WEEK 2: BUILDING COMPONENTS – WINDOWS, DOORS AND

ROOFS

Windows
A window is an opening in the wall, designed to admit light and air into an enclosed space.
Types of window
1. Casement window:
This is the oldest type of window frame which is made of wood or metal, with casement hung on one side of
the frame to open out.

2. Louvre windows:
These windows have glass blades divided into several glassing bars. Within the frame, louvre blades are
opened and closed.

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3. Sliding sash windows:
In this type of window, the sashes are hung to slide vertically inside the frame. The main advantage of this
type of window is that as sashes are suspended vertically, they do not tend to sink and lose shape as casements
do.

Function of windows
1. To allow air into the building
2. Windows allow light into the building
3. To allow inhabitants to see the outside from within a building
4. To add beauty to the design of the buildings.
Doors
A door is a solid flat barrier that close and opens the entrance to a building or a room. Doors are used for
opening and closing the entrance to a building.

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Types of doors
1. Interior doors:
These are doors used in the inside of a building, or where security is not very much needed.
Examples of interior doors include panel doors, flush doors, French doors and louvre doors.
2. Exterior doors:
It is used to open to the outside of a building. Such doors are of solid core construction, usually made of
hardwood, metal only, or metal with glass.
Examples of exterior doors include sliding door, revolving doors and folding doors.
Functions of doors
1. It prevents unrestricted access to enclose space.
2. Doors serve as a barrier to danger, attack by pests and human invaders.
3. It adds beauty to the design of a building.

Roofs
Roofs are the top feature in a building structure which provides cover for the entire building and protect
internal decoration or fittings from the weather.
Types of roofs
1. Single roofs:
Single roofs consist only of spars which are secured at the ridge and wall plates. Examples of this type of roof

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 WEEK 3: WOODWORK PROJECTS – WOODWORK JOINTS

Woodwork machines

They are specially designed machines used for wood operations in furniture work. Examples of woodwork
machines are as follows:

(i) Hand drills:

This is an electrically powered tool used for boring holes in wood. It contains the chuck which turns the drill
bit clockwise and anti-clockwise.

(ii) Belt sander:

This machine is used for sanding (smoothening) the surface of the wood. Abrasive is used to coat the rollers
in this electrically powered tool.

(iii) Circular saw:

The circular saw is used for cross-cutting timber, for cutting depth and for forming grooves on timber. It is

electrically powered also. It can be adjusted to any desired position.

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(iv) Saber Saw:

This is a flexible saw used for cutting complex shapes like curves on plywood. Like the curves found on

loudspeakers.

(v) Nailing gun:

This machine is used instead of the hammer, in sticking nails into wood.

(vi) Circular sawing machine:

It is used for both crosscutting and ripping operations during woodwork.

(vii) Band sawing machine:

This machine uses the band saw. It is used for cutting straight lines, circular and irregular curves on timber
and plywood.

(viii) Thickness machine:

This is the machine used for forming the required thickness for stool and table legs.

(ix) Surface planer:

The surface planer is designed for planning operations, especially planks. It can also be adopted for rebating
and tenoning jobs. It has a wide, flat surface for supporting any load laid on it.

(x) Drill press:

(xi) Wood lathe:

This is the father of all machines. Primarily, it is used for turning operations to form table legs and lampstands
or stool stands. It is used also for scraping, sanding, grooving.

Woodwork projects

Woodwork projects demand a lot of organization and planning. This is done to present a professionally
finished product.

Stages in woodwork project

1. Design stage:

This is the stage where your mind conceives of a concept or an idea of what type of article you want to
produce and how I will look like.

2. Drawing stage:

This is the stage where you draw your concept or idea. It could be a very simple sketch. It could be the whole
article first, then the views.

3. Fabrication stage:

This stage is a combination of the working drawing and your cutting list. This list shows the dimension,
quantity and description of the article.

Classes of wood joints

Wood joints are grouped into three classes, namely:

1. Box joints:

These are the classes of wood joints that form an angle of 90 degrees. They include butt and dovetail joints.

