Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

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Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/padiff

Dynamic nature of analytical soliton solutions of the nonlinear ZKBBM and

GZKBBM equations
Akhtar Hussain ∗, F.D. Zaman, Hassan Ali
Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, Government College University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: A solitary wave, characterized as a localized perturbation in a medium, emerges as a result of a delicate
Solitary waves equilibrium between nonlinear and dispersive phenomena. Solitons, a subtype of solitary waves, exhibit
Dispersive phenomena persistent shape and velocity during propagation, representing a fundamental phenomenon observed widely in
Nonlinear evolution equations
natural systems and possessing various applications in nonlinear dynamics. This investigation focuses on two
Ansatz approach
nonlinear evolution equations (NEEs), specifically the Zakharov–Kuznetsov–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (ZKBBM)
Dark and bright solitons
Rogue waves
equation and the generalized Zakharov–Kuznetsov–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (GZKBBM) equation, which find
relevance in domains such as fluid dynamics and ocean engineering. Utilizing an ansatz-based methodology,
soliton solutions of both bright and dark characteristics are derived, alongside exploration of rogue wave-type
solutions. Notably, the manifestation of dark, bright, and rogue waves aligns with the physical interpretation
of the generated solitons. Computational simulations conducted using Wolfram Mathematica aim to provide
a comprehensive description of the physical phenomena. The novelty of this study lies in its unreported
investigation, contributing new insights into the solitonic dynamics within the considered models.

1. Introduction containing electrons in 1974, Zakharov and Kuznetsov employed the

ZK equation. Then, in 2005, Wazwaz20 studied the ZKBBM equation,
The study of finding exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential which combines the effects of BBM and the ZK equation. He applied the
equations (NL-PDEs) has attracted significant attention in recent years. extended tanh and sine–cosine expansion methods to obtain certain pe-
Such problems arise in geoscience, particle physics, the chemistry of riodic solutions, kink solutions, and some other soliton-type solutions.
nutrients, reaction–diffusion problems, weather forecasting, and the Abdou used an extension of the mapping method to obtain some soliton
biological sciences, to name a few. Many techniques, such as nu- solutions. Wazwaz21 used an extension of the tanh approach to finding
merical techniques, ansatz methods,1–7 Lie symmetry techniques,8–12 the single pattern and compact solutions to the ZKBBM equations.
analytic techniques based on different expansion methods13,14 includ-
Wang and Tang22 demonstrated the existence of some soliton solutions
ing the homogeneous balance method15 and its invariants16–18 have
for the ZKBBM equation by using the bifurcation approach. In the same
been employed to discuss the behavior of such equations.
way, Bibi and Mohyud-Din23 obtained some soliton solutions to the
This article takes into account the ZKBBM equation19
ZKBBM equation.
𝑣𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥 − 2𝛼𝑣𝑣𝑥 − 𝛽𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 0, (1.1) In this investigation, the second equation under examination is
the GZKBBM equation, designed to depict long wave propagation in
and the generalized version, the GZKBBM equation
the presence of a nonlinear dissipative effect. Khan et al. successfully
𝑣𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥 − 𝛾(𝑣2 )𝑥 + 𝜃(𝑣𝑥𝑡 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 )𝑥 = 0, (1.2) obtained exact solutions for the GZKBBM equation using the simple
equation method.24 Güner et al.25 extensively discussed the bright and
where the real constants 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, and 𝜃 are nonzero. Benjamin, Bona, and
dark soliton solutions for the GZKBBM equation. They employed a
Mahony studied the (BBM) equation in 1992 to model the gravity waves
single wave ansatz in the form of such a function, followed by another
with small amplitude confined to the surface with tiny amplitudes
moving unidirectionally in (1+1) dimensions. They showed that the wave ansatz in the form of the tanh function.
solutions of the BBM equation are stable and distinct. While study- Song26 explored the bifurcation analysis of traveling wave solutions
ing the weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic wave behavior in plasma form for the GZKBBM equation within the context of system dynamics.

