PHY1001 General Physics I (일반물리 1)

Joon I. Jang
Department of Physics, Sogang University
Spring Semester 2025
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Intro: Lecturer & Textbook

Prof. Joon I. Jang

Department of Physics
Sogang University

[email protected]
http://sc.sogang.ac.kr/noms
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NoMS
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Wavelength-dependent nonlinear spectroscopy

Laser ( = 210 – 4500 nm) CCD+IGA (T= 10 – 300 K)

Linear Nonlinear
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Course Syllabus

Evaluation

Midterm1: 30%
Midterm2: 30%
Final: 30%
Participation: 10%
Homework: 10%

Refer Course Syllabus!

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Course Syllabus

Evaluation

Midterm1: 30%
Midterm2: 30%
Final: 30%
Participation: 10%
Homework: 10%

Refer Course Syllabus!

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Course Syllabus
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Course Syllabus
Chapter 1

Measurement

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths

Learning Objectives
1.01 Identify the base 1.03 Change units (here for
quantities in the SI system. length, area, and volume) by
using chain-link conversions.
1.02 Name the most frequently
used prefixes for SI units. 1.04 Explain that the meter is
defined in terms of the speed
of light in a vacuum.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths

 Physics and engineering are based on the precise

measurement of physical quantities
 Therefore, we need:
1. Rules for measurement and comparison
2. Units for measurement
 A unit:
 Is the unique name assigned to the measure of a quantity
(mass, time, length, pressure, etc.)
 Corresponds to a standard, a physical quantity with value
1.0 unit (e.g. 1.0 meter = distance traveled by light in a
vacuum over a certain fraction of a second)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths

 There are many different physical quantities, but not

all are independent: distance vs. speed (distance/time)
 Base quantities:
 Are seven fundamental quantities such as length, time
 Three are needed for mechanics: length, time, mass
 All have been assigned standards
 Are used to define all other physical quantities
 Base standards must be:
 Accessible, so precise measurements can be taken
 Invariable, so measurements do not change over time

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths

 SI units (the metric system) form the International

System of Units
 SI base units include
 Meters (length) vs. centimeters
 Kilograms (mass) vs. grams
 Seconds (time) vs. seconds
 SI has many derived units, which are written in terms
of base units
 Joules (work-energy): 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2
 Watts (power): 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 kg m2/s3

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths

 Scientific notation employs powers of 10 to write

large or small numbers

 A conversion factor is
 A ratio of units that is equal to 1
 Used to convert between units

 Units obey the same algebraic rules as variables and numbers

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths

 Needs for accuracy in science have driven changes in

the standards for units
 In the past, 1 meter has been defined by:
1. One ten-millionth of the distance from the North pole to the
equator
2. A platinum-iridium standard meter bar kept in France
3. 1 650 763.73 wavelengths of an emission line of Kr-86
Today,

 In each transition, the new distance was chosen so

that the approximate length of 1 meter was preserved

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-2 Time

Learning Objectives
1.05 Change units for time 1.06 Use various measures of
using chain-link conversions. time, such as for motion or as
measured on different
clocks.1

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-2 Time

 Any standard of time needs to be able to answer:

o When did a thing happen? (t = 0)
o What was its duration? (how long?)
 Times follow the same conversion process as lengths
 Standards of time in the past have included:
1. Rotation of Earth
2. Quartz vibrations
3. Atomic clocks (cesium), with time signals sent out by radio
so others can calibrate their clocks

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-2 Time

 The variation in the length of a day as measured by an

atomic clock:
 The vertical scale here
amounts to only 3 ms, or
0.003 s.
 This shows the precision
of atomic clocks, and the
relative imprecision of
Earth's rotation (affected
by tides, winds)

Figure 1-2

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-3 Mass

Learning Objectives
1.07 Change units for mass 1.08 Relate density to mass
using chain-link conversions. and volume when the mass
is uniformly distributed.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-3 Mass

 The standard kilogram is a cylinder of platinum and

iridium stored in France.
 Accurate copies have been sent around the world,
other masses can be measured by comparing them
against these copies
 The atomic mass unit (u) is a second mass standard
 1 atom of Carbon-12 is assigned a mass 12 u
 Used for measuring masses of atoms and molecules
 1 u = 1.660 538 86 x 10-27 kg (+/- 10 x 10-35 kg)
 Masses follow the same conversion process as
lengths and times

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-3 Mass

 Mass per unit volume is called density

Eq. (1-8)

Examples Calculate . . .
o Density of material: (18 kg) / (0.032 m3) = 560 kg/m3
o Mass of object: (380 kg/m3) x (0.0040 m3) = 1.5 kg
o Volume of object: (250 kg) / (1280 kg/m3) = 0.20 m3

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-4 SI Units

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1-5 Unit conversion between SI and English

