A d m i n i s t r a t i v e

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COURSE  OUTLINE  FOR  MIDTERM  EXAMINATIONS  

Election Law
Part I
The Essentials
Election, defined.
Garchitorena v Crescini, 39 Phil. 258 (1918)
Election, purpose.
Lino Luna v Rodriguez, 39 Phil. 208, 1918
Election laws, purpose.
Rulloda v Comelec, G.R. No. 154198, January 20, 2003
Election laws, construction.
Frivaldo v Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)
Election, classified.
Regular election.
SK election is not a regular election.
Paras v Comelec, 264 SCRA 49 (1996)
Sec. 4, Chap. II, R.A. 10742
Special election to fill out vacancy.
Special election after failure of election.
Lucero v Comelec, 234 SCRA 280 (1994)
Systems of election.
Manual system of election.
B.P. 881 or the Omnibus Election Code
Automated system of election.
R.A. 8436 as amended by R.A. 9369
Constitutional basis for election.
1987 Constitution, Article II, Section 1
Elective officials, enumerated.
1987 Constitution
Article VII, Sections 1 & 3
Article VI, Section 2 & 5(1) & (2)
Article X, Sections 1, 15, 18 & 19
R.A. 11054 or the Organic Act for BARMM
Sula v. Comelec, G.R. No. 244587, Jan. 10, 2023
Province of Sulu v. Executive Secretary; Philconsa v. Senate; Dimaporo v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 242255, 243246 & 243693
R.A. 6766 or the Organic Act for CAR
Ordillo v Comelec, 192 SCRA 100 (1992)
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Local Government Code of 1991, Section 39
Comelec Res. No. 9982, Aug. 18, 2015, as amended by
Comelec Res. No. 9986, Sept. 10, 2015, as amended by
Comelec Res. No. 10002, Oct. 13, 2015
President, how elected, term of office and term limit.
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 4(1)
Presidential term limit.
Comelec Resolution, Jan. 20, 2010, 2nd Division
Pormento v Estrada, G.R. No. 191988, August 31, 2010
President, qualifications.
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 2; Article IV, Section 1(3) & 2
Natural-born Filipino, defined.
Fornier v Comelec, G.R. No. 161824, March 3, 2004
Foundling as natural-born.
Poe v Comelec, G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
Residence, defined.
Marcos v Comelec, G.R. No. 119976, Sept. 18, 1995
Residence, evidence of.
Domino v Comelec, 310 SCRA 546 (1999)
Residence of spouses.
Ilusorio v. Ilusorio-Bildner, G.R. Nos. 139789 & 139808, May 12, 2000 [Per J. Pardo, First Division]
Period of residence.
Poe v Comelec, G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
Villamor v. Comelec, G.R. No. 250370, Oct. 5, 2021
Residence requirement, rationale.
Torayno v Comelec, 337 SCRA 574
Property qualification.
Maquera v Borra, G.R. No. L-24761, Aurea v Comelec, Sept. 7, 1965
Vice-President, how elected, term of office and term limit.
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 4
Presidential succession, in case of vacancy at the start of term.
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 7
President-elect and President, distinguished.
Topacio v. Paredes, G.R. No. L-8069, Oct. 7, 1912
Presidential succession, in case of vacancy on mid-term.
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 8
Inability of the President.
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 11
Estrada v Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001
Resignation of the President.
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Estrada v Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001
Vacancy in the office of the Vice-President, how filled.
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 9
Estrada v Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001
Vacancy in both the presidency and vice-presidency, how filled.
1987 Constitution
Article VII, Section 10, Article VI, Section 25(4)
Omnibus Election Code, Article II, Section 14
Senators, number, how elected, term of office & term limit.
1987 Constitution
Article VI, Section 2
Article XVIII, Section 2(1) & 2
Tolentino v Comelec, G.R. No. 148334, January 21, 2004
Article VI, Section 4
Senator, qualifications.
1987 Constitution, Article VI, Section 3
Pimentel v Comelec, G.R. No. 161658, November 3, 2008
Members of the House of Representatives, number, how elected, term of office and term limit.
1987 Constitution, Art. VI, Sec. 5(1), (2)&(4), Sec.7
Omnibus Election Code, Article III, Section 24
Number of party-list.
Veterans Federation Party v Comelec, 342 SCRA 244
BANAT v Comelec, G.R. No. 179271, July 8, 2009
Bayan Muna v Comelec, G.R. No. 179295, April 21, 2009
Vacancy in party-list seat vs. party-list nominee.
Substitution of nominees.
Duterte Youth Party-List v. Comelec, G.R. No. 261123, Aug. 20, 2024 [Per J. Rosario, En Banc]
Term of office and limit, date of election, start and end of term.
Term limit, purpose of.
Borja v Comelec, G.R. No. 133495, Sept. 3, 1998
Latasa v Comelec, G.R. No. 154829, Dec. 10, 2003
Succession, effect on term continuity.
Borja v Comelec, G.R. No. 133495, Sept. 3, 1998
Montebon v Comelec, G.R. No. 180444, April 9, 2008
Preventive suspension, effect on term continuity.
Aldovino v Comelec, 184836, December 23, 2009
Dismissal and subsequent reinstatement within same term, effect on term continuity.
Tallado v. Comelec, G.R. No. 246679, Sept. 10, 2019
Disqualification prior to term end, effect of.
Lonzanida v Comelec, G.R. No. 135150, July 28, 1999
Disqualification after term end, effect of.
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Ong v Alegre, G.R. No. 163295, January 23, 2006
Rivera v Comelec, G.R. No. 167591, May 9, 2007
Recall, effect on three-term disqualification.