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Hussain).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2024.100670
Received 27 October 2023; Received in revised form 15 March 2024; Accepted 30 March 2024
Available online 1 April 2024
2666-8181/© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A. Hussain et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

Employing the exp(−𝜙(𝜉)) expansion approach, Seadaway et al.27 suc- We use the homogeneous balancing principle for 𝛼𝐴 ≠ 0 and 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(𝑘 +
cessfully derived precise soliton solutions for the GZKBBM nonlinear 1)(𝑘 + 2) ≠ 0 to get 2𝑘 = 𝑘 + 2 so that 𝑘 = 2. The system for 𝑘 = 2 leads
problem. Roshid et al.28 extensively investigated the exact solitary to
wave profile of the GZKBBM equation. Through the combination of
the enhanced generalized tanh–coth approach with the variational 𝑐 − 1 − 4𝛽𝑙2 𝑐 = 0, 𝛼𝐴 + 6𝛽𝑙2 𝑐 = 0. (2.8)
iterative method, Torvattanabun et al.29 produced dark and bright The following relation for the velocity of the wave follows
soliton solutions for the GZKBBM equation. The primary objective of
1
this article is to use the ansatz methodology to categorize bright and 𝑐= , (2.9)
1 − 4𝛽𝑙2
dark solitons as well as rogue wave solutions for both the ZKBBM and
GZKBBM equations. and the amplitude 𝐴 is given by
To obtain the innovative solitary wave solutions for the ZKBBM −6𝛽𝑙2
equation and the GZKBBM equation, we introduce three types of so- 𝐴= ⋅ (2.10)
𝛼(1 − 4𝛽𝑙2 )
lutions in this article: dark, bright solitons, and rogue waves. Graphical
representations of several solitonic wave solutions to the equations un- Consequently, the bright soliton solution for the ZKBBM equation is
der consideration are made using two- and three-dimensional plots with 6𝛽𝑙2
arbitrary parameters. The outline of the article is as follows. Section 2 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = − (( 1 )) ⋅ (2.11)
𝛼(1 − 4𝛽𝑙2 ) cosh2 𝑙 𝑥 − ( 1−4𝛽𝑙 2 )𝑡
deals with the dark, bright solitons, and rogue waves of the ZKBBM
equation, while Section 3 deals with the GZKBBM equation using the
same methodology. Section 4 includes the physical interpretation and 2.2. Rogue wave solution (singular solitons)
Section 5 concludes with some final thoughts on the nature of soliton
solutions and discusses some potential future directions. Rogue, freak, or killer waves have been a part of maritime tales for
centuries, acknowledged by scientists as real phenomena only in recent
2. Ansatz technique for ZKBBM equation decades. Scientists term these waves as ’extreme storm waves,’ denoting
those surpassing twice the size of surrounding waves. Notoriously
The ZKBBM equation that we will be focusing on is given by unpredictable, these waves often emerge unexpectedly from directions
𝑣𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥 − 2𝛼𝑣𝑣𝑥 − 𝛽𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 0, contrary to prevailing wind and waves. In this section, we employ a
specific ansatz to explore rogue wave solutions for Eq. (1.1). In this
where 𝛼 and 𝛽 are nonzero real parameters. We now use the technique case, we consider
described by Zafar et al.30 for the STO equation.
𝐴
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = , (2.12)
2.1. Bright soliton solution sinh𝑘 (𝜂)
where 𝜂 = 𝑙(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) and the unconstrained parameters are 𝐴, 𝑙 and