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 WEEK 4: SIMPLE WOODWORK PROJECTS

Non-wood materials used in woodwork

Adhesive (gum and glue).

Abrasive (sandpaper).

Hinges and locks.

Nails, screws and fittings.

1. Adhesives:

These are substances that can bond wooden, leather and other non-wood materials together. There are three

groups of adhesives as shown below.

(a) Protein Adhesives: These are natural adhesives derived from various protein sources. They include scotch
glue (animal glue), casein glue made from milk and blood albumen glue (animal blood).

(b) Synthetic Adhesives: These are adhesives made from organic compounds. They include thermoplastic
glue (adhesives that can melt under heat) and thermoset glues (the glue that cannot melt under heat).

(c) Contact adhesives: These are the type of adhesives used for dissimilar materials. Examples of dissimilar

materials are wood and leather, paper and leather or plastic and metal. The types of adhesives in this group
include Evo-Stik, Bostick, super-glue, Araldite, etc.

2. Abrasives:

These are papers, clothes and fibres that are coated with hard minerals like sand, used to smoothen the surface
of other materials like rough surfaces of wood, rusted metals, etc. They are grouped as either as coarse (rough)
type, medium and fine (smooth) type.

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3. Hinges:

Hinges are fittings used to hold doors and windows in place. They help the doors and windows to swing
easily.

There are different types of hinges in use depending on the type of work to be done. The common types of
hinges are as follows:

(a) Flat hinges: These are general-purpose hinges that come in different sizes. They are commonly used for
wooden doors, windows and lockers.

Ii •
II •
I
•
I

:1
• •
(b) Tee hinges: These are hinges that look like the letter „T‟ in shape. They are used for bigger doors used on
shops and garage doors.

• II
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le
• •11
I

• I:
(c) Butt hinges: These hinges look exactly like the flat hinges. The only difference is that these hinges are a
little bigger than the flat hinges. They are used for both external and internal doors.

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(d) Lift-off hinges: These types of hinges are used for special types of jobs.

4. Locks:

Locks are used to securing openings.

Wardrobe lock, box lock, and cupboard locks: They are used for cabinets, boxes and chests.

Mortise lock, cylinder latch lock, rim lock, sliding door lock and the common padlock: These types of

locks are used on doors, especially room doors.

5. Nails:

Nails are used to fastening wood pieces together. The different types of nails c include the following:

(a) Round nail: These are nails used for fastening packing cases.

(b) Oval nail: These are nails used in upholstery furniture jobs, like coition chairs.

(c) Cut floor brad nail: These are nails used for fastening floorboards.

(d) Panel pin nails: These are the nails used for cabinetwork, picture frame and any other lighter job.

6. Screws:

Screws are also used for fastening wood pieces together, for a firmer result. The following describes the
different types of screws:

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(a) Counter-sunk screw: This is a general-purpose screw used in all types of woodwork. They come in
different sizes. They have a straight slot.

(b) Roundhead screw: It is used to fasten metal handles on wooden materials.

(c) Raised head screw: These are screws used in most furniture work like cabinets and office tables.

7. Fittings:

Fittings are used as part of the finishing process in furniture. They include catches, handles and stays.

8. Finishes:

Finishes are chemicals used on the surfaces of woodwork used to beautify it after sanding and scraping.

The different types of finishes include the following:

(a) Varnish:

These are chemicals that give wood a hard, tough layer coating. There are two types namely, the oil and the
spirit vanishes.

(b) Lacquer:

This is the finish that is commonly used by furniture makers. It gives furniture a glossy, shiny finish. It adapts
to any weather.

(c) French polish:

This finish is used generally to beautify woodwork. It easily dissolves in thinner or spirit.

(d) Wax polish:

This polish is derived from animal fat, used for beautification of the woodwork. There are three types of wax
polish namely, animal wax, vegetable wax and mineral wax.

(e) Paints:

This finish is used to decorate and preserve any woodwork. They include gloss oil, semi-oil, metallic and
plastic paints.

(f) Creosote:

This type of finish is used as a preservative against fungus and insect attack.

