THE 400 YEAR STELA OF RAMSES II

Pharaoh Ramses II ‘the Great’ in Egyptian history reverberates down to

the present day. In ‘The complete Valley of the Kings’ (1996) by N Reeves
and R H Wilkinson, the opening narrative on page 140 informs the reader
that ‘Ramesses II fully merits his epithet, ‘the Great’…during his 67 year
reign built more temples and monuments, took more wives (eight plus
concubines) and – according to tradition- - sired more children (over 100)
than any other pharaoh.
The item under review is a specific monument which was erected during
his 67th year. Cairo Museum houses this Stela which had been discovered
at Tanis.
From ‘Ancient Records of Egypt’ by James H Breasted – Volume 3 (1962)
narrative is drawn from sections 539 - 542 (pages 227 and 228).
539. At the top of the monument is a relief, showing Ramses II offering
wine to Set. Behind the king stands Seti, the author of the monument,
praying as follows:
_ _ _ thy ka, O Set, son of Nut, mayest thou grant a happy life following
thy ka, to the ka of ……[Seti].
540. Below the relief is Seti’s record of his commission, with the
appended prayer, as follows:
Live …King Ramses II, sovereign, who equips the Two Lands with
monuments in his name, so that Re rises in heaven for love of him, King Ramses
II.

541. His majesty commanded to make a great stela of granite, in the great
name of his fathers, in order that the name of his grandfather, King Menmare,
Son of Re: Seti-Merneptah, might be exalted, enduring and abiding forever, like
Re, every day.

542. In the year 400, in the fourth month of the third season, on the fourth
day, of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Opehtiset; Son of Re, his beloved:
Nubti, whom Harakhte desires to be forever and ever, came the hereditary
prince, governor of bowmen, governor of foreign countries, commandant of the
fortress of Tharu, chief of the foreign gendarmes, king’s scribe, master of horse,
chief priest of the Ram-god, lord of Mendes, High Priest of Set, ritual priest of
Buto-Upet-Towe, chief of prophets of all gods, Seti, triumphant; born of the lady,
the musician of Re, Teya, triumphant. He said: “Hail to thee, O Set, son of Nut,
great in strength in the barque of millions of years, overthrowing enemies in
front of the barque of Re, great in terror, ________ [grant me] a happy life
following thy ka, while I remain in _______.”
The exact date of the calendar year is given as the fourth month of the
third season, on the fourth day. The Egyptian Calendar Year comprised
three seasons of four months each.
AKHET (Inundation) First Season
Month 1: Thoth
Month 2 : Paophi
Month 3: Hathor
Month 4: Khoiak
PERET (Growth) Second Season
Month 1: Tybi
Month 2: Mekhir
Month 3: Phamenoth
Month 4: Pharmouthi
SHEMU (Harvest) Third Season
Month 1: Pakhons
Month 2: Payni
Month 3: Epiphi
Month 4: Mesore

In this review to avoid excessive narrative a simple calendar reference is

adopted. 1-A is used for the First Month in the first season Akhet. 2-P
represents the Second Month in the second season Peret and 4-S is the
Fourth Month of the third season Shemu.

Accordingly the Stela date becomes 4-S-4. The fourth month (Mesore) in
the third season of Shemu on the fourth day.

King Khamudy (Asseth)

The last king of Hyksos Dynasty XV was Khamudy (Asehre).

The name Hyksos has been considered as ‘hik-khase’ or chieftain of a

foreign hill country (AG page 156) and ‘Hikau-khoswet’ or rulers of foreign
countries (WH p 3).

Kahmudy has been given a reign of 49 years and 2 months under the
name of Assis (JA 1:14). The reign of 49 years covers the two names of
Khamudy in the Book of the Sothis being Kertos for 29 years (No 31) and
Asseth for 20 years (No 32). As Aseth, Khamudy is credited with usage of
an additional 5 intercalary days to create a 365 day year rather than 360
days. This is confirmed in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.

Given the accuracy with which the Egyptians attached to calendars and
dates, the years of the subsequent Dynasty XVIII are accepted as solar
years. Certain festivals are calculated on an astronomical basis.
An event observed during the reign of Khamudy was the astronomical
Sed Heb Festival on 2-S-30 (Month 2, Season Shemu on the 30th day).

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Khamudy 47 2-S-30 Sed Heb

The Hyksos rule of Dynasty XV was overthrown by Ahmose I, the first

Pharaoh of Dynasty XVIII.

