ale29559_ch04.

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162 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

Problems
Section 4.2 Linearity Property 4.5 For the circuit in Fig. 4.73, assume vo
1 V, and
use linearity to find the actual value of vo.
4.1 Calculate the current io in the current of Fig. 4.69.
What does this current become when the input 2Ω 3Ω vo 2Ω
voltage is raised to 10 V?
+ 6Ω 6Ω 4Ω
15 V −
1Ω 5Ω
io

1V + 8Ω 3Ω
− Figure 4.73
For Prob. 4.5.

Figure 4.69 4.6 For the linear circuit shown in Fig. 4.74, use linearity
For Prob. 4.1. to complete the following table.
Experiment Vs Vo
4.2 Using Fig. 4.70, design a problem to help other
students better understand linearity. 1 12 V 4V
2 16 V
R2 R4 3 1V
4 2 V
+
I R1 R3 R5 vo
−
+
Vs + Linear Vo
Figure 4.70 −
circuit –
For Prob. 4.2.

4.3 (a) In the circuit of Fig. 4.71, calculate vo and io

Figure 4.74
when vs
1 V.
For Prob. 4.6.
(b) Find vo and io when vs
10 V.
4.7 Use linearity and the assumption that Vo
1 V to
(c) What are vo and io when each of the 1- find the actual value of Vo in Fig. 4.75.
resistors is replaced by a 10- resistor and
vs
10 V? 1Ω 4Ω

1Ω +
+
4V − 3Ω 2Ω Vo
1Ω 1Ω –
io
+
vs + vo Figure 4.75
− 1Ω 1Ω
− For Prob. 4.7.
Section 4.3 Superposition
Figure 4.71
For Prob. 4.3. 4.8 Using superposition, find Vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.76.
Check with PSpice.
4.4 Use linearity to determine io in the circuit of Fig. 4.72. 4Ω 1Ω
Vo

3Ω 2Ω
3Ω
5Ω + 3V
io −
+ 9V
−
6Ω 4Ω 9A

Figure 4.72 Figure 4.76

For Prob. 4.4. For Prob. 4.8.
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Problems 163

4.9 Use superposition to find vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.77. 4.13 Use superposition to find vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.81.

4A

2Ω 2Ω 4Ω
8Ω
6A −+
+ +
vo 1Ω + 18 V 12 V
− 2A 10 Ω 5Ω vo
− −

Figure 4.77 Figure 4.81

For Prob. 4.9. For Prob. 4.13.

4.10 Using Fig. 4.78, design a problem to help other 4.14 Apply the superposition principle to find vo in the
students better understand superposition. Note, the circuit of Fig. 4.82.
letter k is a gain you can specify to make the
problem easier to solve but must not be zero. 6Ω

4A
kVab
R
+− a 4Ω 2Ω
+
+ I
V − Vab +
+ vo 3Ω
− 40 V − 2A
b −
Figure 4.78
For Prob. 4.10. Figure 4.82
For Prob. 4.14.

4.11 Use the superposition principle to find io and vo in 4.15 For the circuit in Fig. 4.83, use superposition to find i.
the circuit of Fig. 4.79. Calculate the power delivered to the 3- resistor.

io 10 Ω 20 Ω
1Ω 2A
+ vo − + 4Ω
20 V −
6A 40 Ω 4io − 30 V
+ i
2Ω − 16 V
3Ω +

Figure 4.79
For Prob. 4.11. Figure 4.83
For Probs. 4.15 and 4.56.

4.12 Determine vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.80 using the

4.16 Given the circuit in Fig. 4.84, use superposition to
superposition principle.
get io.

4A 2A

6Ω 5Ω 4Ω io 4Ω 3Ω 2Ω
+ v −
o
+ 3Ω 12 Ω + 38 V + 10 Ω 5Ω
24 V − − 12 V − 4A

Figure 4.80 Figure 4.84

For Probs. 4.12 and 4.35. For Prob. 4.16.
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164 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

4.17 Use superposition to obtain vx in the circuit of 4.21 Using Fig. 4.89, design a problem to help other
Fig. 4.85. Check your result using PSpice. students better understand source transformation.