Adormeo v Comelec, 426 Phil. 472 (2002)
Socrates v Comelec, 440 Phil. 106 (2002)
Mendoza v Comelec, G.R. No. 149736, Dec. 17, 2002
Conversion of municipality to city, effect of.
Latasa v Comelec, G.R. No. 154829, Dec. 10, 2003
Halili v Comelec, G.R. No. 231643, Jan. 15, 2019
Merger and conversion of municipalities to a city effect of.
Laceda Sr. v. Limena, 592 Phil. 340 (2008)
Election protest, effects of.
Abundo v Comelec, GR No. 201716, January 8, 2013
Special elections, effects of.
Adormeo v. Comelec G.R. No. 147927, Feb. 4, 2002 [Per J. Quisumbing, En Banc]
Members of the House of Representatives, qualifications.
1987 Constitution, Article VI, Section 1
Party-List Representatives or Nominees, qualifications.
1987 Constitution, Article VI, Section 5(2), Article IX(C), Section 8
R.A. 7941, Sections 2 & 9
Bagong Bayani-OFW v Comelec, GR No. 147589, June 26, 2001
BANAT v Comelec, G.R. No. 179271, July 8, 2009,
Bayan Muna v Comelec, G.R. No. 179295, April 21, 2009
Atong Paglaum v COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013
Sectors to be represented by party-list, enumerated.
1987 Constitution, Article VI, Section 5(2), R.A. 7941, Section 5
Sectors to be represented by party-list, classified.
Atong Paglaum v COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, Apr. 2, 2013
Nature of constitutional & statutory enumeration of sectors.
Ang Ladlad v Comelec, G.R. No. 190582, April 8, 2010
Nature of list of nominees.
BA-RA 7941 v Comelec, G.R. No. 177271, May 4, 2007
Vacancy in the Senate or House of Representatives, how filled.
1987 Constitution, Article VI, Section 9
Omnibus Election Code, Article III, Section 22
R.A. 6645, Sections 1 & 2, R.A. 7166, Section 4
Tolentino v Comelec, G.R. No. 148334, January 21, 2004
Elective local officials, term of office & term limit.
1987 Constitution, Article X, Section 8
Local Government Code of 1991, Section 43
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David v Comelec, G.R. No. 127116, April 8, 1997
Elective local officials, qualifications.
Local Government Code of 1991, Section 39
R.A. 9164, Section 7
Frivaldo v Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)
Labo v Comelec, 176 SCRA 1 (1989)
SK officials, qualifications and disqualifications.
Sec. 10, R.A. 10742
Garvida v Sales, G.R. No. 124893, April 18, 1997
Elective local officials, disqualifications.
Local Government Code of 1991, Section 40
Dual citizenship.
1987 Constitution, Article IV, Section 5
Local Government Code of 1991, Section 40(d), R.A. 9225
Roseller de Guzman v Comelec, G.R. No. 180048, June 19, 2009
Sobejana-Condon v Comelec, G.R. No. 198742, August 10, 2012
Macquiling v Comelec, GR No. 195649, Apr 16, 2013, MR, July 2, 2013
Gana-Carait v Comelec, GR No. 257453, Aug. 9, 2022 [Per J. Rosario, En Banc]
Election of Philippine citizenship, when.
In Re: Application for Admission to the Philippine Bar v. Vicente D. Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, Oct. 1, 1999 [Per J. Kapunan, En Banc]
Fugitives from justice.
Marquez v Comelec, 243 SCRA 538
Permanent residents in foreign country.
Caasi v CA, 191 SCRA 229
Omnibus Election Code, Sections 12 & 68
Vacancy in elective local offices, grounds.
Vacancy in elective local offices, how filled.
Local Government Code of 1991, Section 45(c)
Last vacancy.
Navarro v CA, G.R. No. 141307, Mar. 28, 2001
Appointing and recommending authority.
Fariñas v Barba, G.R. No. 116763, Apr. 19, 1996
Date of election.
1987 Constitution, Article XVIII, Sections 1, 5
Local Government Code, Section 42
R.A. 7166, Sections 1 & 2
R.A. 9164, Section 1 as amended by R.A. 10923, Section 1
Adjustment of period of pre-election requirements.
R.A. 6646, Section 29, R.A. 8436, Section 28
Akbayan v Comelec, G.R. No. 147066, March 26, 2001
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Nature of Barangay elections.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 38
Occena v Comelec, 127 SCRA 404 (1984)
Postponement of election, grounds.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 5
R.A. 7166, Section 4, R.A. 6679, Section 2
Montesclaros v Comelec, G.R. No. 152295, July 9, 2002
Postponement of election, jurisdiction.
Benito v Comelec, G.R. No. 134913, January 19, 2001
Basher v Comelec, 330 SCRA 736
Failure of election, grounds.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 6
R.A. 7166, Section 4
Mitmug v Comelec, G.R. Nos. 106270-73, 10 Feb. 1994, 230 SCRA 54
Canicosa v Comelec, 282 SCRA 512
Batabor v Comelec, G.R. No. 160428, July 21, 2004
Sardea v Comelec, 225 SCRA 374
Failure of election, jurisdiction.
Benito v Comelec, G.R. No. 134913, January 19, 2001
Loong v Comelec, G.R. No. 133676, April 14, 1999
Carlos v Angeles, 346 SCRA 571 (2000)
Postponement or failure of election in Barangay elections, grounds.
Omnibus Election Code, Article VI, Section 45
Macalintal v. Comelec, G.R. No. 263590, June 27, 2023
Special election.
1987 Constitution, Article VI, Section 9
Omnibus Election Code, Section 7
R.A. 7166, Section 4
Fixing date of special election.
Pangandaman v Comelec, 319 SCRA 283
Notice of special election.
