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Unit 8 - Rates of Reaction

Unit 8 discusses the rate of reaction, defined as the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs, typically starting quickly and slowing down over time. It outlines methods for measuring reaction rates, such as observing gas production or mass loss, and explains how factors like concentration, surface area, pressure, temperature, and catalysts influence these rates. The document also incorporates particle theory to explain how changes in these factors affect the frequency of particle collisions and, consequently, the rate of reaction.

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Anay Bhandari
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48 views

Unit 8 - Rates of Reaction

Unit 8 discusses the rate of reaction, defined as the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs, typically starting quickly and slowing down over time. It outlines methods for measuring reaction rates, such as observing gas production or mass loss, and explains how factors like concentration, surface area, pressure, temperature, and catalysts influence these rates. The document also incorporates particle theory to explain how changes in these factors affect the frequency of particle collisions and, consequently, the rate of reaction.

Uploaded by

Anay Bhandari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 8: Rates of Reaction

Rate of Reaction:
 Definition: The measure of how quick/fast the reaction was is known as
the rate of reaction.
 Most reactions start quickly, slow down, and eventually stop.
Methods of Measuring the Rate of Reaction:
1. Measuring Product is Produced in a Given Time
2. Measuring how Much Reactant is Used up in a Given Time
Measuring Product is Produced in a Given Time:
a) Magnesium Ribbon Experiment
 When Magnesium ribbon is added to dilute sulfuric acid, you can tell a
reaction is taking place due to the formation of bubbles (effervescence).
 In the beginning, lots of bubbles are produced, then fewer bubbles are
produced and eventually no more are produced.
 It is difficult to measure how fast the magnesium ribbon is used up or
how quickly magnesium sulfate is formed.
 Therefore, we can measure how quickly the hydrogen gas is produced.
You can do this by measuring the volume of gas produced in a particular
period of time.
 To collect the gas, you can attach a syringe to the top of the flask so that
no hydrogen can escape.
 You can use the scale on the syringe to measure the volume of gas
produced at different times during the reaction.
b) Calcium Carbonate and Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
 Add the reactants i.e., calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.
 As the reaction occurs and carbon dioxide gas is lost the mass decreases.
 If you measure the mass every 30 seconds. You find the mass decreases
quickly at first but, as the reaction continues the mass decreases more
and more slowly or with the other method in the diagram below.

Using the Graph:


 A graph measures the rate of reaction at any given time.
 The slope indicates how quickly the reaction occurs.
 A steeper slope means a faster reaction.
 The reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is shown.
 The reaction is fastest at the start.
 The reaction slows down as the slope decreases.
 When the line levels out, the reaction has stopped.
 The graph helps measure and compare reaction rates.
Changes in the Rate of Reaction (Particle Theory):
 For a chemical reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with
enough energy.
 At the start, many unreacted particles are present, leading to frequent
collisions.
 Frequent collisions cause a high rate of carbon dioxide production in the
first 30 seconds.
 As the reaction progresses, fewer unreacted particles remain.
 The chance of particle collisions decreases, slowing down the reaction.
 Less carbon dioxide is produced in later stages.
 Eventually, all reactant particles react, and no more collisions occur.
 The reaction stops when no more carbon dioxide is formed.

The Occurrence of a Reaction:


 A reaction occurs when particles/molecules successfully collide in proper
orientation with a sufficient amount of energy.
Factors Affecting the Rates of Reaction:
1. Concentration
 The higher the concentration, the higher the rate of reaction.
2. Surface Area
 For the same amount of reactant, particles with smaller sizes have
a larger surface area. The bigger the total surface area the higher
the rate of reaction
3. Pressure
 Pressure affects the rate of reaction by increasing the frequency of
particle collisions, only in gases. Higher pressure forces reactant
molecules closer together, leading to more frequent and energetic
collisions, which speeds up the reaction.
4. Temperature
 The higher the temperature the higher the rate of reaction.
5. Catalyst
 Substances that increase the rate of reaction or speed it up
without affecting the reaction.
Particle Theory in Explaining Factors Affecting Rates of Reaction:
1. Concentration
 When there are more particles (compared to dilute) the chances
of successful collisions increase. Thereby, increasing the rate of
reaction.
2. Surface Area
 When the particles of the reactants are smaller, they are more
exposed particles for the reaction to occur. Thereby, increasing the
rate of reaction.
3. Pressure
 Volume decreases with higher pressure in gases, the particles
come closer and the chance of successful collisions increases.
Thereby, increasing the rate of reaction.
4. Temperature
 When the temperature is higher, the particles gain more kinetic
energy and move more, this increases the chance for more
successful collisions. Thereby, increasing the rate of reaction.

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