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MLA
HANDBOOK
N IN TH EDITION
 \
Author.
3
Title of Source.
3 Works Cited
Quick Guide
..C O N T A IN E R 1

Title of Container,
)
o Contributor,
3 The MLA tem plate of core

© Version, elem ents is a tool that helps

you compose works-cited-list
© Number,
3 entries from facts common

i Publisher,
to most works.

€ Publication Date,
3 USING THE TEMPLATE
• Record the publication information
m Location.
3 , given in the work.
• List each element relevant to your
source in the order shown on the
template.
• Omit any element that does not apply
except Title of Source. (If no title is
given, supply your own description of
the work.)
• Conclude each element with the
punctuation mark shown, but always
end your entry with a period.
• When a work is contained in another
work—such as a poem in a book or
an article in a journal—document
relevant facts for both the source and
its container.
• See chapter 5 for more.

V ___________________________ /

Get more resources at style.mla.org.

Follow MLA style on Twitter II ^0 @MLAstyle
MLA Handbook
Ninth edition

The Modern Language Association of America

New York 2021
© 2021 by The Modern Language Association of America
Published by The Modern Language Association of America
85 Broad Street, Suite 500, New York, New York 10004-2434
www.mla.org
Second printing 2021
All rights reserved. MLA and the MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION are trademarks
owned by the Modern Language Association of America. Except as allowable by
applicable copyright law, written permission from the publisher is required to
reproduce or distribute MLA copyrighted material. For permission requests, e-mai
[email protected].
To order MLA publications, go to mla.org/books. For wholesale and international
orders, see mla.org/Bookstore-Orders.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Name: Modern Language Association of America.
Title: MLA handbook / Modern Language Association of America. Other titles.
MLA handbook for writers of research papers.
Description: Ninth edition. | New York, New York : The Modern Language Association
of America, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020039581 (print) | LCCN 2020039582 (e-book) |
ISBN 9781603293518 (paperback) | ISBN 9781603295611 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9781603295628 (spiral bound) | ISBN 9781603293525 (EPUB)
Subjects: LCSH: Report writing—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Research—Handbooks,
manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC LB2369 .M52 2021 (print) | LCC LB2369 (ebook) |
DDC 808.02/7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020039581
LC e-book record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020039582
Contents

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction xxi

1. Formatting Your Research Project 1

[1.1] Margins 1
[1.2] Text Formatting 1
[1.3] Title 2
[1.4] Running Head and Page Numbers 4
[1.5] Internal Headings and Subheadings 4
[1.6] Placement of the List of Works Cited 5
[1.7] Tables and Illustrations 6
[1.8] Lists 9
[1.9] In te g ra te d in to Your P rose 9
[1.10] Set Vertically 10
[1.11] Lists introduced with a complete sentence 10
[1.12] Lists that continue the sentence introducing them 12
[1.13] Paper and Printing 13
[1.14] Proofreading and Spellcheckers 13
[1.15] Binding a Printed Paper 13
[1.16] Electronic Submission 14

2. Mechanics of Prose 15
[2.1] Spelling 15
[2.2] D ictio n a rie s 15

[2.3] P lu rals 15

iii
 16
[2.4] P u n ctu atio n
16
[2.5] C om m as
[2.6] When a comma is necessary 17
[2.7] Before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses 17
[2.8] Between coordinate adjectives 17
[2.9] To set off parenthetical comments 18
[2.10] After long introductory phrases and clauses 18
[2.11] With contrasting phrases 18
[2.12] In series
19
[2.13] With dates and locations 19
[2.14] With nonrestrictive modifiers 20

