Ansys Maxwell Getting Started

Module 02: Quasitatic Solvers

Release 2020R2

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 Overview

• Eddy current solver

• Electrostatic solver
• AC Conduction and DC conduction solvers
• Workshop 2.1: 2D Eddy Current Analysis
• Workshop 2.2: 2D Electrostatic Analysis
• Workshop 2.3: 3D Eddy Current Analysis
• Workshop 2.4: 3D Electrostatic Analysis

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 Overall Process
Quasi Static
(QS) Solvers
Module 2

Basics
Module 1 Module 3

Post-processing
and parametric
Module 4

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Eddy Current Solver
 Eddy Current Solver

• Eddy Current Solver

− Eddy current solver computes steady-state, sinusoidal (AC) magnetic fields at a given frequency
− The frequency domain solution assumes frequency to be same throughout the domain
− 3D Eddy Current Solver solves for partial displacement currents
− The AC source can be peak value of sinusoidal AC currents and voltages, time-varying AC external magnetic
fields represented by external boundary conditions as well as an external circuit
− Eddy Current solver utilizes the adaptive mesh refinement technique
• Eddy Current Equations
− Following equations are solved with Eddy Current solver

1
𝛻× ഥ 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦
∙ 𝛻×𝑨 ഥ 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝛻Φ
= 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀 −𝑗𝜔 𝑨
1 𝜇0 𝜇ҧ𝑟
𝛻× ഥ
∙ 𝛻×𝑯 ഥ
= 𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝜇ҧ 𝑟 𝑯
𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀
1
𝛻× ഥ 𝜑 𝑟, 𝑧
∙ 𝛻×𝑨 ഥ 𝜑 𝑟, 𝑧 − 𝛻Φ
= 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀 −𝑗𝜔 𝑨
𝜇0 𝜇ҧ𝑟
Maxwell 3D Maxwell 2D
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 Selecting the Eddy Current Solver

• Selecting the Eddy Current Solver

‐ By default, any newly created design will be set as a Magnetostatic problem
‐ Specify Eddy Current Solver by selecting the menu item Maxwell 2D/3D → Solution Type
‐ In Solution type window, select Magnetic→ Eddy Current and press OK

Maxwell 3D Maxwell 2D
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 Material Definitions

• Eddy Current Material Properties

‐ Relative Permittivity:
• Relative Permittivity mostly affects calculation of dielectric losses when dielectric loss tangent is set. Simple or
Anisotropic
‐ Relative Permeability :
• Relative Permeability can be Simple or Anisotropic. Nonlinear permeability is supported by obtaining a
linearized permeability from non-linear B-H curve. Solution is still assumed to be sinusoidal
‐ Bulk Conductivity:
• Used in determining the current distribution and eddy currents in
conductor materials. Simple or Anisotropic
‐ Dielectric Loss Tangent:
• Defines the ratio of imaginary and real permittivities. Simple or
Anisotropic
‐ Magnetic Loss Tangent:
• Defines the ratio of imaginary and real permeabilities. Simple or
Anisotropic

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 Material Definitions

• Eddy Current Material Properties

‐ Core Loss Type
• Core Loss Type can be either Electrical Steel or Power ferrite
• Core Loss Coefficients will change according to selected Core Loss type

‐ Core Loss Coefficient Calculations

• Maxwell provides tools to evaluate core loss coefficients based on core loss data provided by users
• Users can select tab at the bottom of View/Edit Material window and select the option “Calculate Properties
for”

For Electrical Steel For Power Ferrites

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 Material Definitions
• Eddy Current Material Properties
– Core Loss at One Frequency:
• The option Calculate Properties for “Core Loss at One Frequency” enables to input B-P Curve for a defined
frequency. This option is available only for Electrical Steel
• Using specified B-P Curve, K1 and K2 coefficients are obtained by minimizing quadratic form
Where i represents each point of defined B-P Curve

• Eddy Current coefficient, Kc is evaluated as

• Where σ is the conductivity and d is the thickness of one

lamination sheet
• Hysteresis Loss coefficient (Kh) and Excessive Loss
Coefficient (Ke) are evaluated from K1, K2 and Kc

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 Material Definitions

• Eddy Current Material Properties

‐ Core Loss versus Frequency:
• Selecting the option Calculate Properties for “Core Loss versus Frequency” enables to input B-P Curve for
multiple frequency values
• For Electrical Steel Kh, Kc and Ke are obtained by minimizing quadratic form