CLASS WORK

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 1. Non wood materials are as follows except

(a) nail (b) adhesive (c) abrasive (d) screws (e) table
2. Which of the following is not a wood work joint?
(a) hinge (b) dovetail (c) butt (d) halving (e) mortise
3. The most suitable kind of door for the entrance of garage is the.............door
(a) sliding (b) flush (c) roler shutter (d) panel (e) none of the above
4. In Oblique projections,blocks are drawn ......to the viewing plane
(a) adjacent (b) isometric (c) inclined (d) parallel (e) none of the above
5. The receding or oblique lines are drawn at.........
(a) 35° (b) 45° (c) 95° (d) 75° (e) 25°
6. .........are used for securing openings
(a) nails (b) joints (c) locks (d) tenon (e) non of the above
7. All these are fasteners except
(a) bolts (b) nails (c) nuts (d) screws (e) mortise
8. Reading the building plans means
(a) construction of building (b) identification and interpreting building parts (c) labelling the building (d)
rendering of the building (e) plastering of the building
9. A trapezium is also known as ...........
(a) triangle (b) sphere (c) quadrilateral (d) polygon (e) parallelogram
10. Which of the following is not a quadrilateral
(a) parallelogram (b) trapezium (c) rectangle (d) triangle (e) non of the above
11. The two types of plastics are
(a) polyplastic and thermoset (b) polyesther and polyplastic (c) latex and polythene (d) thermoplastic and
thermoset (e) non of the above
12. Which of this is not a typical maintenance?
(a) predictive (b) replacement (c) corrective (d) preventive (e) non of the above
13. What does the word bisect means?
(a) to cut something in to more than five pieces (b) it is a plane with two wings (c) to cut something in to two
congruent pieces or in to half (d) to outline the drawing (e) none of the above
14. .......help the door and window to swing easily
(a) nail (b) lock (c) hinges (d) screws (e) joints
15. All the following are types of hinges except
(a) flat hinges (b) butt hinges (c) tee hinges (d) lift-off hinges (e) tenon hinges

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 WEEK 5: METALWORK PROJECTS – METHODS OF JOINING TOOLS
AND MATERIALS USED

Metalwork project involves the use of metal sheets to fabricate articles.

Fabrication

It is the use of metal sheets to make different metal articles for use.

Fabrication processes

1. Sketching: This is the art of drawing the desired article, with dimensions on paper first.

2. Measurement: On the metal sheet, the size of the article to be fabricated must be measured next, using a
scriber.

3. Marking out: At this stage, the scriber is used to mark-out parts of the article on the metal sheet.

4. Cutting: A snip is used at this stage to cut through the path marked on the metal sheet.

5. Filing: To smoothen the rough edges of the cut article, a pedestal grinder or file can be used to achieve this.

Tools for metalwork fabrication

(i) Measuring tool: The basic measuring tools used in metalwork include centre square, steel rule, outside
and inside callipers and protractor. These tools are all used for measuring lengths, widths and angles.

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(ii) Marking-out tool: The main tool used here is the scriber. This tool is used together with measuring tools.

(iii) Cutting tools: The list in this category, include chisels, snips, bench shears and hack saw. One must
consider the thickness of the metal you are about to cut before choosing the right cutting tool.

(iv) Files: In metalwork projects, files are used to remove sharp and rough edges to produce a smooth final
finish.

(v) Drill bits: Drill bits are fitted into the chuck of drilling machines. They are used to bore holes on metal
plates. They come in different types which include countersunk, flat, straight-fluted, twist and combination
drill bits.

Shape development

(i) Bending: Most metalwork project involves bending and folding, either cylindrically or as square-box
shape. This changes the shape of the metal.

(ii) Drawing down: This is the process of stretching a metal by hammering.

(iii) Twisting: This is a beautification process in forging operation.

(iv) Upsetting: This is the process of increasing the thickness of metal. It is useful in processing bolt heads.

Metal finishing

Metal finishing is the process of beautifying metal surfaces to prevent rust and prolong its economic life.

Types of metal finishing

1. Buffing: This is the method of using wheels covered with soft cloth or leather to polish the surface of the

metal.