Hassan v Comelec, 264 SCRA 125
Tolentino v Comelec, G.R. No. 148334, January 21, 2004
Special election after failure of election.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 6
R.A. 7166, Section 4
Special election after failure of election, requisites.
Lucero v Comelec, 234 SCRA 280 (1994)
Calling of special election, jurisdiction.
Benito v Comelec, G.R. No. 134913, January 19, 2001
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Annulment of elections.
Marcos v. Robredo, P.E.T. Case No. 005, Feb. 16, 2021, [Per J. Leonen]
Failure of elections and annulment of elections, distinguished.
Marcos v. Robredo, P.E.T. Case No. 005, Feb. 16, 2021, [Per J. Leonen]

Part II
SUFFRAGE
Suffrage, defined.
Constitutional basis of suffrage.
1987 Constitution, Article V, Sections 1 & 2
Nature of suffrage.
1973 Constitution, Article V, Section 4
Omnibus Election Code, Sections 4, 261(y)(1), 264
1987 Constitution, Article V, Section 1
Suffrage for overseas absentee voters.
R.A. 9189, Section 5(d)
Macalintal v Comelec, G.R. No. 157013, July 3, 2003
Suffrage for dual citizens.
Velasco v Comelec, G.R. No. 180051, Dec. 24, 2008
Suffrage for local absentee voters.
EO 157, March 30, 1987
Omnibus Election Code, Section 169
R.A. 7166, Sec. 12; R.A. 10380, Local Absentee Voting for Media
Suffrage for disabled and illiterate voters.
1987 Constitution, Article V, Sections 2(1) & (2)
RA 10366, Section 11; RA 8189, Section 14
Suffrage for persons deprived of liberty.
Aguinaldo v. New Bilibid Prison, G.R. No. 221201, Mar. 29, 2022 [Per J. Lopez, En Banc]
Voter’s registration, defined.
RA 8189, Sections 3(a) (g), 15 & 20
Yra v Abano, 52 Phil. 380
System of continuing registration.
RA 8189, Section 8
Period of registration.
Akbayan-Youth v Comelec, 355 SCRA 318, March 26, 2001
Kabataan Party List v Comelec, GR No. 189868, Dec. 15, 2009
Registration, jurisdiction.
R.A. 8189, Section 15
Registration, qualifications, disqualifications, procedure.
1987 Constitution, Article V, Section 1
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Omnibus Election Code, Section 118, R.A. 8189, Sections 9, 10, 11, 12 13 & 14
Residence.
Romualdez v RTC, 226 SCRA 406
Citizenship.
Velasco v Comelec, G.R. No. 180051, December 24, 2008
Deactivation, reactivation and cancellation of registration.
R.A. 8189, Sections 27, 28, 29; R.A. 10367, Section 7; R.A. 8189, Sections 18, 20, 32, 33, 34
Kabataan Party-List v Comelec, G.R. No. 221318, December 16, 2015
Inclusion and exclusion proceedings.
R.A. 8189, Sections 24, 32, 33, 34 & 35
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(3)
Pungutan v Abubakar, 43 SCRA 1, 12 (1972)
Domino v Comelec, GR No. 134015, July 19, 1999
Remedy against RTC decision.
Velasco v Comelec, G.R. No. 180051, December 24, 2008
Annulment of list of voters.
R.A. 8189, Sections 33 & 39
Ututalum v Comelec, 181 SCRA 335
Sarangani v Comelec, 334 SCRA 379

Part III
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
Composition, qualifications & term of office.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Sections 1(1) & (2)
Cayetano v Monsod, 201 SCRA 210, 214 (1991)
Brillantes v Yorac, 192 SCRA 358, (1990)
Disabilities, inhibitions & disqualifications.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(A), Section 2
Independence.
Article IX(A), Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 Article IX(C), Sections 1 & 2, 1987 Constitution
Powers & functions.
Omnibus Election Code, Article VII, Section 52
Powers & functions, classified.
Filipinas Eng’g. Machine Shop v Ferrer, 135 SCRA 25 (1985)
Baytan v Comelec, G.R. No. 153945, February 4, 2003
Aggabao v. Comelec, G.R. No. 258456, July 26, 2022 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc]
ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS:
(1) Power to enforce and administer election laws.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(1)
Sandoval v Comelec, G.R. No. 133842, January 26, 2000
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Loong v Comelec, 305 SCRA 832 (1999)
Aggabao v Comelec, G.R. No. 258456, July 26, 2022 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc]
Duterte Youth Party-List v. Comelec, G.R. No. 261123, Aug. 20, 2024 [Per J. Rosario, En Banc]
Omnibus Election Code, Article VII, Section 52(a)
Comelec control, grounds, implications, duration.
Comelec Resolution No. 9583, Dec. 18, 2012
Ministerial duty.
National Press Club of the Philippines v. Comelec, G.R. No. 259354, June 13, 2023 [Per J. Rosario, En Banc]
(2) Power to conduct plebiscite, initiative, referendum & recall.
Plebiscite, defined.
1987 Constitution, Article XVII, Section 4; R.A. 6735, Section 3(e)
Sula v. Comelec, G.R. No. 244587, Jan. 10, 2023
Initiative, defined.
1987 Constitution, Article XVII, Sections 1 & 2; R.A. 6735, Sections 3(a), (f), 4 & 5
Santiago v Comelec, G.R.No. 127325, Mar. 19, 1997
Lambino v Comelec, G.R. No. 174153, Oct. 25, 2006
Recall, defined.
Garcia v Comelec, 227 SCRA 100 (1993)
Local Gov’t. Code of 1991, Secs. 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 & 74
Comelec Resolution No. 7505, June 6, 2005
Comelec Resolution No. 10649, Jan. 31, 2020
Angobung v Comelec, 269 SCRA 245 (1997)
R.A. 9244, Section 3
Paras v Comelec, 264 SCRA 49 (1996)
Referendum, defined.