Where, m is number of curves added and ni is

number of points defined in ith curve

• For Power Ferrites Cm, x and y are obtained by minimizing

quadratic form

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 Boundary Conditions

• Boundary Types
‐ All BCs present in Magnetostatic are also valid for Eddy Current Solver
‐ In addition, two further boundaries can be defined

‐ Impedance Boundary (2D & 3D):

• Allows to simulate eddy effects without explicitly solving and meshing for the
skin depth
Surface Loss Density on
• Equivalent calculations are done on surface elements of the conductor without
any computation for internal conductor region Impedance Boundary
• Recommended to be used when skin depth is two orders of magnitude smaller
than conductor thickness

‐ Radiation Boundary (3D):

• To simulate fields radiating infinitely far into space
• Only used for antenna simulations with Displacement Current calculation on
the Region Poynting Vectors on
• The system absorbs the field at the radiation boundary, essentially ballooning Radiation Boundary
the boundary infinitely far away from the source
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 Excitations

• Excitations
‐ Eddy Current solver allows four types of excitations:
‐ Current
• Defines total peak current (Amp-turns) and phase
• Can be assigned to the conductor faces lying on simulation domain boundaries or
conductor sections with a closed conduction path.
• Conductor can be defined as Solid or Stranded
• Eddy effects are not computed for stranded conductors
‐ Current Density
• Current density and phase throughout a conductor, defined using X,Y and Z
components of selected CS
• In 3D should be accompanied with Current Density Terminal definition
‐ Parallel Current (2D only)
• Used to define total AC current in a parallel conduction path consisting of at least
two conductors
• For Solid conductors, current split includes also eddy effects
• For Stranded conductors, current split is based on relative areas of selected
conductors
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 Excitations

• Winding
‐ Winding definitions determine how the coils are connected
together and the type of source (Voltage, Current, External Circuit)
‐ Winding can be added from menu item Maxwell 2D/3D→
Excitations → Add Winding
‐ A winding can be Solid or Stranded: Stranded winding does not
compute Eddy Current in conduction path
‐ All the coils belonging to one winding are in-series connected
‐ Maxwell allows users to define three types of windings

• Current Type
‐ Defines specified current through the conduction path

• Voltage Type
‐ Defines Specified voltage across the coil terminals
‐ Voltage definition along with Resistance and Inductance definition
is used to evaluate current flowing through the winding

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 Excitations

• External
‐ External winding enables to assign excitations from either the Maxwell Circuit Editor,
or Simplorer (see Maxwell 2D/3D → Design Settings)
‐ Select menu Maxwell 2D/3D → Excitations → External Circuit → Edit External
Circuit, click on Edit Circuit to launch the Maxwell Circuit Editor
‐ Name of the winding representing Conduction path in circuit schematic should be
same as Name defined in Maxwell

Export Netlist

Import Netlist from Maxwell 3D/2D → External Circuit

Maxwell Circuit Editor
→ Edit External Circuit
• Add Coil Terminals to Winding
‐ To completely define the excitations, Coil terminals are added to the Winding
definition
‐ Right Click on Windings in Project Manager window and select Assign Coil Terminals

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 Excitations

• Setting Eddy Effects (Calculating Eddy Currents)

‐ Eddy Effects can be set from Project Manager RMB on Excitations → Set Eddy Effects
‐ Induced eddy (2D/3D) and displacement (only 3D) current calculations can be enabled or disabled for an object

Maxwell 3D Maxwell 2D

• Setting Core Loss (only 3D)

‐ Core Loss calculations can be set from Project Manager RMB on
Excitations → Set Core Loss
‐ If Core Loss is enabled for an object, Eddy effects should be disabled for
that object since the Core loss calculation already includes Eddy losses
‐ Core Loss properties must be defined for the material as discussed earlier

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 Parameters

• Parameters
‐ All the parameters available in Magnetostatic Solver are also available in Eddy Current Solver
‐ Parameters can be added through menu item Maxwell 3D/2D → Parameters → Assign

− Force: − Torque:
• Calculates force acting on selected objects • Calculates torque on selected objects
• Can be Virtual or Lorentz • Can be Virtual or Lorentz
• Lorentz can not be used for magnetic materials • The torque acting axis and direction must be set