2. Lacquering: This is the application of the lacquer to the metal surface to prevent corrosion.

3. Enamelling: This is the application of corrosion-resistant material, like plastics, on metal to make the
surface glossy and hard. E.g. kerosene stoves

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4. Scratching: This is the use of a thin metal piece and steel brush for cleaning metal parts thoroughly to
be finished.
5. Painting/Spraying: This is the application of oil paint to metal for coating purpose.

6. Copper finishing: This is the oxidation of copper surface to form shades of different colours like purple,
red, brown, etc.

7. Spot Finishing: This is the forming of pressed spots on metal by the use of ornamental finishing and

abrasive powder and oil spread over the metal.

NOTE: Spot is achieved by placing the metal over a spinning wood on a drill chuck.

1. Electroplating: This is the protective coating of a metal with other metal such as tin, zinc or chromium to

prevent c itorrosion

CLASS WORK

1.All the following are fabrication processes except

(a) sketching (b) measurement (c) marking out (d) cutting (e) reveting

2. File is used for............

(a) cutting (b) marking out (c) measuring (d) smoothening (e) none of the above

3. Metal finishing means............

(a) to cut metal (b) to mark metal (c) to beautify the surface of metal (d) to join metals (e) none of the above

4. Which of the following is a measuring tool?

(a) Hammer (b) scriber (c) file (d) tape (e) none of the above

5. Which these is not a non ferrous metal?

(a) zinc (b) copper (c) wrought iron (d) alluminium (e) none of the above

6. The mixing of two or more metals to obtained an improved metal is known as......

(a) smelting (b) expanding (c) alloying (d) forming (e) injection

7. Which of these is not a method of producing metal?

(a) smelting (b) alloying (c) casting (d) forming (e) compression

8. The process where by hot molten metal is poured in to container of different lengths and sizes is called......

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 (a) smelting (b) alloying (c) forming (d) casting (e) tensile

9. Which of these is not an alloy?

(a) brass (b) bronze (c) iron ore (d) cast iron (e) none of the above

10. Which of the following is a metalic?

(a) ceramics (b) glass (c) plastic (d) cast iron (e) rubber

11. Which of these is not a raw material in ceramics making?

(a) sand (b) lime (c) soda (d) potash (e) ore

12. The smelting process takes place in the ..........

(a) furnace (b) work table (c) clamp (d) mould (e) none of the above

13. File is used for ................

(a) cutting (b) marking (c) measuring (d) smoothening (e) reveting

14. All the following are fabrication processes except

(a) sketching (b) measurement (c) cutting (d) marking out (d) reveting

15. Which of the following is a measuring tool?

(a) hammer (b) scriber (c) tape (d) file (d) none of the above .

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 WEEK 6: METALWORK PROJECTS – METAL JOINING

Metal joining is defined as the process of sticking metals together with the use of fasteners, either
permanently or temporarily.

Methods of joining metals

1. Soldering:

Soldering is a method of joining metal surfaces together using an alloy metal called solder (flexible lead
wire).

Types of Soldering

(i) Soft Soldering: This type of soldering takes place in temperatures between 188°C – 250°C. The soft solder
used during this soldering operation is an alloy of tin and lead. It is used on radios and television.

(ii) Hard (Silver) Soldering: Silver soldering makes use of solder which melts above red heat. The solder is
an alloy of copper and zinc. It is used on fridges and air-conditioners.

Tools and materials required for soldering

They include the following:

(i) Soldering bit: Soldering bit is used to apply heat and soft solder to a large surface area of metal parts.
Such as the ones used in panel beating.

(ii) Soldering iron: Soldering iron is used to apply heat and soft solder to smaller spots and joints in electrical
and electronic circuits. (radio and television).

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(iii) Solder: Solder is an alloy whose melting point is lower than that of the metals to be joined through this

method.

(iv) Flux: These are chemical reagents used for clearing and removing oxides from surfaces to be joined. This
is to prevent oxides from forming on such surfaces to achieve a smooth finish. Some flux used are olive oil,
candle grease and resin.

