

➢ Sample from fan coil unit loads were be prepared from mechanical
engineer

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➢ Motor Control Center

➢ Chiller and pump load

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➢ Air handling unit load

➢ Exhaust air fans

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 ❖ Sizing of disconnect switch for
FCU

𝑃
• 𝐼= 𝑥 1.25
𝑉 𝑥 0.8

Rating: 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63 A

❖ Sizing disconnect switch for EWH

• The EWH load = 2 kW.
• It is fed from services panels
(HVAC) and connected to it by a
disconnect switch.

❖ MCC is fed by multicore cable its size will be according to load shown in
the schedule of the mechanical engineer as above from the main panel.
❖ Elevator
• The project includes 10 elevators.
• The elevator load = 15 kW.
❖ total Elevator load = 150 kW.
• It is fed from the emergency main panel and connected to it by a
disconnect switch.

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 ❖ Fire Fighting pump
• The FFP load = 206HP= 160KW
• It is fed directly from the transformer.
• In case of failure of the transformer, it is fed from Diesel Generator

3.4 panel schedule

• Design the required panel board.

• Determine the total demand power required.

• Achieving the voltage balance between the three phases.

▪ 3.4.1 load classifications

Normal Emergency Critical

• Lighting • Around 25% of • Operation rooms

• Normal socket lighting • ICU room
• Some of HVAC • Bed head unit • Incubators
loads • Elevators
• Computer system
• Ventilation system
Supplied from normal Supplied from emergency Supplied from UPS
panel panel
Distribution panel

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This table show sample of load classified to be critical

Bed head unit Pendant Neonatal Incubators

800 W 800W 1250W

▪ 3.4.2 procedure
➢ Distribute the loads of each panel approximately equally on the three
phases to avoid unbalance between the phases which require ovel sizing
of cables.
➢ Divide the different load types which has different demand factor on the
three phase to obtain the diversified load of the panel.

Load type Demand factor

Lighting 0.9

socket 0.4

Fan coil unit (FCU) 0.8

Electric water heater (EWH) 0.1

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➢ Spare will be around 20% and space around 10
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
➢ Voltage balance % = ∗ 100
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔

▪ 3.4.3 Examples for different panel in our project

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3.5 Circuit breaker ratings and cable CSA
➢ CB calculations
𝑷
𝑰𝒏 = 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
√𝟑 𝒙 𝑽 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟖

➢ Cable calculations

𝐼𝑛
𝐼𝑐 =
𝐷𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐹
Where 𝐼𝑐 : Cable Current

𝐼𝑛 : Rated Current of CB

𝐷𝐹: Derating Factor

Must 𝐼𝑧 > 𝐼𝑛
𝐼𝑧 : The standard current carrying capacity of cable from catalogues

➢ PE calculations if CSA is higher than 16mm2 it will be half of the phase

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Used cable

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 L.V circuit breaker used

Miniature CB Molded case C.B < Molded case C.B Air CB

630 A > 630 A

name ACTI-9 MCB NSX MCCB NS MCCB Master Pact MTZ

ACB

Type • EN/IEC EN/IEC 60947 EN/IEC 60947 EN/IEC 60947

tested 60898-1
according • EN/IEC
to 60947-2

16, 20, 25, 32, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 800, 1000, 1250, 2000, 3200, 4000 A
40, 50, 63, 80, 80, 100, 125, 160, 1600 A
rating
100, 125 A 250, 320, 400, 630
A

picture

usage in circuits of Incomer of service Outgoing of Incomer of MDB

service panels panels MDB

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 3.6 Voltage drop calculations
𝑆
1- 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑏 load current
√3∗𝑉
2- From elsewedy get mV/A/m value
3- V.D (Volt) = (mV/A/m)*Length*𝐼𝑏 /1000
%V.D= (V.D/380)*100

3.7 Short Circuit calculations

𝑉
𝐼𝑠𝑐 =
√3 ∗ (𝑅𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 + 𝑅𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 )
(𝑚𝑉/𝐴/𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑅 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
1000 ∗ √3
To get 𝑅𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑆(𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟)
𝑆𝑠𝑐 =
𝑍𝑝𝑢

𝑆𝑠𝑐
𝐼𝑠𝑐 =
√3 ∗ 𝑉
220
𝑅𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐

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3.8 Example from our project:
o Calculation for SMDB-G1

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o Calculation for ELPP-F2-2

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o Calculation of elevator feeder

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o Calculation of ECMCC-F2 feeder

o
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o Result of all panel of project

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3.9 Bulk equipment
❖ 3.9.1 Transformer
• We have two Main Distribution Boards one of them feed motor control
centers and other one feed remaining loads.
• each Board is separated to two sections coupled with mechanical
interlock.
• MDB1-sec1 feeds 1087 KW demand load
• MDB1-sec2 feeds 1193KW demand load
• MDB-MCC1 feeds 1222 KW demand load
• MDB-MCC2 feeds 1127KWd demand load
• So, we use four transformers each one 2MVA and it will provide a
suitable backup if any failure occurs.

❖ 3.9.2 Generator
We have two emergency distribution boards.
• EMDB has total demand load=306KW.
So, we will use Generator (1) with 320KW standby generator.
• EMDB-MCC total demand load=870KW for emergency HVAC and
firefighting pump
We will use standby generator (2) 880KW

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Generator (1)

Generator (2)

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 ❖ 3.9.3 UPS
• Critical load is 144KW so select UPS from ABB data sheet

• We can use UPS frame =200 kw 8 modules 20kw=160kw

• Modules for future extension

❖ 3.9.4 MV Distributor
o Will use to supply transformers of hospital from utility network.
o It has been described to be consisted of MCSet cells that is supplied from
Schneider electric and has and has this technical data shown below
▪ 16 Cell = 4 + 10 + 2
▪ 4: Incoming.
▪ 10: Outgoing.
▪ 2: Bus Coupler & Riser.

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3.9.5 Ring main unit (RMU)
o It is used to connect transformers to
create an open loop is supplied from the
distributor.
o It contains protection devices of
transformer.

o It will be RM6 – RMU type that is supplied from Schneider

electric and has this technical data shown below

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3.10 Power factor correction
Improving the power factor results in less current being drawn, therefore less
electricity costs, less heat and greater longevity of the electrical system

• 𝑸𝑪 = 𝑷 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∅𝒐𝒍𝒅 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∅𝒏𝒆𝒘 )

• ∅𝒐𝒍𝒅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝑷𝑭𝒐𝒍𝒅 )
• ∅𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝑷𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒘 )

• For MDB-sec1:

• ∅𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.8) = 36.87°

• ∅𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.92) = 19.948°

• Q C = 1200 (tan 36.87 − tan 19.948) = 520 KVAR

So, use Capacitor bank=V600KVAR

• Connection of capacitor bank is Delta.