The bright soliton solutions to the Eq. (1.1) in this section are 𝑐, where 𝐴 is the amplitude of the solitons, 𝑙 is their inverse width,
discussed using the wave ansatz described below and 𝑐 is their velocity. Using the homogeneous balance principle, the
𝐴 exponent 𝑘 is determined. From Eq. (2.12), the following values can be
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = , (2.3) determined
cosh𝑘 (𝜂)
coth(𝜂)
where 𝜂 = 𝑙(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) and the unconstrained parameters are 𝐴 and 𝑙, (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑐 , (2.13)
where 𝐴 is the amplitude of the solitons, 𝑙 is their inverse width, and 𝑐 sinh𝑘 (𝜂)
is their velocity. Later, using the homogeneous balance, the exponent coth(𝜂)
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑥 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙 , (2.14)
𝑘 is determined. Following Eq. (2.3), we obtained the values for the sinh𝑘 (𝜂)
derivatives given by
and
tanh(𝜂) ( )
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑐 , (2.4) 𝑘2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐 coth(𝜂) + . (2.15)
sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
tanh(𝜂)
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑥 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙 , (2.5) Inserting back the values in Eq. (1.1), we have
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) ( )
coth(𝜂) coth(𝜂) 𝐴 coth(𝜂)
and 𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑐 − 𝐴𝑘𝑙 + 2𝛼 𝐴𝑘𝑙
( ) 𝑘
sinh (𝜂) 𝑘
sinh (𝜂) 𝑘
sinh (𝜂) sinh𝑘 (𝜂)
𝑘2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ( )
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐 tanh(𝜂) − . (2.6) 𝑘 2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘+2 (𝜂) −𝛽𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐 coth(𝜂) + = 0.
sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
Eq. (1.1) therefore has the form
( ) By rearranging powers of hyperbolic functions as
tanh(𝜂) tanh(𝜂) 𝐴 tanh(𝜂)
𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑐 − 𝐴𝑘𝑙 + 2𝛼 𝐴𝑘𝑙 coth(𝜂) coth(𝜂)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘 (𝜂) 𝐴𝑘𝑙(𝑐 − 1 − 𝛽𝐴𝑘2 𝑙2 𝑐) + 2𝛼𝐴2 𝑘𝑙
( ) sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh2𝑘 (𝜂)
𝑘2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ( )
−𝛽𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐 tanh(𝜂) − = 0. coth(𝜂)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘+2 (𝜂) −𝛽𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 0.
sinh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
By rearranging the exponents of hyperbolic functions as
We divide above equation by 𝐴𝑘𝑙 coth(𝜂) and then simplify to get
tanh(𝜂) tanh(𝜂)
𝐴𝑘𝑙(𝑐 − 1 − 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐𝑘2 ) + 2𝛼𝐴2 𝑘𝑙 𝑐 − 1 − 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐𝑘2 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh2𝑘 (𝜂) 2𝛼𝐴
( ) 𝑘
+ − = 0. (2.16)
2𝑘
tanh(𝜂) sinh (𝜂) sinh (𝜂) sinh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
+𝛽𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 0.
cosh𝑘+2 (𝜂) The homogeneous balancing principle tells us to assume that the pow-
We divide the aforementioned expression by 𝐴𝑘𝑙 tanh(𝜂) and simplify ers 𝛼𝐴 ≠ 0 and 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) ≠ 0 are identical. As a result of 2𝑘 = 𝑘+2
to get we get 𝑘 = 2. Eq. (2.16) generates the following system

