Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNNIVERSITY
CARIG CAMPUS
Palm St., CSU Carig Compound, Carig Sur
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500
AR318
“WIRING DEVICES
AND ELECTRICAL
SYMBOLS”
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
RSW-02
BSA-3A
Zyril Ann R. Domingo
Student
Ar. Mhelford Jun T. Pigao, UAP
Instructor
1. BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
It is an advanced system that controls and monitors a building’s mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems to enhance efficiency, comfort, and
safety.
A building automation system (BAS) is a network designed to connect and
automate certain functions inside a building. All of the building control systems,
from lighting and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning) to fire and
security systems-all wired through one set of controls
Often part of green buildings too
A smart building, also called an intelligent building, is one with a building
automation system (BAS) in place.
A TYPICAL COMMERCIAL BUILDING WITH HVAC EQUIPMENT
Chiller
Air handling unit
Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) terminal unit
Cooling tower
Rooftop Unit (RTU)
Fans, pumps, fin tube, radiators, etc.
HVAC CONTROL COMPONENTS
Field controller inputs
- Thermostat and CT
Field controller outputs
- VFD, VAV dampers, etc.
Operator workstation
Server
Field controller
Supervisory controller
Network communication
interface
BAS Network- 3 Tier System Architecture
Enterprise IT network (high speed)
Building control network (BCN, high speed)
Field control network (FCN, low speed)
Enterprise IT Network
SIMPLIFIED BUILDING
Field AUTOMATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE
Controller Inputs Field Controller outputs
Building Control
Field Control Network
Network
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
Communications Interface
For integration with other systems
- connect a BAS to other building systems
- connect a BAS to the internet
- connect a propriety BAS to an “open” BAS/
device or another proprietary BAS/device
Gateway or Router
Not an FPOC (Field Point of Connection) device
Workstation
The user interface for monitoring,
control, and maintenance
The web-based interface is common in
the private sector
Server
Collecting, storing, and serving BAS data and web pages
Store long-term BAS trend data
- typically standard databases - SQL, My SQL, etc.
- optional for small BAS
Reliable high-speed network, high computing power, large
storage capacity, and backup service are essential
Building Control Network
Most common cable used: Ethernet cable
(CAT 5, CAT 5e, CAT6)
Maximum length: 328 ft (per segment)
Most common protocol: BACnet/IP
Network speeds: 100~1000 Mbps (Megabits
or 1000 kilobits, per second)
Supervisory Controller
Connect to both field control network and building
control network
Global, networked coordination and controls
Fully programmable
It can be with or without input/ output channels.
Field Control Network
Most common wires used: stranded, shielded
twisted pair
Maximum length: 4,000 ft
Most common protocol: BACnet/MS-TP
- Master-Slave Token Passing
Network speeds: 9.6k, 19.2k, 38.4k, and
76.8k bits per second (bps) baud rates
Field Controller
Local HVAC equipment control
Be a part of the field control network
Have input/output channels
Could be with or without embedded sensors
and actuators
Fully programmable or configurable
Advance Application Controller (AAC)
-fully programmable
Application- Specific Controller (ASC)
- typically preloaded with specific application software
and configurable
Field Devices
Sensors
Controlled Devices
2. SMART BUILDING SYSTEMS
A building with sensors and IOT
devices controlled by a Building
Automation System:
- uses automated processes to control the
building’s operations including HVAC,
lighting, security, and other systems.
- uses sensors, actuators, microchips,
etc., to collect data and manage it.
- improves build reliability and
performance, which reduces energy use,
improves occupant comfort, and
minimizes the environmental impact of the
buildings.
HOW DOES A SMART BUILDING WORKS?
Smart buildings use information technology during operation to connect a variety
of subsystems, so that these systems can share information to optimize total
building performance.
Smart buildings look beyond the building equipment. They are connected and
responsive to the power grid, and they interact with the building operators and
occupants to empower them with new levels of visibility and actionable
information.
Building Automation System and more
WHAT IS THE OPTIMAL CONTROL
Model predictive control: how does it work?
- In principle, MPC
requires dynamic models to
predict the future response of a
plant (e.g., building, its HVAC
equipment and system) and
make control decisions to
minimize a predefined cost
function.
Model predictive control: occupancy-based control
- based on occupancy
forecasting to real-time optimize
HVAC operation
Model predictive control: chiller plant with thermal storage tank
- schedule chillers and thermal storage tank operation schedules through
MPC
WHAT IS THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE MONITORING
Energy Performance Monitoring: how does it work?