• Delta connection is more economic as it cancels the 3rd harmonic. The

voltage on the capacitors is line voltage.

√3𝑉 2
• 𝑄𝐶 =
𝑋𝐶

• 𝑋𝐶∆ > 𝑋𝐶𝛾 → 𝐶∆ < 𝐶𝛾

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3.11 Earthing calculations
▪ Calculation of main earthing conductor

▪ Calculation of single earthing rod resistance

▪ Resistance of earth electrode in low resistivity material

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▪ Calculation of earth resistance multiple rods in hollow square

▪ Calculation of earth resistance for strip or round conductor

▪ Combined earth resistance of the rod and conductor loop

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 ▪ TN-C-S system will be used in application like offices and rooms except
medical department like operation room and I.C.U IT system will be
used.

3.12 Single Line Diagram

• SLD will be attached with this report

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 CHAPTER (4)
LIGHTING DESIGN
4.1-Introduction

Electrical power nowadays plays a great part in life of towns and cities, and
progress of countries. Hence a good distribution of electrical power is an
important factor for development. In this chapter we present the basis of
indoor lighting design, which include the illumination calculations.

Light is the prime factor in the human life as all activities of human depend
upon the light. Where there is no natural light, a source of artificial light was
needed. Light may be produced by passing electric currents through filaments
as in the incandescent lamps, through arcs between carbon or metal rods, or
through suitable gases as in neon and other gas tubes. In some forms of lamps
the light is due to fluorescence excited by radiation arising from the passage of
electricity through mercury vapor.

Various forms of incandescent bodies are the sources of light and the light
emitted by such bodies depend upon its temperature. Energy is radiated into
the medium by a body which is hotter than the medium surrounding it, in the
form of electromagnetic waves of various wavelengths.

In this chapter

We will talk about the lighting distribution system in Hospital Our project is
consists of:

1- The parking garages

2- Ground floor (sterilization-Dialysis-Outpatient-radiology-physical
therapy)
3- first floor (Burns Department- laboratory -Endoscopy Department-
Operations Department- intensive care unit)

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 4- second floor (Obstetrics and gynecology-nursery department- Patients
Accommodation Department(
5- third floor (Patients Accommodation Department)
6- fourth floor (Patients Accommodation Department- Doctors and nurses
accommodation(

4.2-Definitions in lighting system

• Luminous flux
The quantity of visible light radiation emitted by a light source per second and
its unit is "Lumen or Lm".

• Luminous intensity(Candle power)

Is the amount of light radiated from a source in a certain direction and its
measuring unit is "candela"

• Lumen
It is the unit of luminous flux and it is defined as the luminous flux per unit
solid angle from a source of candle power. Lumen = candle power*solid angel.

• Illumination (Lux)
Is the quantity of luminous flux falling vertically on a surface & is measured by
Lumen\m2 or Lux and is represented by symbol "E".

• Lux
It is defined as the illumination of the inside of the sphere of radius 1m at the
center of which there is a source of 1 candle power.

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 • Luminous (lamp) efficacy
Is the ratio between the quantity of luminous flux emitted from the lamp and
the power consumed in the lamp and its unit is Lumen\Watt.

• Ballast
Is a device used with the gas discharge lamp to fix the lamp current during
discharge to provide the necessary starting and operating electric conditions.

• Mounting height
Is the vertical distance between fixture surface and the work plane.

• Space to height ratio (SHR)

Is the ratio between the horizontal distance between two adjacent lamps and
the mounting height of the lamps above the work plane and its range 1: 2

• Utilizing factor (coefficient of utilization)

The ratio between the lumen that reaches the level of the workspace surface
to be illuminated and lumen emitted from the lighting unit. Its value ranges
between zero and one and it depends on dimensions of the room, color of the
wall, types of lighting schemes and the height at which lamps are fitted.

• Maintenance factor
Is the ratio between the illumination of lamps under normal conditions in the
presence of dust, dirty accumulation and the illumination when everything is
clean as it depends on the degree of cleaning (equals to 0.8 at normal
condition)

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 • Color rendering index (CRI)
measurement of the degree to which the appearance of a surface color under a
given light source.

The index has a maximum value of 100%.

4.3-Fixture types and its construction

There different types of luminaries that can be used in indoor and outdoor in
lighting design.

Each type has its construction and its own application.

4.3.1-Ways of fixing fixtures

1. Recessed

It is used when there is HVAC

in the project or for decorative

shape

2. Surface mounted

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4.3.2- Housing types

• Mirror: aluminum (used to distribute light)

• Cover: opal diffuser (used against moisture) or prismatic diffuser (used
against dust)
We select any luminaire according to:

1- Type of ceiling.

2- Lamp type.

3- IP (index protection).

4- Housing type.

5- Cover (opal or prismatic).

7- Mirror type.

4.3.3-Types of lamps

1. Incandescent Lamps

The incandescent lamp is the oldest and most

common type of lamp. Light is emitted when
electricity flows through and heats a tungsten
filament.

Incandescent lighting is the most common

type of lighting used in homes. It has traditionally delivered about 85% of
household illumination.

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 ➢ Advantages
• They have a low initial cost.
• They offer an excellent color rendition.
• This type of lighting can easily be dimmed.
• They have a much cheaper initial cost.
• The light up instantly when turned on.
➢ Disadvantages
• Short average operating Life (750-2500 hours).
• Low efficiency compared to other lighting options (10-17 lumens per
watt).
• Create high temperature.
• Higher energy costs.

Types of Incandescent Lamps

These are the three most common types of incandescent lamps:

• Standard incandescent lamps.

• Energy-Saving Incandescent (or Halogen) lamps.
• Reflector lamps.
2. Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps use about 25% of the energy used by incandescent lamp to
provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of 30–110 lumens per
watt).

They also last about 10 times longer (7,000–24,000 hours.).

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 ➢ Advantages
• It with the lower energy costs.
• Give off a lot less heat than other types of lights.
• They have a much longer life span than many other bulbs.
• High Efficiency.

➢ Disadvantages
• They can be a health and safety risk.
• Fluorescent lamps are a non-linear load and generate harmonic
currents in the electrical power supply.
• Simple inductive fluorescent lamp ballasts have a power factor of less
than unity.
• The disposal of phosphor and particularly the toxic mercury in the tubes
is an environmental issue.

Types of Fluorescent Lamp

1. Compact fluorescent lamps

• Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)

can now be used in many standard
light sockets and fixtures.
• They can consume up to 75 percent less energy than incandescent
bulbs.

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 • They last up to 10 times longer.

2. Tube Fluorescent

• When selecting a fluorescent fixture

for a kitchen, bathroom, utility or other
area, consider purchasing a linear
(long straight tube) fluorescent

3. High pressure sodium Lamp

High pressure sodium lamps are used in

outdoor lighting of streets and parking lot
sand in indoor settings where color rendering
is not critical. These indoor settings include
warehouse and shipping areas and some
manufacturing areas.