(v) Heat source: Heat source during soldering may be electrically applied or manually applied. For instance,
some use charcoal heat source to heat soldering bit. However, electrically heated sources are common these
days.

2. Brazing:

Brazing is the joining of metals using an alloy of copper plus zinc (brass). It is a type of hard soldering, that
ranges from 850°C and 950°C. Brazing is used for making stronger joints and a red heat is usually needed to
melt them.

NOTE: Heat Source: In brazing, the heating tool is the brazing hearth.

Brazing hearth Procedures for Brazing

(i) Clean the metals to be joined especially at the joint point.

(ii) Apply borax to clean up and leave a coat on the metal surfaces.

(iii) Clamp the workpiece in place before applying heat.

(iv) Apply the filler rod to the joint and heat with oxyacetylene flame.

Safety precautions to observe during soldering/brazing

(i) Avoid inhaling fumes from molten flux by not leaning over too close to the joint being brazed.

(ii) When the brazing operation is complete, wash off your hands and spot where flux was applied.

(iii) Ensure that the workshop is properly ventilated for the free flow of air.

(iv) Do not allow borax or any other flux to rub your skin. It could be dangerous.

3. Welding:

It is the process of melting a metal workpiece and a filler to form a pool of molten strong joint. Welding is a

permanent fastener for metals.

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 WEEK 7: MOTION ENGINEERING PROJECTS

Motion can be defined as the movement of a body (object) from one point to another with the application of
force.

Types of motion in motion engineering

1. Linear Motion: This is the motion of a body moving in a straight line. For instance, a push-pull link

mechanism is a simple machine that operates with linear motion.

2. Rotary Motion: This is the motion of a body moving in a circular form.

Examples of circular motion are the rotation of a fan, vehicle tyres, the handle of the clock, etc.

3. Reciprocating Motion: This is a linear motion that reverses direction periodically.

4. Oscillations: This is a rotary motion that reverses or changes direction periodically. An example is the
motion of a pendulum bob in clocks.

5. Irregular Motion: This is the type of motion that randomly changes direction. For instance, smoke
particles have irregular motion.

Rotary motion

Rotary Motion is the motion of a body moving in a circular form. Examples of circular motion are the rotation
of a fan, vehicle tyres, the handle of the clock, etc.

Types of rotary motion

(i) One-way rotary motion: This is the type of motion that is strictly clockwise or strictly anti-clockwise. In
a one-way rotary motion, a reversal of direction can lead to damage to such a machine.

Examples of one-way rotary motion include driving shaft of an automobile, electric fan, circular sawing
machine, etc.

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(ii) Reversible rotary motion: This is the type of rotary motion that can go clockwise and anti-clockwise.
For example, in vehicles, reversible rotary motion makes it possible for a car to reverse and go backwards. A
crane also has a reversible rotary motion to be able to lift and drop loads in its load drum.

E.g. Function of the Clutch: The function of the clutch is to disconnect two shafts running at different speeds,
that is, the engine crankshaft and the gearbox shaft.

Types of Car Engines

1. Front- Engine Rear-Wheel Drive: This is an engine that consists of a clutch, a gearbox, a propeller shaft
and a rear axle. Most cars in Nigeria operate with this type of engine.

2. Front-Engine Front Wheel Drive: In this type of engine, every other part mentioned in Front- Engine
Rear Wheel Drive is present except for the propeller shaft.

Transmission is directly from the gearbox to the rotating wheels.

3. Rear-Engine Rear-Wheel Drive: In this type of engine, there is no propeller shaft also. The clutch, engine

and gearbox are all engineered at the back of the car. An example is Volkswagen cars.

4. Front-Engine 4-Wheel Drive: This is a more recent technological advancement in the engineering of cars.

There is no propeller shaft and most times no mechanical gearbox. The gear system is a hydraulic system.

This car contains the brake and the accelerator only, with all four wheels connected to the gearbox.

Control of rotary motion-brakes

Brakes are meant to control motion. The kinetic energy in a moving object is absorbed by the brake. This
produces heat on the brake as kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. As the brake absorbs heat, the
vehicle slows down until it finally comes to a stop.