30 Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω io R1
+ vx −
+
90 V +
− 60 Ω 6A 30 Ω +
− 40 V V +
− R2 vo I
−

Figure 4.85 Figure 4.89

For Prob. 4.21.
For Prob. 4.17.

4.18 Use superposition to find Vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.86. 4.22 For the circuit in Fig. 4.90, use source
transformation to find i.

1Ω
5Ω 10 Ω

0.5Vo i
2Ω
2A 5Ω 4Ω + 20 V
−
+
10 V +
− 2A 4Ω Vo
−
Figure 4.90
For Prob. 4.22.
Figure 4.86
For Prob. 4.18.
4.23 Referring to Fig. 4.91, use source transformation to
determine the current and power in the 8- resistor.
4.19 Use superposition to solve for vx in the circuit of
Fig. 4.87.
8Ω 3Ω

ix
+
2Ω 6A 4A 8Ω vx 9A 10 Ω 6Ω +
− 45 V
−

− +

4ix Figure 4.91

Figure 4.87 For Prob. 4.23.
For Prob. 4.19.

4.24 Use source transformation to find the voltage Vx in

Section 4.4 Source Transformation the circuit of Fig. 4.92.

4.20 Use source transformations to reduce the circuit in

Fig. 4.88 to a single voltage source in series with a 3A
single resistor.

8Ω 10 Ω

+ Vx −
10 Ω 20 Ω 40 Ω
3A 40 V + 10 Ω 2Vx
−
12 V +
−
+ 16 V
−

Figure 4.88 Figure 4.92

For Prob. 4.20. For Prob. 4.24.
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Problems 165

4.25 Obtain vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.93 using source 4.29 Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit of
transformation. Check your result using PSpice. Fig. 4.97.

2A 4 kΩ

3vo
9Ω 2 kΩ
− +
+
3 mA 1 kΩ vo
3A 4Ω 5Ω 6A −
+ vo −
+− Figure 4.97
2Ω For Prob. 4.29.
30 V
Figure 4.93
For Prob. 4.25.
4.30 Use source transformation on the circuit shown in
Fig 4.98 to find ix.
4.26 Use source transformation to find io in the circuit of
Fig. 4.94.
ix 24 Ω 60 Ω
5Ω

12 V + 30 Ω 10 Ω
− 0.7ix
3A io 4Ω

+
Figure 4.98
6A 2Ω − 20 V For Prob. 4.30.

Figure 4.94 4.31 Determine vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.99 using source
For Prob. 4.26. transformation.

4.27 Apply source transformation to find vx in the circuit

of Fig. 4.95. 3Ω 6Ω

+ vx −
10 Ω a 12 Ω b 20 Ω + 8Ω
+ 2vx
12 V − −
+ vx −

+ 40 Ω 8A + 40 V
50 V − − Figure 4.99
For Prob. 4.31.

Figure 4.95
For Probs. 4.27 and 4.40. 4.32 Use source transformation to find ix in the circuit of
Fig. 4.100.

4.28 Use source transformation to find Io in Fig. 4.96.

10 Ω

1Ω Io 4Ω
0.5ix
+ Vo −
ix 15 Ω

8V + 3Ω 1
V
− 3 o +
60 V − 50 Ω 40 Ω

Figure 4.96 Figure 4.100

For Prob. 4.28. For Prob. 4.32.
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166 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

Sections 4.5 and 4.6 Thevenin’s and Norton’s 4.37 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to terminals
Theorems a-b in the circuit shown in Fig. 4.104.