R.A. 6735, Section 3(c)
Revision and amendment, defined.
Revision and amendment, distinguished.
1987 Constitution, Article XVII, Section 1
Lambino v Comelec, G.R. No. 174153, Oct. 25, 2006
(3) Power to decide all questions affecting elections.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(3)
Domino v Comelec, GR No. 134015, July 19, 1999
Sarmiento v Comelec, 212 SCRA 307
Pangarungan v Comelec, 216 SCRA 522
Diocese of Bacolod v Comelec, G.R. No. 205728, Jan. 21, 2015
Powers not given.
Pungutan v Abubakar, 43 SCRA 1, 12 (1972)
Montejo v Comelec, 242 SCRA 415 (1995)
(4) Power to deputize other government agencies.
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1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(4); Omnibus Election Code, Article VII, Section 52(b)
People v Basilla, 179 SCRA 87 (1987)
(5) Recommendatory power.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(7) & (8)
People v Basilla, 179 SCRA 87 (1987)
Tan v Comelec, 237 SCRA 353
Diocese of Bacolod v Comelec, G.R. No. 205728, Jan. 21, 2015
(6) Power to register political parties and party-list.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(5)
Santos v Comelec, 103 SCRA 628 (1981)
Veterans Federation Party v Comelec, 342 SCRA 244
Bagong Bayani-OFW v Comelec, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001
Banat v Comelec, G.R. No. 179271, July 8, 2009
Bayan Muna v Comelec, G.R. No. 179295, April 21, 2009
Atong Paglaum v Comelec, G.R. No. 203766, Apr. 2, 2013
In the Matter of the Petition for Registration of “Ang Ladlad LGBT Party for Party-List System SPP Case No.09-228 (PL), Nov. 11, 2009
Ang Ladlad v Comelec, GR No. 190582, April 8, 2010
Atienza v Comelec, GR No. 188920, February 16, 2010
Political party, defined.
R.A. 7941
Groups which cannot be registered as political parties.
1987 Constitution, Article IX-C, Section 2(5)
Grounds for cancellation of registration.
1987 Constitution, Article IX-C, Section 2(5); R.A. 7941, Section 6(8)
Phil. Guardians Brotherhood v Comelec, GR No.190529, April 29, 2010
(7) Power to supervise or regulate franchises, transportation
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 4
NPC v Comelec, G.R. No. 102653, March 5, 1992
SWS v Comelec, G.R. No. 147571, May 5, 2001
1-UTAK v Comelec, G.R. No. 206020, April 14, 2015
Exit polls.
ABS-CBN v Comelec, G.R. No. 133486, January 28, 2000
Media practitioners during plebiscite.
Sanidad v Comelec, 181 SCRA 529 (1990)
(8) Power to investigate and prosecute.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(6)
Omnibus Election Code, Section 265, R.A. 9369, Section 43
Kilosbayan v Comelec, 280 SCRA 892, October 16, 1997
Peñas v. Comelec, UDK-16915, Feb. 15, 2022 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc]
(9) Duty to report.
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1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(9)
LEGISLATIVE POWERS:
(1) Rule making power, “laws and regulations”
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(1)
Omnibus Election Code, Section 52(c)
Gallardo v Tabamo, 218 SCRA 253, 263-264 (1993)
Aruelo Jr. v CA, 227 SCRA 311
Aggabao v Comelec, G.R. No. 258456, July 26, 2022 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc]
Buella v. People, G.R. No. 244027, Apr. 11, 2023 [Per C.J. Gesmundo, En Banc]
(2) Suspension of Rules of Procedure.
Llana v Comelec, G.R. No. 152080, November 28, 2003
JUDICIAL POWERS:
(1) Exercise original jurisdiction over regional, provincial, and city election contests
and appellate jurisdiction over municipal and barangay election contests
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 2(2)
Javier v Comelec, 144 SCRA 194
Canicosa v Comelec, 282 SCRA 512 (1997)
Lazatin v Comelec, G.R. No. L-80007, January 25, 1988
Lazatin v HRET, G.R. No. 84297, December 8, 1988
Motion for Reconsideration, In Division:
Roces v HRET, G.R. No. 167499, September 15, 2005
Motion for Reconsideration, period to file.
Sec. 2, Rule 19, Comelec Rules of Procedure
Ollesca v. Comelec, G.R. No. 258449, July 30, 2024 [Per S.A.J. Leonen, En Banc]
Mendoza v Comelec, G.R. No. 188308, October 15, 2009
Ceriaco Bulilis v Victoriano Nuez, G.R. No. 195953, August 9, 2011
Flores v Comelec, 184 SCRA 484 (1990)
Reyes v Comelec, G.R. No. 207264, June 25, 2013
Francisco v. Comelec, G.R. No. 230249, Apr. 24, 2018
Division of powers in election disputes.
Senate Electoral Tribunal vs. Comelec
Pearson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 266053, Apr. 3, 2024 [???, En Banc]
Duterte Youth Party-List v. Comelec, G.R. No. 261123, Aug. 20, 2024 [Per J. Rosario, En Banc]
House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal v. Comelec
Reyes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 207264, June 25, 2013
(2) Power to issue extraordinary writs.
Carlos v Angeles, 346 SCRA 571
Omnibus Election Code, Article VII, Section 52(d)
(3) Contumacy powers.
Filipinas Eng’g. Machine Shop v Ferrer, 135 SCRA 25 (1985)
Masangkay v Comelec, 6 SCRA 27 (1962)
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Omnibus Election Code, Article VII, Section 52(e)
(4) Jurisdiction of en banc or division.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 3
Sarmiento v Comelec, 212 SCRA 307
Soller v Comelec, G.R. No. 139853, Sept. 5, 2000
Canicosa v Comelec, 282 SCRA 512 (1977)
Baytan v Comelec, G.R. No. 153945, February 4, 2003
Correction of manifest errors.
