Unit I

Aeronautical Engineering
23AS402- AEROSPACE PROPULSION-I

Bloom’
QNo CO
Questions s
s
Level
List the requirements of an aircraft intake. CO
1. K1
1
Define the phenomenon “Buzz” in supersonic inlets CO
2. K1
1
Write notes on the pressure recovery factor of the CO
3. K1
intake. 1
What are the starting problems in supersonic inlets? CO K1
4.
1
Name the factors to be considered while designing a CO K1
5.
subsonic inlet. 1
Define the sub-critical mode of inlet operation. CO K1
6.
1
Name the factors to be considered while designing a CO K1
7. supersonic inlet.
1
How the shock inside the supersonic inlet is moved CO K1
8. downstream without overspeeding?
1
What are the diffuser design considerations? CO K1
9.
1
List the major features of external flow near a CO K1
10. subsonic inlet.
1
Define the critical mode of inlet operation CO K1
11.
1
What are the peculiarities of a normal shock inlet? CO K1
12.
1
State the requirement of a good inlet. CO K1
13.
1
Define supersonic intake with Sketch. CO K1
14.
1
15. Relate the supersonic inlets and nozzle CO K1
 1
List the types of supersonic inlet. CO K1
16.
1
Mention some of the limitations of aircraft nozzle CO K1
17. design.
1
What is the purpose of inlet? CO K1
18.
1
Draw the T-S diagram for the inlet during low-speed CO K1
19. high thrust operation of a gas turbine engine.
1
Differentiate between subcritical and supercritical CO K1
20. modes of an inlet operation.
1
Part – B
Identify the different modes of inlet operation and CO
1. K3
explain them with suitable sketches. (16) 1
2. i) Develop the successive steps in the CO K3
acceleration and 1
overspeeding of a one-dimensional supersonic
inlet with neat sketches. (8)
ii) Model the shock swallowing by area
variation of a
supersonic inlet with a neat sketch. (8)
3. i) Identify the various classifications of the inlets CO
of an 1
aircraft and explain in detail with a neat sketch.
K3
(8)
ii) Develop the performance parameters of
intakes. (8)
4. 4 i) Organize in detail the losses occurring in CO
the intake of 1
an aircraft engine. (8)
K3
ii) Build with a diagram about the methods of
starting a
Supersonic intake. (8)
5.i) 5i) Interview the various parameters that affect the CO
diffuser performance. (8) 1 K3
ii) ii) Select any two types of supersonic inlets for
fighter aircraft and discuss them. (8)
6. 6Develop the flow through subsonic intakes under CO K3
take-off and cruise conditions using a T-S diagram. 1
(16)
7. 7 i) Model the boundary layer separation of CO K3
 intake using 1
the neat sketch. (8)
ii)Explain the phenomenon “stall” in subsonic and
use of ramp (spike) in supersonic inlets
Derive the relation between the area ratio Amax/Ai CO
8. 1 K3
and external deceleration ratio Ui/Ua. (16) 1
Organize the types of supersonic inlets with neat CO
sketches and explain the successive steps in the 1
9. K3
acceleration and over speeding of a one-dimensional
supersonic inlet with neat sketches. (16)
Discuss in detail the working of subsonic and CO
10. K3
supersonic inlet with neat diagram. (16) 1

UNIT II
Bloom’
QNo CO
Questions s
s
Level
1. Name the essential parts of the centrifugal CO K1
compressor. 2
2. Match the difference between centrifugal and axial CO K1
flow compressors. 2
3. Define the degree of reaction of the axial CO K1
compressor. 2
4. Differentiate Surging and Stalling in axial flow CO K1
compressor. 2
5. Match the limitations of centrifugal compressor over CO K1
axial flow compressor. 2
6. List the significance of compressor operating line. CO K1
2
7. Define the slip factor and slip velocity for the CO K1
 centrifugal compressor 2
8. What are the different blade shapes in impeller of CO K1
centrifugal compressor? 2
9. Suggest any two methods to improve the CO K1
compression efficiency of an axial flow compressor 2
10. Define the degree of reaction for an axial flow CO K1
compressor. 2
11. Define rotating stall for compressors CO K1
2
12. Find the causes for stalling in axial flow compressors. CO K1
2
13. List down the conditions for free and forced vortex CO K1
flows. 2
14. What do you understand by the 50% reaction stage? CO K1
2
15. Define solidity and its importance CO K1
2
16. Define power input factor. CO K1
2
17. Recall the impeller in the centrifugal compressor. CO K1
Give its importance. 2
18. Define the work done factor and name its CO K1
importance. 2
19. Define flow coefficient. CO K1
2
20. Define loading coefficient. CO K1
2
Part – B
1. Develop the operating principle of a centrifugal CO
compressor with necessary velocity triangles. Draw a K3
2
T-S diagram for the centrifugal compressor. (16)
2. Draw a neat diagram of the axial flow compressor CO
and build functions of all parts and its working K3
2
principle. (16)
3. i)Organize the factors affecting stage pressure rise of CO K3
an axial flow compressor with suitable sketches. (8) 2
 ii)Identify the stall and surge of the axial compressor.
