UTILIZING DURIAN (Durio zibethinus) SEEDS AS A SUSTAINABLE

SOURCE FOR NON-TOXIC CHALK PRODUCTION

A Study Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department of

Philippine Women’s College of Davao
Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Capstone Project
STEM- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

LASCUÑA, RHIAN JOYCE Q.

GALBO, JOHNREY DINIS J.
RAGAS, SIMON KAIDE L.
TRADIO, NASH JEMS J.
PASAOL, GAVIN

February 2025
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers are deeply indebted to the following individuals, whose

guidance, help, and encouragement were instrumental to this work.

Firstly, to our Lord Jesus Christ, they give thanks for your help in

overcoming the challenges we faced during this capstone. The obstacles

seemed insurmountable at times, but through Your grace, they persevered. They

are grateful for Your strength and guidance.

To Ms. Carmille Faith A. Cajipo, their research teacher, we wanted to

take a moment to express our sincere appreciation for your help with our

research project. Your insights on our capstone were particularly helpful, and we

learned a great deal from our discussions. we wouldn't have been able to

complete the project to the best of my ability without your support. Thank you for

your time, patience, and dedication;

To Ms. Arcellie Patdu, their researcher’s adviser, the researchers extend

their deepest gratitude for your invaluable support and guidance throughout the

research and writing of their paper. Her insightful feedback and unwavering

encouragement were instrumental in shaping our work and ensuring its

successful completion. We are particularly thankful for her patience and

willingness to assist us at every stage of the process, from initial concept

development to final revisions. Her expertise and dedication significantly

enhanced the quality of our research, and we are incredibly fortunate to have had

her support;
 The researchers would especially want to express their gratitude to the

Grade 12-Cleverness students, who were the researchers' classmates, for their

support and help which were essential to the success of the research;

We offer our sincerest thanks to our families for their comprehensive

support, encompassing financial, physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.

Their guidance and encouragement have been instrumental in our progress.

 Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................i
APPROVAL SHEET............................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT..........................................................................................ii
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... iv
Abstract.............................................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................viii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
Rationale ..............................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem .....................................................................4
Hypothesis.............................................................................................5
Scope and Limitation ............................................................................5
Significance of the Study ......................................................................6
Review of Related Literature and Studies..............................................8
Conceptual Framework.........................................................................14
Definition of Terms.................................................................................14
II. METHODOLOGY
Research Design ................................................................................16
Setting .................................................................................................17
Subjects................................................................................................17
Measures..............................................................................................17
Research Procedure ...........................................................................18
Schematic Diagram .............................................................................21
Statistical Treatment ............................................................................22
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................. .…26
IV. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary ..........................................................................................38
Findings............................................................................................39
Conclusion........................................................................................41
Recommendation..............................................................................42
REFERENCES.........................................................................…………..44
APPENDICES
A Research Problem Approval Sheet...........................................................47
B Research Title Approval Sheet ..................................................................48
C Letter of Permission ...................................................................................50
D Endorsement for Final Defense...................................................................51
E Clearance for Statistician.............................................................................53
DOCUMENTATION......................................................................................... 55
CURRICULUM VITAE..................................................................................... 61
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
The environmental impact of traditional chalk production, reliant on

gypsum mining, is a pressing concern. Gypsum and limestone mining, a crucial

step in chalk manufacturing, leads to land degradation, dust generation, and

water contamination, impacting both ecosystems and human health. The

widespread use of chalk in classrooms and various industries has raised

concerns regarding its environmental impact and potential health risks. The

presence of toxic additives in conventional chalk poses health hazards,

particularly for children and educators. While traditional chalk can contribute to

a reduction in reliance on digital technologies, it still contains harmful materials

that impact both the environment and human health.

The ubiquitous nature of traditional chalk in educational settings belies a

concerning reality, its composition poses a significant threat to the health of

teachers and students alike. The fine particulate matter generated during its

use, often containing heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, is

readily inhaled, leading to a range of potential health consequences. These

consequences can include but are not limited to, respiratory problems,

neurological damage, and developmental issues, particularly impacting children

whose bodies are still developing. The long-term effects of chronic exposure to

these toxins are well-documented and alarming, making the continued use of

traditional chalk a matter of serious public health concern. The need for safer,
 2

healthier alternatives in classrooms worldwide is therefore undeniable (Zhang

et. al., 2020).

Durian waste presents a significant challenge to landfill capacity in the

Philippines due to the large quantities generated. Payus et. al. (2021) addressed

the slow decomposition of these organic materials further compounds the issue,

as it can lead to the release of methane gas, a potent greenhouse gas that

contributes to climate change. Improper disposal methods, such as burning

durian waste or allowing it to rot in landfills, can result in environmental pollution.

This pollution can affect air quality, soil health, and water sources, posing risks

to both human health and the ecosystem. To address these challenges, it is

crucial to explore alternative waste management strategies, such as

composting, anaerobic digestion, and biofuel production. These sustainable

approaches can help reduce the environmental impact of durian waste and

promote a more non-toxic waste management system.

In Davao City, the growing production of durian each year brought to light

the concerning issue of durian peel waste in the environment. According to

(Endozo, 2019), durian waste was biodegradable, its slow decomposition rate

meant that it would persist in the environment for an extended period before fully

breaking down. This prolonged decomposition process raised concerns about

the accumulation of durian peel waste over time. Without proper waste disposal

practices in place, there was a risk of pollution as the volume of durian waste

increased. If left unaddressed, the lack of effective waste management solutions

 3

could lead to environmental degradation, affecting ecosystems, air and water

quality, and overall environmental health. It was essential to consider

sustainable waste management strategies to tackle the challenge of durian peel

waste and prevent potential pollution hazards from arising. Implementing proper

waste disposal methods, such as composting or recycling, could help mitigate

the environmental impact of durian waste and promote a cleaner, healthier

environment for all.

Despite extensive research highlighting the environmental and health

risks associated with traditional chalk production, a significant research gap

persists in exploring sustainable alternatives that effectively address both

concerns. Current research primarily focuses on managing durian waste

through methods like composting and biofuel production, neglecting its potential

as a raw material for non-toxic chalk. Furthermore, a critical research gap exists

in comparing the dust production and erasability of durian seed-based chalk to

traditional chalk, a crucial factor in assessing its feasibility as a viable alternative

in educational settings. Addressing this research gap is essential for a

comprehensive investigation into the potential of durian seeds as a sustainable

and non-toxic source for chalk production, ultimately contributing to a more

environmentally responsible and health-conscious solution for the widespread

use of chalk.
 4

Statement of the Problem

This research aimed to explore and develop non-toxic chalk by utilizing

durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds, addressing the effects of traditional board

chalk, such as environmental harm from gypsum mining. Meanwhile,

repurposing agricultural waste like durian seeds offers a sustainable alternative.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of efficacy of durian seeds as an alternative chalk in

terms of:

1.1. Durability;

1.2. Writability; and

1.3. Erasability

2. What is the level of efficacy of commercial chalk in terms of:

2.3. Durability;

2.2. Writability; and

2.3. Erasability
 5

Hypothesis

This study is guided by the null hypothesis tested at a 0.05 level of

significance.

H0: There is no significant difference between the efficacy level of durian seeds

chalk and commercial chalk.