Energy Performance Monitoring: data collection and visualization
Smart Building Operations through optimal control and energy performance
monitoring
Demonstrated energy savings and improved occupant thermal comfort
Implementation cost is more reasonable and more scalable
3. TYPES OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Single Split systems and Multi Split Systems
The most common type of air conditioning system in the UK in both domestic
households and commercial buildings, they are easily the most balanced in
terms of cost effectiveness and versatility with indoor units that can be located on
the wall, ceiling or floor.
Split systems primarily comprise of two units, one installed indoors and a
corresponding unit installed outdoors that is sometimes also referred to as a
condenser.
These units are connected by pipework which allows the refrigerant to circulate
between them with the indoor unit providing heating or cooling whilst the outdoor
unit either expels or absorbs heat.
Single-Split air conditioning system refers to a type of air conditioning setup
where there is a single indoor unit (evaporator) connected to a single outdoor unit
(condenser).
Multi-Split air conditioning system is a setup where multiple indoor units are
connected to a single outdoor unit.
Ducted and Central Air conditioning Systems
More expensive and complex to install than split systems due to the need for
ducting throughout the building (which may or may not be concealed in a wall)
these systems do not need individual indoor AC units and instead only require
ducting and a single large outdoor unit that can either be concealed in a roof or
outside the building.
Whilst energy efficient whilst in
use, these systems can be quite
noisy in comparison to split
systems and their maintenance
can be complex/expensive due to
the extensive ductwork needing to
be properly cleaned or repaired,
particularly when accessibility to
them is limited.
Water Cooled Systems
Water-cooled air conditioner can be referred to as a water-cooled condenser
because it is responsible for removing heat which the refrigerant absorbs while
flowing through the evaporator. In the condenser, water flows in an opposite
direction and cools down hot air refrigerant (180°F or 82°C) from the
compressor.
Significantly more common in large commercial buildings such as schools and
office buildings, water cooled AC systems either use chilled water to provide
cooling or use water to cool their internally circulating refrigerant.
Water
cooled
air
conditioning systems are also quite flexible as they can be connected to ducts to
provide conditioned air to rooms or can linked to indoor AC units similar to how a
split system is installed.
Water cooled air conditioning systems are also notably more expensive than split
or ducted in direct comparison, although this is largely due to their more complex
installation with water pipework also being involved in the process.
Portable Air Conditioners
A portable air conditioner, also known as a stand-up air conditioner, is a type of
AC that can be moved around very easily. It’s a self-contained unit that can be
placed anywhere with access to a window and a power outlet. Equipped with
wheels, it can easily move around different areas as needed.
The fan pulls hot, humid air from the
room into the portable air conditioner.
The coils inside the unit bring down the
air’s temperature and extract water from
it through condensation. The cooled air
is transferred back indoors.
The refrigerant plays an essential role in
the whole process. It is what cools down
the room air and is used as a heat
exchange medium. It is compressed and
then rapidly expanded, cooling it down.
This cooled refrigerant absorbs heat
from the indoor air. As the refrigerant is compressed, heat is generated, which
needs to be exhausted. Therefore, portable units have an exhaust hose that
vents the heat outside the room.
Air-condition System Diagram
COMPRESSOR - Compresses the refrigerant, increasing its pressure and
temperature, and pumps it through the system.
CONDENSER COIL - Releases heat from the refrigerant into the
outside air, causing the refrigerant to condense into a liquid.
EXPANSION VALVE - Controls the flow of refrigerant into the
evaporator coil, reducing its pressure and temperature.
EVAPORATOR COIL - Absorbs heat from the indoor air, causing
the refrigerant to evaporate and cool the air.
AIR HANDLER AND BLOWER - Circulates indoor air over the
evaporator coil and distributes the cooled air throughout the
building.
REFRIGERANT - A chemical compound that cycles through the
system, absorbing and releasing heat to cool the air.
THERMOSTAT - Controls the air conditioning system by
regulating the desired temperature settings.
DUCTWORK - Distributes cooled air from the air handler to
various rooms in the building and returns warm air to the
system for cooling.
FILTERS - Removes dust, pollen, and other particles from the air to improve indoor
air quality and protect the system’s components.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM - Removes condensation produced by the evaporator coil to
prevent water damage and mold growth.