𝑐 − 1 − 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐𝑘2 2𝛼𝐴 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) 𝑐 − 1 − 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐𝑘2 = 0,

+ + = 0. (2.7)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh2𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘+2 (𝜂) 2𝛼𝐴 − 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 0⋅

2
A. Hussain et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

Fig. 1. The physical structure of the bright soliton solution (2.11) with 𝑙 = 0.5, 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 0.2, and 𝑦 = 1 (a) 3D plot (b) revolution plot (c) 2D plot at 𝑡 = 1, 2, 3.

After solving the preceding set of equations for 𝑘 = 2, we arrive at and

(
2 2
𝑐 − 1 − 4𝛽𝑙 𝑐 = 0, 𝛼𝐴 − 6𝛽𝑙 𝑐 = 0. (2.17) (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑥𝑥𝑡 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐 (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) − (3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
)
The following relation for the velocity of the rogue wave follows
+(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) .
1
𝑐= , (2.18)
1 − 4𝛽𝑙2 (2.24)
and the amplitude 𝐴 is given by By inserting the values in Eq. (1.1), we get
6𝛽𝑙2 −𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑐(tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂)) + 𝐴𝑘𝑙(tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂))
𝐴= ⋅ (2.19) ( )
𝛼(1 − 4𝛽𝑙2 ) −2𝛼𝐴𝑘𝑙 𝐴 tanh𝑘 (𝜂) (tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂))
(
As a result, the rogue wave solution of the ZKBBM Eq. (1.1) is given by +𝛽𝐴𝑘𝑙3 𝑐 (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) − (3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
)
+(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) = 0.
6𝛽𝑙2
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = (( )) ⋅ (2.20) Further, we divide the above equation by the 𝐴𝑘𝑙, and we get
1
𝛼(1 − 4𝛽𝑙2 ) sinh2 𝑙 𝑥 − ( 1−4𝛽𝑙 2 )𝑡
(𝑐 − 1)[tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂)] + 2𝐴𝛼(tanh2𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh2𝑘+1 (𝜂))
(
−𝛽𝑙2 𝑐 (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) − (3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
)
2.3. Dark soliton solutions +(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) = 0.
Simplifying, we get
The following ansatz has been used in this part to develop the dark [𝑐 − 1 + 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2)] tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
soliton solutions for the Eq. (1.1) −[𝑐 − 1 + 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2)] tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂)
(2.25)
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 tanh𝑘 (𝜂), (2.21) +2𝐴𝛼 tanh2𝑘−1 (𝜂) + 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂)
−2𝐴𝛼 tanh2𝑘+1 (𝜂) + 𝛽𝑙2 𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) = 0.
where 𝜂 = 𝑙(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) and the unconstrained parameters are 𝐴, 𝑙 and 𝑐,
Note that we can compare 𝛼 ≠ 0, 𝛽𝑙2𝑐(𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) ≠ 0, and 𝛽𝑙2𝑐(𝑘 +
where 𝐴 is the amplitude of the solitons, 𝑙 is their inverse width, and
1)(𝑘 + 2) ≠ 0 to find 𝑘. By the homogeneous balancing principle, we
𝑐 is their velocity. Using the homogeneous balance, the exponent 𝑘 is
take 𝑘 − 1 = 𝑘 − 3, and we get 𝑘 = −2. However, 𝑘 cannot be negative,
determined. From Eq. (2.21), the following derivative relations hold
so we look for alternatives. Taking 2𝑘 + 1 = 𝑘 + 3 yields 𝑘 = 2. Thus,
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑡 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑐(tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂)), (2.22) Eq. (2.25) suggests that for 𝑘 = 2, we have the following form
(𝑐 − 1 + 8𝛽𝑙2 𝑐) − [𝑐 − 1 + 20𝛽𝑙2 𝑐 − 2𝐴𝛼] tanh2 (𝜂)
𝑘−1 𝑘+1 (2.26)
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑥 = 𝐴𝑘𝑙(tanh (𝜂) − tanh (𝜂)), (2.23) − (2𝐴𝛼 − 12𝛽𝑙2 𝑐) tanh4 (𝜂) = 0.

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A. Hussain et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

Fig. 2. The physical structure of the rogue waves (2.20) with 𝑙 = 0.5, 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 0.2, and 𝑦 = 1 (a) 3D plot (b) revolution plot (c) 2D plot at 𝑡 = −1, 2, 3.