Ahmose I. Year 1.

The first year of Ahmose I brought in the start of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Pharaoh Ahmose I, also known as Aahmes, was the first king of the
Eighteenth Dynasty after defeating the rule of the Hyksos.

Ahmose I is credited with a reign of 25 years 4 months by Manetho who

mistakenly names the king who expelled the foreigners as Tethmosis (WW
p109). In the Book of the Sothis Pharaoh Amosis/Tethmosis is given a
reign of 26 years (No 33) following immediately after Khamudy. Other
kings in Book of the Sothis cannot be relied upon for such a sequence.

The Sed (tail) Festival was determined by the first sighting of the star
Sirius at dawn, its heliacal rising.
A year of 365 days does not keep pace with a solar year of 365.2422
days. By the time 30 years have passed a calendar slippage of 7.266 days
has passed (30 times 0.2422). So by observation a Month 1 Day 8
sighting 30 years later would be Month 1 Day 1. A subsequent Sed Heb
Festival would be recorded as 7 and sometimes 8 days later than the
observance 30 or 31 years before. A ‘double hen’ represents 60 years as
referred to on a Queen Hatshepsut Obelisk. (DM p73). A longer period of
120 years is marked by a Sep tep sed (Hunti) Festival.(FP Vol III p69).

No Sed Heb Festival is recorded during the reign of Ahmose I. The

outlying Festivals comprised one in Khamudy’s 47th year on 2-S-30 and
separately in the second year of the reign of Amenhotep I on 3-S-7. In
the 30 years between the two sightings the calendar date recorded was
later by 7 days.

After the death of Ahmose I, a 70 day period is expected to have been

observed as the “whole process of burial took 70 days…”. (RW p45 & RH
p135). Where a subsequent Pharaoh has already been enthroned as Co-
rex then such a period of mummification would not intervene between
regnal periods.
Amenhotep I. Year 26.

Ahmose I was succeeded by his son Amenhotep I.

From the Ebers Papyrus, Leo Dupuydt gives the Accession date for
Amenhotep I as Mesore day 9 (The function of the Ebers Calendar
Concordance page 81).

As ‘Amenophis’, he has been credited a reign of 20 years and 7 months

(JA 1:15).

A Sed Heb Festival occurred on Day 7 of month 11 which is Epiphi in year

2 of Amenhotep I. When Sirius was recorded in the 9th year of Amenhotep
I the date was Day 9 of Epiphi but not a Sed Heb observance. (FP p32).

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Khamudy 47 2-S-30 Sed Heb
Amenhotep I 2 3-S-7 Sed Heb
Amenhotep I 9 3-S-9 Over 7 years the Sirius sighting
moved forward 7 x 0.2422 (365.2422-
365) giving 1.6954 days rounded to 2
days. Not a Sed Heb date

Tuthmosis I. Year 47.

The succession after Amenhotep I was not by any offspring of his but by
Tuthmosis I.

His dated Coronation was on 21st Phamenoth. i.e 3-P-21. (JB Vol 2
Section 60 p25). He is often referred to as Thutmose I. Both Tuthmosis
and Thutmose derive from the Egyptian God Thoth.

A Sed Heb Festival was observed on 3-S-14 in the Pharaoh’s 12th Year.
This occurred 30 years after that of Amenhotep I.

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Amenhotep I 2 3-S-7 Sed Heb
Tuthmosis I 12 3-S-14 FP p32

Tuthmosis I (Tethmosis) is stated as having reigned for 25 years 4 months

(JA 1:15).

Queen Hatshepsut with Tuthmosis I. Year 72.

Queen Hatshepsut’s Coronation alongside Tuthmosis I occurred on 1-A-1

the First day of the New Year. (JB. Volume 2. Section 233 Pages 94,95).
Tuthmosis II was also crowned as Co-rex alongside Queen Hatshepsut and
Tuthmosis I in the same year. Before the year was out Tuthmosis I had
died and a period of mourning observed.

Tuthmosis II with Queen Hapshepsut. Year 75.

The Coronation of Tuthmosis II took place on 2-A-8 – the second month of

the first season (Akhet) on day 8. (JB. Volume 2. Section 120 Pages
48,49).

To this co-regency, Josephus gives 13 years for Tuthmosis II referring to

him as Chebron (JA 1:15). The same period is recorded for Chebron in the
Armenian version of Eusebius.

No Sed Heb Festival occurred during the reign of Tuthmosis II.