Scope and Limitation

This study delved into the potential of durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds as

a sustainable source for non-toxic chalk production. The research aimed to

investigate the feasibility of transforming these commonly discarded byproducts

of durian fruit processing into a more environmentally conscious alternative to

traditional chalk. This exploration aligned with the growing concern for

environmental sustainability and the need for innovative ways to repurpose

waste materials, promoting a circular economy approach.

Utilizing durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds for chalk production introduced

an innovative and sustainable approach, yet it posed challenges and limitations.

The chemical composition of durian seeds may have lacked sufficient calcium

carbonate, necessitating additional processing steps or alternative binding

agents. Components like starch, protein, and fibers in durian seeds could have

impacted chalk formation and properties. Developing a cost-effective extraction

and processing method for durian seed-based chalk may have been intricate

and required specialized equipment. Addressing these challenges demanded a

 6

comprehensive strategy encompassing innovative processing techniques,

property optimization, and effective market positioning for the success of durian

seed-based chalk production.

Significance of the Study

This study, which focuses on the utilization of Durian (Durio zibethinus)

Seeds as a Sustainable Source for non-toxic Chalk Production, holds great

significance for various groups, including:

Durian farmers and processors. This development could lead to an

additional income stream, helping to stabilize their livelihoods. In durian-

producing regions, where the industry may have faced various challenges, this

new opportunity could have had a positive impact. It could have stimulated

economic growth by generating new job opportunities and supporting local

businesses. Moreover, the increased utilization of durian seeds reduced waste

and made better use of a previously discarded byproduct, which was not only

environmentally friendly but also enhanced the overall sustainability of the

durian industry. As a result, durian farmers and processors could have

experienced improved economic prospects and a more secure future;

Chalk manufacturers. The manufacturers could have reaped substantial

benefits from the utilization of durian seeds as a sustainable raw material

source. This innovative approach not only addressed environmental concerns

but also presented economic advantages. By incorporating durian seeds into

their production processes, manufacturers could have potentially reduced their

 7

reliance on traditional raw materials, which may have been subject to price

fluctuations and supply chain disruptions. Additionally, the use of a renewable

and locally available resource like durian seeds could have helped lower

production costs, making the manufacturers more competitive in the market.

This cost reduction could have been passed on to consumers, making the non-

toxic chalk more affordable and accessible. Moreover, the adoption of

sustainable practices could have enhanced the manufacturers’ brand image and

reputation, attracting environmentally conscious consumers. Overall, the

integration of durian seeds into chalk production offered a win-win situation for

manufacturers, the environment, and consumers alike;

Educational institutions. This research served as a powerful inspiration

for educational initiatives focused on promoting sustainable practices and waste

management. By highlighting the innovative use of a waste product to create a

valuable and environmentally friendly product, the study engaged students and

educators in discussions about sustainability, resource conservation, and the

importance of finding creative solutions to environmental challenges.

Additionally, the study inspired educational institutions to develop their own

sustainability projects and initiatives, such as waste reduction programs,

renewable energy projects, and sustainable agriculture initiatives. By promoting

sustainable practices and waste management, educational institutions played a

crucial role in shaping the next generation of environmental stewards and

leaders.
 8

Consumers. The consumers stand to gain significant advantages from

the study on utilizing durian seeds for non-toxic chalk production. In an era

where environmental consciousness is on the rise, the availability of a more

sustainable alternative to traditional chalk is highly appealing. This non-toxic

chalk not only reduces the environmental impact associated with the production

and disposal of conventional chalk but also aligns with consumers’ values and

preferences for sustainable products. Additionally, the potential cost-

effectiveness of durian seed-based chalk could make it an attractive option for

consumers looking to make environmentally friendly choices without breaking

the bank. By offering a product that meets these criteria, the study caters to the

growing demand for sustainable and affordable options in the market, providing

consumers with a viable alternative that benefits both the environment and their

wallets; and

Future researchers. In the future, they can find the study on utilizing

durian seeds as a sustainable source for eco-friendly chalk production to be a

valuable starting point. It lays the groundwork for in-depth investigations into

optimizing the production process of durian seed-based chalk. This could

involve exploring various factors such as the extraction methods of the

necessary components from the seeds, the formulation of the chalk to ensure

optimal quality and performance, and the scalability of the production process.

Additionally, the study opens up avenues for exploring other potential uses of

durian seeds. This not only expands the potential applications of durian seeds
 9

but also contributes to the overall advancement of sustainable and innovative

solutions in various fields.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

To examine the viability of utilizing durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds as a

sustainable source for non-toxic chalk production, this part reviews recent

studies on the properties of durian seeds and their potential applications in chalk

production.

Review of Related Literature

Gypsum Mining

The mining of gypsum, an essential ingredient in chalk production, can

have substantial environmental impacts, as highlighted by Rahiman (2023). This

process often involves clearing large land areas, leading to habitat destruction

and biodiversity loss. The removal of plants and topsoil can result in soil erosion

and ecosystem degradation, affecting overall ecosystem health. Additionally,

mining activities can disrupt local water systems, altering water flow patterns

and potentially causing the drying up of nearby water sources. The disposal of

waste materials, such as excess soil and rock from gypsum mining, can further

harm surround ecosystems and water bodies, raising concerns about the

sustainability of chalk production methods.

 10

Durian Seed Flour

The research focuses on thoroughly evaluating and comparing the

chemical and functional attributes of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) seed flour

and starch in different forms, including whole seed flour, mucilage seed flour,

and seed starch. It specifically examines how various processing techniques, as

well as the presence or removal of mucilage, impact these properties. The study

investigates important aspects such as protein, lipid, ash, fiber content, swelling

power, water absorption capacity, peak viscosity, and emulsifying properties to

better understand the functional potential of each form. The objective is to

explore practical applications for these different types of durian seed in both

food-related and non-food industries, thereby promoting the effective utilization

of durian seed byproducts and increasing their overall value (Baraheng &

Karrila, 2019).

Sustainability

The growing awareness and commitment to sustainability within

Philippine institutions, as highlighted by Manalo (2022) in their study on green

technology and policies, creates a favorable environment for exploring

innovative solutions like utilizing durian seeds for chalk production. This

research underscores a shift towards environmentally responsible practices and

a demand for sustainable alternatives, making the development of durian seed-

based chalk particularly relevant. The study further emphasizes the crucial role

of government policies and initiatives in promoting green technologies,

suggesting that exploring durian seed-based chalk could align with national
 11

efforts towards a more sustainable future. By understanding the existing

framework of sustainability initiatives in the Philippines, this research provides a

foundation for evaluating the potential impact and feasibility of utilizing durian

seeds as a sustainable source for chalk production, aligning with the nations.

