CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Front Page Bar Code
29 MAY 2018 (a.m.)

FILL IN ALL THE INFORMATION REQUESTED CLEARLY IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

TEST CODE 0 2 2 0 7 0 2 0

SUBJECT BIOLOGY – UNIT 2 – Paper 02

PROFICIENCY ADVANCED

REGISTRATION NUMBER

SCHOOL/CENTRE NUMBER

NAME OF SCHOOL/CENTRE

CANDIDATE’S FULL NAME (FIRST, MIDDLE, LAST)

DATE OF BIRTH D D M M Y Y Y Y
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Current Bar Code

SIGNATURE __________________________________________________

‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 DO
NO
W T
RI
TE
TH ON
IS
PA
G E
 TEST CODE 02207020
FORM TP 2018156 MAY/JUNE 2018

CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

BIOLOGY

UNIT 2 – Paper 02

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of SIX questions in TWO sections. Answer ALL

questions.

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. Do NOT write in the margins.

4. You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions.

5. You are advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your
answers.

6. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so
on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the
back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original
answer.

7. If you use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number
clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where
relevant, include the question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2017 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.

02207020/CAPE 2018 ‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”

Sequential Bar Code
 -4-

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

1. (a) An outline of the Krebs cycle is given in Figure 1, with compounds labelled A to G and
selected points in the cycle numbered 1 to 5.

4C
6C

4C 5C
FADH2

FAD
4C 4C

Figure 1. Outline of the Krebs cycle (NADH = reduced NAD)

(i) Writing your answer in Figure 1, insert the number of carbon atoms contained
in EACH of the compounds labelled B to G. An example is given for Compound A.
[3 marks]

(ii) Writing your answer in Figure 1, insert the input and product at the point
numbered 4, as completed for the points numbered 1, 2, 3 and 5. [1 mark]
(FAD --> FADH2)

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 -5-
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

(iii) Explain the TWO MAIN roles of the Krebs cycle.

.................................................................................................................................
- Production of NADH and FADH2, to facilitate production of ATP (energy currency).

.................................................................................................................................
NADH and FADH2 are produced.

• As hydrogens are being lost from the 4C compound, FAD is reduced to FADH2.
.................................................................................................................................
This cycle will then restart once the 4C compound becomes oxaloacetate again.
.................................................................................................................................
• FADH2 and NADH can yield ATP if they become FAD and NAD once again if
.................................................................................................................................
they are oxidized (lose their hydrogens) again. This is called oxidative phosphorylation.
.................................................................................................................................
1 ATP is produced per cycle due to substrate-level phosphorylation.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
-

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[4 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 -6-

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
(b) The rate of photosynthesis is measured in individual leaves of a plant species at different
light levels, and the data obtained are recorded in Table 1.

TABLE 1: RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN INDIVIDUAL LEAVES

AT DIFFERENT LIGHT LEVELS

Light Level Rate of Photosynthesis

(Standard Units) (Standard Units)

75 0
150 4
225 8
300 11
400 15
500 18
700 22
900 24
1200 25
1400 25
1600 25

(i) On the grid provided on page 7, plot a line graph based on the data provided in
Table 1. [4 marks]

(ii) Using the concept of limiting factors, suggest THREE reasons for the shape of
the graph drawn in b (i).

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
A limiting factor is one that influences the rate of a reaction in such a way

.................................................................................................................................
that it may hinder the reaction, or prevent the rate from increasing.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
In the graph, light is the limiting factor. At low light levels, photosynthetic rate
is high and rapidly increases as light intensity increases.
.................................................................................................................................
At high light levels (beyond 1000-1200 units), rate of reaction becomes constant
.................................................................................................................................
due to light no longer being the limiting factor.

.................................................................................................................................
Other factors such as temperature may also become limiting factors
as the rate of reaction is increasing with light intensity, e.g. high temperatures
.................................................................................................................................
may denature photosynthetic enzymes, causing rate to plateau or drop..

.................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

Total 15 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

02207020/CAPE 2018

-7-

Sequential Bar Code

‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
 -8-

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
2. (a) Figure 2A shows a cross-section of phloem tissue and Figure 2B shows a longitudinal
section of phloem tissue.

Figure 2A. Cross-section of phloem Figure 2B. Longitudinal section of

tissue phloem tissue

(i) In the space below, draw and label a diagram of the TWO phloem cell types shown
in Figure 2B.

[3 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 -9-
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

(ii) Describe TWO features of EACH phloem cell type shown in Figure 2B.

.................................................................................................................................
Sieve element - Lacks a nucleus and mitochondria. Are book-ended by
.................................................................................................................................
sieve plates. Elongated shape. Large empty lumen for sucrose transport.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
Companion cell - Contains prominent nuclei and many mitochondria to provide for the

metabolic needs of sieve tube elements. Attached to side of sieve element.