The following system is obtained by comparing the coefficients and 𝑤 is their velocity. Using the homogeneous balance, the exponent
2 𝑘 can be decided. The following results follow from Eq. (3.31)
(𝑐 − 1 + 8𝛽𝑙 𝑐) = 0,
[𝑐 − 1 + 20𝛽𝑙2 𝑐 − 2𝐴𝛼] = 0, (2.27) tanh(𝜂)
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑤 , (3.32)
(𝐴𝛼 − 6𝛽𝑙2 𝑐) = 0⋅ cosh𝑘 (𝜂)

We obtain the velocity of the wave tanh(𝜂)

(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑥 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙 , (3.33)
1 cosh𝑘 (𝜂)
𝑐= , (2.28)
1 + 8𝛽𝑙2 ( )
𝑘2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
and the amplitude 𝐴 is given by (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑤𝑙2 tanh(𝜂) − . (3.34)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
6𝛽𝑙2
𝐴= ⋅ (2.29) and
𝛼(1 + 8𝛽𝑙2 ) ( )
𝑘2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
As a result, the dark solution of the ZKBBM equation is provided by (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑦𝑦𝑥 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑚2 tanh(𝜂) 𝑘
− . (3.35)
𝑘+2
cosh (𝜂) cosh (𝜂)
6𝛽𝑙2 ( 1 )
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = tanh2 𝑙(𝑥 − ( )𝑡) ⋅ (2.30) Inserting these values in GZKBBM Eq. (1.2) we get
𝛼(1 + 8𝛽𝑙2 ) 1 + 8𝛽𝑙2
tanh(𝜂) tanh(𝜂) ( 𝐴 ) tanh(𝜂)
𝐴𝑘𝑤 − 𝐴𝑘𝑙 + 2𝛾 𝐴𝑘𝑙
3. Ansatz technique for GZKBBM equation cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘 (𝜂)
+ 𝜃𝐴𝑘𝑙 tanh(𝜂)
The GZKBBM equation is ( )
𝑙𝑤𝑘2 𝑙𝑤(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) 𝑚2 𝑘2 𝑚2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
× − − + = 0.
𝑣𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥 − 𝛾(𝑣2 )𝑥 + 𝜃(𝑣𝑥𝑡 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 )𝑥 = 0, 𝑘
cosh (𝜂) 𝑘+2
cosh (𝜂) 𝑘
cosh (𝜂) 𝑘+2
cosh (𝜂)

where 𝛾 and 𝜃 are nonzero real constant. We rearrange the powers of hyperbolic functions to have
tanh(𝜂) tanh(𝜂)
3.1. Bright (non-topological) soliton solutions 𝐴𝑘(𝑤 − 𝑙 + 𝜃𝑙𝑘2 (𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )) + 2𝛾𝐴2 𝑘𝑙
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh2𝑘 (𝜂)
( )
tanh(𝜂)
The bright soliton solutions to the Eq. (1.2) in this section are −𝜃𝐴𝑙𝑘(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 0.
discussed using the wave ansatz described below cosh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
𝐴 By dividing the above expression by the factor 𝐴𝑘 tanh(𝜂) and perform-
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = , (3.31)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) ing some obvious steps we obtain
where 𝜂 = (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑤𝑡) and the unconstrained parameters are 𝐴, 𝑙, 𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑙 + 𝜃𝑙𝑘2 (𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) 2𝛾𝐴𝑙 𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
and 𝑤, where 𝐴 is the amplitude of the solitons, 𝑙 is their inverse width, + − = 0. (3.36)
cosh𝑘 (𝜂) cosh2𝑘 (𝜂) cosh𝑘+2 (𝜂)

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A. Hussain et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

Fig. 3. The physical structure of the dark soliton solution (2.30) with 𝑙 = 1, 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 0.12, and 𝑦 = 1 (a) 3D plot (b) revolution plot (c) 2D plot at 𝑡 = −2, 1, 2.

