PAINT FORMULATION E-BOOK

THE MAGIC FORMULA

KINGS LUXURY PAINTS LTD.

OFF O-WHIN, FOLARIN STREET, MUSHIN, LAGOS.
[email protected]
07060884408
May 29, 2021
By: Huseifat Babatunde
 PAINT FORMULATION MANUAL

FOREWORD

Dear Entrepreneur,

First of all I welcome you and congratulate you for making the right decision at the
right time, as we all know, the choices we make is the determinant of the type of life we
live, as the saying goes; “The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, the next best time is
now!”

I want you to know that paint production is a very lucrative business and its profit potential
is very high, Going by the number of houses and other structures in the country, it is certain
that you can never run out of business if you go into paint production.

There is hardly any house that is not painted these days, so the market is there for any
aspiring, entrepreneur. There are different types of decorative wall paints; this e-book is on
producing emulsion, textured paint or text coat, Matt paints and Silk or Nylon paint for
screeded/ skimmed walls which are common in the Nigerian market.

You can start your home-based paint production with as little as N10,000- N20,000. The
raw materials are readily available in the Nigerian market. You don't need any expensive
equipment to produce paint; you only need some buckets and your two hands or mixing
stick to do the mixing. There is no excuse for you not to go into this business if you are
serious.

This e-book explains paint production and reveals the hidden secrets of producing quality
PAINT FORMULATION E-BOOK | 5/29/2021

paint. With what we will show you in this e-book, you can rival Dulux, Berger and
President in paint production. Step by step how to produce high quality paint will be
exposed and placed in your hands.

Please note that the formula for paints production contained in this manual can change at any
time as we are a dynamic company working time to time to come up with the best in the
paint production industry.

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 DEDICATION

This paint formulation e-book is dedicated to everyone who has supported the existence of
Kings Luxury Paints ltd., my readers and all paint entrepreneurs.

PAINT FORMULATION E-BOOK | 5/29/2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

WHY PAINT PRODUCTION 4

DEFINITION AND TYPES OF PAINTS 5
PAINT PRODUCTON RAW MATERIAL 6
FUNCTION OF CHEMICALS 7
STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF EMULSION PAINT 9
STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF P.O.P EMULSION PAINT 9
STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF TEXTURES PAINT 9
STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF MATT PAINT 10
STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF SILK PAINT 11
STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF SCREEDING PUTTY 12
FORMULATION OF GLOSS PAINT (OIL BASED) 15
FORMULATION OF GLOSS AND SEMI GLOSS PAINTS 16
FORMULATION OF EPOXY PAINTS 18
QUALITIES OF A GOOD PAINT 19
HOW TO MIX COLORS 21
STEPS TP START PAINT MANUFACTURING BUSINESS IN NIGERIA 22
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WHY PAINT PRODUCTION?
1. Paints are in high demand across Nigeria, because of high real estate business activities,
home ownership, commercial and religious buildings.
2. Paint producers are few compare to the demands, some major states imports paints from
Lagos and overseas.
3. Ready paint buyers waiting for you within your immediate locality and across your states
and beyond
4. Highest profit margin and lowest start-up capital. You can start producing your own paint
with any little capital, even with deposits from your customers and generate 3-7 times the
money in return as a beginner, and more as you expand.
5. Cheap and readily available raw materials for your production anytime.
6. No need for office or production space as a beginner, except you have, you can produce
from your backyard and supply directly to your customers.
7. You don’t need high equipment to start a cottage paint production business, with our
training & manual mixer, you can start producing your own paint immediately, after
training you.

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 DEFINITION OF PAINT
Paint is defined as a unique homogeneous mixture of three major ingredients namely Binder,
Pigment and additives, which when applied on the surface as a thin layer that forms a solid
dry adherent film after oxidation/evaporation/ polymerization and serves for informative,
decorative and protective purposes.