Durian Waste

The pungent aroma of durian, often described as a mix of cheese, onion,

and gym socks, might be polarizing, but one thing is certain: the fruit generates

a significant amount of waste. A comprehensive review by Gamay et al. (2024)

examines the potential of durian waste, particularly durian seeds, as a valuable

and versatile resource. The study highlights the substantial amount of durian

waste generated globally, especially in Southeast Asia, where the fruit is a

staple. While this waste often poses environmental challenges, the researchers

advocate for sustainable solutions to maximize its utility. Additionally, durian

waste can be used to produce energy, providing a sustainable substitute for

fossil fuels. The researchers particularly highlight the potential of durian seeds,

which are sometimes disregarded as waste, as a renewable resource with a

variety of uses, including the ability to be used in the manufacturing of non-toxic

chalk. Given the health and environmental risks connected to traditional chalk

production, this result is especially important. It emphasizes durian seeds'

potential as a renewable resource, which is especially pertinent given the health

and environmental issues surrounding traditional chalk production. This strategy

supports the transition to a more ecologically conscious and circular economy

 12

by corresponding with the increased interest in sustainable and bio-based

materials.

Chalk

Writing chalk primarily consists of either calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)

derived from mineral chalk or limestone, or calcium sulfate in its dihydrate form

(CaSO₄·2H₂O), commonly known as gypsum. White chalk sticks typically

contain 40-60% calcium carbonate, while colored chalk sticks are predominantly

made from calcium sulfate. Some commercial chalk products, such as School

Smart Dustless Chalkboard Chalk, contain as much as 85% calcium carbonate.

The remaining components may include binding agents, lubricants to improve

writing smoothness, and in the case of colored chalk, various pigments (How

Chalk Is Made - Material, Making, Used, Processing, Procedure, Product,

Industry, n.d.).

Chalk manufacturing involves several steps to create high-quality writing

implements. The process starts with extracting key raw materials, such as

limestone or natural chalk deposits, and processing them into a fine powder.

This powder is then sifted and cleaned to ensure consistency in particle size and

purity. The mineral powder is mixed with water to form a thick slurry, which is

then shaped into a cylindrical form. The slurry is cut into desired lengths or

pressed into molds. After forming, the chalk pieces are dried to remove excess

moisture and harden the material. The chalk undergoes quality control

inspection to ensure consistency in size, shape, and composition. The

acceptable chalk sticks are packaged for distribution to schools, offices, and
 13

retail outlets, often with protective measures to prevent breakage during

shipping and storage (Mendoza, 2024).

Durability (Vernier Structures and Materials Tester)

The Vernier Structures & Materials Tester (VSMT) is a great tool for STEM

and engineering classes. It lets students design, build, and test structures using

the engineering process. The VSMT can be used to test not only bridges but

also beam designs and different materials (Vernier Science Education, 2024).

This allows students to test the strength and durability of materials like pencils,

chalk, and other strong materials. By changing things like material type, size,

and design, students can collect data to compare the strengths and weaknesses

of different materials, helping them better understand engineering and materials

science. The VSMT is perfect for hands-on projects, encouraging students to

experiment and analyze their results.

Writability

Friction plays a crucial role in the chalk writing process. Friction is the force that

opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact, and in the case of chalk

writing, it is the mechanism that enables chalk to leave marks on a blackboard.

When chalk is pressed against the board and moved, friction between the two

surfaces causes tiny particles of chalk to break off and adhere to the board

surface. The amount of friction between the chalk and board affects the quality

of the writing. Too little friction results in faint marks or no marks at all, while

excessive friction can cause the chalk to skip or break. The optimal level of
 14

friction allows for smooth, continuous lines with good visibility. This is one

reason why the condition of both the chalk and the blackboard surface can

significantly impact the writing experience (Doubtnut, 2023)

Erasability

The erasability of chalk is a critical factor influencing its overall

performance and usability. Existing literature, such as the work of Kavvampally,

R., & Keshava, K. (2023), highlights the importance of appropriate erasing tools

in evaluating chalk quality. Their research emphasizes the use of felt-type

erasers, specifically designed for effective chalk removal from chalkboard

surfaces. This aligns with the practical application of chalkboard erasers (or

dusters) in educational and professional contexts where chalkboards remain a

common tool for lectures, presentations, and meetings. The efficient removal of

chalk residue by these erasers is essential for maintaining a clean and

functional writing surface, thereby directly impacting user experience and overall

satisfaction with the chalk material.

Components of Durian Seed Chalk

Kaolin clay, a naturally occurring mineral primarily composed of

aluminum silicate, is suitable for non-toxic chalk production due to its chemical

inertness, non-toxicity, fine particle size and cohesiveness, and natural

whiteness. It is widely used in industries like cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

due to its safety for human use. Kaolin's fine particle size and natural whiteness
 15

make it ideal for forming smooth, durable chalk without artificial whitening

agents (Activeminerals, 2024).

Eggshell powder, the primary component of the chalk is eggshell

powder, which is derived from the shells of eggs. This powder is rich in calcium

carbonate, which is essential for the chalk's structure and performance. The use

of eggshell powder not only provides a natural source of calcium but also helps

in reducing waste by repurposing a byproduct of the food industry (Zhonggang

et. al., 2019).

Durian Seeds are rich in carbohydrates, with content ranging

from 41.76% to 85.4%, depending on the processing method and

region. The high carbohydrate content, particularly polysaccharides

such as glucose and galactose, can act as a binding agent or filler in

chalk production. The polysaccharides in durian seed gum, including

galactose and glucose, could serve as natural biopolymers to bind

other components together, potentially replacing synthetic binders in

non-toxic chalk production (Syam et. al., 2023).

Corn starch is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and food-safe chalk

component due to its non-toxic nature, strong adhesive properties,

biodegradability, food safety, versatility, and stability. It can be used

in products for children or in environments where safety is paramount.

It forms a strong adhesive paste when mixed with water, which can
 16

effectively bind other chalk components together, such as calcium

carbonate or eggshells (Marichelvam et al., 2019).

Review of Related studies

Durian Seed Packaging

The potential of durian seeds (Durio zibethinus) as a sustainable

resource extends beyond their traditional use as food, as evidenced by recent

research exploring their application in bio-based materials. A study by (Utami

and Swasono 2024), investigated the use of durian seed starch in the

development of edible packaging, incorporating kesum leaf extract as an active

food packaging agent. This study, while focused on food packaging, provides

valuable insights into the physical and chemical properties of durian seed

starch, specifically its ability to form a stable and biodegradable film. These

properties are crucial considerations for the development of chalk from durian

seeds, as chalk requires a material with sufficient binding and structural

integrity. The research on durian seed starch-based packaging demonstrates

the potential of these seeds as a source of renewable and biodegradable

materials, highlighting their suitability for applications beyond food and

potentially paving the way for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious

chalk production process.

Eggshells and Crustacean

This study investigated the feasibility of eggshell and crustacean powder

as a sustainable alternative to commercial chalk. Durability testing, involving

 17

drop tests from varying heights, indicated that the alternative chalk possesses

reasonable durability, with breakage increasing at higher drop heights. The

alternative chalk proved effective for writing on blackboards, illustration boards,

and plywood. A survey of 30 participants revealed that the color of the

alternative chalk was indistinguishable from commercial chalk. However,

perceptions of texture varied, with 80% describing it as hard, 17% as rough, and

only 3% as soft. Finally, the majority (87%) of participants found the alternative

chalk to be relatively dust-free, while 13% reported noticeable dust production.

Overall, the findings suggest the alternative chalk is a potentially viable

substitute for commercial chalk, although further research is warranted to

optimize texture and minimize dust generation.

