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Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of
Electric Circuits
Chapter 16
Applications of the
Laplace Transform
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Application of the Laplace Transform

Chapter 16

16.1 Circuit Element Models

16.2 Circuit Analysis
16.3 Transfer Functions

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (1)

Steps in Applying the Laplace Transform:
1. Transform the circuit from the time domain
to the s-domain
2. Solve the circuit using nodal analysis, mesh
analysis, source transformation,
superposition, or any circuit analysis
technique with which we are familiar
3. Take the inverse transform of the solution
and thus obtain the solution in the time
domain.

Circuit Element models

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Circuit Element models

16.1 Circuit Element Models (2)

Assume zero initial condition for
the inductor and capacitor,
Resistor : V(s)=RI(s)
Inductor: V(s)=sLI(s)
Capacitor: V(s) = I(s)/sC
The impedance in the s-domain is
defined as Z(s) = V(s)/I(s)

The admittance in the s-domain

is defined as Y(s) = I(s)/V(s)

Time-domain and s-domain representations of

passive elements under zero initial conditions.
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16.1 Circuit Element Models (3)

Example 1:
Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below, assuming zero initial
conditions.

16.1 Circuit Element Models (4)

Solution:
Transform the circuit from the time domain to
the s-domain, we have

1
u (t ) 
s
1H  sL  s
1 1 3
F  
3 sC s

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (5)

Solution:
Apply mesh analysis, on solving for V0(t)

1  3 3
Mesh 1   1   I1  I 2
s  s 2
3  3 1
Mesh 2  0   I1   s  5   I 2  I1   s 2  5s  3 I 2
s  s 3
1  31 2 3
  1    s  5s  3 I 2  I 2 9
s  s3 s

16.1 Circuit Element Models (5)

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3  ( s 3  8s 2  18s ) I 2  I 2 
s  8s 2  18s
3

3 3 2
Vo ( s )  sI 2  
s 2  8s  18
 2
2
2 ( s  4) 
2

3 4t
vo (t )  e sin 2t V
2

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16.1 Problem 16.1

Determine V0(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16.6 assuming

zero initial conditions.

20(1  e 2t  2te2 t )u (t ) V

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (6)

Example 16.2
Determine v0(t) assume vo (0)  5V  Cvo (0)  0.1(5)

10 / ( s  1)  Vo V V
 2  0.5  o  o
10 10 10 / s
1 2V 5V 1
or  2.5  o  o  Vo ( s  2) 12
s 1 10 10 10

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (6)

Multiplying through by 10
10 25s  35 A B
 25  Vo ( s  2) or  
s 1 ( s  1)( s  2) s  1 s  2

A  10, B  15 10 15
Vo ( s )  
s 1 s  2

vo (t )  (10e t  15e 2 t )u (t ) V

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (6)

Problem 16.2 Determine v0(t) assume iL (0)  0

vo (t )   24e 2t  4e  t /3  u (t ) V

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (8)

Example 16.3
The switch shown below has been in position b for a long
time. It is moved to position a at t=0. Determine i(t) for t
> 0.

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (8)

Example 16.3 (2)
Voltage source for initial condition Li (0)  LI 0

Vo
I ( s )( R  sL)  LI 0  0
s
LI o Vo Io Vo / L
or I ( s )    
R  sL s  R  sL  s  R / L s  s  R / L 
Io V /R Vo / R
I (s)   o 
sR/L s  s  R / L

 V  V
i (t )   I o  o  e  t /  o
 R R
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16.1 Circuit Element Models (8)

Example 16.3 (3)

 sI o V / L  Vo
lim sI ( s )  lim   o 
s 0 s  R / L sR/L R
s 0


Vo
i (t )  I 0 e  t / 
R
1  e  t / 

If the initial condition I0  0

Vo
i (t ) 
R
1  e  t / 

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16.1 Circuit Element Models (8)

Problem 16.3
The switch shown below has been in position b
for a long time. It is moved to position a at t=0.
Determine v(t) for t > 0.

Ans : v(t )  (V0  I 0 R)e t /  I 0 R, t  0, where   RC

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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook

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16.2 Circuit Analysis (1)

• Circuit analysis is relatively easy to do in the s-

domain.
•By transforming a complicated set of mathematical
relationships in the time domain into the s-domain
where we convert operators (derivatives and
integrals) into simple multipliers of s and 1/s.
•This allow us to use algebra to set up and solve
the circuit equations.
•In this case, all the circuit theorems and
relationships developed for dc circuits are perfectly
valid in the s-domain.

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16.2 Circuit Analysis (2)

Example 16.4
Consider the circuit below.
Find the value of the
voltage across the capacitor
assuming that the value of
vs(t)=10u(t) V and assume
that at t=0, -1A flows
through the inductor and
+5 is across the capacitor.

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16.2 Circuit Analysis (4)

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16.3 Transfer Functions (1)

• The transfer function H(s) is the ratio of the

output response Y(s) to the input response X(s),
assuming all the initial conditions are zero.
Y ( s)
H ( s) 
X (s) , h(t) is the impulse response function.

• Four types of gain:

1. H(s) = voltage gain = V0(s)/Vi(s)
2. H(s) = Current gain = I0(s)/Ii(s)
3. H(s) = Impedance = V(s)/I(s)
4. H(s) = Admittance = I(s)/V(s)
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16.3 Transfer Function (2)

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16.3 Transfer Function (3)

Example 8:
The transfer function of a linear system is

2s
H (s) 
s6

Find the output y(t) due to the input e-3tu(t) and

its impulse response.

Ans :  2e 3t  4e 6t , t  0; 2 (t) - 12e -6t u (t )

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 30

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