[2.15] When a comma is incorrect 22

[2.16] Subject and verb

22

[2.17] Verb and object

22
[2.18] Parts of a compound subject 22

[2.19] Parts of a compound object

23
[2.20] Two verbs that share a subject 23
[2.21] Two subordinate elements that are parallel 23
[2.22] When a comma is optional 23
[2.23] With short introductory phrases and clauses 23
[2.24] Around specific words
24
[2.25] Before some coordinating conjunctions 24
24
[2.26] Sem icolon s
25
[2.27] Colons
26
[2.28] D ash es a n d P a re n th e se s
[2.29] To enclose an interruption
27
27
[2.30] To prevent misreading
[2.31] To introduce an elaboration or an example
27
27
[2.32] To introduce a list
28
[2.33] H yphen s
[2.34] When to hyphenate compound adjectives before a noun 28
28
[2.35] Adverbs
[2.36] Number-noun combinations 28
[2.37] Prepositional phrases
29

IV
 [2.38] Clarity 29
[2.39] When not to hyphenate compound adjectives before a noun 29
[2.40] Adverbs 29
[2.41] Comparatives and superlatives 30
[2.42] Familiar compound terms 30
[2.43] Foreign language terms 30
[2.44] Proper nouns 31
[2.45] Hyphens before suppressed words 31
[2.46] Hyphens with prefixes 31
[2.47] Hyphens in fractions 32
[2.48] Hyphens versus en dashes 32
[2.49] Apostrophes 33
[2.50] Singular and plural nouns 33
[2.51] Proper nouns 33
[2.52] Nouns expressing shared possession 34
[2.53] Letters 34
[2.54] Plural abbreviations and numbers 34
[2.55] Quotation Marks 34
[2.56] To flag provisional meaning 35
[2.57] To mark translations of words or phrases 35
[2.58] Slashes 35
[2.59] Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points 36
[2 .60 ] Italics in Prose 36
[2.61] Words and Phrases Referred to as Words 36
[2.62] Letters Referred to as Letters 37
[2.63] Foreign Words in an English-Language Text 37
[2.64] Capitalization of Terms 37
[2.65] English 37
[2.66] French 38
[2.67] German 39
[2.68] Italian 39
[2.69] Spanish 40
[2.70] Latin 40

V
[2.71] Names of Persons in Your Prose 41
[2.72] First Uses of Personal Names 41
[2.73] Surnames Used Alone 43
[2.74] English 43
[2.75] French 44
[2.76] German 45
[2.77] Italian 45
[2.78] Spanish 46
[2.79] Latin 47
[2.80] Asian languages 47
[2.81] Premodern names 48
[2.82] Transliterated Names 48
[2.83] Titles with Personal Names 49
[2.84] Suffixes with Personal Names 50
[2.85] Given Names and Personal Initials 50
[2.86] Names of Fictional Characters 51
[2.87] Names of Organizations and Groups 51
[2.88] Names of Literary Periods and Cultural Movements 52
[2.89] Titles of Works in Your Prose 53
[2.90] Capitalizing Titles in English 54
[2.91] Capitalizing Titles in Languages Other Than English 56
[2.92] French 56
[2.93] German 57
[2.94] Italian 57
[2.95] Spanish 57
[2.96] Latin 58
[2.97] O ther lan gu ages in the L atin alphabet 58
[2.98] Languages in non-Latin alphabets 58
[2.99] Punctuation of Titles 59
[2.100] Serial comma 59
[2.101] Subtitles 61
[2.102] Alternative titles 62

VI
 [2.103] Dates appended to titles 64
[2.104] Multivolume works 64
[2.105] Punctuation around Titles 65
[2.106] Styling Titles 66
[2.107] Italicized titles 66
[2.108] Italicized titles of works contained in a larger work 69
[2.109] Titles in quotation marks 70
[2.110] Titles with no formatting 71
[2.111] Titles within Titles 73
[2.112] Surrounding title in quotation marks 73
[2.113] Surrounding title in italics 75
[2.114] Surrounding title with no formatting 76
[2.115] Quotations within Titles 77
[2.116] F oreign L an g u ag e T erm s a n d T itle s w ith in T itle s 77
[2.117] Styling 77
[2.118] Capitalization 78
[2.119] Titles within titles 79
[2.120] Shortened Titles in Your Prose 79
[2.121] Subtitles 79
[2.122] Conventional forms of titles 80
[2.123] Very long titles 80
[2.124] Punctuating shortened titles 80
[2.125] Translating Titles in Languages Other Than English 81
[2.126] Numbers 82
[2.127] Use of Numerals or Words 82
[2.128] Number-heavy contexts 82
[2.129] Street addresses 83
[2.130] Decimal fractions 83
[2.131] Percentages and amounts of money 83
[2.132] Items in numbered series 84
[2.133] Large numbers 84
[2.134] Plural forms 84