Torres v Comelec, 270 SCRA 583
Interlocutory orders.
Kho v Comelec, 279 SCRA 463
Subject of Motion for Reconsideration
Salazar v Comelec, 184 SCRA 433, 441 (1990)
Garvida v Sales, 271 SCRA 764
Zarate v Comelec, 318 SCRA 608
Soller v Comelec, 339 SCRA 685
QUASI-JUDICIAL POWERS:
Sandoval v Comelec, G.R. No. 133842, January 26, 2000
Aggabao v Comelec, G.R. No. 258456, July 26, 2022 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc]
Duterte Youth Party-List v. Comelec, G.R. No. 261123, Aug. 20, 2024 [Per J. Rosario, En Banc]
Judicial review.
1987 Constitution, Article IX-A, Section 7, Article VIII, Section 5(1)
Certiorari jurisdiction of the SC.
Aratuc v Comelec, 88 SCRA 251
Loong v Comelec, 305 SCRA 832 (1999)
Reyes v RTC, 244 SCRA 41 (1995)
Ambil v Comelec, 244 SCRA 358
Salva v Makalintal, 340 SCRA 506
Aquino v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 211789-90, Mar. 17, 2015 [Per J. Brion, En Banc]
Pearson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 266053, Apr. 3, 2024 [???, En Banc]
Grave abuse of discretion.
Zapanta v. Comelec, G.R. No. 233016, Mar. 5, 2019
Pearson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 266053, Apr. 3, 2024 [???, En Banc]
Rosal v. Comelec, G.R. No. 264125, Oct. 22, 2024 [Per J. Caguioa, En Banc]
Reviewability of factual findings of Comelec
Rodriguez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 255509, Jan. 10, 2023 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Relationship with lower courts.
Comelec v Datuimam, 304 SCRA 106 (1999)
Gallardo v Comelec, 218 SCRA 253 (1993)
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COURSE  OUTLINE  FOR  FINAL  EXAMINATIONS  

Part IV
ELECTION PERIOD
Election period.
1987 Constitution, Article IX(C), Section 9
Omnibus Election Code, Article I, Section 3; R.A. 7166, Sec. 5
Election offenses, enumerated.
(1) Prohibited acts during election period.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 261
Vote-buying and vote-selling.
Ways and intent to commit.
Rodriguez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 255509, Jan. 10, 2023 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Facebook post of cash payout distribution.
Rosal v. Comelec, G.R. No. 264125, Oct. 22, 2024 [Per J. Caguioa, En Banc]
Paper bill stapled on sample ballot.
P.D. No. 247
Appointment of new employees, creation of new position, promotion or giving salary increases
Ong v Martinez, 188 SCRA 830
Transfer of officers and employees in the civil service.
Elements.
Aquino v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 211789-90, Mar. 17, 2015 [Per J. Brion, En Banc]
Date of transfer.
People v Reyes, G.R. No. 115022, August 14, 1995
Aquino v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 211789-90, Mar. 17, 2015 [Per J. Brion, En Banc]
Place of transfer.
Causing v. Comelec, G.R. No. 199139, Sept. 9, 2014
Coverage.
Aquino v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 211789-90, Mar. 17, 2015 [Per J. Brion, En Banc]
Carrying firearms outside residence or place of business.
RA 7166, Section 32
Orceo v Comelec, G.R. No. 190779, Mar. 26, 2010
Elements of violation of gun ban.
Duatin y Pajarillo v. People, G.R. No. 226772, Nov. 10, 2020
Elements of illegal possession of firearms.
Centeno y Cortez v. People, G.R. No. 206573, July 4, 2018
Prosecution of gun ban violation and illegal possession of firearms.
Celino Sr. v. CA, G.R. No. 170562, June 29, 2007
Elements of double jeopardy.
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Suero v. People, G.R. No. 156408, Jan. 31, 2005
Bladed instruments.
Buella v. People, G.R. No. 244027, Apr. 11, 2023 [Per C.J. Gesmundo, En Banc]
Ban on security personnel and bodyguards.
RA 7166, Section 33
Prohibition against release, disbursement or expenditure of public funds.
Gallardo v Comelec, 218 SCRA 253 (1993)
Velez v. People, G.R. No. 215136, Aug. 28, 2019 [Per J. J. Reyes Jr., Second Division]
Rosal v. Comelec, G.R. No. 264125, Oct. 22, 2024 [Per J. Caguioa, En Banc]
Quantum of proof.
Francisco v. Comelec, G.R. No. 230249, Apr. 24, 2018
Prohibition against issuance of treasury warrants and similar devices.
People v. Ting, G.R. No. 221505, Dec. 5, 2018
Suspension of elective provincial, city, municipal or barangay officer.
RA 6646, Section 27
Corporation Code, Section 36(9)
(2) Prohibited acts during registration of voters.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 261(y)
RA 8189, Sections 45 & 46
Double registration.
Labay v. People, G.R. No. 241850, Apr. 18, 2021 [Per J. Inting, Third Division]
(3) Prohibited acts during voting.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 261(z), (bb)
Bagumbayan-VNP Movement, Inc. v Comelec, G.R. No. 222371 (1-b), March 17, 2016
(4) Prohibited acts during canvassing.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 261(aa), (bb)
(5) Prohibited acts on candidacy and campaign.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 261(cc)
Campaign expenses.
Ejercito v Comelec, G.R. No. 212398, Nov. 25, 2014
Cumigad v People, G.R. No. 245238, Aug. 27, 2020
(6) Other prohibitions and election offenses.