4.33 Determine RTh and VTh at terminals 1-2 of each of 3A

the circuits in Fig. 4.101.
20 Ω
a
10 Ω
1 + 40 Ω
180 V − 12 Ω
+ 40 Ω
20 V −
b
2
Figure 4.104
(a) For Prob. 4.37.
60 Ω
4.38 Apply Thevenin’s theorem to find Vo in the circuit of
Fig. 4.105.
1
2A 30 Ω + 30 V
− 4Ω 1Ω
2

(b) 5Ω +
Figure 4.101 3A 16 Ω 10 Ω Vo
–
For Probs. 4.33 and 4.46. +
− 12 V

4.34 Using Fig. 4.102, design a problem that will help

Figure 4.105
other students better understand Thevenin equivalent For Prob. 4.38.
circuits.
4.39 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of
I the circuit in Fig. 4.106.

1A
R1 R3
a
10 Ω 16 Ω
a
V +
− R2
10 Ω
b 5Ω
Figure 4.102 8V +
−
For Probs. 4.34 and 4.49.
b
Figure 4.106
4.35 Use Thevenin’s theorem to find vo in Prob. 4.12. For Prob. 4.39.
4.36 Solve for the current i in the circuit of Fig. 4.103
using Thevenin’s theorem. (Hint: Find the Thevenin 4.40 Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the
equivalent seen by the 12- resistor.) circuit in Fig. 4.107.

+ V −
o

i 10 kΩ 20 kΩ

10 Ω 12 Ω a
+ +
40 Ω 70 V − − 4Vo
+ + 30 V b
50 V − −

Figure 4.103 Figure 4.107

For Prob. 4.36. For Prob. 4.40.
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Problems 167

4.41 Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at 4.45 Find the Norton equivalent of the circuit in
terminals a-b of the circuit shown in Fig. 4.108. Fig. 4.112.

14 V
14 Ω 6Ω
−+ a a

6A 6Ω 4Ω
1A 6Ω 3A 5Ω
b
b Figure 4.112
Figure 4.108 For Prob. 4.45.
For Prob. 4.41.
*4.42 For the circuit in Fig. 4.109, find the Thevenin 4.46 Using Fig. 4.113, design a problem to help other
equivalent between terminals a and b. students better understand Norton equivalent circuits.

20 Ω R2
a
− 40 V
20 Ω +
10 Ω
a b I R1 R3

10 Ω
b
10 A 10 Ω 10 Ω Figure 4.113
60 V + For Prob. 4.46.
−

4.47 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits

Figure 4.109
For Prob. 4.42. of the circuit in Fig. 4.114 with respect to terminals a
and b.
4.43 Find the Thevenin equivalent looking into terminals
a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.110 and solve for ix. 12 Ω
a
10 Ω a 6Ω b
+
+
ix 50 V − Vx 60 Ω 2Vx
20 V + 10 Ω 5Ω 2A –
−

b
Figure 4.110 Figure 4.114
For Prob. 4.43. For Prob. 4.47.
4.44 For the circuit in Fig. 4.111, obtain the Thevenin
equivalent as seen from terminals: 4.48 Determine the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b for
the circuit in Fig. 4.115.
(a) a-b (b) b-c

3Ω 1Ω 10io
a 4Ω
+ − a
24 V +
− 4Ω io

b 4A 8Ω

2Ω 5Ω 2A
b
c Figure 4.115
Figure 4.111 For Prob. 4.48.
For Prob. 4.44.
4.49 Find the Norton equivalent looking into terminals
* An asterisk indicates a challenging problem. a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.102.
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168 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

4.50 Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit in 4.54 Find the Thevenin equivalent between terminals a-b
Fig. 4.116 to the left of terminals a-b. Use the of the circuit in Fig. 4.120.
result to find current i.

6Ω 12 V 1 kΩ
a
+− a
i
Io
+ + 40Io +
3V − 2Vx 50 Ω
2A 4Ω 5Ω 4A − Vx
–
b
b Figure 4.120
For Prob. 4.54.
Figure 4.116
For Prob. 4.50.