TYPES OF PAINT
For easy comprehension, I have divided paint into TWO major categories
1. Decorative or Architectural Paints
2. Industrial Paints
Decorative Paints can be further divided into
1. Emulsion Paints
2. Textured or Texcoat Paints
3. Flextuerd Piants
4. Screeding Paints
5. P.O.P Paints
6. Satin Paints
7. Glossy or Oil Paint.
8. Epoxy Paints.
Industrial Paint can be divided into
1. Marine Paints
2. Oil and Gas Paint
3. Auto/ Car Paints
4. Printing Inks

PAINTS COMPOSITION
Paints are made up of numerous components which are PEARS. i.e.
Pigment
Extender
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Additives
Resins/Binder
Solvent
PIGMENT
Pigments are responsible for color, covering power and anti-corrosive properties.
Pigments are finely ground crystalline solids that are dispersed/ suspended in the paint.
They may be organic, in-organic and metallic.

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EXTENDERS
Extenders, also known as Fillers are largely finely ground crystalline solids that are
dispersed in the paint, added to reduce cost of production, by replacing expensive pigments
in paint.
Fillers give the paint body / make the paint bulky and improve flow (i.e. less sagging on
application).
They are used as matting agents (control gloss level), to provide matt or semi-gloss finishes
e.g. are CaCO3, kaolin, talc, clay (Al silicates), sand, marble dust etc.

ADDITIVES
Additives are added to modify certain properties of paint. Examples are: Anti-settling
Agent (Calgon) - to prevent pigment settling. Defoamers, Biocides / Preservatives, Wetting
& Dispersing Agent, Thickeners etc.

RESIN/BINDERS
Binder is a polymeric substance, mostly gummy in nature. They bind components
together & make it stay on the substrate. Binder is the actual film-forming component of
paint. Binders improve the paints resistance to moisture permeability, sunlight exposure,
staining, cracking, damage from abrasion & adhesion to the surface. Alkyds, Acrylics, Poly
Vinyl Acetate & Acrylic binders are water-based binders.

SOLVENTS
Solvent is also known as CARRIER / DILUENT /THINNER, they dissolve the
binder & hold it in suspension with the paints’ pigment. Ensures even-mixing of the paint
components & makes the paint easy to apply. They are used to reduce the viscosity of paint
for better flow and application. Examples of solvents are water, Xylene, kerosene. e.t.c.

PAINT PRODUCTION RAW MATERIALS ( Water Based)

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICALS PAINT FORMULATION E-BOOK | 5/29/2021

These are the chemical to be used in the production of P.O.P. Emulsion paint, Textured
paints, Matt and Silk (Satin) paints and others. Here is the list of some of the chemical
components.
1. 1.Water (used for mixing)
2. 2.Calgon
3. 3.Aluminium Silicate
4. Titanium dioxide (used only for the production of white paint)
5. 5.Calcium carbonate (Calcium)
6. Colorants

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 7. P.V.A.(Acrylic)
8. Marble dust
9. Genepur
10. Biocide
11. Defoamer
12. Texanol
13. Natrosol
14. Ammonia/Formalin

FUNCTIONS OF THE CHEMICALS

1. Water
Water is used to mix all the chemicals together. It must not be a hot water. You can
use any type of clean and neat water with normal water temperature. However, I prefer soft
water to cold water. It helps to mix the paints more easily.
2. Calgon
It serves as a dispersant, making the paint additives to be homogenous and dissolve
well. It prevents the paint from settling down the bucket too.
3. Alluminium Silicate
Used mainly in the production of brilliant white paint, it makes the paint to be
brighter.
4. Titanium Dioxide
It is whitening chemical in powdery form. It performs the function of making sure
that the paint has coverage (covering power) and add to shining and not dull. This is the
secret of some big names in painting industry. That does not mean you cannot use it in other
colors but the function is more significant in the production of white paints.
NOTE: You use more Titan while producing white paint.
5. Calcium Carbonate
This chemical is also in powdery form. It is packaged in bags (paint flour). Calcium
carbonate is of two types which are based on their color; off white and White Calcium.
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Both are good but white calcium is recommended if you are producing pure white paint and
off-white is better in off white (other colors) paint.
6. Colorants/Pigments
This is the most important of the entire course. It involves the ability of mixing some
colors to get a desired result. It is not difficult at all if you have initiative and artistic eye.
These are the colors we have in raw form (please permit me to call them primary colors
because all other colors in the painting industry is gotten from them), they are: yellow
(painters call it cream), Red, Black and Blue. All other colors are derived from a
combination of one or two of these primary colors. Colorants also add to paints covering
power.