.................................................................................................................................
Dense cytoplasm.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(iii) State the major function of EACH of the TWO phloem cell types.

.................................................................................................................................
Sieve element - Transport of sucrose from source to sink (e.g. leaves to roots)
.................................................................................................................................
Transport of other assimilates and amino acids around the plant (bidirectional).
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
Companion cell - Facilitates movement of sucrose into phloem tube cells by

diffusion. Providing ATP to the sieve tube element to allow active transport
.................................................................................................................................
and uptake of sucrose.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 10 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
(b) John is a 62-year-old male who recently began using the antidepressant fluoxetine, to deal
with the loss of his wife. His blood pressure and pulse rate are monitored for one hour after
he ingests the antidepressant. Ten minutes into the monitoring process, John falls asleep.
Blood tests show that 30 minutes after ingestion, fluoxetine enters John’s bloodstream.
Figure 3 shows the data collected on John’s systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and his
pulse rate over the one-hour period.

Figure 3. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate over a one-hour
period

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 11 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

(i) Explain what is meant by EACH of the following terms:

Blood pressure

.................................................................................................................................
The force of blood pushing against walls of the blood vessels due to pumping.
.................................................................................................................................
Systolic - Ventricular contractions during heartbeat
.................................................................................................................................
Diastolic - Relaxation of the ventricles, heart is at 'rest' between beats.
.................................................................................................................................
(Avg systolic/diastolic pressure = 120/80 mmHg)
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

Pulse

.................................................................................................................................
The 'throb' that is felt in arteries due to the force of the heart pumping blood.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
Pulse is typically detected at the wrist or neck.

.................................................................................................................................
(Avg pulse range = 60 - 100 bpm)
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 12 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
(ii) Describe the effect of EACH of the following parameters on blood pressure and
pulse rate:

Sleep
Systolic pressure decreases while diastolic pressure decreases minutely.
.................................................................................................................................
Pulse rate decreases at first, but shows slight increase after a few minutes
.................................................................................................................................
of sleep. [1 mark]

Fluoxetine

.................................................................................................................................
Fluoxetine causes all three parameters to increase, with a steep increase
.................................................................................................................................
in systolic pressure and a gradual increase in pulse.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

(iii) Should John continue to take fluoxetine? Give a reason for your answer.

.................................................................................................................................
No. Due to his age, the fluoxetine may result in his heart being overworked
.................................................................................................................................
due to the increased pulse rate, and the increased force against his
.................................................................................................................................
arterial walls due to increase in blood pressure may result in CV diseases.
.................................................................................................................................
His blood pressure is naturally high (>120/80), so he is most [2 marks]

likely hypertensive and the medicine may result in a stroke.
Total 15 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 13 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

3. (a) Alcohol consumption can have short-term and long-term effects on the liver.

(i) In the box provided below, draw a flowchart to illustrate the stages in the
detoxification of alcohol in the liver, including the enzymes and coenzyme involved.

[4 marks]

(ii) Explain how the metabolism of alcohol can lead to a short-term effect on the liver.

.................................................................................................................................
- Ethanol is oxidised. NADH is produced. NAD is used up by ethanol metabolism
.................................................................................................................................
in liver.
.................................................................................................................................
- NAD is used in liver to oxidise fatty acids.
.................................................................................................................................
- Fatty acids begin to accumulate due to decrease of available NAD.
.................................................................................................................................
- These fatty acids are stored as lipids in hepatocytes (liver cells), resulting
.................................................................................................................................
in inflammation and eventual scarring.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 14 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
(iii) Describe how alcohol-induced cirrhosis occurs and its effects on the liver.
Hepatocytes die during damage/ inflammation and are replaced by scar tissue,
.................................................................................................................................
due to long-term excessive alcohol consumption. Liver function is severely
.................................................................................................................................
altered.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(b) (i) Complete Table 2 by writing the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 to indicate the order of
the steps in the replication of HIV in host cells. Steps 1 and 7 have been done for
you.

TABLE 2: STEPS IN THE REPLICATION OF HIV IN HOST CELLS

Transmission 1

Transcription 5

Reverse transcription 3

Maturation and release 7

Integration 4

Infection 2

Translation 6

[3 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 15 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

(ii) Describe THREE ways by which HIV can be transmitted.

.................................................................................................................................
- Exchange of sexual fluids e.g. semen and vaginal fluids
.................................................................................................................................
- Blood transfusion from HIV infected person
.................................................................................................................................
- Ingestion of HIV infected mother's breast milk.
.................................................................................................................................
- Transmission from HIV infected mother to child via placenta.
.................................................................................................................................
- Sharing hypodermic needles (e.g. intravenous drugs)

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

Total 15 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 16 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

4. (a) “For a top carnivore to be numerous in an ecosystem, it must feed at many different levels
of the food chain and not just the one beneath it.” Discuss the veracity of this statement.