Omnibus Election Code, Sections 261(dd) & 262
Liquor ban.
Omnibus Election Code, Sections 81 & 95
Foreign intervention.
Election offenses, persons criminally liable.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 263
Election offenses, penalties for.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 264
RA 8189, Section 46
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Electoral sabotage.
R.A. 6646, Section 27, as amended by R.A. 9369, Secs. 42 & 43
Election offenses, prosecution of.
1987 Constitution, Article IX-C, Section 2(6)
Omnibus Election Code, Sec. 265 as amended by R.A. 9369, Sec. 43
Comelec v Español, G.R. Nos. 149164-73, December 10, 2003
Naldaza v Lavilles, 254 SCRA 286
Prosecution of vote-buying and vote-selling.
R.A. 6646, Section 28
Lozano v Comelec, G.R. No. 94626, October 28, 1991
Bernardo v Abalos, G.R. No. 137266, December 5, 2001
Election offenses as mala prohibita
People v Bayona, 61 Phil. 181
People v Fuentes, 181 Phil. 186
Rodriguez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 255509, Jan. 10, 2023 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Election offenses as mala in se.
Domalanta v Comelec, G.R. No. 125586, June 29, 2000
Garcia v CA, G.R. No. 157171, May 14, 2006
Rodriguez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 255509, Jan. 10, 2023 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Election offenses, jurisdiction.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 268
Juan v People, G.R. No. 132378, Jan. 18, 2000
Election offenses, plea bargaining.
People v. Reafor y Comprado, G.R. No. 247575, Nov. 16, 2020
Daan v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 163972-77, Mar. 28, 2008
Election offenses, prescription.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 267
Campaign period.
Omnibus Election Code, Article I, Section 3
RA 7166, Section 5
Campaign, defined.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 79
RA 9369, Section 13
Lanot v Comelec, GR No. 164858, Nov. 16, 2006
Penera v Comelec, GR No. 181613, Sept. 11, 2009
Penera v Comelec, GR No. 181613, Nov. 25, 2009
Prohibited acts or forms during campaign period.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 85
Authorized expenses.
RA 7166, Section 13
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Ejercito v Comelec, G.R. No. 212398, Nov. 25, 2014
Statement of Contributions & Expenditures (SOCE).
RA 7166, Section 14
Ejercito v Comelec, G.R. No. 212398, Nov. 25, 2014
Pilar v Comelec, 245 SCRA 759
Cumigad v People, G.R. No. 245238, Aug. 27, 2020
Election propaganda.
R.A. 9006, Sections 3 & 4
Sec. 25, Res. No. 10488, Jan. 30, 2019
Adiong v Comelec, G.R. No. 103956, March 31, 1992
Diocese of Bacolod v Comelec, G.R. No. 205728, Jan. 21, 2015
1-UTAK v Comelec, G.R. No. 206020, April 14, 2015
St. Anthony College of Roxas City, Inc. v. Comelec, Oct. 24, 2023 ###
Airtime limit on political ads
GMA v Comelec, G.R. No. 205357, Sept. 2, 2014
News & opinions regarding candidates.
National Press Club v Comelec, 207 SCRA 1

Part V
CANDIDATES

Certificate of Candidacy (CoC), defined.

CoC, contents of.
Gayo v Verceles, GR No. 150477, Feb. 28, 2005
Tecson v Comelec, GR No. 161434, Mar. 3, 2004
Dumpit-Michelina v Boado, GR No. 163619-20, Nov. 17, 2005
Limbona v Comelec, GR No. 186006, Oct. 16, 2009
Use of surname.
Alanis III v. CA, G.R. No. 216425, Nov. 11, 2020, [Per J. Leonen, Third Division]
Use of nickname.
Villafuerte v. Comelec, G.R. No. 206698, Feb. 25, 2014 [Per J. Peralta, En Banc]
Who may file.
1987 Constitution, Articles VI & VII
Local Government Code, Section 39
Frivaldo v Comelec, 174 SCRA 245
Who cannot file.
Omnibus Election Code, Sections 12 & 68
Vote-buying.
Nolasco v Comelec, G.R. Nos. 122250 & 122258, July 21, 1997
Acts of terrorism.
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Diangka v Comelec, G.R. No. 139545, January 28, 2000
Local Government Code, Section 40
Fugitives from justice.
Marquez v Comelec, 243 SCRA 538
Permanent residents abroad.
Caasi v CA, 191 SCRA 538
Moral turpitude.
Ty-Delgado v HRET, G.R. No. 219603, January 26, 2016
Buenafe v. Comelec, G.R. No. 260374, June 28, 2022 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Ilagan v. Comelec, G.R. No. 260426, June 28, 2022 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Term limit.
Revised Administrative Code
Ecclesiastics.
Pamil v Teleron, 56 SCRA 413
Where filed.
RA 7166, Sec. 7
When filed.
RA 7166, Sec. 7
How filed.
RA 7166, Sec. 7
Duty of Comelec to receive CoC.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 76
Aggabao v. Comelec, G.R. No. 258456, July 26, 2022 [Per J. Lazaro-Javier, En Banc]
Effect of filing.
Quinto v Comelec, GR No. 189698, Dec. 1, 2009; Quinto v Comelec, GR No. 189698, Feb. 22, 2010
Petition to deny due course or cancel CoC.
Omnibus Election Code, Sections 78, 80, 95-97, 261, 264, 269
R.A. 6646, Secs. 5 & 7
Salcedo v Comelec, 312 SCRA 447
Francisco v. Comelec, G.R. No. 230249, Apr. 24, 2018
Buenafe v. Comelec, G.R. No. 260374, June 28, 2022 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Petition for disqualification.