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What about White paint? You might ask. Well we do not need to have a pure white color
because, we make our paints with white CalCo3 and it gives us white naturally. In fact once
you put your calcium in water you get white paint.
Colors can be found in paste or oxide forms. Colors are in paste when they are in condensed
liquid form, when they are in oxide form it means they are in dust form (like women
powder). Some colors can be gotten by combination of oxides and paste.

CAUTION: you MUST dilute the colors very well with a little water before you apply it to
your paint. For example if you get a red oxide, pour a cup of water in a different container
mix thoroughly. If not, your paint will be having dotted stains as you roll it on the wall.
7. Poly Vinyl Acetate (P.V.A.)
This is also called Acrylic. It does the work of binding the paint materials and pigments and
to walls. This chemical is very important. I guess you might have seen a situation where after
painting a building, when you rub your hand on the surface it will be dusting. That is as a
result of ill usage of this chemical.
8. Marble dust
This is usually used in the production of textcoat paints. It is of two types rough and
smooth. The preference is determined by what you want to achieve. If you want sandy or
teeth textcoat i.e the one without lining, you use only rough type.
However, the combination of both in the same ratio gives a better result. For textured paint
that will be used for printing i.e writing of texts on walls, use only smooth marble dust.
9. Genepur
It makes the paint to foam, holding the paint materials together and more
homogenous.
10. Biocide
It serves as a preservative.
11. Defoamer
Just as its name, it eliminates foams from paint there by giving you the exact volume
of paint.

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12. Texanol
This is the chemical that integrates the colors and brings out the best in them. It is
used to correct dullness in paints.
13. Natrosol
It helps to hold the paints together i.e. it is a thickener. The correct usage makes the
paint more durable on the wall.
14. Formalin
It does the function of preservative.
15. Ammonia
This is your secondary school laughing gas. It serves as a preservative agent too. It is
also used to make the paints more durable.

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 STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF STANDARD EMULSION PAINTS
Emulsion are those ordinary paints that are not roughened with sand-like objects, they are
mostly interior paints (used inside).
Steps of Emulsion Paint
Pour in the measured water into the mixer, NB. Do not pour in all the water, remain
small quantity for dissolving powdered chemicals.
Add biocide to sterilize the water
Add calgon (dispersant) which helps to dissolve other chemicals
Add genepur which makes the mixture foamy and helps homogenization
Pour Titanium dioxide and turn to mix very well
Pour Calcium carbonate while turning till it dissolves into the mixture
At this point, find your desired color, the pigment should be dissolved with water if
oxide before pouring. Put color in small rations and keep turning until you get your
desired result.
Pour in your P.V.A (GUM) to the mixture
Add other Additives (Texanol, Defoamer etc) while turning
Add your dissolved Thickener (Natrosol) NB. You must dissolve your
Natrosol in separate water before pouring into the mixture.
Allow to mix very well then Add your preservatives (Ammonia)
Note: Please do not add ammonia before your thickener (Natrosol) to avoid your
paint caking or coagulating.
Turn the above mixture very well and your Emulsion paint is ready to use.

STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF P.O.P EMULSION PAINTS

The materials for production of P.O.P are the same with standard emulsion paint but vary in
content ratios (check formulation manual). They also follow the same process of
preparation.
NOTE: Do not use P.O.P paint in place of standard emulsion to avoid chalking in future.
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STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED PAINTS

Pour in the required quantity of water into the mixer (drum) remaining small
quantity for rinsing and dissolving powdered chemicals before pouring.
Add biocide to sterilize the water.
Pour in calgon
Add genepur to make the mixture foamy
Pour the Measured Titanium Dioxide into the Mixture
Pour in measured calcium into the measure, turn until it dissolves very well
Pour the required quantity of marble dust into the mixture, turn to homogenize with
the mixture.

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 NOTE: For lining (teeth) textcoats, use a combination of rough and smooth marble
dust in equal ratio. For artwork textcoats, use only smooth marble dust in production.
Pour in your P.V.A and keep turning to mix very well
Find your desired color by adding the required pigment
Add other additives (Texanol, defoamer etc)
Dissolve your Thickener in water and pour to the mixture. On the addition of the
thickener the paint becomes very strong
Add your preservatives (Ammonia)

Mix very well and brush your textured paint on the wall to observe the teeth.

STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF MATT PAINTS

Matt is a semi-gloss paint, looks like satin but has small quantity of calcium
carbonate. They contain all the same materials used in production of Standard emulsion
paint but in a very higher quantity.
Pour in the measured water into the mixer, NB. Do not pour in all the water, remain
small quantity for dissolving powdered chemicals.
Add biocide to sterilize the water
Add calgon (dispersant) which helps to dissolve other chemicals
Add genepur which makes the mixture foamy and helps homogenization
Pour Titanium dioxide and turn to mix very well
Pour Calcium carbonate while turning till it dissolves into the mixture
At this point, find your desired color, the pigment should be dissolved with water if
oxide before pouring. Put color in small rations and keep turning until you get your
desired result.
Pour in your P.V.A (GUM) to the mixture
Add other Additives (Texanol, Defoamer etc) while turning
Add your dissolved Thickener (Natrosol) NB. You must dissolve your

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Natrosol in separate water before pouring into the mixture.
Allow to mix very well then Add your preservatives (Ammonia)
Note: Please do not add ammonia before your thickener (Natrosol) to avoid your paint
caking or coagulating.
Turn the above mixture very well and matt paint is ready to use

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 STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF SILK (SATIN) PAINTS
This is the type of paint that is generally regarded as nylon paint. It is called nylon
paint because it is washable (you can use water to wash it when it is dirty. It is very glossy
and used mainly on screeded/skimmed walls.

Step to step production

Pour in the measured water into the mixer, NB. Do not pour in all the water, remain
small quantity for dissolving powdered chemicals.
Add biocide to sterilize the water
Add calgon (dispersant) which helps to dissolve other chemicals
Add genepur which makes the mixture foamy and helps homogenization
Pour Titanium dioxide and turn to mix very well
NOTE: Satin paint is very glossy and does not possess calcium carbonate
Pour in your P.V.A (GUM) to the mixture at this point, find your desired color, the
pigment should be dissolved with water if oxide before pouring. Put color in small
rations and keep turning until you get your desired result.
Add other Additives (Texanol, Defoamer etc) while turning
Add your dissolved Thickner (Natrosol) NB. You must dissolve your
Natrosol in separate water before pouring into the mixture.
Allow to mix very well then Add your preservatives (Ammonia)
Note: Please do not add ammonia before your thickener (Natrosol) to avoid your paint
caking or coagulating.
Turn the above mixture very well and silk paint is ready to use
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 PRODUCTION OF WALL SCREEDING PUTTY

Screeding putty is a water-based mixture of materials like extender, binder and

additives that gives a thick, highly viscous result, screeding putty are used for covering of
holes and pores in walls and to give the wall a smooth and perfect look. They are the better
alternative for p.o.p screeding as screeding putty is easy to apply and exhibit a strong
binding strength when dry. When screeding putty is properly formulated, they can
withstand environmental effects of water and weathering. Most screeding putty comes in
white but colors can be added as desired.

STEPS TO PRODUCTION OF SCREEDING PUTTY

The production process of wall putty is similar to production of standard emulsion paint but
more extender is added here;

Pour in the measured water into the mixer, NB. Do not pour in all the water, remain
small quantity for dissolving powdered chemicals.
Add biocide to sterilize the water
Add calgon (dispersant) which helps to dissolve other chemicals
Add genepur which makes the mixture foamy and helps homogenization
Pour Titanium dioxide and turn to mix very well (optional)
Pour Calcium carbonate/ talc/ kaolin while turning till it dissolves into the mixture
If you’re producing colored putter, add your desired color, the pigment should be
dissolved with water if oxide before pouring.
Pour in your P.V.A (GUM) to the mixture
Add other Additives (Texanol, Defoamer etc) while turning
Add your dissolved Thickener (Natrosol)
NB. You must dissolve your natrosol in separate water before pouring into the
mixture.

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Allow to mix very well then Add your preservatives (Ammonia)
Your wall screeding putty is ready.

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 KINGS LUXURY PAINTS LTD.

STANDARD FORMULATION OF 20L EMUSION, P.O.P SCREEDING

EMULSION, TEXTCOAT, MATT AND SATIN PAINTS.