Now by comparing 𝛼𝐴 ≠ 0 and 𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ≠ 0, we get and 𝑤 is their velocity. Using the homogeneous balance, the exponent
𝑘 = 2. The system obtained from Eq. (3.36) is given by 𝑘 is decided. The values for the derivatives are given by
𝑤 − 𝑙 + 𝜃𝑙𝑘2 (𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) = 0, coth(𝜂)
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑤 , (3.42)
2𝛾𝐴𝑙 − 𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 0. sinh𝑘 (𝜂)

For 𝑘 = 2, the system becomes cot(𝜂)

(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑥 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙 , (3.43)
sinh𝑘 (𝜂)
𝑤 − 𝑙 + 4𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) = 0, 𝛾𝐴𝑙 − 6𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) = 0. (3.37)
( )
𝑘2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
We have the velocity of the wave is (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑥𝑥𝑡 = 𝐴𝑘𝑤𝑙2 coth(𝜂) 𝑘
+ , (3.44)
𝑘+2
sinh (𝜂) sinh (𝜂)
𝑙(𝑙 + 4𝑚2 𝜃)
𝑤= , (3.38) and
1 + 4𝜃𝑙2 ( )
𝑘2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
and the amplitude 𝐴 is given by (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑦𝑦𝑥 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙𝑚2 coth(𝜂) + . (3.45)
sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
6𝜃(𝑙2 − 𝑚2 )
𝐴= ⋅ (3.39) We insert aforementioned values in the Eq. (1.2) to obtain
𝛾(1 + 4𝜃𝑙2 )
coth(𝜂) coth(𝜂) ( 𝐴 ) coth(𝜂)
Finally, bright soliton solution is given by 𝐴𝑘𝑤 − 𝐴𝑘𝑙 + 2𝛾 𝐴𝑘𝑙
sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘 (𝜂)
6𝜃(𝑙2 − 𝑚2 )
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = ( )⋅ (3.40) + 𝜃𝐴𝑘𝑙 coth(𝜂)
( 2 𝜃) ) ( )
𝛾(1 + 4𝜃𝑙2 ) cosh2 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑙(𝑙+4𝑚
1+4𝜃𝑙 2 𝑡 𝑙𝑤𝑘2 𝑙𝑤(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) 𝑚2 𝑘2 𝑚2 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
× 𝑘
+ − 𝑘
− = 0.
𝑘+2 𝑘+2
sinh (𝜂) sinh (𝜂) sinh (𝜂) sinh (𝜂)
By rearranging the hyperbolic functions as
3.2. Rogue wave solution
coth(𝜂) 𝐴 ) ( coth(𝜂)
𝐴𝑘(𝑤 − 𝑙 + 𝜃𝑙𝑘2 (𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )) 𝑘
+ 2𝛾 𝐴𝑘𝑙
The rogue wave solutions for the GZKBBM Eq. (1.2) are studied in sinh (𝜂) sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘 (𝜂)
( )
this part by using the wave ansatz given by coth(𝜂)
+𝐴𝑘𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 0.
𝐴 sinh𝑘+2 (𝜂)
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = , (3.41)
sinh𝑘 (𝜂) We divide by the 𝐴𝑘 coth(𝜂) to get
where 𝜂 = (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑤𝑡) and the unconstrained parameters are 𝐴, 𝑙, 𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑙 + 𝜃𝑙𝑘2 (𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) 2𝛾𝐴𝑙 𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
and 𝑤, where 𝐴 is the amplitude of the solitons, 𝑙 is their inverse width, + + = 0. (3.46)
sinh𝑘 (𝜂) sinh2𝑘 (𝜂) sinh𝑘+2 (𝜂)

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A. Hussain et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

Fig. 4. The physical structure of the bright soliton solution (3.40) with 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚 = 0.5, 𝛾 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, and 𝜃 = 0.5 (a) 3D plot (b) revolution plot (c) 2D plot at 𝑡 = −5, 0, 5.