Buenafe v. Comelec, G.R. No. 260374, June 28, 2022 [Per J. Zalameda, En Banc]
Substitution of candidates.
Omnibus Election Code, Sec. 77; R.A. 8436, Section 12; R.A. 9006, Sec. 12
Domingo v City Board of Canvassers, GR No. 105365, June 2, 1992
Sinaca v Mula, 315 SCRA 266
Tagolino v HRET, G.R. No. 202202, March 19, 2013
Withdrawal of CoC.
Monsale v Nico, GR No. L-2539, May 28, 1949
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Multiple CoC.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 73
Go v Comelec, GR No. 147741, May 10, 2001
Nuisance candidate.
Omnibus Election Code, Sec. 69; R.A. 6646
Nolasco v Comelec, 275 SCRA 762
Pamatong v Comelec, GR No. 16872, April 13, 2004
Martinez v HRET & Salimbangon, GR No. 189034, Jan. 11, 2010
Santos v. Comelec, G.R. No. 235058, Sept. 4, 2018
Lack of campaign funds.
Ollesca v. Comelec, G.R. No. 258449, July 30, 2024 [Per S.A.J. Leonen, En Banc]
Lack of proof of capacity to mount campaign.
Marquez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 244274, Sept. 3, 2019
Lack of bona fide intention to run for public office.
Marquez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 258435, June 28, 2022
Low probability of success.
De Alban v. Comelec, G.R. No. 243968, Mar. 22, 2022 [Per J. M. Lopez, En Banc]
Limitation on the power of Comelec to declare nuisance candidates.
Timbol v. Comelec, G.R. No. 206004, Feb. 24, 2015 [Per J. Leonen, En Banc]
Lone Candidate Law.
RA 8295
Part VI
ELECTION

Voting, defined.
Who can vote.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XII, Section 148
Challenge of illegal voters.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XVII, Section 199
Challenge based on certain illegal acts.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XVII, Section 200
When to vote.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XVII, Section 190
Where to vote.
Omnibus Election Code, Art. XIII, Sections 152 & 158
RA 7166, Section 11
How to vote.
Omnibus Election Code, Art. XVII, Secs. 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198
Who conducts.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIV, Section 168
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Board of Election Inspectors.
Composition.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIV, Section 164
Qualifications & disqualifications.
Omnibus Election Code, Art. XIV, Secs. 166 & 167
Sections 2 & 3, R.A. 10756
Pangandaman v Comelec, G.R. No. 134340, Nov. 25, 1999
Powers.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIV, Section 168
Counting.
Who conducts.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIV, Section 168
When to count.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XVIII, Section 206
Where to count.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XVIII, Section 206
How to count.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XVIII, Section 210
RA 7166, Section 25
RA 6646, Section 12

Ballot appreciation, rules.

Omnibus Election Code, Section 211
RA 7166, Section 25
RA 6646, Section 18
Batalla v Comelec, GR No. 184268, September 15, 2009
Ferrer v Comelec, GR No. 139489, April 10, 2000
Neighborhood Rule.
Cordero v Moscardon, 132 SCRA 414
Idem sonans.
Bautista v Castro, 206 SCRA 606
Change of vote.
Ong v Comelec, 347 SCRA 681
Excess ballots.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 207
Spoiled ballots.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 209
Marked ballots.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 208
Signature of voter in the ballot.
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Ferrer v De Alban, 101 Phil. 10
Names of persons not candidates.
Protacto v De Leon, 9 SCRA 472
Irrelevant expression.
Bautista v Castro, 206 SCRA 305
Use of sticker.
Lerias v HRET, 202 SCRA 808
Stray votes.
Villarosa v HRET, 340 SCRA 396
Dela Cruz v. Comelec, G.R. No. 192221, Nov. 13, 2012 [Per J. Villarama Jr., En Banc]
Stray votes in automated elections.
Santos v. Comelec, G.R. No. 235058, Sept. 4, 2018
Zapanta v. Comelec, G.R. No. 233016, Mar. 5, 2019
Watchers in polling places, qualifications & disqualifications.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XV, Section 178
Watchers, rights and duties.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XV, Section 179
Persons allowed in and around the polling place.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XVII, Section 192
Comelec v Romillo, 158 SCRA 716

Canvassing, defined.
What to canvass.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 231
When to canvass.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 231
Where to canvass.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 231
How to canvass.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 231
Who conducts.
Omnibus Election Code, Art. XIX, Secs. 221 & 231
Canvassing bodies, enumerated & composition.
RA 7166, Section 19
Laodenio v Comelec, 276 SCRA 705
Congress as National Board of Canvassers (NBC)
President & Vice President
RA 7166, Section 30
Comelec en banc as National & Regional Board of Canvassers for senators & regional officials, respectively.
RA 7166, Section 30
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Provincial Board of Canvassers (PBOC) for District Representatives & Provincial Officials
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 221(a)
RA 7166, Section 28(d)
District Board of Canvassers in each legislative
district in Metro Manila (DBC) & District Representatives
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 221(c)
RA 7166, Section 28(c) 1, 2 & 3
City Board of Canvassers (CBOC) for District Representatives & City officials
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 221(b)
RA 7166, Section 28(b)
Municipal Board of Canvassers (MBOC) for Municipal Officials
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 221(d)
RA 7166, Section 28(a)
Barangay Board of Canvassers (BBOC) for Barangay Officials
Persons not allowed inside the canvassing room.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 232
Watchers, rights and duties.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XIX, Section 239
Power of Comelec over Board of Canvassers.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 227
Mastura v Comelec, 285 SCRA 493
Librados v Casar, 234 SCRA 13
Pre-proclamation controversy, defined.