vii
 [2.135] At the start of a sentence 84
[2.136] In titles 85
[2.137] C om m as in N u m bers 86

[2.138] D ates an d T im es 86

[2.139] N u m ber R an ges 87

3. Principles of Inclusive Language 89

4. Documenting Sources: An Overview 95

[4.1] Why Plagiarism Is a Serious Matter 96
[4.2] Avoiding Plagiarism 97
[4.3] C arefu l R esearch 97

[4.4] Giving Credit 98

[4.5] Paraphrasing 98
[4.6] When to paraphrase 98
[4.7] How to paraphrase 99
[4.8] How to paraphrase and give credit 99
[4.9] Quoting 100

[4.10] When to quote 100

[4.11] How to quote and give credit 100

[4.12] When Documentation Is Not Needed 101

[4.13] Com m on knowledge 101

[4.14] P assin g m entions 102

[4.15] A llusions 102
[4.16] Epigraphs 102

5. The List of Works Cited 105

[5.1] Creating and Formatting Entries: An Overview 105
[5.2] The MLA Core Elements 107
[5.3] A uthor: W hat It Is 107

[5.4] A uth or: W here to F in d It 108

[5.5] Author: How to Style It 111

[5.6] One author 111

[5.7] Two authors 111

viii
 [5.8] Three or m ore authors 112
[5.9] N am es n ot reversed 113
[5.10] Languages that order surname first 113
[5.11] Lack of surname 114
[5.12] V ariant form s o f a p erson al nam e 115
[5.13] Different spellings 115
[5.14] Pseudonyms and name changes 115
[5.15]When not to supply information, cross-reference,
or use the published form of a name 117
[5.16] Online handles 118
[5.17] Organizations, groups, and government authors 119
[5.18] Listing by name 119
[5.19] Avoiding redundancy 119
[5.20] Government authors 1 20
[5.21] Standardizing and supplying information 1 20
[5.22] Consolidating entries 120
[5.23] T itle o f Source: W hat It Is 121

[5.24] Title of Source: Where to Find It 1 25

[5.25] Title of Source: How to Style It 1 30
[5.26] Shorten ed titles 130
[5.27] Section s o f a work labeled generically 130
[5.28] Description in place of a title 132
[5.29] Q uoted tex t in place of a title 132
[5.30] T ran slation s of titles 133
[5.31] T itle o f C on tain er: W hat It Is 1 34
[5.32] W orks th at are self-contain ed 135
[5.33] W orks w ith m ore th an one container 135
[5.34] D eterm in ing when a w ebsite is a container 136
[5.35] A pps and d atab ases 1 38
[5.36] T itle o f C on tain er: W here to F in d It 140

[5.37] T itle o f C on tain er: How to Style It 145

[5.38] C on trib u to r: W hat It Is 145

[5.39] Key contributors 146
[5.40] Key contributors in the A uthor elem ent 147

ix
 [5.41] O ther ty p es o f contributors 148
[5.42] C on trib u tor: W here to F in d It 149

[5.43] Contributor: How to Style It 151

[5.44] L abels describing the contributor’s role 151
[5.45] C apitalization o f labels 153
[5.46] Multiple contributors in the same role 153
[5.47] Repeated personal names in an entry 1 53
[5.48] Version: What It Is 1 54
[5.49] Version: Where to Find It 1 55
[5.50] Version: How to Style It 1 57
[5.51] Number: What It Is 1 58
[5.52] Number: Where to Find It 1 59
[5.53] N um ber: How to Style It 164