Queen Hatshepsut. Year 86.

After the death of Tuthmosis II, Queen Hatshepsut possibly ruled alone
for a few months until the Coronation of Tuthmosis III.

Queen Hatshepsut with Tuthmosis III. Year 86.

On 4th Pakhons (3-S-4) The Coronation of Tuthmosis III was celebrated.

(BB p 192).

A Sed Heb Festival was dated to year 16 of the Queen Hatshepsut era on
3-S-21 being year 3 of the co-rex era. (FP pages 32 and 85).

The period to the death of Queen Hatshepsut, under the name Amesses,
has been given a period of 21 years and 9 months (JA 1:15). In the
Africanus version of Manetho this is rounded to 22 years and taken to
include the sole regency after the death of Tuthmosis II.

Tuthmosis III. Year 107.

As Tuthmosis III had already been crowned, the period of mourning for
Hatshepsut would have occurred during his reign.

The sequence of Sed Heb Festivals continue on a regular 30 year basis

with the 7 day advance each time.

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Tuthmosis I 12 3-S-14 FP. Page 32
Hatshepsut = 16 3-S-21 FP. Pages 80 & 85
3 WH. Page 102
Hatshepsut +
Tuthmosis III
Tuthmosis III 33 3-S-28 JB Section 410 note. Page 177

The death of Tuthmosis III occurred on Phamenoth 30th. (BB p193). One
monument dates to the 54th year. The reign was just short of 54 years by
one month and three days from his Coronation on Pakhons 4 as co-rex to
Hatshepsut. The concurrent reign of 21 years and 9 months has already
been referred to. The length of Tuthmosis III’s reign by deduction is 32
years and 1 month. Josephus and Manetho incorrectly state 12 years 9
months and 12 years respectively.

Amenhotep II. Year 140

Amenhotep II had been appointed co-rex with Tuthmosis III. The period
of mourning would have been concurrent with the beginning of the reign
of Tuthmosis III.

Manetho records a rounded 26 years for his reign as Mispharmuthosis and

9 years for the succeeding Tuthmosis.

A minimum combination of 35 years for Amenhotep II and Tuthmosis IV,

has been suggested (JB p310 Section 830 Note ‘a’), given the unfinished
Lateran obelisk of Tuthmosis III for thirty-five years. The same conclusion
is drawn by Petrie (FP p153).

The astronomical sequence of Sed Heb Festivals continued through the

reigns of Amenhotep II and Amenhotep III after Tuthmosis III, firstly after
31 years then the regular 30 year basis advancing 7 days each time.

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Tuthmosis III 33 3-S-28 JB Section 410 note. Page 177
Amenhotep II 10 4-S-7 FP Page 32

Tuthmosis IV. Year 166.

Tuthmosis IV succeeded his father Amenhotep II and reigned for only 9

years and 8 months (JA 1:15 as Tethmosis). As is anticipated no Sed Heb
Festival occurred during his reign. Given his short reign the assumption is
made that during the reign of Tuthmosis IV his young son Amenhotep III
had not been appointed as co-rex. Accordingly a period of mourning of 70
days would not have been concurrent with Amenophis III and intervened
before his coronation.

Amenhotep II (Mephramuthosis) is stated as having reigned 25 years and

10 months (JA 1:15) which together with a reign for Tuthmosis IV
(Tethmosis) of 9 years and 8 months with the intervening 70 day period
of mourning amounts to 38 years 4 months.

Amenhotep III. Year 176.

The Coronation of Amenhotep III [Amenophis III] was supposedly

celebrated on 13th Epiphi. (FP p179.) This was derived from Ostrakon
5637 of the British Museum. Referring to the same Ostrakon a date of 2nd
Hathor is put forward as the anniversary of the coronation day for
‘Nibmare’ [taken as Amenhotep III] (JB Section 844 page 335). The first
campaign in his 5th year is found also on a memorial stone (BB p202),
agreeing with Ostrakon 5637. The text of Ostrakon 5637 about the
campaign by Hayes (WH p231) omits the opening reference to the
coronation date.

Monuments attest to a 36th year in the reign of Amenhotep III. From the
tomb of Kheruf “Year 36. Conducting the companions for presentation in
the (royal) presence at the third (hb-sd) [Sed Heb] jubilee of his majesty”
(JB Section 873 p351). Another entry refers to ”A stela of the year 36 in
Sarbut-el-Khadem in Sinai…“(JB Section 877 p352).