Omnibus Election Code, Article XX, Section 241
Chu v Comelec, 319 SCRA 482
RA 7166, Section 15
Belac v Comelec, GR No. 145802, April 4, 2001
Pre-proclamation controversy, scope.
RA 7166, Sections 15 & 17
Chaves v Comelec, 211 sCRA 315 (1992)
Manifest error, defined.
O’Hara v Comelec, G.R. Nos. 148941-42, March 12, 2002
Manifest errors, correction of.
RA 7166, Section 15
Trinidad v Comelec, 320 SCRA 836
Ong v Comelec, 221 SCRA 75
Torres v Comelec, 270 SCRA 583
Pre-proclamation controversy, jurisdiction.
RA 7166, Sections 15 & 17
Milla v Balmores-Laxa, GR No. 151216, July 18, 2003
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Issues that may be raised.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 243
Sebastian v Comelec, GR No. 139573-75, March 7, 2000
Bandala v Comelec, GR No. 159369, March 3, 2004
Villamor v Comelec, G.R. No. 169865, July 1, 2006
Ladoeno v Comelec, 276 SCRA 705
Procedure to raise objections.
RA 7166, Section 20
Excluded issues.
Ocampo v Comelec, GR No. 136282, February 15, 2000
Dagloc v Comelec, GR No. 154442-47, December 10, 2003
Bandala v Comelec, GR No. 159369, March 3, 2004
R.A. 7166, Section 15
Exception to the exception:
Sandoval v Comelec, GR No. 133842, January 26, 2000
Distinguished from other remedies.
Ampatuan v Comelec, GR No. 149803, January 31, 2002
Sarangani v Comelec, GR No. 155560-62, Nov. 11, 2003
Lucman v Comelec, GR No. 166229, June 29, 2005
Trinidad v Comelec, GR No. 134657, December 15, 1999
Pre-proclamation controversy, termination of.
Sardea v Comelec
Penaflorida v Comelec, 282 SCRA 241
Except if: Proclamation is void.
Matalam v Comelec, 271 SCRA 733
Returns were manufactured.
Agbayani v Comelec, 186 SCRA 464
Computation was erroneous.
Mentang v Comelec, 229 SCRA 669
Filing of election protest or quo warranto, effect on pre-proclamation case.
Maruhom v Comelec, 331 SCRA 473
Laodenio v Comelec, 276 SCRA 405
Except if: Filing of protest was a precautionary measure.
Mitmug v Comelec, 230 SCRA 54
Doctrine of statistical improbability.
Lagumbay v Climaco, 16 SCRA 175
Velayo v Comelec, 327 SCRA 713
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Part VII
PROCLAMATION

Proclamation, defined.
Ebdane v. Deloso-Montalla, HRET Case No. 13-031 (EP) Second District, Zambales, Dec. 16, 2013
When to proclaim.
President & Vice President
Omnibus Election Code, Art. II, Sec. 20, par. 4
Senators
District Representatives
Provincial officials
City officials
Municipal officials
Barangay officials
RA 7166, Sections 20(i), 21
Who to proclaim.
President & Vice President
Omnibus Election Code, Article II, Section 20
Who proclaims.
Suspension or annulment of canvass and proclamation.
Agbayani v Comelec, 186 SCRA 484 (1990)
Second placer rule.
Benito v Comelec, 235 SCRA 436
Loreto v Brion, 311 SCRA 694
Maquiling v Comelec, G.R. No. 195649, April 16, 2013
Halili v. Comelec, G.R. No. 231643, January 15, 2019
Assumption to office, effect of.
Agbayani v Comelec, 186 SCRA 484 (1990)
Assumption to office, failure.
Omnibus Election Code, Section 12
Partial proclamation.
RA 7166, Section 21
Annulment of proclamation, grounds.

Part VIII
ELECTION CONTESTS
Election contest, defined.
Javier v Comelec, 144 SCRA 194
Grounds, specificity of.
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Marcos v. Robredo, P.E.T. Case No. 005, Feb. 16, 2021, [Per J. Leonen]
Award of damages & attorney’s fees.
Lim-Bungcaras v. Comelec, G.R. No. 209415-17, Nov. 15, 2016, [Per J. Leonardo-De Castro, En Banc]
Protest, defined.
A.M. No. 07-4-15-SC, Rule 1, Sec. 3(l), Aug. 29, 2023
Quo warranto, defined.
A.M. No. 07-4-15-SC, Rule 1, Section 3(e)
Lokin v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 179431-32, June 22, 2010
Protest & quo warranto as a remedy
Barangay & SK officials
A.M. No. 07-4-15-SC, Aug. 29, 2023
Municipal officials
A.M. No. 10-4-1-SC
Regional, Provincial & City officials
Res. No. 8804, March 22, 2010 as amended by Res. No. 9720, June 20, 2013
District Representatives
2015 Revised Rules of the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal
Senators
2013 Rules of the Senate Electoral Tribunal
Pearson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 266053, Apr. 3, 2024 [???, En Banc]
President & Vice President
2010 Rules of the Presidential Electoral Tribunal
Execution of judgment in election protest pending appeal.
Ferno v Comelec, 328 SCRA 52
Relampagos v Cumba, 243 SCRA 690
Failure to pay appellate docket fee, effect of.
Reyes v RTC, 244 SCRA 41
Rodillas v Comelec, 245 SCRA 702
Lim Bungcaras v. Comelec, G.R. Nos. 209415-17, Nov. 15, 2016
Protest, abandonment of.
Santiago v Ramos, 253 SCRA 559
Marcos v. Robredo, P.E.T. Case No. 005, Feb. 16, 2021, [Per J. Leonen]
Senators
1987 Constitution, Article VI, Section 17
President & Vice President
1987 Constitution, Article VII, Section 4