[5.54] Publisher: What It Is 164

[5.55] Publisher: Where to Find It 166
[5.56] Books 166
[5.57] Websites 167
[5.58] Audio and visual media 168
[5.59] Publisher: How to Style It 1 69
[5.60] Capitalization 1®®
[5.61] Copublishers 170
[5.62] Divisions of nongovernment organizations as publishers 1 70
[5.63] G overnm ent agencies as publishers 171
[5.64] Term s om itted from p u blish ers’ n am es 172
[5.65] Common abbreviations in publishers’ names 172
[5.66] Ampersands and plus signs in publishers’ names 172
[5.67] City o f publication 172
[5.68] Publication Date: What It Is 173
[5.69] Publication Date: Where to Find It 174
[5.70] Books 174
[5.71] E-books 176
[5.72] News articles 177
[5 .7 3 ] Journal articles 178
 [5.74] M usic 180
[5.75] Government documents 182
[5.76] Television ep isodes 1 84
[5.77] Publication Date: How to Style It 1 85
[5.78] Year 185
[5.79] Season 185
[5.80] Tim e 185
[5.81] Date range 186
[5.82] A pproxim ate date given in source 186
[5.83] U ncertain date given in source 186
[5.84] L o catio n : W hat It Is 187

[5.85] L o catio n : W here to Fin d It 189

[5.86] Page numbers 189
[5.87] Online works 189
[5.88] Location: How to Style It 189
[5.89] Inclusive p ages 189
[5.90] D escriptive label before page num bers 1 93
[5.91] Numerals for page numbers 1 93
[5.92] Plus sign with page number 193
[5.93] DOIs 194
[5.94] P erm alin ks 195
[5.95] U RLs 195
[5.96] Truncating 195
[5.97] Breaking 196
[5.98] Including terminal slash 196
[5.99] Physical locations and events 197
[5.100] The Three Most Common Types of Entries 197
[5.101] Works in One Container 198
[5.102] Works in Two Containers 200
[5.103] Works That Are Self-Contained 204
[5.104] One Work Cited Different Ways 207
[5.105] Supplemental Elements 208
[5.106] P lacem en t a fte r T itle o f Source 208

xi
 [5.107] Contributor 208
[5.108] Original publication date 209
[5.109] Section of a work labeled generically 210
[5.110] Placement at End o f Entry 210
[5.111] Date of access 211
[5.112] Medium of publication 211
[5.113] Dissertations and theses 214
[5.114] Publication history 214
[5.115] Book series 214
[5.116] Columns, sections, and other recurring titled features 215
[5.117] Multivolume works 215
[5.118] Government documents 216
[5.119] Placement between Containers 217
[5.120] Punctuation of Entries 217
[5.121] M ore T han One Item in a n E lem en t 217
[5.122] Supplied Publication Information 218
[5.123] Ordering the List of Works Cited 219
[5.124] Alphabetizing: An Overview 219
[5.125] Alphabetizing by Author 221
[5.126] Multiple works by one author 221
[5.127] Multiple works by two authors 222
[5.128] Multiple works by more than two authors 222
[5.129] Multiple works by a single author and coauthors 223
[5.130] Alphabetizing by Title 224
[5.131] Cross-References 225
[5.132] Annotated Bibliographies 226

6 . Citing Sources in the Text 227

[6 .1] In-Text Citations 227
[6.2] Overview 227
[6.3] What to Include and How to Style It 230
[6.4] Citing a work listed by author 230