➢ Advantages
• Long Life and low light depreciation.
• Very high efficiency hence highly energy efficient.
• Very short run-up time and quick re-strike.
• Very High Lumen Output.
• Ideally suited for fog, dust and rainfall conditions.
• An economic alternative to high pressure mercury vapor and metal
halide lamps.
• Most HPS lamps can operate in any position.

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 ➢ Disadvantages
• The light produced is a golden white color, which may not be
appropriate for certain applications.
• Once started can take from five to ten minutes to reach full light output.
• End of life is characterized by on-off-on cycling.
• Once started can take from five to ten minutes to reach full light output.
• They also require at least a one minute cool-down to re-strike.
• Continued operation can damage the lamp ballast if not replaced
quickly.

4. Low Pressure Sodium Lamp (LPS)

Low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps are the most

efficient source of light commercially available,
up to 183 lumens per watt. However, they are
used in very few applications because of their
poor color rendering characteristics.

➢ Advantages
• Most energy efficient light source Commercially available, with an
efficacy of 100 to 185 lumens per watt.
• Most lamps will restart immediately after interruption of power supply
but require some time to come up to full brightness.
• Provides superior uniformity of light distribution over all HID lamps.
• Have excellent lumen maintenance.
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 ➢ Disadvantages
• Most expensive lamp to install.
• Run time to full light output is the longest (7 to 15 minutes).
• Requires special disposal considerations.
• These lamps have poor color rendering characteristics

5. Metal Halide Lamp

➢ Advantages
• 3-5 times more efficient and produce a
much higher quality light compared to
incandescent bulbs.
• Metal Halide lights have a very high colour
temperature (up to 5500 K) in many cases
depending on the particular mix of metal
halides.
• For high-intensity applications and industrial lighting, Metal Halide
lights can be very useful.

➢ Disadvantages
• Horizontal operation may severely reduce lamp life.
• Some lamp types require 2 to 5 minutes to warm-up before giving full
• light output and 10 minutes to cool-down.

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6. Mercury Vapor Lamp

The mercury vapor lamp produces light when the electrical current passes
through a small amount of mercury vapor. The lamp consists of two glass
envelopes: an inner envelope in which
the arc is struck, and an outer
protective envelope. The mercury
vapor lamp, like the fluorescent lamp,
requires a ballast designed for its
specific use.

Special ballasts are required for

dimming.

➢ Advantages
• Three times as efficient as incandescent.
• Available in a wide variety of ratings, colors, sizes and shapes.
• Relatively low unit cost
• High average rated life (about 24,000 hours when operated on a 10
hour cycle).
o This is 24 times longer life than incandescent.
➢ Disadvantages
• Poor lumen maintenance compared to other HID sources.
• Mercury lamp ballasts are noisy.
• Special dimming ballast is required to dim mercury lamps.

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 • Require a maximum warm-up period of five to seven minutes before
giving full light output
• they are the most inefficient source of light

7. LED (Light emitting diode)

Led is semiconductor device that allow

current to pass through one direction.
Once current passes through, the diode
emits light

➢ LED SYSTEM

Led Tube LED Compact light

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➢ Advantages
• Very High average lifetime can reach 15k hr
• Efficacy can reach 95%
• Color rendering index can reach 95%
• Variety of color temp
• Dimmable
• High power factor (electronic ballast)
➢ Disadvantages: High price.

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CHAPTER (5)
SOCKETS
 5.1 Introduction

• Sockets are the electrical outlets, which supply the electrical equipment&
instruments by its needed power (current & voltage) Distribution of different
typesof sockets in a building depend mainly on the type and use of that building.
• The position and height of the sockets in all electrical installations should not be
selected in a random way.
• The wiring of many houses is spoilt by placing socket outlets indiscriminately
regard to the position of the character of the apparatus to be connected to them.

5.2 Types of sockets:

Distribution of different outlets (Sockets) types in the buildings depends mainly

on the type and application of that building.

1. Normal Sockets
2. Power Sockets
3. Waterproof Sockets
4. U.P.S Sockets
5. Three phase sockets

5.2.1. Normal Sockets:

• They are used mainly for light loads only.

• The rating of each normal socket is 250 VA.
• Cable C.S.A is 3 mm2.
• Number of sockets in a certain room depends
on application or area.
Generally, we put one socket every 3 meters and thereare 5: 7
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 • sockets on the circuit.
• M.C.B. rating for normal socket = 16A.

5.2.2 Power Sockets:

• They are used mainly for heavy loads such as heaters,

dishwasher, microwave, freezer, exhaust fans,
oven, and kidney dialysis machine.
• Cable C.S.A is 4 mm2.
• M.C.B. rating for power socket = 25 A.
• Each power socket is a single circuit directly
connectedto the panel board.
• These sockets are called power sockets and
they require higher current rating and taking into
consideration the surge period which increases the delivered
current higher than rated current at runningoperation.

5.2.3 Waterproof Power Sockets:

• It used in kitchens, bathrooms.

• It has some properties as:
1. high resistance for water &dust
2. it has good insulation resistance

5.2.4 UPS Sockets:

• Mainly used in offices (each socket is 200VA).

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 • Ups feeds inverter which converts DC current to AC
current &feeds socket

5.2.5 Three Phase Power Sockets:

5.3 Methods of Layout:

There are two methods for sockets layout:

1. Wall Mounted:

Sockets are mounted on wall at different locations.

2. furniture Mounting

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3. Floor Mounted

a. For under floor trucking system is required enables a quick and neat
installation of all the new buildings as well as for
the refitting of modern facilities, airports and
office areas, and cables and equipment for power,
communications, and data processing, yet
permitting the clean combination of several
different cable layouts within the same trucking.
b. Must have IP very high (IP:67).

5.4 Sockets of Special Requirements

Explosion proof

Hospital grade socket

Bed Head Unit

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CHAPTER (6)
CABLES
Cables are used to carry energy reliably between source and utilization, in
carrying this energy, there are heat losses generated in the cable that must be
dissipated equipment, the ability to dissipate these losses depends on how the
cables have been installed.

6.1 Types of cables

6.1.1 According to Voltage refereed to IEEE

• Low voltage cable (less than1kv)

• Medium voltage cables 1/66 KV

• High voltage cables66:220kv

• Extra high voltage 220:800kv

6.1.2 According to number of cores

• Single core

It may be solid or stranded copper

conductors and PVC insulated.

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 • Double core
• Triple core

• Multi core

It may be stranded copper or aluminum

conductor insulated with XLPE and PVC sheath.

6.1.3 According to construction

• Conductor
- Conductors are the only power carrying path in a power cable. Conductors are
of different materials. Mainly in the cable industry, we use copper (ATC, ABC)
and aluminum conductors for power cables.
- There are different types of a conductor as Class 1: solid, Class 2 stranded,
Class 5 flexible, Class 6 Extra flexible (Mostly used for cords and welding), etc.
- Conductor sizes are identified with conductor resistance.