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How brakes work

There are different types of brakes. However, the principle of how the brake works is the use of friction. If the
brake in a car or bicycle is pressed against the rotating drum or disc or wheel, the resulting friction between
the pad and the drum or wheel slows down the rotating wheels, until they eventually come to a stop.

Conversion of rotary motion to linear motion

(i) Sewing Machine: In some machines, it is necessary for a change from one form of the motion to another
along its line of operation.

For instance, a sewing machine will need to convert linear motion from the moving pedal to rotary motion at
the wheel and finally to linear motion again at the needle.

(ii) Piston-Crank mechanism of a car engine is another example of converting rotary motion at one point of an

engine to rotary motion at another point of the same engine.

(iii) Crank and Slider: The crank and slider mechanism is used in certain machines. The mechanism consists
of a rotating crank which rotates about its centre and an arrangement of levers which acts as a linkage to a
sliding block constrained to execute linear motion at the other end. In an automobile, this system is described
as the piston and crankshaft.

So, in a machine, the crank and slider device can work in changing rotary motion to linear motion or from
linear motion into rotary motion.

Other examples of machines involved in converting one form of energy to another are; Screw jack, Rack and
piston steering system, Crankshaft and cylinder, Metalwork table vice, Woodworker‟s vice, Pipe vice, G-
clamp, etc

CLASS WORK
1. The movement of an object from one point to another with the application of force is known as
(a) friction (b) Machine (c) motion (d) lever (e) ceramics
2. The motion of a body moving in a straight lin is known as........... motion
(a) Linear (b) rotary (c) oscillation (d) reciprocating (d) irregular
3. The motion of Ceiling fan is an example of ......... motion
(a) linear (b) rotary (c) oscillation (d) irregular (e) reciprocating
4. The movement of a butterfly is an example of ........... motion
(a) linear (b) rotary (c) oscillation (d) irregular (e) reciprocating
5. Brakes are meant to........
(a) change direction (b) reversing (c) control motion (d) change speed (e) non of the above
6.All the following are types of motion except
(a) Linear motion (b) oscillatory motion (c) reciprocating motion (d) rotary motion (e) tendon motion
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7. Which of the following machine convert rotary motion to linear motion
(a) milling machine (b) lathe machine (c) drilling machine (d) sewing machine (e) none of the above
8..........is an example of reversible rotary motion
(a) sewing machine (b) milling machine (c) crane (d) butterfly (e) non of the above
9. Which of these is a technology related carrier?
(a) civil engineering (b) law (c) accountancy (d) political science (e) none of the above
10.All the following are building components except
(a) door (b) window (c) floor (d) roof (e) Earth
11.Which among these is not a material used in building construction?
(a) concrete (b) wood (c) metal (d) granite (e) paper
12. All the following are types of wall except
(a) cavity wall (b) parapet wall (c) block wall (d) partition wall (e) strip wall
13. ............ foundation is suitable for small structure
(a) raft (b) pad (c) stepped (d) strip (e) pile
14. ..............is a binding agent in concrete
(a) stone (b) water (c) sand (d) cement (e) none of the above
15. The main function of foundation in a building is to .....................
(a) distribute the weight of the building to the soil (b) bond the wall (c) carry the weight of the ball (d)
protect the building from erosion (e) none of the above

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WEEK 8: SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING
Switch

Battery
Light
Bulb

Introduction

When electronic devices are connected to a source of electric power in a way that electric current flows
through them and back to the sources, an electric circuit is formed.

Electric circuits

An electric circuit is a complete path through which electrons or current flows. The path is made up of cable
or wire which connect all the components of the circuit.

Components of an electric circuit

1. Battery: It is the means through which there is a flow of electrons i n the electric circuit. It is measured in

Amperes (A).

2. Resistor: This is a device which is used to limit the free flow of elec trons or to provide a voltage drop in
the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).

3. Load: This includes the lamp and other elect rical appliances connected to the circuit. E.g. radio, television

sets, etc.