The Sed Heb Jubilee occurs again in a text from the sepulchral chamber of
lord Khamhat, “the taxing of the full Nile on the festival of the thirtieth
year”. (BB p212).

A jar found in a house adjoining the Middle Palace carried a label which
read “Year 38, The Five Epagomenal Days, the Birth(day) of Osiris…” (WH
p248). The birthday of Osiris is 361st day of the calendar year being
Mesore Day 30 +1 i.e. 4S30+1.

Accepting the 38th year label suggests a minimum reign of Amenhotep III
from 13th Epiphi to Mesore 30+1 of 37 years 1 month and 19 days. From
2nd Hathor the minimum reign to Mesore 30 + 1 is 37 years and 10
months.

Amenophis III [Amenophis] is stated as having reigned 30 years 10

months (JA 1:15). Comparing this with an overall reign of say 37 years
and 10 months gives a co-regency with his son Amenhotep IV of 7 years.

The length of reign for Amenophis III allows for two astronomical Sed Heb
festivals to be celebrated which is the safest criteria for chronological
analysis. Evidence of others for Amenhotep III imply a departure from
and addition to the set dates.

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Amenhotep II 10 4-S-7 FP p32
Amenhotep III 4 4-S-14 FP p32 Incorrectly attributed to
Amenhotep II

Amenhotep III 34 4-S-21 WH p245 for the year

Amenhotep III 36 A Pseudo-Sed Heb as his third.
JB Section 873 p351 for the year

Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) Year 207.

Amenhotep IV, the son of Amenhotep III, was made co-rex as a teenager.

The length of Akhenaten’s reign has been given as 36 years and 5 months
(JA 1:15 as ‘Orus’)
In the 3rd year of his reign, the 34th year of Amenhotep III, a Sed Heb
Festival was observed alongside his son’s 3rd year.

Rejecting the traditional Egyptian gods, Amenhotep IV instituted a

monotheistic system of belief. He changed his name to Akhenaten where
worship of Aten, depicted as the sun’s disc, became a new religion. He
then moved the capital of Egypt to El Amarna.

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Amenhotep III & 34 4-S-21 WH p245 for the year
Amenhotep IV co- 3 RHW p164
rex
Amenhotep III 36 A Pseudo-Sed Heb as his third.
JB Section 873 p351 for the year
Akhenaton 33 4-S-28 FP p32. Found in Tutankhamun’s
(Amenhotep IV) tomb

Queen Neferneferuaten. Year 244.

Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) had six daughters. They were Meryet-Aten,

Meket-Aten, Ankhes-en-pa-Aten, Nefer-nefru-Re, Neferneferuaten and
Sotep-en-Re. (DH pages156-157).

Akhenaten was succeeded by one of his surviving daughters “…Orus

(Akhenaten), for thirty-six years and five months; then came his daughter
Acencheres I (Neferneferuaten), for twelve years and one month; then
was her brother Rathotis (Smenkhkare), for nine years…” (JA 1:15).

Daughters of Akhenaten Note Refce

1 Meryet-Aten Married Smenkhkare JR p93
2 Meket-Aten Died as a child WH p296
3 Ankhes-en-pa-Aten Married Smenkhkare JR p93
after death of Meryet-
Aten
4 Neferneferuaten Succeeded Akhenaton JA 1:15
As Queen DH p156
5 Nefer-nefru-Re No marriage data or DH p156
cartouche to hand
6 Sotep-en-Re No marriage data or DH p156
cartouche to hand

No Sed Festival is recorded for Queen Neferneferuaten and nor would one
be expected.

At her death which occurred before any co-rex or marriage had fixed the
succession, her brother Smenkhkare became Pharaoh. The period for
embalming and mummification for burial is presumed to have lasted 70
days.

Smenkhkare Year 256.

The length of the reign of Smenkhkare (Rathotis) is given as 9 years (JA

1:15). Meryetaten bore the title ‘The Great King’s Wife.

As envisaged, no Sed Festival is recorded for Pharaoh Smenkhkare and

nor is one expected to have been celebrated.

On the death of Smenkhkare, his brother Tutankhaten became Pharaoh.

The expunging of any attachment to the Aten religion continued apace
and Tutankhaten changed his name to the now familiar Tutankhamun.

Tutankhamun Year 266.

After the short reign of Smenkhkare it is considered that the 70 day

period would have followed for his mummification and burial.