X ll
 [6.5] Coauthors 232
[6.6] Corporate authors 233
[6.7] Two authors with the same surname 234
[6.8] Two or more works by the same author or authors 235
[6.9] Citing a work listed by title 237
[6.10] Shortening titles of works 237
[6.11] Titles in quotation marks that start with a tide in
quotation marks 238
[6.12] Titles in quotation marks that start with a quotation 239
[6.13] Using abbreviations for titles of works 240
[6.14] Shortening descriptions used in place of titles 240
[6.15] When author and title are not enough 241
[6.16] Page numbers and other divisions of works 242
[6.17] One-page works 242
[6.18] Quotations spanning two or more pages of a work 242
[6.19] Quotations from a nonconsecutively paginated work 243
[6.20] Numbered paragraphs, sections, and lines 244
[6.21] Commonly cited works 244
[6.22] Verse works 245
[6.23] Prose works 246
[6.24] Ancient and medieval works 247
[6.25] Scripture 247
[6.26] Works without numbered pages or divisions 248
[6.27] Volume numbers for multivolume nonperiodical works 249
[6.28] Timestamps 250
[6.29] Numbered notes in your source 250
[6.30] Punctuation in the parenthetical citation 250
[6.31] Quoting and Paraphrasing Sources 252
[6.32] Integrating Quotations into Prose 253
[6.33] Prose works 253
[6.34] Short quotations 253
[6.35] Long quotations (block quotations) 254
[6.36] Poetry 255

xiii
Other documents randomly have
different content
Easter being a movable Feast which can occur on any day
from the 22d of March to the 25th of April, the number of
Sundays between Epiphany and Septuagesima, and
between Pentecost and Advent, varies according to the
situation of Easter. There are always at least two Sundays,
unless Epiphany falls on a Sunday, and never more than
six, between Epiphany and Septuagesima. Likewise, there
are never fewer than twenty-three Sundays after
Pentecost, or more than twenty-eight. The Gospel and
Epistle for the last Sunday after Pentecost are always the
same. When there are twenty-three Sundays, the Gospel
and Epistle for the last Sunday are substituted for those of
the twenty-third. When there are twenty-five Sundays, the
Gospel and Epistle for the sixth Sunday after Epiphany are
taken; when there are twenty-six, those also of the fifth
after Epiphany; when there are twenty-seven, those of the
fourth, and when there are twenty-eight those of the third,
in order to fill up the interval which occurs. In any year, in
which there are more than twenty-four Sundays after
Pentecost, proper sermons for these Sundays are to be
found among those which are arranged for the Sundays
following the Feast of the Epiphany. If one sermon is
wanting, it is taken from the sixth Sunday after Epiphany;
if two, three, or four are needed, the last two or three or
four sermons which precede Septuagesima are to be taken,
in their order.
Twenty-fourth or Last Sunday after Pentecost.
Epistle.
Colossians i. 9-14.

Brethren:
We cease not to pray for you, and to beg that you may be filled
with the knowledge of his will in all wisdom and spiritual
understanding: that you may walk worthy of God, in all things
pleasing: being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in
the knowledge of God: strengthened with all might according to
the power of his glory, in all patience and long-suffering with
joy, giving thanks to God the Father, who hath made us worthy
to be partakers of the lot of the saints in light: who hath
delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us
into the kingdom of the Son of his love: in whom we have
redemption through his blood, the remission of sins.

Gospel.
St. Matthew xxiv. 15-35.

At that time:
Jesus said to his disciples: When you shall see "the abomination
of desolation," which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet,
standing in the holy place: he that readeth, let him understand.
Then let those that are in Judea flee to the mountains. And he
that is on the house-top, let him not come down to take
anything out of his house: and he that is in the field, let him
not go back to take his coat. And woe to them that are with
child, and that give suck in those days. But pray that your flight
be not in the winter or on the Sabbath. For there shall be then
great tribulation, such as hath not been from the beginning of
the world until now, neither shall be. And unless those days had
been shortened, no flesh should be saved: but for the sake of
the elect those days shall be shortened. Then, if any man shall
say to you: Lo, here is Christ, or there, do not believe him. For
there shall arise false christs and false prophets, and shall show
great signs and wonders, insomuch as to deceive (if possible)
even the elect. Behold I have told it to you beforehand. If
therefore they shall say to you: Behold he is in the desert; go
ye not out: Behold he is in the closets; believe it not. For as
lightning cometh out of the east, and appeareth even unto the
west, so shall also the coming of the Son of Man be.
Wheresoever the body shall be, there shall the eagles also be
gathered together. And immediately after the tribulation of those
days, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give
her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers
of the heavens shall be moved. And then shall appear the sign
of the Son of Man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the
earth mourn: and they shall see the Son of Man coming in the
clouds of heaven with great power and majesty. And he shall
send his angels with a trumpet, and a great voice: and they
shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the
farthest parts of the heavens to the uttermost bounds of them.
Now learn a parable from the fig tree: when its branch is now
tender, and the leaves come forth, you know that summer is
nigh. So also you, when you shall see all these things, know
that it is near, even at the doors. Amen I say to you, this
generation shall not pass till all these things be done. Heaven
and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away.