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 Parameters

• Matrix:
‐ Calculates Inductance and Resistance matrix
‐ Once assigned by using the Include checkboxes, Matrix allows additional connections,
both “in Series” and “in Parallel” for further post-processing

Final
configuration

Join in Series Join in Parallel

example example
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 Analysis Setup

• Solution Setup
‐ A Solution Setup can be added from Project Manager RMB on Analysis → Add Solution Setup
‐ Options on the General and Convergence tab are the same as for Magnetostatic solver
‐ Solver Tab
• Adaptive Frequency: sets the frequency at which the mesh is constructed and
adapted, and at which solution is obtained
• Enable Iterative Solve (only for 3D designs): Enables ICCG solvers (Direct is the
default)
• Use higher order shape functions (only for 3D designs): enables higher order
option to gain better accuracy
• Import Mesh: initial mesh is imported from another solution – that solution
must have the exact same geometry as the current one
‐ Frequency Sweep Tab
• Sweep Setup (Type, Start, Stop, Step): Enables to define frequency sweep
range and values
• Save Fields: Saves the fields for defined swept frequencies
• Add to List >>: activate frequency sweep

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 Solution Process

• Eddy Current Solution Process Initial Setup

‐ Like the Magnetostatic Solver, the solution process in the Eddy
Current solver is automated as shown in diagram Adaptive Solution
‐ A Solution process can be launched from Project Manager window
RMB on Setup1 → Analyze Solution Convergence ?
Yes No
Converged or Refine Mesh
Number of Passes

Stop Field Solution

Calculate Parameters

Frequency Sweep?
Yes
No
Done

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 Electrostatic Solver

20
 Electrostatic Solver

• Electrostatic Solver
‐ The Electrostatic solver solves for the static electric fields resulting from stationary charge distribution or applied
potentials
‐ Electric Field (E) and Electric Flux Density (D) are calculated from the scalar potential (ø)
‐ All fields inside conductors are assumed to be perfect and equipotential in an electrostatic equilibrium (no
current flow), therefore Joule losses are zero everywhere
‐ The Electrostatic solver utilizes the automatic adaptive mesh refinement technique
• Electrostatic Equations
‐ Following equations are solved with Electrostatic solver

𝛁 ∙ 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 𝛁𝚽 𝒙, 𝒚 = −𝝆 Cartesian XY
𝛁 ∙ 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 𝛁𝚽 = −𝝆𝒗
𝜵 ∙ 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 𝛁𝚽 𝒓, 𝒛 = −𝝆 Cylindrical
about Z
Maxwell 3D Maxwell 2D

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 Selecting the Electrostatic Solver

• Selecting the Electrostatic Solver

‐ By default, any newly created design will be set as a Magnetostatic problem
‐ Specify the Electrostatic solver by selecting the menu item Maxwell 2D/3D → Solution Type
‐ In Solution type window, select Electric → Electrostatic and press OK

Maxwell 3D Maxwell 2D
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 Material Definition

• Electrostatic Material Properties

‐ In aN Electrostatic simulation, the following parameters may be defined for a material:
‐ Relative Permittivity
• Relative permittivity ɛr determines the electric field solution and can be Simple, Nonlinear or Anisotropic

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 Material Definition

• Electrostatic Material Properties (continued)

‐ Bulk Conductivity
• Defines whether an object is a conductor (treated as a perfect conductor) or an insulator.
• This classification is determined by the insulator/conductor material threshold setting defined under
Maxwell 3D/2D → Design Settings → Material Thresholds
• Can be Simple or Anisotropic

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 Boundary Conditions (BC)

• Assigning Boundary Conditions in 3D

‐ Boundary Conditions define behavior of electric field at the interfaces or the edges of the problem region
‐ A BC can be assigned to a face from menu item Maxwell 3D → Boundaries → Assign
• Boundary Types (3D)
‐ Default (No Boundary Assigned): When no boundary is specified for a surface following two treatments are
assigned based on the surface position
• Natural: on interfaces between objects. D-Field Normal component at the interface changes by the amount of
surface charge density on the boundary
• Neumann: For exterior boundaries of solution domain. E Field is tangential to the boundary and flux cannot
cross it
‐ Insulating:
• E Field can be discontinuous across the insulating boundary
• Can be used to model thin layer of insulation by specifying
Permittivity for the layer

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 Boundary Conditions (BC)

• Boundary Types (2D & 3D):

‐ Master/Slave
• Enables to model only one period of a periodic structure, reducing design size.
• Magnetic fields at Master and Slave boundaries match each other
‐ Symmetry Boundary
• Enables to model only part of a structure, reducing design size and solution time.
• Applied to external boundaries of domain.