S/N CHEMICAL EMULSION P.OP TEXTCOAT MATT SATIN

EMUSION EMULSION / SILK
1. WATER 10L ( HALF 10L 6L ( ONE 6L 6L
BUCKET) AND HALF
GALLON)
2. CALGON 30g 30g 40g 40g 40g
3. ALUMINIUM 250g 100g 100g 250g 250g
SILICATE
4. TITANIUM 500g-1.5kg 50-150g 500-2kg 3kg 4kg
DIOXIDE
5. CALCIUM 15kg 20kg 10kg 2kg Nil
CARBONATE
6. MARBLE Nil Nil 6kg Nil Nil
DUST
7. GENEPUR 70g 25g 70g 50-80g 50-80g
8. BIOCIDE 150g 100g 100-200g 250g 300g
9. P.V.A 2-3kg 300-400g 3-5kg 6kg 12kg
(ACRYLIC)
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10.DEFOAMER 250g 50g 150g 150-200g 300g

11.TEXANOL 150-250g 50g 150g 200-400g 500g
12.NATROSOL 150g 150g 150-200g 120g 120g
13.AMMONIA 80g 30g 80g 50-80g 80g
Table 1., Water-based Paints formulation table

UNIT KEYg-gram ( use kitchen measuring scale), kg-kilogram ( use big scale)
NIL: Not needed

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 KINGS LUXURY PAINTS LTD.

STANDARD FORMULATION OF 20L WALL SCREEDING PUTTY.

S/N COMPONENT AMOUNT (g)

1. WATER 6L
2. CALGON 40g
3. ALUMINIUM SILICATE (optional) 100g
4. TITANIUM DIOXIDE (optional) 250g
5. CALCIUM CARBONATE/ TALC 15kg
6. KAOLIN 5kg
7. GENEPUR 20g
8. BIOCIDE 90g
9. P.V.A (ACRYLIC) 3kg
10. DEFOAMER 50g
11. TEXANOL 50g
12. NATROSOL 150g
13. AMMONIA 50g
Table 2. Screeding putty formulation

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 FORMULATION OF GLOSS PAINTS (OIL-BASED)

Gloss paints unlike water based paints are produced from petrochemical and
biochemical materials (i.e. organic sources). Meanwhile, materials like the pigments and
additives are not necessarily from organic origin but different techniques are employed in
the production of oil paints.

Gloss paint is widely used because it produces an attractive and protective shiny
surface that is so durable that it can be used outside and metal coatings. It is important that
we talk about the uses and importance of major components used in production of gloss
paints.

Binder/Resin( Alkyd)
The binder or film former in gloss paint is called an alkyd resin, this is a long chain
polymer made by reacting a vegetable oil such as linseed oil or soya lecithin oil with an
alcohol and an organic acid. The resin is dissolved in an aliphatic petroleum solvent so that it
can be spread easily. When the solvent evaporates, the oxygen of the air interacts with the
resin which results in the formation of cross links between the polymer molecules and
produces a strong, dry film.

Solvent
Solvents are liquid materials used in reducing the viscosity (thickness) of paints in order to
make it flexible for easy application and to the increase the curing (drying) time. Example of
solvents used in formulation of oil-based paints includes kerosene and thinner. They are also
known as anti-skin agents.

Pigment
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As in the case of water-based paints, pigments in oil-based paints are aimed to add color to
the gloss paint.

Additives
These are extra materials that are added to improve the body of the paint, meanwhile,
additives in production of oil-based paints may be tagged as optional but necessary when
producing a particular type of gloss paint, for example, when producing a semi-gloss paint, a
measured quantity of calcium carbonate is required. Example of additives includes;
Titanium dioxide (when producing white gloss), Calcium carbonate,driers e.t.c.

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STEPS TO STEP PRODUCTION OF GLOSS AND SEMI GLOSS PAINTS

The production of gloss paint is a quite easy but a little bit convectional when it
comes to which material comes before the other, unlike the case of water-based paint which
water has to come first, in this case, the resin is recommended to come first but if you’re
putting in the solvent first, you have to ensure you don’t put everything at once because it
may be needed to dissolve some materials before going into the mixture.

Put in the measured quantity of resin in the mixing container

Add your measure amount of solvent ( make sure you have small leftovers) and mix
for 10 minutes
Add your calcium carbonate (for semi-gloss paint) and mix for 10mins
Add your pigment and mix (for oxides, dissolve with kerosene before adding)
Add the additives such as Titan, Butanol, Ethylene glycol and mix for 10mins
Add your measured amount of drier and your remaining kerosene and mix
thoroughly for another 10mins until homogeneity is achieved.