Sermon CXL.

Behold I have told it to you beforehand.

—St. Matthew xxiv. 25.
Once in a venerable manor-house, at the head of the carved oak
stairway, stood an old clock. About half a minute before it struck it
made a curious, buzzing, whirring sound. Then all the children of
the house said, "Ah! the old clock is warning"; and upstairs they
ran to see the clock strike. The clock told them beforehand what it
was going to do.

Now, brethren, there is a clock that has gone on warning and

striking for many a century, and that clock is called "the Church's
Year." It was wound up last Advent, and since then it has struck
Christmas, it has struck Epiphany, it has struck St. Paul's Day, it has
struck Easter, Pentecost, Assumption, All Saints and All Souls. To-
day it has nearly run down; it is warning for next Sunday, when it
will strike Advent again.

The Church, next Sunday, will bring you face to face with
judgment. To-day she warns you that the great season of Advent
is coming once more; that the old year is passing, that the new
one is about to begin. So, then, brethren, before the clock strikes
for judgment, before time is dead, while life and grace and
opportunities still remain, take up your stand before the old clock;
look at the hours depicted on the dial, and ask yourself how you
spent last year, how you would be prepared if judgment should
come to you a week hence.

Listen! How merrily that chime rings. You heard it about a year
ago. It was the Church clock striking Christmas. Where were you
then? Some of you, we know, were where you should be—at holy
Mass, receiving Holy Communion at the altar-rail. You heard the
organ pealing and the choir singing Adeste fideles; you saw the
little Infant Jesus in the crib, and the bright evergreens decking the
church, and felt in your hearts that indeed there was peace on
earth. Happy you if it was thus. But alas! was it so? Were you not
away from Mass last Christmas? Were you not neglecting your
religion? Were you not in mortal sin? Were you not revelling,
getting drunk, thinking rather of feasting and enjoying yourselves
than of devotion and thanksgiving?

Then the hour of Epiphany struck! What gifts had you to bring to
the manger-bed? Had you the gold of Christian charity to present?
Had you the incense of faith and the myrrh of sweet and fragrant
hope? Ah! it is to be feared that some knelt not at the manger-bed
of Jesus, but on the brink of hell: forgetting God, scandalizing their
neighbor, damning their own souls. On the "Feast of Light" (as the
Epiphany is sometimes called) some were kneeling at the shrine of
the world and '"holding the candle to the devil." Didn't you hear the
pendulum of the old clock ticking, ticking, and seeming to say, as it
swung: "Behold! I have told you beforehand! Behold! I have told
you beforehand!" Why, then, did you not do penance?

Then came Lent; and on the first Sunday of that holy time the
clock warned loud and clear for Easter. A voice almost seemed to
be heard shouting in your ears: "Easter-duty! Easter-duty! 'Time
and tide wait for no man!'" And so at last the clock struck. Easter
had passed. You had been "told beforehand." You did not heed,
and thus, oh! listen heaven, and listen hell, another Easter-duty
was missed, and another mortal sin committed.