• Boundary Types(2D)

‐ Balloon (two types):

• Voltage: voltage is zero at infinity
• Charge: the charge at infinity matches the charge in
solution region, forcing net charge to be zero

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 Excitations

• Assigning Excitations
‐ Excitations can be assigned from RMB on Excitations → Assign
• Voltage:
▪ Assigns DC voltage on selected entity
▪ Can be assigned to an Object or a Face (Edge in 2D) of an Object
• Charge:
▪ Assigns total Charge on selected entity
▪ Can be assigned to an Object or a Face (Edge in 2D) of an Object
• Floating:
▪ Used to model conductors of unknown potential
▪ Can be assigned to an Object or a Face (Edge in 2D) of an Object
• Charge Density:
▪ Assigns Charge Density on Selected object
▪ In 2D, charge density can be surface charge density (assigned to objects) or
line charge density (assigned to edges)
▪ In 3D, only volume charge density can be assigned

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 Parameters

• Parameters
‐ Three parameters can be assigned for magnetostatic solver: Force, Torque, Capacitance Matrix
‐ Parameters can be added through Maxwell 3D/2D → Parameters → Assign

− Force: − Torque:
• Calculates force acting on • Calculates torque on
selected objects selected objects
• Can be Virtual or Lorentz • Can be Virtual or Lorentz
• Lorentz can not be used for • The torque acting axis and
magnetic materials direction must be set

− Matrix:
• Calculates Capacitance matrix
• Matrix results can be seen under Results →
Solution Data

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 Analysis Setup

• Solution Setup
‐ A Solution Setup can be added from the menu Maxwell 3D/2D → Analysis Setup → Add Solution Setup
‐ Options on General and Convergence tab are the same as for Magnetostatic solver
‐ Solver Tab
• Enable Iterative Solve (only for 3D designs): Enables ICCG solvers (Direct is the default).
• Import Mesh: Allows the initial mesh to be imported from another solution – the linked solution must have
the exact same geometry as the current simulation. Setup link must be set

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 Solution Process

• Electrostatic Solution Process Initial Setup

‐ Like the other QS Solvers, the solution process in the
Electrostatic solver is automated as shown in diagram Adaptive Solution
‐ A Solution process can be launched from Project Manager
window RMB on Setup1 → Analyze Field Solution

Force/Torque Calculation

Solution Convergence ?
Yes No
Refine Mesh
Converged or Number of
Passes

Stop Field Solution

Calculate Parameters
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 DC Conduction Solver

31
 DC Conduction Solver

• DC Conduction Solver
‐ The DC Conduction solver solves for the DC Currents resulting in conductors
‐ The quantity solved is the electric scalar potential (F )
‐ Current density (J) and Electric Field (E) are automatically calculated from the electric scalar potential (F )
‐ All fields outside the conductors are not calculated – permittivity is irrelevant in this calculation
‐ The DC Conduction solver can be coupled with Electrostatic solver to solve for electric field in Insulators
• DC Conduction Equations
‐ Following equations are solved with DC Conduction solver

𝐽 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝜎𝐸 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝜎𝛻Φ 𝑥, 𝑦 Cartesian XY
𝛻 ∙ 𝜎𝛻Φ = 0
𝐽 𝑟, 𝑧 = 𝜎𝐸 𝑟, 𝑧 = −𝜎𝛻Φ 𝑟, 𝑧 Cylindrical about Z

Maxwell 3D Maxwell 2D

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 Selecting DC Conduction solver

• Selecting DC Conduction Solver

‐ Specify the DC Conduction Solver by selecting the menu item Maxwell 2D/3D → Solution Type
‐ In Solution Type window, select Electric > DC Conduction and press OK
‐ Enabling the option “Include Insulator Field” will couple the DC Conduction solver with the Electrostatic solver

Maxwell 3D Maxwell 2D
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 DC Conduction Setup