.............................................................................................................................................
- Each trophic level has different amounts of available energy. Top carnivores would
.............................................................................................................................................
have the least energy available from the level beneath them, as seen in a pyramid of energy.
.............................................................................................................................................
- Only approx. 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, due to
.............................................................................................................................................
energy being lost to the atmosphere as heat during respiration and excretion.
.............................................................................................................................................
- There are greater numbers of organisms (prey) at lower trophic levels due to more
.............................................................................................................................................
energy being available to them. There are fewer numbers of apex predators due to
.............................................................................................................................................
less energy being available to support many of them.
.............................................................................................................................................
- The predator's diet must thus consist of food from various trophic levels and should not
.............................................................................................................................................
be restricted to the trophic levels below them. Predators must expend a large amount of
.............................................................................................................................................
energy to stalk and hunt prey.
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[6 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 17 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

(b) Within any ecosystem, biodiversity exists at three levels: genetic, species and ecosystem.
Discuss the interaction among these three levels of biodiversity. Include in your answer
an explanation of EACH level — genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity.

.............................................................................................................................................
GENETIC DIVERSITY
.............................................................................................................................................
- Differences among members of a species due to variation in alleles.
.............................................................................................................................................
- Greater number of genetic differences or wider gene pool among members leads to
increased diversity in population. Larger populations may have a greater range of
.............................................................................................................................................
traits and alleles among members.
.............................................................................................................................................
SPECIES DIVERSITY
.............................................................................................................................................
- Members of the same species are able to produce fertile offspring with each other.
.............................................................................................................................................
- Species diversity refers to the number of species in a given habitat, and is usually
dependent on geographic location.
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

.............................................................................................................................................
- The number of different ecosystems within a geographical area.

.............................................................................................................................................
- These include on a larger scale, such as forests and swamps, and on a smaller scale,
such as a regions of a forest where areas may be shaded/unshaded or influenced by
a water source, such as a river.
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

INTERACTIONS
.............................................................................................................................................
Populations with high genetic diversity are more likely to survive and contribute to
.............................................................................................................................................
greater species diversity. Higher genetic diversity can also improve resistance to disease/
.............................................................................................................................................
pests and reduce risk of extinction.
.............................................................................................................................................
Ecosystem diversity helps ensure species diversity due to facilitating various factors
.............................................................................................................................................
that help a species overcome selective pressures, e.g. fleeing to another viable ecosystem
.............................................................................................................................................
to escape an invasive species.
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[9 marks]

Total 15 marks
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 18 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
5. (a) An athlete loses a considerable amount of water by sweating during training, after which he
has a high intake of fluids. Explain the mechanism by which water balance is maintained
in this athlete’s body.

..............................................................................................................................................
1. Osmoreceptors (sensory neurones) in the hypothalamus detect water potential of blood.
..............................................................................................................................................
2. If the blood does not contain enough water, osmoreceptors secretes more ADH into the blood
..............................................................................................................................................
from the posterior pituitary gland.
..............................................................................................................................................
3. ADH increases the permeability for water in the DCT and collecting ducts in the nephron.
..............................................................................................................................................
It does this by moving aquaporins to membranes.
..............................................................................................................................................
4. As a result, more water is reabsorbed into the blood from collecting ducts. The urine is more

..............................................................................................................................................
concentrated with urea and salts (darker, yellow colour).

..............................................................................................................................................
5. If the blood has too much water, less ADH is secreted (or ADH is suppressed).

6. As a result, the collecting duct cells become less permeable to water.

..............................................................................................................................................
7. Urine becomes diluted (clearer) and a larger volume is excreted, thus reducing water
..............................................................................................................................................
content in blood.
..............................................................................................................................................
8. This process is known as osmoregulation and helps maintain the water potential of the
..............................................................................................................................................
blood due to negative feedback mechanisms.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[8 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 19 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

(b) The potential difference across the membrane of a resting neurone is approximately
−70 mV. Explain the role of the membrane in maintaining this resting potential.

..............................................................................................................................................
1. In resting potential, the inside of membrane is negative compared to outside.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
2. Na-K pump in the membrane removes 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions brought into the cell.

This results in a more negative charge within cell.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
3. ATP is used by the Na-K pump to maintain the concentration gradient via active transport.

