Vidyasagar School, Indore
Class XII Commerce 2024-25
Project Work Guidelines
General guidelines: Use A4 size sheets only
1. Project files containing 35-40 pages.
Front page >Certificate> Self Declaration>Acknowledgement>
Index/Content with Page no. > Introduction about your Topic >
Main contents of your project> conclusion >bibliography
Business Studies (Any one Project)
Select any one (CBSE suggested) Topic from the following:
1. Principles of management: visit any industry and observe application of 14 Fayol’s
general management principles. Explanation of Principle and your observation one by one
with proper pictorial/diagram.
2. Business Environment: opt any one dimension of business environment
(Economical/legal /Technological/social/political) and prepare one case study of 30-35
pages.
3. Stock Exchange: This project related to study and analysis of portfolio (investment
analysis).
(a) Select any ten listed companies from Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)/National Stock
Exchange (NSE) and collect historical information of these companies.
Invest virtual money in these 10 companies equally (Rs.10,000 Each) of 5 Sectors.
(b) Record /note market price of shares from Website (moneycontrol.com) of these
companies for at least 25 days. (5 sessions Monday to Friday)
(c) Tabulate this information individual company wise and all ten companies in one
Company and prepare chart (Line /Bar/Pie).
(d) Analyse the performance of your portfolio after 25 days. And calculate Return on
Investment.
4. Marketing Management: Select any Product /Idea/Service and prepare Marketing
Strategy for such Product.
⮚ Introduction of marketing concept >importance of marketing and steps involved in marketing
management
⮚ Use 4 P’s Model (Product /Price/Place/Promotion) for project report.
⮚ Explain your product >
⮚ How to decide Price of Product >
⮚ Which Channel of distribution you choose of marketed your Product >
⮚ Promotion Strategy opt for selling your Product.
For any queries, please contact your subject teacher.
Accountancy Project Work
Class-XII
General guidelines:
1. Project files containing 35-40 pages.
Front page >Certificate> Self Declaration>Acknowledgement>
Index/Content with Page no. > Introduction about your Topic >
Main contents of your project> conclusion >bibliography
Prepare projects in One File
Specific Projects based on Annual Report Financial Year 2023-24 of
any Public Ltd. Company (Selects any manufacturing sector company
not service or finance co.)
⮚ Read and copied company profile (only 2 pages), directors report
(Highlights) And complete financial Statements of company
(Statement of Profit and Loss, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow
Statement) (only standalone not Consolidated).
⮚ (Project 1) Do Ratio analysis (Calculate Different Ratios from
financial statements of both the years) and give comment on ratios?
⮚ (Project 2) Prepare Comparative Income Statement and Balance
Sheet.
For any queries, please contact your subject teacher.
Business Studies Project
CLASS XII
Students are supposed to select one unit out of four and are required to make only.
ONE project from the selected unit.
20 marks assigned for Project Work (12 file and 8 viva)
I. Project One: Case study based on Elements of Business Environment
The teachers should help the students in selecting any one element of the following:
1. Changes witnessed over the last few years on mode of packaging and its economic
impact. The teacher may guide the students to identify the following changes:
a) The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as cardboard crates being
used in place of wooden crates, etc. Reasons for above changes.
b) Milk being supplied in glass bottles, later in plastic bags and now in tetrapack and through
vending machines.
c) Plastic furniture [doors and stools] gaining preference over wooden furniture.
d) The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth.
e) Brown paper bags packing recycled paper bags to plastic bags and cloth bags.
f) Reuse of packaging [bottles, jars and tins] to attract customers for their products.
g) The concept of pyramid packaging for milk.
h) Cost being borne by the consumer/manufacturer.
i) Packaging used as means of advertisements.
2. The reasons behind changes in the following:
Coca – Cola and Fanta in the seventies to Thumbs up and Campa Cola in the eighties to
Pepsi and Coke in the nineties.
3. Changing role of the women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, nuclear families,
women as bread earners of the family, changes in the requirement trend of mixers, washing
machines, microwave and standard of living.
4. The changes in the pattern of import and export of different Products.
5. The trend in the changing interest rates and their effect on savings.
6. The state of ‘anti plastic campaign,’ the law, its effects and implementation.
8. The laws of mining /setting up of industries, rules and regulations, licences required for
running that business.
9. Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified product. (Dish washer,
Atta maker,etc)
10. What has the effect of change in the environment on the types of goods and services?
The students can take examples like:
a) Washing machines, microwaves, mixers and grinder.
b) Need for crèche, day care centre for young and old.
c) Ready to eat food, eating food outside, and tiffin centres.
11. Change in the man-machine ratio with technological advances resulting in change of
cost structure.