• Material Properties
‐ Material properties for the DC Conduction solver are the same as for
the Electrostatic solver
‐ It is worth to highlight that in DC Conduction the conductivity is tied
directly to the Conductivity Threshold, determining what objects are
conductors (current carrying) vs. Insulators (not current carrying)
‐ Relative permittivity does not affect DC conduction results but is
required if insulator fields are included
• Boundary Conditions
‐ All the boundary conditions available in the Electrostatic Solver are also
valid for the DC Conduction Solver
‐ In 2D, a Resistance Boundary can also be defined:
• It models a very thin layer of resistive material on a conductor at
known potential
• Can be assigned only to the boundary edges of solution domain

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 Excitations

• Excitations
‐ Excitations can be assigned from RMB on Excitations → Assign
• Voltage (2D &3D)
▪ Assigns potential at different terminals (Faces in 3D, Edges in 2D) of a conductor
▪ If assigned to an Object, that object will be considered equipotential and current
will flow in/out of the object’s boundaries
‐ Current (3D Only)
• Assigns total current through conductor cross section
• Can be assigned to a Face of an Object
• Sink should be defined along with Current Excitation
‐ Sink (3D Only)
• Requires to be defined along with Current Excitation
• Ensures total current flowing "into" and "out of" the model is 0

Note: When Insulator Field is included, all excitations discussed in Electrostatic solver
are available with DC conduction solver as well

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 Solution Process

• Analysis Setup Initial Setup

‐ All the options in the Solve Setup window are the same as
in the Electrostatic Solver Adaptive Solution
‐ A Solution process can be launched from Project Manager
window RMB on Setup1 → Analyze
Field Solution

Solution Convergence ?
Yes No
Refine Mesh
Converged or Number
of Passes

Stop Field Solution

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 AC Conduction Solver

37
 AC Conduction Solver

• AC Conduction Solver
‐ The AC Conduction Solver simulates conduction currents due to sinusoidal time-varying periodic electric fields in
conductors and dielectrics
‐ The frequency domain solver assumes all sources to be sinusoidal at the same frequency
‐ This Solver is available only in Maxwell 2D
‐ Following equation is solved with AC conduction solver

𝛻 ∙ 𝜎𝐸 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀𝛻Φ 𝑥, 𝑦 =0

• Selecting the AC Conduction Solver

‐ Specify the AC Conduction Solver through Maxwell 2D → Solution Type
‐ In the Solution type window, select Electric → AC Conduction and press OK

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 AC Conduction Setup

• Material Properties
‐ Material properties required for AC Conduction Solver are the same as for Electrostatic Solver.
• Boundary Conditions
‐ 3 types of boundaries - Master/Slave, Symmetry and Balloon - same as for Electrostatic Solver
• Excitations
‐ Voltage:
• Assigns potential at different terminals (edges) of a conductor
• If assigned to an Object, that object will be considered equi-potential and
current will flow in/out of the object’s boundaries to other conductors.
• AC voltage is specified using Magnitude and Phase
• Parameters
‐ Matrix:
• Calculates Admittance and Capacitance, Conductance matrix
• Matrix values can be seen in the Results → Solution Data

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 Analysis Setup

• Solution Setup
‐ A Solution Setup can be added from the menu Maxwell 2D → Analysis Setup → Add Solution Setup
‐ Options on General and Convergence tab are the same as for Electrostatic Solver
‐ Solver Tab
• Adaptive Frequency: sets the frequency at which the mesh is constructed
and adapted, and at which solution is obtained
• Import Mesh: initial mesh is imported from another solution – that solution
must have the exact same geometry as the current one
‐ Frequency Sweep Tab
• Sweep Setup (Type, Start, Stop, Step): Enables to define frequency sweep
range and values
• Save Fields: Saves the fields for defined swept frequencies
• Add to List >>: activate frequency sweep

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 Summary

What have we learned in this lecture?

• Eddy current solver
• Material Properties
• Electrostatic solver
• DC Conduction Solver
• AC Conduction Solver

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 Workshop 2.1 – 2D Eddy Current analysis

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 Workshop 2.2 – 2D Electrostatic analysis

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 Workshop 2.3 – 3D Eddy Current analysis

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 Workshop 2.4 – 3D Electrostatic analysis

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End of Presentation