..............................................................................................................................................
4. Membrane is less permeable to Na+ ions than K+ ions, so K+ ions can leak out of
..............................................................................................................................................
the cell. Also, more K+ gates are open compared to Na+ gates, allowing more K+ ions to diffuse
..............................................................................................................................................
out. This contributes to a net positive charge outside of the membrane.
..............................................................................................................................................
5. Membranes hold negatively charged ions within the cell, thus contributing to the
..............................................................................................................................................
negative charge within the cell.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[7 marks]

Total 15 marks
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 20 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
6. (a) Chronic diseases, which are increasing in both incidence and prevalence, are precipitated
by lifestyle choices, and are having a marked effect on mortality in the Caribbean. Explain
this phenomenon, referring to a chronic disease as an example.

..............................................................................................................................................
Chronic diseases are long-term medical conditions that may be degenerative if not
..............................................................................................................................................
treated. They are usually non-communicable and are the result of negative lifestyle
..............................................................................................................................................
choices. Examples include Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
Chronic diseases are usually caused by poor nutrition, such as excessive intake of

sodium, triglycerides, high-LDL cholesterol foods and refined sugars. They are made
..............................................................................................................................................
worse by sedentary lifestyles and lack of regular exercise, as well as abuse of drugs.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
Increased mortality occurs at later stages of life and more people are being diagnosed

with chronic diseases each day, leading to higher prevalence. Presence of these
..............................................................................................................................................
diseases may reduce immune responses to infectious diseases and opportunistic
..............................................................................................................................................
infections.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[7 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 21 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

(b) Joseph contracts dengue fever and recovers. Three months later, he goes to another town
to take care of his grandmother who is suffering from dengue fever. He decides to take her
to the hospital where both his blood and his grandmother’s blood are tested. The antibody
concentration of Joseph’s blood is found to be abnormally high, even though he does not
have any symptoms of the disease. Discuss why Joseph’s immune response is heightened
even though he does not appear ill.

..............................................................................................................................................
1. Joseph is undergoing an immune response to the disease, indicated by an increase
..............................................................................................................................................
in antibodies or leucocytes (wbc's) in the blood.
..............................................................................................................................................
2. The immune response occurs following the detection of antigens present in the body.
..............................................................................................................................................
3. Due to previous infection, Joseph's immune system would have already undergone
a primary response (produced antibodies against the first encounter with the dengue virus)
..............................................................................................................................................
4. B memory cells specific to the virus would have been formed. These retain memory of
..............................................................................................................................................
the antigen long-term.

..............................................................................................................................................
5. Joseph was re-infected with the virus, possibly from his grandmother. The memory cells
formed from the previous exposure to the virus were activated.
..............................................................................................................................................
6. Rapid secretion of antibodies from plasma cell clones would occur after detecting the virus.
This is called the secondary immune response.
..............................................................................................................................................
7. The secondary immune response is faster than the primary response, meaning that the
..............................................................................................................................................
viruses will be quickly destroyed before symptoms can manifest (before the virus can
proliferate within the body).
..............................................................................................................................................
8. As a result, Joseph does not appear ill due to his shortened lag time between
..............................................................................................................................................
detection of the virus and elimination of the virus.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[8 marks]

Total 15 marks
END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

The Council has made every effort to trace copyright holders. However, if any have been inadvertently
overlooked, or any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, CXC will be pleased to correct this at
the earliest opportunity.

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 22 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
EXTRA SPACE

If you use this extra page, you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided.

Question No.

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 23 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

EXTRA SPACE

If you use this extra page, you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided.

Question No.

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 24 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
EXTRA SPACE

If you use this extra page, you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided.

Question No.

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 25 -
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  

EXTRA SPACE

If you use this extra page, you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided.

Question No.

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 - 26 -

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA      DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA  
EXTRA SPACE

If you use this extra page, you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided.

Question No.

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

02207020/CAPE 2018
‘‘*’’Barcode Area”*”
Sequential Bar Code
 DO
NO
W T
RI
TE
TH ON
IS
PA
G E
 CANDIDATE’S RECEIPT

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

1. Fill in all the information requested clearly in capital letters.

TEST CODE: 0 2 2 0 7 0 2 0

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY – UNIT 2 – Paper 02

PROFICIENCY: ADVANCED

REGISTRATION NUMBER:

FULL NAME: ________________________________________________________________

(BLOCK LETTERS)

Signature: ____________________________________________________________________

Date: ________________________________________________________________________

2. Ensure that this slip is detached by the Supervisor or Invigilator and given to you when you
hand in this booklet.

3. Keep it in a safe place until you have received your results.

INSTRUCTION TO SUPERVISOR/INVIGILATOR:

Sign the declaration below, detach this slip and hand it to the candidate as his/her receipt for this booklet
collected by you.

I hereby acknowledge receipt of the candidate’s booklet for the examination stated above.

Signature: _____________________________
Supervisor/Invigilator

Date: _________________________________