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 2

Motion Along a Straight Line

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

 Kinematics is the classification and comparison of

motions
 For this chapter, we restrict motion in three ways:
1. We consider motion along a straight line only (1D motion)
2. We discuss only the motion itself, not the forces that cause it
3. We consider the moving object to be a particle
 A particle is either:
 A point-like object (such as an electron)
 Or an object that moves such that each part travels in the
same direction at the same rate (no rotation or stretching)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

 Position is measured relative to a reference point:

o The origin, or zero point, of an axis
 Position has a sign:
o Positive direction is in the direction of increasing numbers
o Negative direction is opposite the positive

Figure 2-1

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

 A change in position is called displacement

o ∆x is the change in x, (final position) – (initial position)

Eq. (2-1)

Examples A particle moves . . .

o From x = 5 m to x = 12 m: ∆x = 7 m (positive direction)
o From x = 5 m to x = 1 m: ∆x = -4 m (negative direction)
o From x = 5 m to x = 200 m to x = 5 m: ∆x = 0 m
 The actual distance covered is irrelevant

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

 Average velocity is the ratio of:

o A displacement, ∆x
o To the time interval in which the displacement occurred, ∆t

Eq. (2-2)

 Average velocity has units of (distance) / (time)

o Meters per second, m/s

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

 On a graph of x vs. t, the average velocity is the slope

of the straight line that connects two points
 Average velocity is therefore a vector quantity
o Positive slope means positive average velocity
o Negative slope means negative average velocity

Figure 2-4

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

 Instantaneous velocity, or just velocity, v, is:

o At a single moment in time
o Obtained from average velocity by shrinking ∆t
o The slope of the position-time curve for a particle at an
instant (the derivative of position)
o A vector quantity with units (distance) / (time)
• The sign of the velocity represents its direction

Eq. (2-4)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-2 Instantaneous vs. Average Speed

Example

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2-3 Acceleration

 A change in a particle's velocity is acceleration

 Average acceleration over a time interval ∆t is

Eq. (2-7)

 Instantaneous acceleration (or just acceleration), a,

for a single moment in time is:
o Slope of velocity vs. time graph

Eq. (2-8)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-3 Acceleration

 Combining Eqs. 2-8 and 2-4:

Eq. (2-9)

 Acceleration is a vector quantity:

o Positive sign means in the positive coordinate direction
o Negative sign means the opposite
o Units of (distance) / (time squared)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-3 Acceleration

Example  The graph shows the velocity

and acceleration of an elevator
cab over time.
 When acceleration is 0 (e.g.
interval bc) velocity is constant.
 When acceleration is positive
(ab) upward velocity increases.
 When acceleration is negative
(cd) upward velocity decreases.
 Steeper slope of the velocity-
time graph indicates a larger
magnitude of acceleration: the
cab stops in half the time it
Figure 2-6 takes to get up to speed.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-4 Constant Acceleration

 In many cases
acceleration is constant,
or nearly so.
 For these cases, 5
special equations can
be used.
 Note that constant
acceleration means a
velocity with a constant
slope, and a position
with varying slope
(unless a = 0).
Figure 2-9
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-4 Constant Acceleration

 First basic equation

o When the acceleration is constant, the average and
instantaneous accelerations are equal
o Rewrite Eq. 2-7 and rearrange

Eq. (2-11)

 This equation reduces to v = v0 for t = 0

 Its derivative yields the definition of a, dv/dt

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-4 Constant Acceleration

 Second basic equation

o Rewrite Eq. 2-2 and rearrange
Eq. (2-12)

o Average = ((initial) + (final)) / 2:

o Substitute 2-11 into 2-13 Eq. (2-13)

Eq. (2-14)

o Substitute 2-14 into 2-12

Eq. (2-15)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-4 Constant Acceleration

 These two equations can be obtained by integrating a

constant acceleration
 Enough to solve any constant acceleration problem
o Solve as simultaneous equations
 Additional useful forms:

Eq. (2-16)

Eq. (2-17)

Eq. (2-18)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration

Learning Objectives
 2.16 Identify that if a particle
is in free flight (whether
upward or downward) and if
we can neglect the effects of
air on its motion, the particle
has a constant downward
acceleration with a
magnitude g that we take to
be 9.8m/s2.
 2.17 Apply the constant
acceleration equations
(Table 2-1) to free-fall Figure 2-12
motion.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration

 The free-fall acceleration is downward (-y direction)

o Value -g in the constant acceleration equations

Answers:
(a) The sign is positive (the ball moves upward); (b) The sign is negative
(the ball moves downward); (c) The ball's acceleration is always -9.8
m/s2 at all points along its trajectory

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

 Integrating acceleration:
o Given a graph of an object's acceleration a versus time t,
we can integrate to find velocity
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives:

Eq. (2-27)

 The definite integral on the right can be evaluated

from a graph:

Eq. (2-28)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

 Integrating velocity:
o Given a graph of an object's velocity v versus time t, we
can integrate to find position
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives:

Eq. (2-29)

 The definite integral on the right can be evaluated

from a graph:

Eq. (2-30)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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