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 Aluminum Copper
C.S. A Larger Smaller

Cost Less expensive More expensive

Weight Lighter Heavier

Flexibility More flexible Less flexible

• Insulation
- The insulation provided on each conductor of a cable by mainly PVC (Poly Vinyl
Chloride), XLPE (Crosslinked Polyethylene), RUBBER (Various Types of Rubber).
- The insulating material is based on operating temperature.

Insulation Material Maximum Operating Temperature

PVC TYPE A 75oC

PVC TYPE B 85oC

PVC TYPE C 85oC

XLPE 90oC

RUBBER – EPR IE-1 90oC

RUBBER – EPR IE-2, EPR IE-3, EPR IE-4, SILICON IE-5 150oC

• Inner Sheath
- it is used in multi-core cables.
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 - It works as a binder for insulated conductors together in multi-core power
cables and provides bedding to armor/braid.
- This portion of the cable is mainly made of PVC( PVC ST-1, PVC ST-2 ),
RUBBER (CSP SE-3, CSP SE-4, and PCP SE-3, PCP SE-4, HOFR SE-3 HOFR SE-
4, HD HOFR SE-3 ).

• Bedding

a. Bedding is provided to protect the metallic sheath from corrosion and

mechanical damage during handling.
b. Fibrous material like jute or hessian tape.

• Armoring.
a. Protect the cable from mechanical stresses while laying or bending.
b. Providing an earthing shield to the current-carrying conductors as well as it
is also used for earthing purposes of the cable for safety.

➢ The armored cables can be categorized into

• Wire-Braid Armor.
• Steel Wire armored cables.
• Steel Tape armored cable.
• Aluminum or aluminum alloy wire armored cable.

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 • Outer Sheath
This is the outermost cover of the cable normally made of PVC (Poly Vinyl
Chloride), RUBBER (Various Types of Rubber), Low Smoke Halogen Free (LSHF).
- Often the same material as the bedding.
- It is provided over the armor for overall mechanical, weather, chemical, and
electrical protection.
- The outer sheath is the protection offered to the cable not much electrically but
more mechanically.

6.2 Cable Selection

According to:
1. Load.
2. Voltage Drop.
3. Installation Condition.
4. Short-circuit current.
5. Cable length.
6. Running cost (losses) against initial cost.
7. Mechanical hazard.

6.3 Technical consideration of installation cable

a. Cable must take the shortest path.

b. Soil dos not contain any dissolved salts or acids.
c. It is far from rail way station.
d. It is far from general services

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CHAPTER (7)
TRANSFORMER
7.1 INTRODUCTION

Electrical Transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy

from one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with
the help of mutual induction between two windings. The only connection
between the coils is the common magnetic flux present within the core. It
transforms power from one circuit to another without changing its frequency
but may be in different voltage and current level

7.2 Transformer Construction

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108 | P a g e
 1 Oil filter valve 11 Grounding terminal

2 Conservator tank 12 Coil

3 Buchholz relay 13 Coil pressure plate

4 Oil filter valve 14 Core

5 Pressure-relief vent 15 Terminal box for protective devices

6 High-voltage bushing 16 Rating name plate

7 Low-voltage bushing 17 Dial thermometer

8 Oil Tank 18 Radiator

9 Tap changer handle 19 Manhole

10 Oil drain valve 20 oil level inductor

7.3 Classification of transformers

• According to construction & design:

1) CORE TYPE

The core-type transformer encloses the core i.e. the primary and secondary
windings were wound on a separate lamps and around a closed iron ring so
that the windings are well visible, but they hide the core limbs, Only the upper

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and lower yoke of the core are visible, cylindrical coils, easy maintenance, It is
Preferred for low voltage transformers and it has single magnetic circuit.

2) SHELL TYPE
The core of the shell-type transformer is made of laminated silicon steel
sheets placed on top of one another. The coils are wound around the central
section of the core; the core of a shell type encloses the windings and the core
hides the major part of the windings, sandwich coils, hard maintenance, It is
preferred for high voltage transformer, flux is divided into two different path
so core loss or iron loss is less in shell type transformer than core type
transformer and it has double magnetic circuit.

➢ Types of transformers

1. Step-up transformers

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A "step-up transformer" allows a device that requires a high voltage power
supply to operate from a lower voltage source. The transformer takes in the
low voltage at a high current and puts out the high voltage at a low current.

2. Step-down transformers

A "step-down transformer" allows a device that requires a low voltage power

supply to operate from a higher voltage. The transformer takes in the high
voltage at a low current and puts out a low voltage at a high current.

3. Isolation transformers

An "isolation transformer" does not raise or lower a voltage; whatever voltage

comes in is what goes out. An isolation transformer prevents current from
flowing directly from one side to the other. This usually serves as a safety
device to prevent electrocution.

• Classification of transformers according to their function:

1) POWER TRANSFORMER FOR TRANSMISSION NETWORKS

Used in transmission network of higher voltages for step-up and step-

down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are
generally rated above 200MVA &it is used for the transmission purpose
at heavy load, high voltage greater than 33 KV & 100% efficiencies. It
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 also having a big in size as compared to distribution transformer, it
used in generating station and Transmission substation. high insulation
level.

2) DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

Used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end user

connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally
rated less than 200 MVA & it is used for the distribution of electrical
energy at low voltage as less than 33KV in industrial purpose and
440v-220v in domestic purpose. It work at low efficiency at 50-70%,
small size, easy in installation, having low magnetic losses & it is not
always fully loaded.

➢ The main difference between power and distribution transformer is

distribution transformer is designed for maximum efficiency at 60% to
70% load as normally doesn't operate at full load all the time. Its load
depends on distribution demand. Whereas power transformer is
designed for maximum efficiency at 100% load as it always runs at
100% load being near to generating station.
➢ Importance of distribution transformer allowed electricity to be
transmitted over long distance, This made it possible to supply
electricity to and locations far from generating

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3) Measuring

transformers
• voltage transformer
• current transformer
• Autotransformer- Tapped autotransformer

4) Classification of transformers according to type of supply

• Single phase transformer
• Three phase transformers
5) Classification of transformers according to cooling employed
• self –air—cooled (dry type)
• air-blast—cooled (dry type)
• oil–immersed, self –cooled
• oil–immersed, combination self –cooled air-blast
• oil–immersed, water –cooled
• oil–immersed, forced oil –cooled
• oil–immersed, combination self –cooled and water cooled

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7.4 Types of Distribution transformers: -
There are two types of the distribution transformers

A) Oil type transformer

Oil has a dual function; the first is insulated

between turns with each other as well between the
turns and the core, while the second function is
cooling by means of transferring the generated heat
energy in the turns and the core to the cooler

Main construction of oil type transformer

1- Low voltage winding
2- high voltage winding
3- Low voltage terminal
4- high voltage terminal
5- core
6- Off-load Tap Changer
7- Earthling Terminal
8- Oil Level Indicator
9- Oil drain valve
10- Thermometer pocket
11- Buchholz Relay
12- Lifting Lugs

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 13- Air Dryer including Silica Gel
14- Wheel

B) Dry type transformer

Cooling in dry type transformers takes place by

means of air circulation through the turns
under normal air pressure the core as well as
the turns are exposed directly to air; also the
transformer is designed with large paths for
ventilation by air.