4.51 Given the circuit in Fig. 4.117, obtain the Norton *4.55 Obtain the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b of the
equivalent as viewed from terminals: circuit in Fig. 4.121.
(a) a-b (b) c-d

a b 8 kΩ I
6Ω 4Ω a
c +
+ 0.001Vab + 50 kΩ Vab
2V − − 80I
+ 3Ω 6A 2Ω −
120 V −
b
d Figure 4.121
Figure 4.117 For Prob. 4.55.
For Prob. 4.51.

4.52 For the transistor model in Fig. 4.118, obtain the 4.56 Use Norton’s theorem to find Vo in the circuit of
Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b. Fig. 4.122.

3 kΩ
a
Io 12 kΩ 2 kΩ 10 kΩ
+ 20Io 2 kΩ
12 V −
+
b
+
360 V − 24 kΩ 30 mA 1 kΩ Vo
−
Figure 4.118
For Prob. 4.52.
Figure 4.122
For Prob. 4.56.
4.53 Find the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b of the
circuit in Fig. 4.119.

0.25vo
4.57 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits
at terminals a-b for the circuit in Fig. 4.123.

6Ω 2Ω
a 3Ω 2Ω
a
+ +
+ 3Ω vo
18 V − 50 V +
− 6Ω vx 0.5vx 10 Ω
− −
b b
Figure 4.119 Figure 4.123
For Prob. 4.53. For Probs. 4.57 and 4.79.
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Problems 169

4.58 The network in Fig. 4.124 models a bipolar transistor *4.62 Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in
common-emitter amplifier connected to a load. Find Fig. 4.128.
the Thevenin resistance seen by the load.

ib bib 0.1io
R1
a
+
vs + R2 RL 10 Ω vo
−
−

io
Figure 4.124
For Prob. 4.58. 40 Ω 20 Ω

+− b
4.59 Determine the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at
terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.125. 2vo
Figure 4.128
For Prob. 4.62.
10 Ω 20 Ω

8A a b 4.63 Find the Norton equivalent for the circuit in

Fig. 4.129.
50 Ω 40 Ω

Figure 4.125 10 Ω
For Probs. 4.59 and 4.80.
+
*4.60 For the circuit in Fig. 4.126, find the Thevenin and vo 20 Ω 0.5vo
Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a-b. −

2A Figure 4.129
For Prob. 4.63.

4.64 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent seen at terminals a-b

18 V 4Ω 6Ω of the circuit in Fig. 4.130.
a +− b

3A 4Ω 1Ω
5Ω a
+− ix

10 V 10ix + 2Ω
−
Figure 4.126
For Probs. 4.60 and 4.81.
b

*4.61 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits Figure 4.130
For Prob. 4.64.
at terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.127.

2Ω 4.65 For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.131, determine the

a
relationship between Vo and Io.
6Ω 6Ω
12 V + + 12 V
− − Io
4Ω 2Ω

6Ω
+
2Ω 2Ω +
− 64 V − 12 Ω Vo
+ 12 V −
b
Figure 4.127 Figure 4.131
For Prob. 4.61. For Prob. 4.65.
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170 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

Section 4.8 Maximum Power Transfer 4.70 Determine the maximum power delivered to the
variable resistor R shown in the circuit of Fig. 4.136.
4.66 Find the maximum power that can be delivered to
the resistor R in the circuit of Fig. 4.132.