Now we compare the expression 𝛼𝐴 ≠ 0 and 𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2)(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ≠ 0 𝑘 is determined. The values for the derivatives are given by
to get 𝑘 = 2. The system thus follows as
(𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑡 = −𝐴𝑘𝑤(tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂)), (3.52)
𝑤 − 𝑙 + 𝜃𝑙𝑘2 (𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) = 0,
2𝛾𝐴𝑙 + 𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 )(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 0. (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑥 = 𝐴𝑘𝑙(tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂)), (3.53)

After solving the aforementioned set of equations for 𝑘 = 2, we get

(
𝑤 − 𝑙 + 4𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) = 0, 𝛾𝐴𝑙 + 6𝜃𝑙(𝑙𝑤 − 𝑚2 ) = 0. (3.47) (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑥𝑥𝑡 = −𝐴𝑘𝑙2 𝑤 (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) − (3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
)
The velocity of the wave is given by
+(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) .
𝑙(𝑙 + 4𝑚2 𝜃)
𝑤= , (3.48)
1 + 4𝜃𝑙2 (3.54)
and the amplitude 𝐴 is given by and
(
−6𝜃(𝑙2 − 𝑚2 )
𝐴= ⋅ (3.49) (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡))𝑦𝑦𝑥 = 𝐴𝑘𝑚2 𝑙 (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) − (3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
𝛾(1 + 4𝜃𝑙2 )
)
As a result, the rogue wave solution for the GZKBBM Eq. (1.2) is +(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) .
6𝜃(𝑙2 − 𝑚2 )
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − ( )⋅ (3.50) (3.55)
( 2 𝜃) )
𝛾(1 + 4𝜃𝑙2 ) sinh2 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑙(𝑙+4𝑚
1+4𝜃𝑙 2 𝑡
By inserting these values in Eq. (1.2), we get
−𝐴𝑘𝑤(tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂)) + 𝐴𝑘𝑙(tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂))
( )
3.3. Dark (topological) soliton solution −2𝛾𝐴𝑘𝑙 𝐴 tanh𝑘 (𝜂) (tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂))
(
+𝜃𝐴𝑘𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑤𝑙) (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) − (3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
The following subsequent wave ansatz has been used in this section )
+(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) = 0.
to develop the dark wave solutions for the Eq. (1.2). To do this, we
have Dividing by the factor 𝐴𝑘 and simplifying
( ) ( )
(𝑙 − 𝑤) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − 2𝛾𝑙 𝐴 tanh𝑘 (𝜂) (tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂) − tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂))
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝐴 tanh𝑘 (𝜂), (3.51) (
where 𝜂 = (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑤𝑡) and the unconstrained parameters are 𝐴, 𝑙, 𝑚 +𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑤𝑙) (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) − (3𝑘2 − 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘−1 (𝜂)
and 𝑤, where 𝐴 is the amplitude of the solitons, 𝑙 is their inverse width, )
and 𝑤 is their velocity. Using the homogeneous balance, the exponent +(3𝑘2 + 3𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+1 (𝜂) − (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) = 0.

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A. Hussain et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

Fig. 5. The physical structure of the rogue wave solution (3.50) with 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚 = 0.5, 𝛾 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, and 𝜃 = 0.5 (a) 3D plot (b) revolution plot (c) 2D plot at 𝑡 = −0.5, 0.1, 1.5.