To-day, dear friends, the Church clock warns you again. The Church
herself cries to you to cast "off the works of darkness and put on
the armor of light." Give ear, then, while there is yet life and hope.
Have you been negligent? "Better late than never"; now is the
time to mend. Have you been a drunkard? Now "be sober and
watch." Have you neglected your children? Begin to care for them
as you should. Have you neglected the sacraments? Come, prepare
at once to receive them worthily. Whatever your state may be,
remember—judgment is coming; death is at hand! Maybe God's
clock in heaven already points, for you, at the last hour; maybe this
is the last time that you will be warned, and then the clock will
strike and you will be in eternity. Time and tide are rushing on.
Every tick of the clock brings you nearer heaven or nearer hell. Oh!
then prepare yourself for the great day, that so when time is dead
and gone; when the great clock strikes for the last time, you may
be found ready, and go in with Jesus to his marriage feast.

Rev. Algernon A. Brown.

Sermon CXLI.

That you may walk worthy of God.

—Colossians i. 10.

"Brethren," says St. Paul, in the Epistle of this Sunday, "we cease
not to pray for you, … that you may walk worthy of God." These
words may, no doubt, be understood to mean that we should live
in such a way as to be worthy to receive God in his Real Presence
at the time of Holy Communion, and by his grace at all times; and,
finally, to receive him, and to be received by him, in his eternal
kingdom of glory. But there is another sense, perhaps a more
natural one, and certainly a more special one, in which we may
understand them.

This sense is, that we should live in a way worthy of, and suitable
to, the dignity and the favor which he has conferred upon us, in
making or considering us worthy, as the apostle goes on to say, "to
be partakers of the lot of the saints in light"—that is in bringing us
into, and making us members of, his one, true, and Holy Catholic
Church. In other words, that we should behave in such a way as to
be creditable to him and to his holy church, to which we belong.

Now, this is a point the importance of which cannot be overrated,

and which we are too apt to forget. We lose sight of the fact that
the honor of God and of his church has been placed in our hands,
and confided to our charge; so that every sin which we commit,
besides its own proper malice, has the malice of an indignity to the
holy state to which we have been called. For this reason, a sin
committed by a Catholic is always greater than the same sin
committed by any one else; not only on account of the greater
grace and clearer light which he has received, but also because
God is more specially robbed of his honor by it.

You all see this plainly enough when it is a question of a sin

committed by one who has been called to the ecclesiastical or
religious state. If a priest or a religious is guilty of any offence,
though it be but a small one, you are scandalized by it, not only
because he ought to have been better able to avoid it, but also
because it dishonors God's choice of him to be a special image in
this world of his divine goodness.

But you forget that you also, merely because you are Catholics,
dishonor God, and bring him and his holy religion into contempt by
the sins which you commit. It is plain enough, however, that you
do, though in a somewhat less degree than those whom he has
more specially chosen.

And other people do not forget it, though you may. "Look at those
Catholics," the world outside is continually saying; "they may
belong to the true church, but they do not do much honor to it.
See how they drink, lie, and swear. If that is all the good it does
one to be a Catholic, I would rather take my chance of saving my
soul somewhere else than be reckoned among such people."

Now, it is all very true that such talk as this is unjust and unfair,
and that the very persons who say such things may really be much
worse, at least considering their temptations, than those whom
they find fault with. But still they have a right to find fault that
those whom God has brought into the true church are not evidently
as much better as they ought to be, than those whom he has not;
and you cannot altogether blame them for finding fault with him
rather than with yourselves, and saying that this Catholic Church of
his is rather a poor instrument to save the world with.
Remember then, my brethren, that a bad Catholic is a disgrace to
his church, and a dishonor to Almighty God, who founded it. A
story is told of a man who, when drunk, would deny that he was a
Catholic; he had the right feeling on this point, though he
committed a greater sin to save a less one. Imitate him, not in
denying your faith, but in taking care not to disgrace it; for God will
surely require of you an account, not only of your sins, but also of
the dishonor which they have brought on the holy name by which
you are called.

Sermon CXLII.