3 Vx
2Ω 10 V
−+

3Ω R 5Ω 5Ω

+ 5Ω 6A
20 V −
+ 15 Ω R
4V −

Figure 4.132 6Ω
For Prob. 4.66. + −
Vx
4.67 The variable resistor R in Fig. 4.133 is adjusted until Figure 4.136
it absorbs the maximum power from the circuit. For Prob. 4.70.
(a) Calculate the value of R for maximum power.
(b) Determine the maximum power absorbed by R.
4.71 For the circuit in Fig. 4.137, what resistor connected
across terminals a-b will absorb maximum power
80 Ω 20 Ω from the circuit? What is that power?
40 V
+− R

3 kΩ 10 kΩ
10 Ω 90 Ω
a
+
+ vo –
Figure 4.133 8V − 1 kΩ + 120vo 40 kΩ
For Prob. 4.67. −
b
*4.68 Compute the value of R that results in maximum Figure 4.137
power transfer to the 10- resistor in Fig. 4.134. For Prob. 4.71.
Find the maximum power.

R
4.72 (a) For the circuit in Fig. 4.138, obtain the Thevenin
equivalent at terminals a-b.
10 Ω
12 V +
− 20 Ω (b) Calculate the current in RL
8 .
+ (c) Find RL for maximum power deliverable to RL.
− 8V
(d) Determine that maximum power.
Figure 4.134
For Prob. 4.68.

2A
4.69 Find the maximum power transferred to resistor R in
the circuit of Fig. 4.135.
4Ω 6Ω a
10 kΩ 22 kΩ

+ 4A 2Ω RL
100 V +
−
vo 40 kΩ 0.003v 30 kΩ R
−
o
+−
b
20 V
Figure 4.135 Figure 4.138
For Prob. 4.69. For Prob. 4.72.
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Problems 171

4.73 Determine the maximum power that can be delivered 4.80 Use PSpice to find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at
to the variable resistor R in the circuit of Fig. 4.139. terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.125.
4.81 For the circuit in Fig. 4.126, use PSpice to find the
Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b.
10 Ω 25 Ω
Section 4.10 Applications
R
+ 4.82 A battery has a short-circuit current of 20 A and an
60 V −
open-circuit voltage of 12 V. If the battery is
connected to an electric bulb of resistance 2 ,
20 Ω 5Ω calculate the power dissipated by the bulb.
Figure 4.139 4.83 The following results were obtained from
For Prob. 4.73. measurements taken between the two terminals of a
resistive network.
4.74 For the bridge circuit shown in Fig. 4.140, find the
load RL for maximum power transfer and the Terminal Voltage 12 V 0V
maximum power absorbed by the load. Terminal Current 0A 1.5 A

Find the Thevenin equivalent of the network.

R1 R3 4.84 When connected to a 4- resistor, a battery has a
RL terminal voltage of 10.8 V but produces 12 V on an
vs +
− open circuit. Determine the Thevenin equivalent
R2 R4 circuit for the battery.
4.85 The Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the
linear network shown in Fig. 4.142 is to be
Figure 4.140 determined by measurement. When a 10-k resistor
For Prob. 4.74. is connected to terminals a-b, the voltage Vab is
measured as 6 V. When a 30-k resistor is connected
to the terminals, Vab is measured as 12 V. Determine:
*4.75 Looking into terminals of the circuit shown in
(a) the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b, (b) Vab
Fig. 4.141, from the right (the RL side), determine
when a 20-k resistor is connected to terminals a-b.
the Thevenin equivalent circuit. What value of RL
produces maximum power to RL?
a
Linear
20I network
10 Ω I
– + a b

Figure 4.142
+
10 V − RL For Prob. 4.85.

4.86 A black box with a circuit in it is connected to a

b
variable resistor. An ideal ammeter (with zero
Figure 4.141 resistance) and an ideal voltmeter (with infinite
For Prob. 4.75. resistance) are used to measure current and voltage
as shown in Fig. 4.143. The results are shown in the
table on the next page.
Section 4.9 Verifying Circuit Theorems
with PSpice i
A
4.76 Solve Prob. 4.34 using PSpice.
Black
V R
4.77 Use PSpice to solve Prob. 4.44. box
4.78 Use PSpice to solve Prob. 4.52.
4.79 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Figure 4.143
Fig. 4.123 using PSpice. For Prob. 4.86.