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Akhenaton 33 4-S-28 FP p32. Found in Tutankhamun’s
(Amenhotep IV) tomb
Tutankhamun 5 1-A-6 Imputed as 31 years after 33rd
Akhenaten

The reign of Tutankhamun (Acencheres II) is taken as only 12 years and 5

months. (JA 1:15). Yet the memory and understanding of his reign and
times is richly available.
With the discovery of his tomb and its treasures by Howard Carter in 1922
on first peering inside the tomb he recollects being asked “Can you see
anything?” it was all I could do to get out the words, “Yes, wonderful
things.” (CM p96)

Ay. Year 278.

Tutankhamun was not followed by any offspring of his and he was

succeeded by Ay who had held many offices at court. Again a period of 70
days is presumed to have followed the death of Tutankhamun before Ay
was crowned as Pharaoh.

As Acencheres III, Ay is stated to have been Pharaoh for 12 years and 3

months (JA 1:15).The Africanus version of Manetho with 12 years for
Acherres is very close (WW p113)

Horemheb. Year 291.

Horemheb became Pharaoh before the death of Ay by about 6 years. (BB

p236). Horemheb had been the Commander in Chief at the time of
Tutankhamun and Ay. A tomb had been prepared for him at the Saqqara
necropolis (GM p7). However when he became Pharaoh that tomb was not
used for him. He was buried in the Valley of the Kings and his tomb
(KV57) discovered in 1908.

The sole reign of Horemheb (Armais) only lasted 4 years and 1 month (JA
1.15). An El Amarna letter from the Hittite king Mursilis II addressed him
as Ar-ma-a. (Egypt and the Near East – the Crossroads. p147 (2011) Ed.
Jane Mynarova).

No Sed Heb Festival is recorded during his tenure and would not have
been expected.

Ramses I. Year 295.

The reign of Ramses I as co-rex with Horemheb was extremely brief.

Ramses I is recorded as having reigned 1 year and 4 months (JA 1.15 for
Ramesses). He named his son Seti as ‘follower of Set’. Ramses I was not
young at all when he died and Seti I a mature adult when he became co-
rex with Horemheb who outlived Ramses I.

Seti I. Year 296.

Seti I (Sethos), the son of Ramses I, took the throne as co-rex with
Horemheb. Seti I outlived Horemheb who had been Pharaoh for not less
than 21 years (BB p236). The earliest year for Seti I to reign alone would
be the year after, which is year 312.

Pharaoh Year Date Note

Tutankhamun 5 1-A-6 Imputed as 31 years after 33rd
Akhenaten
Seti I 4 1-A-13 Due but not recorded
Seti I 32 Phoenix Cycle not recorded
Seti I 35 1-A-20 Due but not recorded

To Seti I is credited the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall in the temple
at Karnak. (BB p243).

The length of the reign of Seti I is not straightforward. As well as the co-
rex situation with Horemheb there was a co-rex period with Ramses II
also. As a mature adult he was able to conduct vigorous campaigns early
in his reign and commission significant works.

Josephus after Ramasses (Ramses I) of 1 year and 4 months refers to

Armasses Miammoun (Ramses II) of 66 years and 2 months. (JA 1.15).
Separately, a reference is made of 59 years for Seti I (Sethos) before
Ramses II (Rhampses), his eldest son, for a reign of 66 years. (JA 1.26).
Manetho – Africanus version has 51 years, and Eusebius versions 55
years, for Sethos.

Briefly, a 59th year of the Era of Horemheb occurs during the reign of
Ramses II. (DM p209) which outdistances Seti I and negates the prospect
of 59 years for Seti I from Josephus.

An evident confusion is highlighted in the Eusebius Version of Manetho

where for Dynasty XVIII ‘Amenophis’ of 40 years follows Ramses II
(Ramasses) of 68 years (WW p117). Then in Dynasty XIX Ramses II
(Rampses) of 66 years precedes ‘Ammenepthis’ of 40 years (WW p157).
This duplication of 40 years with indistinct placing suggests that the 40
years is related to a misnamed Pharaoh. Manetho has already used
‘Amenophthis’ and ‘Ammenophis’ for Amenhotep I. Also ‘Amenophis’ for
Amenhotep III (WW p127). It is suggested that the 40 years relates to
Seti I. Another aspect is that Josephus in arriving at aggregate totals
could have under-recorded Tuthmosis III by 20 years as 12 years 9
months rather than 32 years 9 months and then compensated the reign
of Seti I from 39 years to 59 years. Accordingly a 39 year reign is
proposed for Seti I

Ramses II. Year 335.