12. Effect of changes in the technological environment on the behaviour of employees.
II. Project Two: Principles of Management
The students are required to visit any one of the following:
1. A big departmental store.
2. An Industrial unit.
3. Any other organisation approved by the teacher.
They are required to observe the application of the general Principles of management
advocated by Fayol.
Fayol’s principles
1. Division of work.
2. Unity of command.
3. Unity of direction.
4. Scalar chain
5. Espirit de corps
6. Fair remuneration to all.
7. Order.
8. Equity.
9. Discipline
10. Subordination of individual interest to general interest.
11. Initiative.
12. Centralisation and decentralisation.
13. Stability of tenure.
OR
They may enquire into the application of scientific management techniques by F.W. Taylor in
the unit visited.
Scientific techniques of management.
1. Functional foremanship.2. Standardization and simplification of work.3. Method study.
4. Motion Study. 5. Time Study. 6. Fatigue Study 7. Differential piece rate plan.
The observations could be on the basis of
The different stages of division of work resulting to specialisation.
Following instructions and accountability of subordinates to higher authorities.
Visibility of order and equity in the unit.
Balance of authority and responsibility.
Communication levels and pattern in the organisation.
Methods and techniques followed by the organisation for unity of direction and
coordination amongst all.
Methods of wage payments followed.The arrangements of fatigue study.
Derivation of time study.
Derivation and advantages of method study.
Organisational chart of functional foremanship.
Any other identified in the organisation
It is advised that students should be motivated to pick up different areas of visit. As presentations of different
areas in the class would help in better understanding to the other students.
The students may be encouraged to develop worksheets. Teachers should help students to prepare observation
tools to be used for undertaking the project.
Examples; worksheets, questionnaires, interviews and organisational charts etc.
III. Project Three: Stock Exchange
The purpose of this project is to teach school students the values of investing and utilising the stock market. This
project also teaches important lessons about the economy, mathematics and financial responsibility.
The basis of this project is to learn about the stock market while investing a specified amount of fake money in
certain stocks. Students then study the results and buy and sell as they see fit.
This project will also guide the students and provide them with the supplies necessary to successfully monitor
stock market trends and will teach students how to calculate profit and loss on stock.
The project work will enable the students to:
understand the topics like sources of business finance and capital market
understand the concepts used in stock exchange
inculcate the habit of watching business channels, reading business journals/newspapers and seeking
information from their elders.
The students are expected to:
a) Develop a brief report on History of Stock Exchanges in India. (Yourcountry: BSE and NSE)
b) Prepare a list of at least 25 companies listed on a Stock Exchange.
c) To make an imaginary portfolio totaling a sum of Rs. 1,00,000 equally in any of the 10
companies of their choice listed above over a period of twenty-five working days.
The students may be required to report the prices of the stocks on a daily basis and present
it diagrammatically on the graph paper.
They will understand the weekly holidays and the holidays under the Negotiable Instruments Act.
They will also come across terms like closing prices, opening prices, etc.
During this period of recording students are supposed to distinctively record the daily and starting and closing
prices of the week other days under the negotiable instrument act so that they acquire knowledge about closing
and opening prices.
The students may conclude by identifying the causes in the fluctuations of prices.
Normally it would be related to the front page news of the a business journal, for example,
Change of seasons.
Festivals.
Spread of epidemic.
Strikes and accidents
Natural and human disasters.
Political environment.
Lack of faith in the government policies.
Impact of changes in government policies for specific industry.
International events.
Contract and treaties at the international scene.
Relations with the neighboring countries.
Crisis in developed countries, etc.
The students are expected to find the value of their investments and accordingly rearrange
their portfolio. The project work should cover the following aspects;
1. Graphical presentation of the share prices of different companies on different dates.
2. Change in market value of shares due to change of seasons, festivals, natural and human
disasters.
3. Change in market value of shares due to change in political environment/ policies of
various countries/crisis in developed countries or any other reasons
4. Identify the top ten companies out of the 25 selected on the basis of their market value of
shares. It does not matter if they have made profits or losses.
IV. Project Four: Marketing
The teacher must ensure that the identified product should not be items whose consumption/use is discouraged by
the society and government like alcohol products/pan masala and tobacco products, etc.
Identify one product/service the students may like to manufacture/provide [pre-assumption].
Now the students are required to make a project on the identified product/service
keeping in mind the following:
1. Why have they selected this product/service?
2. Find out ‘5’ competitive brands that exist in the market.
3. What permission and licences would be required to make the product?
4. What are your competitors' Unique Selling Propositions?[U.S.P.]?
5. Does your product have any range of details?
6. What is the name of your product?
7. Enlist its features.
8. Draw the ‘Label’ of your product.
9. Draw a logo for your product.
10. Draft a tagline.
11. What is the selling price of your competitor’s product?
(i) Selling price to consumer
(ii) Selling price to retailer
(iii) Selling price to wholesaler
What is the profit margin in percentage to the
Manufacturer. Wholesaler. Retailer.