By simplifying the above expression, we get 4. Physical interpretation of the obtained soliton solutions
2 2 𝑘−1
[𝑙 − 𝑤 − 𝜃𝑙(𝑚 − 𝑙𝑤)(3𝑘 − 3𝑘 + 2)] tanh (𝜂)
Dealing with the physical interpretation of exact solutions of the
2 2 𝑘+1
−[𝑙 − 𝑤 − 𝜃𝑙(𝑚 − 𝑙𝑤)(3𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 2)] tanh (𝜂) nonlinear PDEs is interesting and essential for revealing the dynamics
(3.56)
+2𝐴𝑙𝛾 tanh2𝑘−1 (𝜂) − 𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑙𝑤)(𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 2) tanh𝑘−3 (𝜂) of the model under consideration. The ZKBBM and GZKBBM equations
−2𝐴𝑙𝛾 tanh2𝑘+1 (𝜂) − 𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑙𝑤)(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) tanh𝑘+3 (𝜂) = 0. were used to demonstrate the nonlinear evolution equations for the
present. Here, we present the waveform characteristics of the solution
Now, for 𝐴𝑙𝛾 ≠ 0, 𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 −𝑙𝑤)(𝑘−1)(𝑘−2) ≠ 0, and (𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 −𝑙𝑤))(𝑘+1)(𝑘+ as bright (non-topological), dark(topological), and rogue wave solu-
2) ≠ 0, we use the homogeneous balancing principle, 2𝑘 − 1 = 𝑘 − 3, and tions (singular solitons). The dynamics of these properties are shown
it gives us 𝑘 = −2. But 𝑘 is not negative, so we search for alternatives. in Figs. 1–3 for the ZKBBM equation and Figs. 4–6 for the GZKBBM
Taking 2𝑘 + 1 = 𝑘 + 3 yields 𝑘 = 2. Eq. (3.56) for 𝑘 = 2 converted to equation. The bright soliton solutions are shown in Figs. 1 and 4, the
( ) rogue wave solutions are shown in Figs. 2 and 5, and the dark soliton
𝑙 − 𝑤 − 8𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑙𝑤) − [𝑙 − 𝑤 − 20𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑙𝑤) − 2𝐴𝑙𝛾] tanh2 (𝜂)
(3.57) solutions are shown in Figs. 3 and 6. A certain set of parameters that
−(2𝐴𝑙𝛾 + 12𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑙𝑤)) tanh4 (𝜂) = 0. are mentioned in each case is used to identify the solutions that are
presented.
Comparing the coefficients we obtain the following system

𝑙 − 𝑤 − 8𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑙𝑤) = 0, 5. Discussion of the results

𝑙 − 𝑤 − 20𝜃𝑙(𝑤2 − 𝑙𝑤) − 2𝐴𝑙𝛾 = 0, (3.58)
2𝐴𝑙𝛾 + 12𝜃𝑙(𝑚2 − 𝑙𝑤) = 0. NEEs find diverse applications in real-world contexts, including but
not limited to optimal controls, evolutionary algorithms, integrability
The velocity of the soliton is studies, and the analysis of high-order localized waves, among other
𝑙(1 − 8𝜃𝑚2 ) fields. The derivation of exact solutions for high-dimensional NEEs and
𝑤= , (3.59) the investigation of their dynamics represent crucial yet unresolved
1 − 8𝜃𝑙2
challenges in real-world applications. Integrable NEEs played a pivotal
and the amplitude 𝐴 is given by
role in enhancing models of integrable systems, thereby facilitating
6𝜃(𝑚2 − 𝑙2 ) a deeper comprehension of the novel features exhibited by nonlinear
𝐴= ⋅ (3.60)
𝛾(1 − 8𝜃𝑙2 ) dynamics in practical scenarios.
The primary objective of this article, namely the utilization of
Therefore, the dark soliton solution for the GZKBBM Eq. (1.2) is
ansatz methods to categorize bright and dark solitons, along with rogue
( )
6𝜃(𝑚2 − 𝑙2 ) ( 𝑙(1 − 8𝜃𝑚2 ) ) wave solutions, for both the ZKBBM and GZKBBM equations, has been
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = tanh2 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑡 ⋅ (3.61)
𝛾(1 − 8𝜃𝑙2 ) 1 − 8𝜃𝑙2 successfully achieved. Additionally, the wave dynamics associated with
these soliton solutions are elucidated herein. While existing literature

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A. Hussain et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 10 (2024) 100670

Fig. 6. The physical structure of the dark soliton solution (3.61) with 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚 = 3, 𝛾 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, and 𝜃 = 0.25 (a) 3D plot (b) revolution plot (c) 2D plot at 𝑡 = −1, 1, 2.

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