➢ Construction
1) Core

2) L.V terminal

3) Resilient spacer

4) H.V terminal

5) L.V coil (copper or aluminum)

6) H.V coil (copper or aluminum)

7) Tapping link

8) Delta connection rods

9) Earthing

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10) Yoke clamping and wheelbase

11) Roller

➢ Advantages of Dry Type Transformers

1) The cheapest fireproof transformers.

2) Can be easily installed in buildings with complete security.

3) Free of maintenance and cyclic testing compared with fluid immersed

transformers.

4) Need no accessories, such as valves, and measuring devices of fluid

immersed transformers.

5) Light, so can be easily installed on the roof of the buildings.

6) Completely secure from the view of fire, explosion or environment

pollution.

7) Can withstand an acceptable amount of overload.

8) High efficiency with good voltage regulation and noiseless.

9) Large reliability index, and nowadays used in the form of complete

substation inside a metallic enclosure having cable connecting box in both the
H. V. and L. V.

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 ➢ The main difference between the two types are summarized in the
below table.

Oil type Dry type

Operate at normal operation at Operate at normal operation at 100% of

80% of loading capacity loading capacity

During overload operate at 100% May be operate at overload up to

140%

Suitable location at outdoor Suitable location at indoor

(Basement)

Low losses High losses

High efficiency Efficiency of Oil> Efficiency of dry

HIGH Maintenance No Maintenance is required

large Size Smaller Size

Low cost compared with dry type High cost compared with oil type

7.5 ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

7.5.1 Loss of magnetic flux

The coupling between the coils isn't perfect. So whole of magnetic flux
produced by primary coil does not get linked with the secondary. However in
a shell type transformer these losses are less. In shell type transformer the
primary and secondary are wound over each other

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7.5.2 Eddy currents

Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made
from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout
its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane
normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core
material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply
frequency and Inverse Square of the material thickness

7.5.3 Copper (winding) losses

Current flowing through the windings causes resistive heating of the
conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create
additional winding resistance and losses so a part of energy is lost due to heat
produced by the resistance of the coils.

7.5.4 Hysteresis losses

The alternating current in the coils repeatedly takes the iron core through
complete cycle of magnetization. So energy is lost due to hysteresis

7.5.5 Humming (mechanical) losses

The alternating current in the transformer may set its parts into vibrations
and sound may be produced. This sound produced is called humming. Thus a
part of energy is lost in the form of sound energy due to the alternating
magnetic field causes fluctuating forces between the primary and secondary
windings

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7.5.6 Stray losses

Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy Supplied to its

magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However,
any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the
transformer's support Structure will give rise to eddy currents and be
converted to heat. There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating
magnetic field but these are usually small.

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 CHAPTER (8)
L.V SWITCHGEAR
 Switchgear is a broad term that describes a wide variety of switching devices
that all fulfill a common need: controlling, protecting, and isolating power
systems.

Examples:

1. Circuit Breaker C.B.

2. load break switch
3. Isolating switch I.S.
4. Contactors
5. Fuses

8.1 Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker Characteristics

➢ Rated voltages
• Rated operational voltage Ue:
The rated operational voltage Ue of a circuit of an assembly is the value of
voltage which, combined with the rated current of this circuit, determines its
application.

• Rated insulation voltage Ui:

The rated insulation voltage Ui of a circuit of an assembly is the voltage value
to which dielectric test voltages and creepage distances are referred.

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 • Rated impulse withstands voltage Uimp (of a circuit of an
assembly)
The peak value of an impulse voltage of prescribed form and polarity which
the circuit of an assembly is capable of withstanding without failure under
specified conditions of test and to which the values of the clearances are
referred.

➢ Rated currents
• Rated current In
The rated current of a circuit of an assembly is stated by the manufacturer,
taking into consideration the ratings of the components of the electrical
equipment within the assembly, their disposition and application.

• Rated short time withstand current Icw

The rated short-time withstand current of a circuit of an assembly is the r.m.s.
value of short-time current assigned to that circuit by the manufacturer which
that circuit can carry without damage under the test conditions specified.
Unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer, the time is 1 s.

• Rated Ultimate Breaking Capacity Icu

The short-circuit current-breaking rating of a CB is the highest (prospective)
value of current that the CB is capable of breaking without being damaged.
This rated value (Icu) for industrial CBs and (Icn) for domestic-type CBs is

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normally given in kA rms.

• Rated Service breaking Capacity Ics

expressed as a percentage of Icu, : 25, 50, 75, 100% for industrial circuit-
breakers. The standard test sequences

is as follows: O - CO - CO (at Ics)

• Rated frequency
The rated frequency of an assembly is the value of the designed frequency and
to which the operating conditions are referred.

- Europe: 50 Hz

- America: 60 Hz

• Category

Category A circuit-breaker Category B circuit-breaker

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8.2 types of LV circuit breakers

8.2.1 Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)

A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) automatically

switches off electrical circuit during an abnormal
condition of the network means in overload
condition as well as faulty condition. Quick
restoration of supply is possible.

The working principle of MCB

• Whenever continuous over-current flows through MCB, the bimetallic

strip is heated and deflects by bending. This deflection of bimetallic strip
releases a mechanical latch. As this mechanical latch is attached with the
operating mechanism, it causes to
open the miniature circuit breaker
contacts, and the MCB turns off
thereby stopping the current to flow
in the circuit. To restart the flow of
current the MCB must be manually
turned ON. This mechanism
protects from the faults arising due
to over-current or overload.

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• during short circuit condition, the current rises suddenly, causing
electromechanical displacement of plunger associated with a tripping coil or
solenoid. The plunger strikes the trip lever causing immediate release of latch
mechanism consequently open the circuit breaker contacts.

8.2.2 Molded Case Circuit Breaker(MCCB)

MCCB commonly used when load currents exceed the capabilities of miniature
circuit breakers. They are also used in applications of any current rating that
require adjustable trip settings, which are not available in plug-in circuit
breakers and MCBs.

The working principle of MCCB

• Whenever continuous over-current flows

through the bimetallic contact which expands and
contracts in response to changes in temperature., as
soon as the current exceeds the adjusted trip value,
the contact will start to heat and expand until the
circuit is interrupted. The thermal protection against overload is designed
with a time delay to allow short duration over-current, which is a normal part
of operation for many devices. However, any over-current conditions that last
more than what is normally expected represent an overload.