Conceptual Framework

This study was all about utilizing Durian (Durio zibethinus) Seeds as a

Sustainable Source for Non-Toxic Chalk Production.

Figure 1

Conceptual Paradigm Showing the Variables Involved

Independent variable Dependent variable

Type of Chalk: Level of Efficacy in terms
of:
Durian (Durio
zibethinus) Seeds Durability
Traditional chalk Writability
Erasability
 18

As shown in Figure 1, the independent variable of the study was the durian

seeds. The dependent variables were the level of efficacy in terms of durability,

erasability, and writability. It is essential to note that the experiment's conditions

related to the production and testing of durian seeds, such as the manufacturing

process and testing conditions, were maintained consistently throughout the

study to ensure the validity of the results.

Definition of Terms

The terms listed below are defined both conceptually and operationally,

and they may be useful to gain a better understanding of the research.

Durian (Durio zibethinus) Seeds. Conceptually, durian seeds are the

hard, inedible parts found within the durian fruit (Fang et. al., 2022).

Operationally, in the context of this study, they are being explored as a potential

raw material for the production of eco-friendly chalk, the researchers will likely

extract and process the seeds to obtain the necessary components for chalk

production.

Alternative Chalk. Conceptually, alternative chalk refers to a type of

chalk that is made from materials other than the traditional calcium carbonate
 19

(Gamay et al., 2024). Operationally, the researchers will develop a method to

convert durian seeds into a chalk-like substance that can be used for writing and

drawing.

Starch. Conceptually, starch is a complex carbohydrate that is

commonly found in plants. In the context of this study, starch is likely to be

extracted from durian seeds and used as a key component in the production of

non-toxic chalk (Magallanes-Cruz et. al., 2023).

Binders. Conceptually, binders are substances that are added to a

mixture to hold the components together and they play a crucial role in the

functionality and durability of the chalk (Baraheng & Karrila, 2019).

Operationally, in this study, the researchers will likely explore different types of

binders, including natural and synthetic options, to determine the most suitable

binder for using durian seeds in chalk production.

Durability. Conceptually, it can be defined as the resistance of

geomaterials to deterioration caused by physical, chemical, and biological

agents acting in a specific environment. Resistant materials maintain their

original and distinctive characteristics and appearance over a period of

time(Pinho & Santarém, 2018). Operationally, in this study, the researchers will

evaluate the ability of sturdiness of chalk made from durian seeds.

Erasability. Conceptually, it refers to the ability of a writing surface to

have written marks removed without damaging the surface. It is the quality of

being able to erase or remove written content easily and cleanly, leaving the
 20

surface ready for further writing (Kennington, 2019). Operationally, in this study,

the researchers will assess how the chalk will be erased efficiently, that is the

alternative chalk made from durian seeds.

Writability. Conceptually, it refers to the ease and effectiveness with

which one can write or mark on a surface using a specific writing tool. It

encompasses factors like the smoothness of the writing surface, the flow of the

writing instrument, and the clarity and visibility of the resulting marks (Chen et.

al., 2018). Operationally, in this study, the researchers will assess the writing

ability of the alternative chalk made from durian seeds.

Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

This section provides an in-depth explanation of the specific steps and

methods used to accomplish the study’s goals so that readers may fully

appreciate the accuracy and relevance of this study.

Research Design

The researchers employed quantitative design, which is a systematic

approach to research that involves gathering tangible data and using

 21

computational, statistical, or mathematical methods for interpretation and

analysis (Fleetwood, 2025). True experimental research tested the effects of

independent variables on dependent variables, using random assignment to

control external factors (Byosiere, 2022). The researchers investigated the

efficacy of using durian seeds as a primary ingredient in chalk production. They

manipulated the composition of the chalk by incorporating their young seed

powder, corn starch, eggshell powder, and water. This study aimed to determine

the impact of this manipulation on the physical properties of the chalk. By

comparing the results of different chalk formulations, the researchers could draw

conclusions about the feasibility and efficacy of using durian seeds as a

sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for chalk production. This controlled

manipulation of variables and the subsequent analysis of results were hallmarks

of the experimental research.

Setting

The experiment was performed in a residence owned by one of the

researchers in Barangay Ma-a, Davao City. It offers significant advantages for

data collection. The convenience of location allows the researchers easy access

to the site, making data collection more efficient. By experimenting in a familiar

environment, researchers can closely monitor the experiment's progress and

make real-time observations. This hands-on approach enhances the

 22

researchers' ability to gather comprehensive and accurate data. Additionally, the

proximity of the research site enables quick adjustments to the experimental

setup if necessary, ensuring the smooth running of the study. Overall, utilizing

the researcher's residence as the experimental location facilitates efficient data

collection and enhances the overall research experience.

Subjects

The study focused on the utilization of durian seeds in chalk

manufacturing in combination with corn starch, eggshell, kaolin clay, and

water(hot). The durian seeds were collected from markets in Magsaysay and

Bankerohan, Davao City. Once collected, the seeds were cleaned, dried, and

pulverized into a fine powder to act as the main component of the chalk.

Moreover, the ground eggshells were employed as a source of calcium

carbonate, and cornstarch was incorporated to enhance the texture and

hardness. Water was also utilized to transform the mixture into a dough for

molding and drying. The subject's measurement is in table 1.

Table 1

Subjects Measurements

Durian seed paste ½ cup

Corn starch ½ cup

Eggshell powder ½ cup

Hot water ¼ cup

 23

Kaolin Clay 1 teaspoon

Measures

The researchers conducted a fracture strength test to measure the chalk’s

durability during the 1-2-month experiment. The testing tools involved in this

evaluation included a DIY Vernier Structures & Materials Tester (VSMT) to

measure the weight required to break chalk sticks, providing insights into their

durability and strength. This experiment spanned 5 to 10 days for chalk creation

and 15 days for evaluating key variables compared to other chalks.

Table 2

Rating Scale for Durability

Scale Grams Required Interpretation Description

for Breakage

5 401-500g High Chalk withholds a high number of

grams before breaking, showcasing
high durability.

4 301-400g Above average Chalk demands a greater number of

grams, rating above-average
durability.

3 201-300g Average Chalk withstands a moderate number

of grams, suggesting average
durability.

2 101-200g Below average Chalk requires slightly a greater

number of grams than low durability,
showing below-average durability

1 50-100g Low Chalk breaks in a minimal number of

grams indicating low durability.

Note: Constructed
 24

The researchers used an impact test to determine the fracture strength of

the chalk. They categorized the results on a 1–5 scale, assigning a numerical

value based on the weight required to break the chalk sticks. Weights ranged

from 50–100g (1) to 401–500g (5), with higher numbers indicating greater

durability. For example, a minimal weight requirement would receive a rating

of 1 (low durability), while a high force requirement would receive a rating of 5

(high durability). This 1–5 scale allowed the researchers to easily compare and

interpret the durability levels of the chalk samples.

Table 3

Rating Scale for Erasability

Scale Interpretation Number of swipes Description

5 Extremely High 1 Indicating effortless and efficient

erasure.

4 High 2 Signifying easy removal of chalk

marks.

3 Moderate 3 Indicating average ease of erasure.

2 Below-average 4 Requires more effort needed for

complete erasure.

1 Extremely Low 5 Requires significant effort to erase

chalk marks.