As lightning cometh out of the east,

and appeareth even unto the west:
so shall also the coming of the Son of Man be.
—St. Matthew xxiv. 27.

These words of our Lord, my dear brethren, refer principally to the

general judgment, which will come suddenly upon all, at least all of
those who shall be alive at the time when it shall occur. And he
could not have used a more striking comparison to show how
sudden it will be; how it will take every one unawares, even of
those who will be expecting it. You know that when you watch the
flashes of lightning in a thunder-storm, though you are expecting
them all the time, yet each one takes you by surprise; you hardly
know that it has come till it has gone; you do not so much see it
as remember it. So it will be at the last and awful day; all at once,
without any warning, the heavens will open, and God will come
suddenly, not this time in mercy, but in justice; not to save the
world, but to judge it; there will be no time even for an act of
contrition, but as every one is then found, so will he be for all
eternity.

Probably you and I will not be in this world at the time of the
general judgment; it is most likely that we shall die before it
comes. We shall rise from our graves and be present at it, but we
shall have been already judged; so that it will not be by it that we
shall be saved or lost. But that judgment which we shall have gone
through will perhaps also have come on us suddenly; as suddenly
as the one on the last day. For it will come on us the instant that
our souls leave the body; the moment after we die we shall appear
before the throne of God to receive the sentence of eternal
salvation or condemnation. So it may surprise us at any moment;
for we may suddenly die.

There is not one of us here who has any certainty that he may not
before to-day's sun sets, nay, even this very hour or minute, even
before he can draw another breath, be standing before that terrible
judgment seat, and receiving that sentence from which there is no
appeal.

How often do we hear of people suddenly struck down by death

without a moment's warning; people who were promising
themselves, as you no doubt are promising yourselves, many more
days to live. They did not do anything, so far as we can see, to
deserve such a sudden blow; they were living lives no worse and
no better than those of others around them. "Those eighteen," says
our Lord, "upon whom the tower fell in Siloe, and slew them; think
you that they also were debtors—that is to say, sinners—above all
the men that dwelt in Jerusalem?" No, God calls us suddenly in this
way to show that he is the owner of our lives, that he has made no
promise to give any one of us a single moment beyond those which
he has already given.

But sudden death is not, we may say, any special visitation of God.
It is natural, not wonderful. If you could see the way in which your
own bodies are made, you would wonder not so much that people
die suddenly, but rather that they should die in any other way. It is
not more surprising that one should die suddenly than that a watch
should suddenly stop. The body is in many ways a more delicate
thing than a watch; and in its most delicate parts the slightest
thing out of order may be fatal. So we continue to live rather by
the special care which our Lord takes to preserve our lives, than by
any hold which our souls have on our bodies.

But you will say, "After all, father, very few really do die suddenly,
compared to those who have time to prepare." Well, it is true that
there are not many who pass instantly from full health into the
shadow of death; but if there were only one in a million, is it not a
terrible risk for one who is not prepared? And, besides, in another
way it is not true. For almost all die sooner than they expect. All
think, even when they have some fatal illness, that they will have
more time than is really to be given them. Death, when it actually
comes, is a surprise; for every one, perhaps, the coming of the Son
of Man is at the last like the lightning; every one expects it, but not
just then; every one looks for a few moments more.

When you think of these things, my dear brethren, there is only

one reasonable resolution for you to make. It is to live in such a
way that you may be ready to die at any instant; to be like those
wise virgins of whom the Gospel of to-day's feast, the feast of the
glorious martyr St. Catherine, tells us, who had oil in their lamps
when the cry came at midnight: "Behold the bridegroom cometh,
go ye forth to meet him." To have the grace of God, which is
represented by that oil, always in the lamp of your soul; to be
always in the state of grace, never in that of sin; for most
assuredly that cry will come to each one of you, and sooner than
you think; and woe be to you if you are not prepared when it shall
sound in your ears!
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIVE MINUTE
SERMONS, VOLUME I. ***

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