• during short circuit condition electromagnetic induction, and the

response is instant. Whenever a fault occurs, the extremely high current

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induces a magnetic field in a solenoid coil located inside the breaker – this
magnetic induction trips a contact and current is interrupted. As a complement
to the magnetic protection mechanism, MCCBs have internal arc dissipation
measures to facilitate interruption.

8.2.3 Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

ACB is electronic equipment that is used for the

protection of electric circuits from short
circuits or overcurrent. The ACB operates at
atmospheric pressure in air.

The working principle of ACB

When a fault occurs in a circuit, the first main contacts of ACB are separated
and current of the circuit is shifted to another contact termed as arching
contact. The arcing contacts get disconnected, and the arc is pulled away from
the contacts. With the phenomena of electromagnet effect the arc is moved
upward. The arc runner allows the arc ends to travel with itself. With the
movement of arc runner, arc is allowed to move upward, and the connection is
split in this way.

The current keeps on flowing when the circuit is open so there is a need to
extinguish the electrical arc to prevent it from reformation. Different dielectric
materials like oil or gases are used and for Air circuit breakers, atmospheric
air as a dielectric is used.

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The air act as a resistance to the arc. Air acts as an insulator and forces arc to
extinguish faster. It also prevents the arc to reform when it reaches zero, in
case of alternating current, during its change in cycle. For high voltage
applications like electrical substations, pressurized air is used so that circuit
breakers can be used in those high voltage applications. In high voltage
applications, pressurized air as a dielectric is used as it has a higher value of
dielectric constant than atmospheric air.
8.2.4 Selectivity (Discrimination) between circuit breakers:
Discrimination of protection devices is essential in a LV installation and must
be considered as from the design stage. In industrial process management,
discrimination is essential to guarantee continuity of supply. Discrimination
(selectivity) is achieved by automatic protective devices if a fault condition,
Occurring at any point in the installation, is cleared by the protective device
located immediately upstream of the fault, while all other protective devices
remain unaffected.

In the following diagram, two circuit-breakers A and B are serial connected.

Three degrees of discrimination are possible between them: total, partial and
non.
Total Discrimination between circuit-breakers A and B if the maximum
value of short-circuit-current on circuit B (Isc B) does not exceed the short-
circuit trip setting of circuit-breaker A (Im A). For this condition, B only will
trip.
Partial Discrimination if the maximum possible short-circuit current on
circuit B exceeds the short-circuit

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 trip-current setting of circuit-breaker A. For this maximum condition, both A
and B will trip.
No-discrimination when A opens before B (or A and B simultaneously).

A) Discrimination based on current

levels
This method is realized by setting
successive tripping thresholds at stepped
levels, from downstream relays (lower
settings) towards the source (higher
settings). Discrimination is total or
partial, depending on particular conditions, as noted above. As a rule of
thumb, discrimination is achieved when: IrA/IrB > 2:

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 B) Discrimination based on stepped time delays
This method is implemented by adjusting the
time-delayed tripping units, such that
downstream relays have the shortest
operating times, with progressively longer
delays towards the source. In the two-level
arrangement shown, upstream circuit breaker
A is delayed sufficiently to ensure total discrimination with B

C) Discrimination based on a combination of the two

previous methods
A time-delay added to a current level scheme
can improve the overall discrimination
performance. The upstream CB has two high-
speed magnetic tripping thresholds:
▪ Im A: delayed magnetic trip or short delay
electronic trip
▪ instantaneous strip

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Discrimination is total if Isc B < Ii A(instantaneous).

8.3 Load-break switch

This control switch is generally operated manually (but is

sometimes provided with electrical tripping for operator convenience) and is
non-automatic two-position device (open/closed). It is used to close and open
loaded circuits under normal un faulted circuit conditions. It does not
consequently, provide any protection for the circuit it controls.

When closing a switch to energize a circuit there is always the possibility that
an unsuspected short-circuit exists on the circuit. For this reason,
load-break switches are assigned a fault-current making rating, i.e. successful
closure against the electrodynamic forces of short-circuits current is assured.
Such switches are commonly referred to as “fault-make load-break” switches.
Upstream protective devices are relied upon to clear the short-circuit fault

8.4 Isolating switch (Disconnector)

It is manually operated, lockable, two-position
device (open/closed) which provides safe isolation
of a circuit when locked in the open position. Its
characteristics are defined in IEC 60947-3. A disconnector is not designed to

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make or to break current and no rated values for these functions are given in
standards. It must, however, be capable of withstanding the passage of short-
circuit currents and is assigned a rated short time withstand capability,
generally for 1 second.

8.5 Contactor
The contactor is a solenoid-operated switching device
which is generally held closed by (a reduced) current
through the closing solenoid. Contactors are designed to
carry out numerous close/open cycles and are commonly controlled remotely
by on-off pushbuttons.

8.6 Fuses
Fuses break a circuit by controlled melting of the fuse element
when a current exceeds a given value for a corresponding
period of time; the current/time relationship being presented
in the form of a performance curve for each type of fuse.

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CHAPTER (9)
GENERATOR
9.1-Purpose

Diesel generator is a device that produces electricity by a combination of a

diesel engine with an electric generator (commonly known as an alternator).
This is a type of engine-generator and although most diesel compression
ignition engines are designed to run on diesel fuel, specific models are
approved to run on other liquid fuels or natural gas. Diesel generator sets are
employed in places where there is no access to the power grid as an
emergency power source if the grid fails, and for more complicated
applications such as grid support, peak-lopping, and power grid export. Diesel
generator size is crucial to avoid low-load or power shortages.

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9.2 The Main Parts of Diesel Generator

9.3-Types of diesel generators according to loading

1) Prime Power:

The maximum power available for a varying electrical load for unlimited
hours. A 10% overload is available for 1 hour in 12.

Restrictions are often placed upon the average value of the varying load,
typically 70% of the prime power and also on the overload operation
which typically is for a maximum of 25 hours per year.

Where the load is not variable such as exporting to the Grid then the
Prime Power definition is not used and Continuous Operation Power

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(COP) is used. If the number of hours at a non variable load are limited
and not as high as COP then sometimes the rating of Limited Time
Running (LTP) is used in place of COP.

2) Standby Power:

The maximum power available with a varying load for the duration of the
interruption of the normal source power. No overload is available with a
Standby rating.

Restrictions are generally placed upon the average load, typically 70% of
the Standby Ratings and hours limitations are imposed of usually 500
hours per year but sometimes 200 hours per year.

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CHAPTER (10)
UPS
10.1 introduction
The purpose of a UPS is to provide emergency power (usually by a
lead/acid battery) to a load when it senses that the input power source
has failed. They are different from emergency power systems or standby
generators because they provide near-instantaneous protection from
power interruption by using a battery (which can be a super capacitor or
flywheel).