12. How will your product be packaged?
13. Which channel of distribution are you going to use? Give reasons for selection?
14. Decisions related to warehousing, state reasons.
15. What is going to be your selling price?
(i) To consumer (ii) To retailer (iii) To wholesaler
16. List 5 ways of promoting your product.
17. Any schemes for
(i) The wholesaler
(ii) The retailer
(iii) The consumer
18. What is going to be your ‘U.S.P?
19. What means of transport will you use and why?
20. Draft a social message for your label.
21. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your product?
22. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your promotion plan?
At this stage the students will realise the importance of the concept of marketing mix
and the necessary decision regarding the four P’s of marketing.
Product Place Price Promotion
On the basis of the work done by the students the project report should include the following:
1. Type of product /service identified and the (consumer/industries) process involved therein.
2. Brand name and the product. 3. Range of the product. 4. Identification mark or logo. 5. Tagline. 6. Labelling
and packaging. 7. Price of the product and basis of price fixation. 8. Selected channels of distribution and reasons
thereof. 9. Decisions related to transportation and warehousing. State reasons. 10. Promotional techniques used
and starting reasons for deciding the particular technique. 11. Grading and standardisation.
PROJECT WORK
Students have to do TWO projects in the entire academic session.
TOPICS FOR THE PROJECT:
1. Business Plan
2. Market Survey
10 Marks each for 02 Projects
5 Marks for Numerical Assessment
5 Marks for Viva
Note: Students need to complete both the projects. Guidelines for both projects are given
in the CBSE Textbook.
1. The objectives of the project work:
Objectives of project work are to enable learners to:
probe deeper into personal enquiry, initiate action and reflect on knowledge and skills,
views etc. acquired during the course of class XI-XII.
analyse and evaluate real world scenarios using theoretical constructs and arguments
demonstrate the application of critical and creative thinking skills and abilities to
produce
an independent and extended piece of work
follow up aspects in which learners have interest
develop the communication skills to argue logically
2. Role of the teacher:
The teacher plays a critical role in developing thinking skills of the learners. A teacher
should:
help each learner select the topic after detailed discussions and deliberations of the topic;
play the role of a facilitator to support and monitor the project work of the learner
through
periodic discussions;
guide the research work in terms of sources for the relevant data;
ensure that students must understand the relevance and usage of primary evidence and
other sources in their projects and duly acknowledge the same;
ensure that the students are able to derive a conclusion from the content; cite the
limitations faced during the research and give appropriate references used in doing the
research work.
educate learner about plagiarism and the importance of quoting the source of the
information to ensure authenticity of research work.
prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work.
arrange a presentation of the project file.
3. Steps involved in the conduct of the project:
Students may work upon the following lines as a suggested flow chart:
Choose a title/topic, Collection of the research material/data,
Organization of material/data, Present material/data
Analysing the material/data for conclusion
Draw the relevant conclusion
Presentation of the Project Work
4. Expected Checklist for the Project Work:
Introduction of topic/title
Identifying the product/service
Various stakeholders and effect on each of them
Use of different tools for market assessment and it’s analysis
Implication of 4P’s in the process of marketing
Calculation of various costs involved in the business planning process
Validity, reliability, appropriateness and relevance of data used for research work and
for presentation in the project file.
Presentation and writing that is succinct and coherent in project file
Citation of the materials referred to, in the file in footnotes, resources section,
bibliography etc.
5. Viva-Voce
At the end of the academic session, each learner will present the research work in the
Project File to the External examiner.
The questions should be asked from the Research Work/ Project File of the learner.
The Internal Examiner should ensure that the study submitted by the learner is his/her
own original work.
In case of any doubt, authenticity should be checked and verified.
Guidelines to do the project is given in the textbook
Prescribed Books:
1. Entrepreneurship - Class XI- C.B.S.E, Delhi
2. Entrepreneurship - Class XII - C.B.S.E., Delhi
3. Udyamita (in Hindi) by Dr. MMP. Akhouri and S.P Mishra, pub. By National Institute
for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), NSIC-PATC Campus,
Okhla .
Magazines
1. Udyamita Samachar Patra (Monthly, Hindi), Pub. By Centre for Entrepreneurship
Development, M.P. (CEDMAP), 60 Jail Road, Jhangerbad, Bhopal-462008.
2. Science Tec. Entrepreneur (A Bi Monthly Publication), Centre for Entrepreneurship
Development, M.P (CEDMAP), 60 Jail Road, Jhangerbad, Bhopal -462008
3. Laghu Udhyog Samachar
4. Project Profile by DCSSI