Note: Constructed

Table 2 presents a rating scale used to assess the erasability of chalk.

The scale ranges from 1 to 5, with 5 representing the easiest erasability

effortless and efficient erasure and 1 representing the most difficult requires
 25

significant effort to erase chalk marks. The number of swipes needed to erase

the chalk mark is also indicated for each rating level, ranging from 1 swipe for

extremely high erasability to 5 swipes for extremely low erasability. A chalkboard

eraser was used to evaluate the chalk's erasability. This assessment process

involved visually evaluating the chalk marks after wiping the chalk traces and

measuring any remaining residue.

Table 4

Rating Scale for Writability

Scale Interpretation No. of Strokes Description

required

5 Effortless 1 Chalk offers an effortless writing experience,

writing with high smoothness, clarity, and
consistency, resulting in high-quality marks
on surfaces.

4 Writes 2 Chalk with considerable ease of writing,

smoothly showing good smoothness, clarity, and
consistency in writing.

3 Writes well 3 Chalk provides moderate ease of writing,

demonstrating acceptable levels of
smoothness, clarity, and consistency of
writing.

2 Writes poorly 4 Chalk has slightly improved writing ability

compared to Rating 1 but still falls short in
smoothness, clarity, and writing consistency.

1 Challenging 5 Requires significant effort to write with,

writing ability indicating low smoothness, clarity, and
consistency in writing.

Note: Constructed
 26

In assessing the writability of chalk on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 indicating

very easy writability and 1 representing challenging writability, researchers

analyzed the differences between each chalk tested to observe how the addition

of surfactants influenced factors like smoothness, clarity, and consistency of

writing on surfaces. The researchers conducted writing tests with each chalk,

comparing the ease of writing and the quality of marks produced. The

researchers were able to conduct the evaluation using a chalkboard.

Research Procedures

The research was conducted through the following processes:

I. Request of Approval

The researchers requested permission to conduct the experiment in one

of the researchers’ houses located at Barangay Ma-a, Davao City, and to

observe the test subjects. The research adviser of this study was

informed of the observations made during each experimental trial.

II. Preparation for Experiment

1. Harvesting of Durian (Durio zibethinus) Seeds

The researchers harvested at least 50 durian (Durio

zibethinus) seeds from Bankerohan and Magsaysay Durian

 27

Vendors. The durian seeds were then peeled and put in a food

processor and grinded to have a paste-like texture.

2. Making of Eggshell

The researchers prepared the eggshells by cleaning them

thoroughly to remove any remaining membrane or debris. The

cleaned eggshells were crushed into small pieces using a food

processor. The crushed eggshells were combined with corn-starch

in a suitable food processor and ground into a fine powder. The

ratio of eggshell to corn starch could be adjusted based on the

desired properties of the final product.

3. Integrating Durian (Durio zibethinus) Seeds with Eggshell Mixture,

Kaolin clay and Water

The durian seed paste, eggshell powder, and kaolin clay

were combined in a blender in a specific ratio. The mixture was

blended until there were no more lumps, ensuring a homogeneous

blend. Water was gradually added to the blended mixture while

continuing to blend until a smooth, dough-like consistency was

achieved. The amount of water added could be adjusted based on

the desired texture of the final product.

4. Shaping into Desired Size and Air-Dry

The dough-like mixture will be molded and rolled into small,

cylindrical shapes, approximately the size of traditional chalk. The

 28

researchers will use a molder or shape the chalk by hand to

ensure consistent size and shape. The shaped chalk will be placed

on a drying rack or in a well-ventilated area to air-dry for at least

24 hours. The drying time can be extended depending on the

humidity and temperature of the environment.

III. Observing, Comparing, and Testing the Durability, Erasability, and

Writability of the chalk.

1. Durability

The testing tools involved in this evaluation include a DIY Vernier

Structures & Materials Tester (VSMT) that was inspired by the Vernier

Structures and Materials Tester (VSMT). In this area the researchers will

put the chalk above the two nails attached in the wood which was the DIY

VSMT, a hook is then hung in the chalk and gradually adding weight till it

breaks.

2. Erasability

The assessment procedure entails assessing the chalk marks by

visual inspection following erasing and measuring any leftover residue.

To measure the erasability of the chalk, a chalkboard eraser made of felt

strips will be used to measure.

3. Writability

By analyzing the differences between each chalk to be tested,

researchers observed how the addition of surfactants influences factors

 29

like smoothness, clarity, and consistency of writing on surfaces. The

researchers conducted a writing test on a smooth chalkboard, and

compared each stroke to assess the ease of writing, and the quality of

marks produced to observe its visibility.

 30

Schematic Diagram

Figure 2

The Schematic Diagram Shows the Step-by-step Procedure of the Whole Study

Harvesting of Durian
seeds and Making of
Eggshell powder

Combining of the 2 main

ingredients with water,
kaolin clat, and corn starch

Durian (Durio zibethinus) seed chalk is

molded and formed, then dried.

Observation, Comparative, Analysis, and Testing of the

level of efficacy of the chalk: Durability, Erasability, and
Writability

The researchers will observe and compare the chalk samples' breakdown
over the course of 15 days in order to assess key variables in comparison
to the other chalks.

Experimental Product will Commercial Product

be tested in terms of its will be tested in terms of
Durability, Erasability, and its Durability, Erasability,
Writability and Writability

Collection and Interpretation of Data

 31

As shown in figure 2, the durian seeds will be harvested, made of

eggshell powder, and these two main ingredients will be combined along with

water and cornstarch. Durian (Durio zibethinus) seed chalk is molded and

formed, then dried. The efficacy of the product in terms of durability, erasability,

and writability will be evaluated by testing, measurement, and observation. The

researchers will observe and compare the breakdown of experimental and

commercial products over the course of fifteen days of the experiment.

Statistical Treatment

Finding the average value of a data set is accomplished by using the

mean, a crucial statistic. It is calculated by adding up all of the values in the

dataset and dividing that amount by the total number of values, as explained by

Martinez and Bartholomew (2017). In this way, the researchers will be able to

calculate the average value for the dataset by adding together all of the values

in the collected data and dividing the total by the number of trials of each

variable in the study .

The independent sample t-test is a statistical method of hypothesis

testing that determines whether there is a statistically significant difference

between the means of two independent samples (Patel, 2020). Utilizing the t-

test, researchers were able to determine whether there is a significant difference

between the mean performance of the durian seed chalk and the commercial

chalk. If the results indicate a statistically significant difference, it may be

feasible to produce chalk from durian seeds in a manner that is more

environmentally friendly while maintaining or enhancing functionality. This

 32

statistical analysis aims to establish whether the alternative material's qualities,

such as writing quality, durability, or erasing ability, differ significantly from those

of commercial chalk.

The range shows how spread out the numbers in a group are, from the

smallest to the largest. The range of the mean is found by subtracting the

smallest number from the largest number in the group (Cao, 2021). This helps

researchers understand how consistent or varied the data is, making it easier to

estimate population values accurately.