Ramses II was the son of Seti I. A relief of the young Ramses lassoing a
bull with his father Seti I is depicted on a wall of the Seti I temple. (RHW
p147).

The long reign of Ramses II is stated as 66 years and 2 months (JA 1.15
for Armasses Miammoun). Manetho also gives his reign as 66 years and 2
months. His age at death has been estimated at around 92 implying a
sole reign at the age of 32 and probable co-rex with Seti I at the age of
18.

The autobiography of Beknekhonsu, High Priest of Amon, points to

excellent service to Ramses II after Seti I. (BB Volume 3 Section 560-565
page 235-6). He was chief of the training stable for Seti I (Menmare).
This would have been before his appointment as a priest. Later this was
followed by further appointments until he was High Priest of Amon for 27
years. When Ramses II was 18 then Beknekhonsu would have been 12.

Beknekhonsu Age Pharaoh Regnal year Age

Infancy 1-4 Seti I
sole- rex
Youth 5-11 Seti I
sole-rex
Youth 12-16 Seti I co-rex 18-22
Ramses II
Priest 17-19 Seti I co-rex 23-25
Ramses II
Priest 20 Ramses II 1 26
Divine father 21-32 Ramses II 2 to 13 27 to 38
Third prophet 33-47 Ramses II 14 to 28 39 to 53
Second prophet 48-59 Ramses II 29 to 40 54 to 65
High Priest 60-86 Ramses II 41 to 67 66 to 92

Ramses II abandoned the astronomical observance of Sed Heb Festivals

and his first was chosen to celebrate his 30 years as Pharaoh of Egypt.
Calendar changes were made during his reign which obfuscate the correct
dating for the heliacal rising of Sirius for Sed Heb Festivals.

Pharaoh Year Jubilee Note (JB Volume 3 Section and

page number)
Ramses II 30 First 30th year of Ramses II sole reign. Not
the astronomical sighting (JB 556
p233) Gebel Silsileh Inscription
Ramses II 33/34 Second JB 556 p233 Gebel Silsileh
Ramses II 36/37 Third JB 556 p233 Gebel Silsileh
Ramses II 40 Fourth JB 556 p233 Gebel Silsileh
Ramses II 41/42 Fifth JB 558 p233 El Kab Inscription
JB 559 p234 Gebel Silsileh Inscription
Ramses II 44 Sixth JB 560 p234 Gebel Silsileh
Ramses II 47? Seventh JB 550 p231
Ramses II 50? Eighth JB 550 p231
Ramses II 53? Ninth JB 550 p231, WH p245

Ramses II Year 400.

In the 66th year of Ramses II, a Stela was commissioned in the 400th year
from the start of Dynasty XVIII under the reign of Ahmose I. The
dedicatory text is baffling. Menmare was not the grandfather. Seti I
Merneptah I was also known as Menmaetre (DH p292). The grandfather
of Ramses II was Ramses I (Menpehtire) (DH p291).

From the above review it is suggested that the beginning of Dynasty XVIII
under Ahmose I was the year to which the Stela refers.

Riccardo G Barnes

References

AG Egypt of the Pharaohs. Sir Alan Gardiner (1961)

AW Life and Times of Akhnaton. Arthur Weigall. (1922)
BB Egypt under the Pharaohs (1891) Brugsch-Bey
CM The Tomb of Tutankhamen (1923) Howard Carter and A C Mace
DH The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2004) Aidan
Dodson/Dyan Hilton
DM A scheme of Egyptian Chronology. Duncan Macnaughton (1932)
FP A History of Egypt. Volume 2 (1901) Flinders Petrie
GM The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb – The Commander in Chief of
Tutanhkamun -I The Reliefs, Inscriptions , and Commentary (1989)
Geoffrey Thorndike Martin
JA Against Apion. Flavius Josephus. Published by Thomas Nelson 1998.
JB Ancient Records of Egypt Volumes 1-5 (1962) James Henry Breasted
JR The Sons of Re. John Rose (1985)
RH Ancient Egypt – Kingdom of the Pharaohs R Hamilton (2005)
RHW The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt (2000) Richard H Wilkinson
RW The Complete Valley of the Kings. Reeves & Wilkinson (1996)
WH The Scepter of Egypt. Part II. The Hyksos Period and the New
Kingdom (1959) William C Hayes
WW Manetho. W G Waddell (1964)