Plan the methods for avoiding the surge of the axial
compressor. (8)
4. i)Identify the different types of flow losses in the
compressor. (8) CO
ii)Plan the relative advantages and disadvantages of K3
2
an axial flow compressor and a centrifugal flow
compressor. (8)
5. Explain the following: CO
(i) Surging and Rotating stall in compressor (8) K3
2
(ii) Euler equation of turbo Machines (8)
6. Organize the performance and characteristics of CO
centrifugal and axial flow compressors. (16) K3
2
7. A centrifugal compressor running at 9000rpm.
Delivers 6000 m3/min of free air. The air is
compressed from 1 bar and 200c to a pressure ratio
of 4 with an isentropic efficiency of 82%. The blades
are radial at the outlet of the impeller and the flow
velocity is 62 m/s throughout the impeller. The outer CO
K3
diameter of the impeller is twice the inner diameter 2
and the slip factor is 0.9. Solve a) the final
temperature of the air, b) theoretical power, c) the
impeller diameter at the inlet and outlet, d) the
breadth of the impeller at the inlet, and e) blade
angles at the inlet and outlet. (16)
8. An axial compressor stage has a mean diameter of
60cm and runs at 15000 rpm. If the actual
temperature rise and pressure ratio developed are
300C and 1.4 respectively.
(i) The power required to drive the compressor
while delivering 57 Kg/s of air; assume CO
K3
mechanical efficiency of 86 % and an initial 2
temperature of 350C.
(ii) The stage loading coefficient.
(iii) The stage efficiency and
(iv) The degree of reaction if the temperature at the
rotor exits is 550C.
9. An axial flow compressor stage is designed to give CO K3
free-vortex tangential velocity distributions for all 2
radii before and after the rotor blade row. The tip
diameter is constant and 1.0m; the hub diameter is
0.9m and constant for the stage. at the rotor tip the
flow angles are as follows:
Absolute inlet angle, α1 = 300
 Relative inlet angle, β1 = 600
Absolute outlet angle, α2 = 600
Relative outlet angle, β2 = 300
.Determine,
(i) the axial velocity
(ii) the mass flow rate
(iii) the power absorbed by the stage
(iv) the flow angles at the hub
(v) the reaction ratio of the state at the hub
(16)
10. A centrifugal compressor is required to deliver 8 kg/s
of air with a stagnation pressure ratio of 4 rotating at
15,000 rpm. The air enters the compressor at 250C
and 1 bar. Assume that the air enters axially with CO
velocity of 145 m/s and the slip factor is 0.89. If the K3
2
compressor isentropic efficiency is 0.89, find the rise
in stagnation temperature, impeller tip speed,
diameter, work input, and area at the impeller eye.