4. Control: This refers to the electric components that are used to switch “on” and “off” current. E.g. fuses.

Types of circuit

1. Series circuit: In a series circuit, the same current flows from the positive terminal of the battery through

accessories and back to the battery through the negative terminal.

2. Parallel circuit: In a parallel circuit connection, there is more than one path through which current flows
into the circuit. Each accessory draws its current from the battery.

NOTE: The addition of another bulb will not reduce the brightness of the lamps because different current
flows through each lamp, and the current in each bulb is independent of the other.

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Wiring tools, materials and accessories

The tools used for the electric wiring and installation of circuits in the homes, offices and other building
structures and equipment are called wiring tools.

Common tools used in electrical wiring include tester, plier, fishing tape, hacksaw, screwdriver, knife,
hammer, cutter, spirit level, gimlet, pipe-bending machine and the ohmmeter.

Uses of wiring tools

1. Testers: It is used to detect the presence of electric current.

2. Pliers: It is used to hold, twist and cut cables during wiring.

3. Fishing tape: It is used to draw wires through conduit pipes.

4. Hacksaw: It is used to cut pipes in conduit wiring.

5. Screwdriver: They are used to drive in screws to hold accessories onto surfaces.

6. Hammer: It is used to drive in wiring nails which holds the clips.

7. Cutter: It is used to cut cables and wires.

8. Spirit level: It is used to check the straightness of aid cables, especially in surface wiring.

9. Bending machine: It is used to bend conduit pipes.

10. Ohmmeter: It is used to test the continuity of wiring.

Electrical accessories/materials used in electrical wiring

i. Joint boxes
ii. Lamps
iii. Lamp holders
iv. Distribution bases
v. Socket outlets
vi. Switches
vii. Ceiling roses
viii. Screws
ix. Clips
x. Nails
xi. Cables
xii. Conduit pipe

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Wiring systems

There are two main types of wiring systems viz:

1. Surface wiring: In this type of wiring, the cables are laid on the surface of the walls.

2. Conduit wiring: The cables are inserted into the metal or P.V.C. (polyvinyl chloride) tube within the wall.

Safety regulation in electrical wiring

1. Switches for the bathroom should be installed outside the bathroom.

2. Always switch off circuits before working on them.

3. Never use your teeth to strip insulations from cables.

4. Current-carrying conductors must never be left exposed. Use cello tapes to cover up exposed joints.

5. When working on live circuits, always use well-insulated tools.

6. Use appropriate sizes of and ratings of accessories in all installations

CLASS WORK
1. .......is used to detect the presence of electric current
(a) pliers(b) fishing tape (c) hacksaw (d) screwed driver (e) testers
2.............is a path through which electrons or current flow
(a) battery (b) switch (c) electric circuit (d) lamp (e) resistor
3. All the following are wiring tools except
(a) testers (b) pliers (c) hacksaw (d) screw driver (e) punches
4. The electricity at high voltage is known as.............
(a) high tension supply (b) low tension supply (c) high flow current (d) low flow current (e) non of the above
5. .........is used for twisting cable during wiring
(a) testers (b) hacksaw (c) pliers (d) screw driver (e) spirit level
6. The movement of an object from one point to another with the application of force is known as
(a) friction (b) Machine (c) motion (d) lever (e) ceramics
7.. The motion of a body moving in a straight lin is known as........... motion
(a) Linear (b) rotary (c) oscillation (d) reciprocating (d) irregular
8. The motion of Ceiling fan is an example of ......... motion
(a) linear (b) rotary (c) oscillation (d) irregular (e) reciprocating
9. The movement of a butterfly is an example of ........... motion
(a) linear (b) rotary (c) oscillation (d) irregular (e) reciprocating
10. Brakes are meant to........
(a) change direction (b) reversing (c) control motion (d) change speed (e) non of the above
11. All the following are types of motion except
(a) Linear motion (b) oscillatory motion (c) reciprocating motion (d) rotary motion (e) tendon motion
12. Which of the following machine convert rotary motion to linear motion
(a) milling machine (b) lathe machine (c) drilling machine (d) sewing machine (e) none of the above
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