• The battery itself usually has a short runtime (about 5-20 minutes),
but it should be enough to either save all that precious
data/progress that you have made, gracefully shut everything down,
or fix the problem that caused the outage.
• A UPS can be used to protect hardware like data centers, computers,
and other electrical equipment where an unexpected surge/sag can
cause serious problems like data loss, business disruption, and even
injuries or fatalities.

10.2 Types of UPS

➢ according to operation

1. Offline/Standby Uninterruptible Power Supply

The offline/standby UPS is the most basic out of the three. It provides
light surge protection and battery back-up. During normal operations, it
gets its power from its main power source (generally an AC outlet). Once
it senses that the main power source goes beyond acceptable limits or
fails, it switches to the “offline/standby” battery where it will then go to

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 the DC/AC inverter – as such, there will be a small transfer time between
the main power source and battery.

2. Online/Double Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply

The online/double conversion UPS differs from the offline/standby as the

DC/AC inverter is always connected on. This means there will be no transfer
time between the main power source and battery, providing greater
protection against spikes, sags, electrical noise, and complete power failure.

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 3. Line-Interactive Uninterruptible Power Supply

The line-interactive UPS has a similar design to the offline/standby,

but with properties of an online/double conversion as well. The line-
interactive design can handle small under-voltages and over-voltages (about
20% from its standard voltage) by using a multi-tap variable voltage
autotransformer or buck-boost converter. Even during these small
under/over-voltages, the battery is not being used and is still being charged
until there is a big under/over-voltage.

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➢ Types of Uninterruptible Power Supplies according to
Design

1. Standalone) conventional) UPS

system

2- Modular UPS System

Consists of multiple individual power modules, all connected in

parallel to provide the required power and redundancy.

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➢ Modular ups has some advantages over conventional ups
1. Add redundancy
The surest way to increase availability of power is to add redundancy to
the UPS system and to minimize its maintenance and repair time.

2. Minimize downtime
Because the UPS modules in a DPA are independent, they can be online
swapped without risk to the critical load and without the need to power
down or transfer to raw mains supply. So engineers can work on the UPS
without interrupting operations. Swap-out time is only 15–20 minutes
and is very safe and you never have to switch off your load.

3. Minimize Total Cost of Ownership through

a. Optimize your investments

b. Optimize your battery

capacity

c. Save valuable floor space

d. Reduce installation and

maintenance costs

Save energy costs

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CHAPTER 11
ATS
11.1 Introduction

An automatic transfer switch (ATS) is a device that automatically transfers

a power supply from its primary source to a backup source when it senses a
failure or outage in the primary source. When a failure occurs in a primary
power system, the ATS invokes a standby power source, such as
an uninterruptable power supply. An ATS can also start up more long-term
backup power systems, such as local diesel generators, to run electric
equipment until utility power is restored.

Since the ATS is connected to both primary and backup power sources, it
serves as an intermediary between equipment and the power supplies, acting
as an electrical relay. An ATS can also act as a redundant, rack-mounted power
supply for equipment that is connected to a power source only one cord.

In the data center, it is vitally important to have uninterrupted power. To

achieve this goal, the systems in the power path must be properly maintained
and tested. To ensure reliability in the event of a power outage, data center
administrators need to routinely monitor the ATS. ATS units can channel
considerable amounts of energy, which can put heavy stress on the electrical
contacts involved, so regular maintenance is critical.

11.2 What is the Interruption?

An interruption is the complete loss of supply voltage or load current One

common example of an interruption is when all electronic devices and lights

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go out in a house for a short period of time. While inconvenient in a home, a
similar power loss in a business setting can be costly, as data can become
corrupt or be lost entirely during the interruption.

11.3 Causes of Power Interruptions :

1) Loss of Supply: Interruptions due to problems in the bulk

electricity system on the transmission circuit.
2) Tree Contacts: Interruptions caused by faults resulting from tree
contact with energized circuits.
3) Lightning: Interruptions due to lightning striking the distribution
system, resulting in an insulation breakdown and or flashovers.
Lightning may even occur outside our community but could affect
our Town.

4) Adverse Weather: Interruptions resulting from rain, ice storms,

winds, extreme temperatures, freezing fog, frost, or other extreme
weather conditions. Sometimes adverse weather can weaken our

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 system unknowingly to us causing a power outage days/weeks
later.

5) Foreign Interference: Intermissions beyond the control of the

utility such as animals, vehicles, dig-ins, vandalism, sabotage and
foreign objects.

11.4 Automatic transfer switch (ATS)

ATS Is an electric control panel fallow be part of it has two entrances

separate from Exporters feed different one called the main source of local
power company And the other reserve called the electric generator where this
key runs at the loss of the main power source to turn to the reserve power
source or vice This system is used in high places to have a continuous source
mainstream, where the electrical generator provides electrical energy
alternative in case the main source of electric power outages. And the idea of
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this cutter is when they cut off the power supply from the main grid is
converted electrical loads tethered on this cutter to the reserve source, who is
represented by the electrical generator and this cutter works manually or
automatically after to have it power outages from the public network or even
lower voltage reducing non-permitted.

11. 5 There are two types of ATS

1) ATS for Two Source

For example,: Utility-Generator

The standard transfer switch configuration

includes an electric utility service and a
generator for normal and emergency power
sources. This system arrangement is typically
referred to as an emergency standby
generator system. The single generator shown may be several engine-
generator sets operating in parallel.

2) ATS for three sources

For example, Utility—Generator—

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Generator

Critical facilities with an emergency standby generator system will often

include provisions for a second generator connection to serve as a redundant
emergency backup that can be used during periods of inclement weather, or
when scheduled maintenance is being performed on the first generator.

As shown, in some cases, the first generator is permanently installed onsite

whereas the second generator will be a portable roll-up type that is deployed
when needed.

Feeding different loads in the low voltage distribution systems, such as

residential, commercial, and industrial areas, depends on the requirements
and importance of each load. Some loads may only be fed from the main
source while others could be fed from different backup sources. Figure 1
illustrates a distribution system having different supply sources. The designer
may categorize loads according to their importance as follows: -

a- Normal loads: such as lighting and outlets. Such loads are fed from only
one source (the main), hence if the main is off, these loads will be off.

b- Emergency loads: such as emergency lighting and lifts. These loads are
normally fed from the main source and in case of main power failure; the
emergency generator will feed such loads as a backup source through the ATS
system till the main source is on again.