Your gloss paint is ready.

NB: you may have little leftover of gloss due to material expansion.

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 KINGS LUXURY PAINTS LTD.

STANDARD FORMULATION OF 4L GLOSS AND SEMI GLOSS OIL PAINTS.

FOR GLOSS PAINT

S/N COMPONENTS AMOUNTS(g)

1. ALKYD RESIN ( binder) 2.16kg/2160g
2. PIGMENT (titanium dioxide)- FOR WHITE 1kg/1000g
3. ETHYLENE GLYCOL 80g
4. KEROSENE 510g
5. DILUENTS ( thinner) 170g
6. BUTANOL (stabilizer) 30g
7. DRIERS (lead for white, cobalt for dark colors) 25g
Table 3. Gloss formulation table.

FOR SEMI-GLOSS PAINTS

S/N COMPONENTS AMOUNTS(g)

1. ALKYD RESIN ( binder) 2kg/2000g
2. EXTENDER (calcium carbonate) 160g
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3. PIGMENT (titanium dioxide)- FOR WHITE 1kg/1000g

4. ETHYLENE GLYCOL 80g
5. KEROSENE 510g
6. DILUENTS ( thinner) 170g
7. BUTANOL (stabilizer) 30g
8. DRIERS (lead oxide) 25g
Table 4. Semi-gloss formulation table.

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 FORMULATION OF EPOXY PAINTS

Epoxy paints are known to exhibit a very strong polymeric chain which makes them a
tough fighter of weathering and scratching effects, and have a high spreading capacity, when
fully cured (set) epoxy paints forms a thick, hard film which are so strong that they can’t be
easy broken when subjected to mechanical stresses.

Similar to other types of paints, epoxy paints are made up of Binder, pigment and additives.
The binder in epoxy is known as resin, the pigment is the colorants while the additives is the
hardener, additives can also be other materials that can be added to the mixture to give a
desired look such as glitter. All these material are readily available in the paint market.

The formulation of epoxy paints is quite simple as it does not require a lot of stress like the
other type of paints, but it is important to know that wrong formulation can affect the
curing time and the final result.

Epoxy paints are used for a wide range of interior and exterior beautification and protection
purposes, and they are mostly used on concrete and wooden decors. For interior purposes,
they are used in 3D flooring, wood carving, and other décor miniatures, while for exterior
they are used for metallic flooring or basically floor coating.

When producing, you mix a measured quantity of the hardener to a measured quantity of
resin, note that the resin should be 2 times more than the hardener i.e. if you’re producing a
3 liter of epoxy; you are to mix 1L of hardener to 2L of resin. Use acrylic colorants for
brighter colors and use oxides for metallic colors.

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FORMULATION FOR 4L INTERIOR EPOXY

S/N COMPONENT AMOUNT(litres)

1. EPOXY RESIN 2.65L
2. EPOXY HARDENER 1.35L
Table 5. Formulation of clear film epoxy paint.

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 FORMULATION FOR 4L EXTERIOR EPOXY

S/N COMPONENT AMOUNT(litres)

1. EPOXY RESIN 2.65L
2. EPOXY HARDENER 1.35L
3. PIGMENT(red oxide) 50g
Table 6. Formulation of metallic epoxy paint

QUALITIES OF A GOOD PAINT

1. HIGH COVERAGE
A good paint must have high coverage when applied on surfaces. Paint with high coverage
makes reduce cost for buyers and reduce work time for painters. With one or two coat,
painted surfaces are supposed to be covered very well. Paint with high coverage cut down
cost drastically, because what 2 bucket of high coverage paint will give, you may use 4-5
bucket of low coverage paint to achieve similar result.
This is one of the secret of leading paint manufacturing companies like Dulux, Berger, Value
paints, etc. so you must ensure you stick to the right formulation when producing your
paint. Good coverage is a function of adequate amount of Titanium Dioxide. So ensure you
follow the formulation stated on this manual.

2. SMOOTH
A good paint should be smooth when applied on a surface. As a producer, you must ensure
that your chemicals grind or blend every well. Chemicals such as Titanium, Calcium,
Kaolin, Natrosol, Calgon must grind very well through high speed mixing. Ensure you stir
very well if you are using manual stick and drum.
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3. COHERENT
A good paint is expected to produce uniform and consistence film when applied on a
surface. It is not suppose to have different patch on the same wall. Painters are the major
promoters of paint, so ensure you mix your paint very well to gain wide acceptability across
your locality and beyond.