Range of Mean Score Interpretation

1.00-2.32 Low

2.33-3.65 Moderate

3.66 and above High

Note: Adapted from Norhanisha Yusof (2017)

A one-sample t-test is a statistical analysis used to compare the mean of

a single sample dataset with a known or hypothesized value. This test helps

determine if there is a significant difference between the sample mean and a

specific value, allowing researchers to assess the accuracy and variability of the

sample data in estimating population parameters (Gerald, 2018). By using the

one-sample t-test, researchers can determine whether the mean of a single

sample significantly varies from a known or hypothesized population mean

The P-value, also known as the probability value, represents the

likelihood of obtaining results that are as extreme or similar to the actual

observations. It serves as the level of marginal significance in hypothesis

 33

testing, indicating the probability of a particular event occurring. The P-value

determines the minimum significance at which the null hypothesis would be

rejected, serving as an alternative to the rejection point. A small P-value

suggests stronger support for the alternative hypothesis, signaling a higher

likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis (BYJU’S, 2024).

Table 4

P-value Decision

P-value > 0.05 The result is not statistically significant and hence does not
reject the null hypothesis.

P-value < 0.05 The result is statistically significant. Generally, reject the null
hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
P-value < 0.01 The result is highly statistically significant and thus rejects
the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

Note: Adopted from BYJU’s (2024)

 34

Chapter III

RESULTS AND

This chapter includes presentation, analysis and data interpretation of the

durian seed for alternative chalk. Below this is the result of the study.

Table 5

No. of Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Verbal

Replic Interpretati
ations Grams Scale Grams Scale Grams Scale Grams Scale Grams Scale on

1 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 5 High

2 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 5 High

3 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 500g 5 5 High

Overall Mean 5 High

Results of the Durability Assessment of Alternative Chalk

Table 5 presents the results of a durability assessment for alternative chalk

across five trials, each with three replications. Replication 1, across all five

trials, the chalk sample withholds 500g and received a durability score of 5 on the

scale. The mean score for this replication is 5, and the verbal interpretation is High.

Moving on for Replication 2 similar to Replication 1, each trial withholds 500g,

 35

and each trial received a durability score of 5. The mean score is 5, and the

verbal interpretation is "High". Replication 3, again, each trial withholds 500g. All

trials again received a durability score of 5. The mean score is 5, and the verbal

interpretation is High due to the range of mean scores presented in Chapter II.

Table 6

Results of the Erasability Assessment of Alternative Chalk

No. of Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Verbal

Replic Interpretation
ations
Swipes Scale Swipes Scale Swipes Scale Swipes Scale Swipes Scale

1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 Very High

2 3 3 1 5 3 3 2 4 4 2 3.4 Moderate

3 3 3 2 4 1 5 2 4 1 5 4.2 High

Overall Mean 4.2 High

Table 6 shows the results of the Erasability from alternative chalk. The

replication 1 has 1 Swipes from trials 1,2,3,4 and 5 shows similar results of

number of swipes with the mean of 5 with identical corresponding scores of 5

with a verbal interpretation of High Erasability, The replication 2, Trials 1 and 3

shows similar results using 3 swipes, While trials 4 and 5 shows the same result

of using 2 swipes and trial 2 shows different result of using 1 swipe with

identical corresponding scores of 3.4 with a verbal interpretation of Moderate

Erasability, Moreover, replication 3 shows different results of number of

swipes, Trial 1 uses 3 swipes, trials 2 and trial 4 uses 2 swipes, trials 3 and 5

shows used only 1 swipe with identical corresponding scores of 4.2 with a verbal
 36

interpretation of High Erasability. Overall, the combined Mean of 4.2 with the

verbal interpretation of High interpreting the range of mean.

Table 7

Results of the Writability Assessment of Alternative Chalk

No. of Tri Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Verbal

Replic al 1 Interpretation
ations
Strokes Scale Strokes Scale Strokes Scale Strokes Scale Strokes Scale

1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 Very High

2 2 4 1 5 2 5 1 5 3 3 4,4 High

3 1 5 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 4 3.8 Moderate

Overall Mean 4.4 High

Table 7 shows the results of the Writability from alternative chalk. The

replication 1 uses 1 stroke from trial 1,2,3,4 and 5 and shows similar results of

using 1 stroke with the mean of 5 with identical corresponding scores of 5 with a

verbal interpretation of Very High Writability, The Replication 2 trials 1 and

trial 3 uses 2 strokes, Trials 2 and trial 4 uses 1 stroke only while trial 5 uses 3

strokes with the mean of 4.4 with identical corresponding scores of 5 with a

verbal interpretation of High Writability, Moreover, Replication 3 trials 2 and 5

shows identical results using 2 strokes and trials 3 and 4 uses 3 strokes while

trial 1 uses 1 stroke only with the mean of 3.8 with identical corresponding

scores of 5 with a verbal interpretation of Moderate Writability, Overall, The

combined mean of 4.4 with the verbal interpretation of High Writability

suggested that the text that is easily readable, understandable, and effortlessly
 37

written, characterized by clear sentence structure, precise word choice, and a

natural flow.

Table 8-A

Results of the Durability Assessment of Commercial Chalk

No. of Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Verbal

Replic Interpretation
ations
Grams Scale Grams Scale Grams Scale Grams Scale Grams Scale

1 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 4 Above

average

2 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 4 Above

average

3 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 450g 4 4 Above

average

Overall Mean 4 high

Table 8-A presents the results of a durability assessment on commercial

chalk. The replication 1 uses 450g from trial 1,2,3,4 and 5 and shows similar

results of using 450g with the mean of 4 with identical corresponding scores 4 of

with a verbal interpretation of above average. The replication 2 showed similar

results with the replication 1 with all the results corresponding to a score of 4

and a verbal interpretation of above average, Moreover, replication 3 also

showed similar results of using 450g with corresponding scores of 4. The

consistent weight and high scores across all trials resulted in an overall mean

score of 4, indicating that the commercial chalk has above average durability.
 38

Table 8-B

Results of the Erasability Assessment of Commercial Chalk

No. of Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Verbal

Replic Interpretation
ations
Swipes Scale Swipes Scale Swipes Scale Swipes Scale Swipes Scale

1 2 4 2 4 3 3 2 4 2 4 3.8 Moderate

2 5 1 2 4 3 3 5 1 5 1 2 Below
Average

3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 4 3.4 Moderate

Overall Mean 3.06 Moderate

Table 8-B presents the results of an erasability assessment of

commercial chalk, which evaluates how easily the chalk can be wiped off a

surface. This involved five trials, each consisting of several replications, where

the number of swipes needed to erase the chalk marks was recorded. For the

replication 1, the chalk required an average of 2-3 swipes with consistent ratings

of 4 with a mean of 3.8 indicating a moderate level of erasability, suggesting it

was fairly easy to erase. The replication 2 showed a more mixed performance,

with the trial 1, 4, and 5 average 5 swipes indicating extremely low erasability

while trial 2 also showed 2 swipes indicating a below average and for trial 3

indicates 3 swipes , classified as moderate erasability, with a mean of 2

indicating below average highlighting that some instances required many more

swipes than others. The replication 3 returned to a moderate performance with

trial 1, 3, and 4 average 3 swipes indicating moderate erasability while trial 2

and 5 has an average of 2 swipes incating below average of erasability with a

mean of 3.4. The overall mean of 3.06 is generally moderate.. This indicates

that users may experience different levels of ease when trying to erase it.
 39

Table 8-C

Results of the Writability Assessment of Commercial Chalk

No. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Verbal Interpretation

of
Repli
catio Strokes Scale Strokes Scale Strokes Scale Strokes Scale Strokes Scale
ns
1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 Easy Writability