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c- Important loads: such as hospital operation and intensive care rooms.
These loads could be fed from three different backup sources, the main
source, the emergency generator, and the uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
In case of fault in the main source and the emergency generator, these
important loads can be fed from the UPS through the transfer switch (TS).
Such important loads are off-line fed from the UPS through the TS, hence
should accept the small shut down period due to the transition of the TS. This
transfer switch (TS) may also be automatic, and in this case static switches are
recommended for their fast-switching response

d- Critical loads: such as electronic, control and protection equipment. Such

critical loads do not accept any interruption in the electrical power; hence
they are on-line fed from the UPS. The UPS converts the AC voltage, coming
from the main or from the backup generator to DC voltage (using AC to DC
power electronics converter) for charging the batteries bank and feeding the
critical loads through the DC to ac inverter. In case of main and emergency
power failure, the batteries bank will instantaneously feed the critical loads
through the DC to AC inverter without any power interruption. A manual
transfer switch (TS) may be utilized in case of maintenance of the UPS unit.

It should be noted that all loads are categorized according to the customer
requires and load priorities, hence determining equipment sizes and the
overall cost. Transformer size is determined by the sum of all loads while
generator size is chosen depending on the sum of emergency, important and
critical loads. The UPS capacity should cover both important and critical loads.

The standard transfer switch configuration includes an electric utility service

and a generator for normal and emergency power sources. This system
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arrangement is typically referred to as an emergency standby generator
system. The single generator shown may be several engine-generator sets
operating in parallel.

11. 6 Practical Considerations

Automatic transfer switches are used to serve a continuous power for

the load by automatic transferring between two or more sources when the
main source is down or decreased below a certain limit. The ATS
automatically disconnects the faulty source and connects the load to the other
healthy source. Some practical consideration should be considered when ATS
systems are utilized, such as:

a- Voltage: The voltage regulation of the backup source should be between

the permissible ranges. This could be fulfilled using an automatic voltage
regulator (AVR) unit to automatically control the excitation of the generator,
hence the output voltage. In the UPS, the DC to AC inverter is controlled to
match voltage requirements

b- Frequency: The generator frequency is determined by the speed of the

driving engine, which is provided by a closed loop speed control system to
supply the electrical loads with the standard frequency. The UPS normally
operated at a fixed output frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz according to the country
standards).

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c- Synchronization: In case of the utilization of more than one backup
sources, such as two emergency generators or the main itself consists of main
transformer and main generator, synchronization conditions (same voltage,
frequency, phase sequence and phase shift) should be considered before
transferring the power through the ATS.

11.7 System Requirements

The basic function of the proposed ATS is to transfer the loads to the
generator in case of main failure then back to the main in healthy condition.
The sequence of operation can be summarized as:

1) In case of main source failure detection, disconnect the loads from the

main.

2) Start the generator engine unit.

3) If the generator output voltage is stable and reach the required value,

then connect the loads to the generator.

4) If the main is back and stable, disconnect the loads from the generator

then connect them back to the main.

5) Stop the generator unit.

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 CHAPTER (12)
EARTHING SYSTEM
12.1 introduction

The earthing system is the total set of measures used to connect an electrically
conductive part to earth. The earthing system is an essential part of power
networks at both high- and low-voltage levels.

A good earthing system is required for:

• Protection of buildings and installations against lightning.
• Safety of human and animal life by limiting touch and step voltages to safe
values.
• Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) i.e. limitation of electromagnetic
disturbances.
• Correct operation of the electricity supply network and to ensure good
power quality.

Components of a ground electrode:

1) Ground conductor.
2) Connection between the ground conductor
and the ground electrode.
3) Ground electrode.

12.1 What affects the grounding resistance?

First, the NEC code (1987, 250-83-3) requires a minimum ground electrode
length of 2.5 meters (8.0 feet) to be in contact with soil.

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But, there are three variables that affect the ground resistance of a ground
system:

• Length/depth of the ground electrode.

• Diameter of the ground electrode.
• Number of ground electrodes.

12.3 Ground system design:

Simple grounding systems consist of a single ground electrode driven into

the ground. The use of a single ground electrode is the most common form
of grounding and can be found outside your home or place of business.
Complex grounding systems consist of multiple ground rods, connected,
mesh or grid networks, ground plates, and ground loops. These systems are
typically installed at power generating substations, central offices, and cell
tower sites Complex networks dramatically increase the amount of contact
with the surrounding earth and lower ground resistances.

Single ground electrode Multiple ground Mesh network

electrodes connected

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Soil resistivity:

Soil Resistivity is most necessary when determining the design of the

grounding system for new installations (green field applications) to meet your
ground resistance requirements. Ideally, you would find a location with the
lowest possible resistance. But as we discussed before, poor soil conditions
can be overcome with more elaborate grounding systems. The soil
composition, moisture content, and temperature all impact the soil resistivity.
Soil is rarely homogenous, and the resistivity of the soil will vary
geographically and at different soil depths. Moisture content changes season
ally varies according to the nature of the sublayers of earth, and the depth of
the permanent water table. Since soil and water are generally more stable at
deeper strata, it is recommended that the ground rods be placed as deep as
possible into the earth, at the water table if possible. Also, ground rods should
be installed where there is a stable temperature, i.e. below the frost line. For a
grounding system to be effective, it should be designed to withstand the worst
possible conditions.

Note: soil resistivity

depends on soil type.

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12.4 Earthing system classifications:

• TT system.
• TN-S system.
• TN-C-S system
• TN-C system
• IT system

1- TT systems:

This arrangement covers installations not provided with an earth

terminal by the Electricity Supply Company. Thus, it is the method
employed by most (usually rural) installations fed by an overhead supply.
Neutral and earth (protective) conductors must be kept quite separate
throughout the installation, with the final earth terminal connected to
an earth electrode by means of an earthing conductor.

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2- TN-S system:

This is probably the most usual earthing system in the world, with the
Electricity Supply Company providing an earth terminal at the
incoming mains position. This earth terminal is connected by the supply
protective conductor (PE) back to the star point (neutral) of the
secondary winding of the supply transformer, which is also connected at
that point to an earth electrode. The earth conductor usually takes the
form of the armor and sheath (if applicable) of the underground supply
cable.

TN-S system

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 3- TN-C-S system

In this system, the installation is TN-S, with separate neutral and protective
Conductors. The supply, however, uses a common conductor for both the
neutral and the earth .This combined and neutral system is sometimes called
the 'protective and neutral conductor' (PEN) the “combined neutral and
earth” conductor (CNE). The system, which is shown In Fig is most usually
protective multiple earth (PME) system.

4- TN-C system:

This installation is unusual, because combined neutral and earth wiring is

used in both the supply and within the installation itself. Where used, the
installation will usually be the earthed concentric system, which can only be
installed under the special conditions (mostly used in France).

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 TN-C system
system

5- IT system:

The installation arrangements in the IT systems are the same for those of the
TT system. However, the supply earthing is totally different. The IT system
can have an unearthed supply, or one which is not solidly earthed but is
connected to earth through a current limiting impedance. IT system is
shown in Fig:

IT system
system

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