4. EASY APPLICATION
When paint is smooth, it will be easy to apply on surface. But also ensure that your paint
does not get too thick as this could also affect its application on surfaces.

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5. FREE FROM CRACKING
Lack or insufficient use of Calgon could result to cracking of paint on walls or applied
surfaces. Most low quality paints get cracks after sometime, so ensure you use the right
quantity of Calgon.

6. CLEAN FILM
Ensure you use clean water/solvents when mixing your paint. Paint surface should be clean
without particles or debris.

7. DURABILITY
A good paint should be able to stand the test of time. Adequate quantity of preservatives and
buffers is needed in every paint formulation. Preservatives and buffers will retain the colors
of your paint over time, and it will also prevent mucous, fungi from growing on its surfaces.

8. ECOLOGICAL FRIENDLY
The world is going green and at such your paint must be free from poison. Your paint must
be user friendly and harmless even when it is mistakenly inhaled by users. Use the required
amount of Formalin and other preservatives.

9. APPEALING
The primary use of paint is for beautification, correction or prevention. So ensure your paint
comes out their best, your colors should be bold and stable. Your paint must be pleasing to
the eyes at all time.
10. STAINLESS
Your paint must not stain when touched. Lack or reduced quantity of binder could result to
this. Always ensure you use the quantity of binder to achieve the best quality at all time.

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 HOW TO MIX COLOUR: THE BASICS
Learning how to mix color can be daunting, color theory can be off-putting, but
understanding the basics is the key when starting to paint. Knowledge of color theory is
helpful, but in practice nothing beats actually mixing colors, however, you need to start
somewhere, so let’s start with some basic theory.
The 3 primary colors are Blue, Red and Yellow; these are the colors that are
impossible to mix from a combination of other colors. If you mix all three primary
colors together, you will get black.
When mixing colors, the choice of primary colors is of course important. There is a variety
of red, yellow and blue shades, which in combination also result in different secondary
colors. If you would like to mix your own colors, you should get different shades from each
primary color to be as flexible as possible when mixing.

The 3 secondary colors: Orange, Violet, and Green; these are mixture of two primary
colors. For example, mix primary yellow and primary red to make secondary color orange.
PAINT FORMULATION E-BOOK | 5/29/2021

These 3 primary colors and 3 secondary colors make up the basics of the color wheel.

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Fig. 1: Primary and secondary color wheel.

STEPS TO START PAINT MANUFACTURING BUSINESS IN

NIGERIA

When starting a business, there are key factors to deal with especially to ensure the business
survives the known and unknown market challenges, most businesses have failed despite
huge capital pumped into them simply because they failed to in one or two of the following
factors;

PAINT FORMULATION E-BOOK | 5/29/2021

1. PLANNING AND FUNDING
Planning entails carrying out adequate research. You will have to provide answers to
relevant questions like how to get start-up capital, scale of kick-off production; do you
intend to start on a large medium or small scale? Who are my targeted consumers? How do I
please them and get them attracted to my products? What will my company be called? The
answers to these questions will serve as a foundation to the success of your business. After
proper planning you need to begin implementing your plans. The next thing you will seek
out is funding.

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 2. REGISTRATION AND LEGALITIES
You will need to register with the corporate affairs commission of Nigeria, the body in
charge of registering companies in Nigeria and with the standard organization of Nigeria, the
body in charge of regulating manufacturers in Nigeria. It is advisable to hire a lawyer where
legal services are required.
3. LOCATION
The next step is to find a suitable location for hire or purchase for the business. The size of
your land will be dependent on your scale of production; large scale will require bigger
space for facilities and management than small scale. Other market factors like proximity
and accessibility should also be considered when finding a business location.
4. EQUIPMENT AND RAW MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION
There are different types of paints which range from emulsion paints, road paints, industrial
paints and others. All the raw materials needed for paint production can be obtained in
Nigeria. Unless you are going into automated production which is more capital intensive as
it requires a heavy set up of equipments, but for a small to middle scale business all
production equipments can be acquired and fabricated in Nigeria.
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