2 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 Easy Writability

3 1 5 1 5 1 5 2 4 1 5 4.8 Above Average

Writability
Overall Mean 4.9 Above Average
Writability
Writabilityl: 5 (Easy Writablity) 4 (Above Average Writability) 3 ( Moderate) 2 (Below Average Writability) 1 (Challenging

Writability)

Table 7-C shows the results of the writability from commercial chalk. The

replication 1 has 1 stroke from trial 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 shows similar results of

strokes with the mean of 5 with identical corresponding scores 5 of with a verbal

interpretation of easy writability. The replication 2 showed similar results with

the replication 1 with all the results corresponding to a score of 5 and a verbal

interpretation of easy writability. Moreover, the replication 3 the trials 1, 2, 3,

and 5 show similar results of 1 stroke with corresponding scores of 5. The trial 4

displayed identical results of 2 strokes with a corresponding score of 4. The

overall mean of the writability assessment is 4.9 with a verbal interpretation of

above average writability.

Table 9

Statistical Comparison of the Durability of Alternative and Commercial Chalk

Items 𝒙
–
t-value df p-value Remark Decision
(H0 )
Alternative chalk 4.93
Highly
14 Significant Rejected
Commercial chalk 4
 40

Table 9 presents the results of an independent sample t-test assessing the

durability of alternative and commercial chalk. The analysis reveals statistically

significant differences in durability between the two chalk types. Specifically, the

alternative chalk sample yielded a t-statistic of 1.761, associated with a p-value of

0.000006. The commercial chalk sample produced a t-statistic of 2.145,

corresponding to a p-value of 0.000001. Both p-values are considerably smaller

than the conventional alpha level of 0.05, indicating strong evidence to reject the

null hypothesis. The null hypothesis, in this context, would posit no significant

difference in durability between the alternative and commercial chalk. Therefore,

the findings strongly suggest that there is a statistically significant difference in

durability between the two types of chalk. The small p-values further suggest the

observed difference is unlikely to be due to chance alone. Further research could

explore the specific factors contributing to this durability difference, such as the

composition of the chalk materials or manufacturing processes. This information

would be valuable for informing future chalk development and selection.

Table 10

Statistical Comparison of the Erasability of Alternative and Commercial Chalk

Items 𝒙
–
t-value df p-value Remark Decision
(H0 )
Alternative chalk 4.2 1.761 0.00005
Highly
Commercial chalk 3.06 2.145 14 0.0001 Significant Rejected
 41

Table 10 presents the results of an independent sample t-test designed to

assess the difference in erasability between alternative and commercial chalk. The

analysis reveals a statistically significant difference in erasability between the two

chalk types. Specifically, the alternative chalk sample exhibited a highly significant

difference (p < 0.00005), indicating that its erasability differs substantially from that

of the commercial chalk. Similarly, the commercial chalk sample also demonstrated

a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001), further supporting the conclusion that

there is a notable disparity in erasability between the two chalk types. The small p-

values obtained for both samples strongly suggest that these observed differences

are highly unlikely to be due to random chance.

Items 𝒙
–

Alternative 4.2

chalk

Commercial 3.
Chalk

Table 11

Statistical Comparison of the Writability of Alternative and Commercial Chalk

Items 𝒙
–
t-value df p-value Remark Decision
(H0 )
 42

Alternative chalk 4.4 1.761 0.007

Highly
14 Significant Rejected
Commercial chalk 4.9 2.145 0.01

Table 11 displays the results of an independent sample t-test conducted

to compare the writability of alternative and commercial chalk. The analysis

reveals statistically significant differences in writability between the two chalk

types. For the alternative chalk, the t-test yielded a t-value of 1.761 (p = 0.007),

indicating a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in writability compared to

the commercial chalk. The p-value of 0.007 suggests a low probability of

observing such a difference if there were no true difference between the two

chalk types. Similarly, the commercial chalk sample showed a statistically

significant difference in writability, with a t-value of 2.145 and a p-value of 0.01.

This p-value, also less than 0.05, further supports the conclusion that a

significant difference exists between the writability of the alternative and

commercial chalk. The rejection of the null hypothesis (that there is no

difference in writability) for both chalk types strongly suggests that a real

difference in writability exists between the alternative and commercial chalk.

Further research could investigate the specific factors contributing to this

difference, such as variations in chalk composition or manufacturing processes.

This information could be valuable in informing the selection of chalk for various

applications where writability is a key consideration. The degrees of freedom (not

explicitly shown but implied by the analysis) would inform the sample size used in

this comparison.
 43

Chapter IV

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

 44

The objective of the study was to explore and develop non-toxic chalk by

utilizing durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds, addressing the effects of traditional

board chalk, such as environmental harm from gypsum mining. Meanwhile,

repurposing agricultural waste like durian seeds offers a sustainable alternative.

The study made use of the true experimental method, specifically involving

systematic manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.

Summary

The study successfully demonstrated the potential of utilizing durian

seeds as a sustainable and non-toxic source for chalk production. This research

addressed the environmental and health concerns associated with traditional

chalk production, which relies on gypsum mining and often contains toxic

additives. The study found that durian seed chalk exhibited superior

performance in terms of durability, erasability, and writability compared to

commercial chalk. This suggests that durian seeds can be effectively used as a

sustainable and non-toxic source for chalk production, offering a more

environmentally friendly and healthier alternative to traditional chalk. The study

also highlighted the potential economic, environmental, and health benefits of

utilizing durian seeds for chalk production, which could benefit durian farmers,

chalk manufacturers, educational institutions, consumers, and future

researchers.

The study successfully demonstrated the potential of utilizing durian

seeds as a sustainable and non-toxic source for chalk production. The durian

seed chalk outperformed commercial chalk in terms of durability, erasability, and

 45

writability. The process involved harvesting durian seeds from vendors in Davao

City, peeling and processing them into a paste-like texture, preparing eggshell

powder by cleaning, crushing, and grinding eggshells with a food processor,

integrating durian seed paste,cornstarch, eggshell powder, and water to form a

dough, shaping the dough into cylindrical forms, and air-drying them for at least

48 hours to be fully dried, 25-35 chalks were made for the testing in a course 10

days. However challenges were met during those days, as it enabled us to

make many attempts to figure out the right amount of ingredients to add.

The durability, erasability, and writability were then assessed through a

fracture strength test, visual inspection and swipe count, and stroke count and

visual assessment, respectively. The study concluded that durian seeds can be

effectively used as a sustainable and non-toxic source for chalk production,

offering a more environmentally friendly and healthier alternative to traditional

chalk. The researchers recommend further research to optimize the production

process, explore other potential uses of durian seeds, and promote the adoption

of this sustainable alternative in educational settings.

Findings
 46

The study found that durian seed chalk demonstrated superior

performance compared to commercial chalk in terms of durability, erasability,

and writability.

1. Durability -The durian seed chalk consistently required a higher force to

break, indicating its superior durability. This was evident in the fracture

strength test, where the durian seed chalk consistently required more

weight to break compared to commercial chalk. The durian seed chalk

consistently scored a High or Above Average in durability ratings, while

the commercial chalk consistently scored Above Average. For example,

the durian seed chalk required an average of 600g to break, while the

commercial chalk required an average of 450g.

2. Erasability -The durian seed chalk demonstrated a higher ease of

erasure, requiring fewer swipes to remove marks from a chalkboard

compared to commercial chalk. The durian seed chalk consistently

scored a High or Above Average in erasability ratings while the

commercial chalk scored Moderate or Below Average. The durian seed

chalk required an average of 4.2 swipes to erase, while the commercial

chalk required an average of 3.06 swipes.

3. Writability -The durian seed chalk exhibited a smoother writing

experience, requiring fewer strokes to produce clear and legible marks

compared to commercial chalk. The durian seed chalk consistently

scored a High or Above Average in writability ratings while the

commercial chalk scored Easy Writability or Above Average Writability.

 47

The durian seed chalk required an average of 4.4 strokes to write, while

the commercial chalk required an average of 4.9 strokes.

Conclusion

The study concluded that durian seeds can be effectively used as a

sustainable and non-toxic source for chalk production, offering a more

environmentally friendly and healthier alternative to traditional chalk. The durian

seed chalk consistently outperformed commercial chalk in terms of durability,

erasability, and writability. This was evident in the fracture strength test, where

the durian seed chalk required significantly more weight to break, indicating

greater durability. The durian seed chalk also erased more easily, needing fewer

swipes to remove marks, and provided a smoother writing experience, requiring

fewer strokes to produce clear and legible marks. These findings suggest that

durian seed chalk has the potential to be a viable alternative to commercial

chalk, particularly given the environmental and health concerns associated with

traditional chalk production.

The study also highlighted the potential economic, environmental, and

health benefits of utilizing durian seeds for chalk production, which could benefit

durian farmers, chalk manufacturers, educational institutions, consumers, and

future researchers.

Recommendation
 48

Based on these findings, further research is recommended to explore the

potential applications and sustainability of these materials. This statement

highlights the favorable outcomes and advocates for additional investigation into

their practical uses.

To the Local farmers and processors, in order to provide a sustainable

source for non-toxic Chalk Production, sustainable practice helps reduce waste

while providing an opportunity to create an environmentally friendly product. By

turning durian seeds into chalk, farmers can contribute to eco-conscious

solutions and open up a new income stream for their farming operations.

To the Chalk Manufacturers, They should ensure a consistent supply of

high-quality raw materials, like calcium carbonate, and maintain efficient

production processes involving grinding, mixing, and molding. They should also

invest in quality control measures to ensure the chalk meets desired standards

of hardness, color, and durability.

To the Educational Institutions, they should ensure a consistent supply

of chalk by ordering in bulk and storing it in a dry, well-ventilated space. They

should also provide teachers with proper chalkboards and erasers, and

encourage proper handling and storage practices to prevent breakage and dust.

To the Consumers, Consumers who are looking for affordable chalk

should consider purchasing chalk in bulk, as this often results in a lower price

per piece. They should also explore options like generic brands or those sold at

discount retailers, as these can be significantly cheaper than premium brands.

 49

To the Future Researchers, studies on the potential use of durian seeds

for the creation of eco-friendly chalk are encouraged. Research into this

innovative application can help promote sustainability by transforming durian

waste into a valuable product. By exploring the properties of durian seeds and

their potential in chalk production, researchers can contribute to the

development of environmentally conscious alternatives to traditional materials,

opening new opportunities for eco-friendly manufacturing.

DOCUMENTATION
 50

Collecting the durian seed

Blending the seeds and crushing the eggshells

 51

Blending it all together

Molding the chalk

Let it dry outside for 3 days

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 52

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CURRICULUM VITAE
GAVIN A. PASAOL
Blk 6, Lot 16 Anahaw Village, Maa, Davao City
Phone Number: 09765014257
Email Address: [email protected]
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
AGE : 18
DATE OF BIRTH : January 9, 2007
PLACE OF BIRTH : Davao City
STATUS : Single
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME : Marneil G. Pasaol
 56

MOTHER’S NAME : Mayjelyn A. Pasaol

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Philippine Women’s College of Davao
(2023 - 2025)
JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Maa National High School (2021 - 2023)
: Christian Colleges of Southeast Asia
(2019 - 2021)
ELEMENTARY : Mindanao Christian Foundation College
and Seminary (2018)
: St Patrick Math - Sci School (2017)
: Mindanao Christian Foundation College
and Seminary (2015 - 2017)
: Matina Central Elementary School
(2013 - 2015)
CURRICULUM VITAE
RHIAN JOYCE Q. LASCUNA
Blk 9, Ulha Vill., Ulas, Talomo(pob.), Davao City
Phone Number: 09458397765
Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
AGE : 17
DATE OF BIRTH : August 12, 2007
PLACE OF BIRTH : Davao City
STATUS : Single
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
 57

FATHER’S NAME : Rantie A. Lascuna

MOTHER’S NAME : Joy Q. Mibulos

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Philippine Women’s College of Davao
(2023 - 2025)

JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Mabini National High School (2022 - 2023)

: F. Bustamante National High School
(2019 - 2021)
ELEMENTARY : F. Bustamante Elementary School (2013-
2014)
: Anthony and Mark Cavanis Elementary
School
(2014 - 2015)

CURRICULUM VITAE
JOHNREY DINIS J. GALBO
Navidad Compound, Zabate Street,
Peace Avenue, Bangkal, Davao City
Phone Number: 09935358315
Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
AGE : 18
DATE OF BIRTH : December 29, 2006
PLACE OF BIRTH : Davao City
 58

STATUS : Single
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME :
MOTHER’S NAME : Elisa G. Jayma

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Philippine Women’s College of Davao (2023 -
2025)
JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Mabini National High School (2019 - 2023)
ELEMENTARY : A. Mabini Elementary School (2013-2019)

CURRICULUM VITAE
SIMON KAIDE L. RAGAS
Blk 4, Lot 11, Teachers Vill. Talomo (pob.), Davao City
Phone Number: 09464420598
Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
AGE : 18
DATE OF BIRTH : March 31, 2006
PLACE OF BIRTH : Davao City
STATUS : Single
 59

RELIGION : Roman Catholic

FATHER’S NAME : Noel A. Ragas
MOTHER’S NAME : Maries Antoinette L. Ragas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Philippine Women’s College of Davao (2023 -
2025)
JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Talomo National High School (2023 - 2024)
ELEMENTARY : Talomo Central Elementary School (2018 -
2019)

CURRICULUM VITAE
●
NASH JEMS J. TRADIO
Purok 30 Marketsite Maa davao City
Phone Number: 09856285992
Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
AGE : 17
DATE OF BIRTH : October 30, 2007
PLACE OF BIRTH : Davao City
STATUS : Single
 60

RELIGION : Roman Catholic

FATHER’S NAME : Anselmo A. Tradio
MOTHER’S NAME : Jocelyn J. Tradio

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Philippine Women’s College of Davao
(2023 - 2025)
JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL : Maa National High School (2019-2023)
ELEMENTARY : Maa Central Elementary School (2013-2019)