(16)

UNIT III
Bloom’
QNo CO
Questions s
s
Level
1. List the function of the nozzle guide vane. CO K1
3
2. List the assumptions of free vortex theory. CO K1
3
3. Differentiate between impulse stage and reaction CO K1
stage turbines. 3
4. Define the impulse stage. CO K1
3
5. Define the reaction stage. CO K1
3
6. Define flow coefficient. CO K1
3
7. Define blade loading coefficient. CO K1
3
8. Define the degree of reaction. CO K1
3
9. Recall the blade efficiency. CO K1
3
10. Define Blade loading coefficient CO K1
3
11. Write the expression for work output. CO K1
3
12. Tell about blade speed ratio. CO K1
3
13. What is profile loss and annulus loss? CO K1
3
14. What is secondary flow loss and tip clearance loss? CO K1
3
15. List down the conditions under which a stage is to be CO K1
free vortex. 3
16. Find the non-dimensional parameters helps to design CO K1
gas turbine blades. 3
17. State the conditions that should be satisfied for the CO K1
free vortex design of turbine blades. 3
18 Recall the factors to be considered in the design of a CO K1
turbine. 3
19 Recall the need for using shrouds in axial flow CO K1
turbines. 3
20 Match the advantages of axial flow turbines over CO K1
radial flow turbines. 3
Part – B
1. Draw a neat diagram of the axial flow turbine and
utilize the functions of all parts write its working
principle. Draw the velocity triangles of a single- CO3 K3
stage machine and show that tanα2 + tanα3 =
tanβ2 + tanβ3 (16)
2. i) Plan the design consideration that has to be CO3 K3
followed while designing axial turbine blades. (8)
ii) With the neat sketch develop the working of radial
turbine with T-S diagram. (8)
3. i) Select the blade profile, pitch, and chord for an CO3 K3
axial turbine stage based on their purpose. (8)
ii) Identify the various losses occurring in the
turbines. (8)
4. i)Identify the need for matching of compressor and CO3 K3
turbine. Write down the matching procedure with a
 neat sketch. (8)
ii)Derive an expression for work output and draw the
h-s diagram and velocity diagram of axial turbine.
(8)
5. i) Interview the losses that occur in the turbine CO3 K3
blades with examples and how to minimize them.
(8)
ii) Identify the difference between an impulse and
reaction-type turbine. With the neat sketch explain
the working of an impulse and reaction stage of a
turbine. (8)
6. Organize in detail about turbine blade cooling CO3 K3
methods with a neat diagram. (16)
7. A single-stage axial flow gas turbine has the CO3 K3
following data:
Turbine inlet total temperature = 1100 K
Turbine inlet total pressure = 3.4 bar
Stage temperature drop = ΔTo = 144 K
Isentropic efficiency = 0.9
Mean blade speed: U = 298m/s
Mass flow rate = 18.75 kg/s
Flow coefficient φ = 0.95
Loss coefficient for nozzle blade λN = 0.05
Rotational speed = 200 rps
The convergent nozzle is choked.
Determine:
(i) Blade loading coefficient, ψ
(ii) Pressure ratio of stage
(iii) Flow angles: α2, α3, β2, β3 (16)
8. An axial flow turbine has following data: CO3 K3
Turbine stage inlet temperature = 1300 K, turbine
nozzle outlet temperature = 940 K, turbine stage
outlet temperature = 820 K, blade speed = 318m/s,
axial- velocity=184 m/s (constant). Turbine inlet
velocity (absolute) is equal to turbine outlet velocity
(absolute). Calculate following (i) Degree of
Reaction, (ii) Blade loading coefficient, (iii) Flow
coefficient, (v) Work done. Assume suitable data if
required. (16)
9. A single stage gas turbine operates at its design CO3 K3
condition with an axial absolute flow at entry and
exit from the stage. The absolute flow angle at
nozzle exit is 70o. At stage entry the total pressure
and temperature are 311 kPa and 850oC
respectively. The exhaust static pressure is 100 kPa,
 the total to static efficiency is 0.87 and the mean
blade speed is 500m/s. assuming constant axial
velocity through the stage. Determine (i) specific
work done (ii) Mach No. leaving nozzle, (iii) axial
velocity, (iv) total to total efficiency, (v) stage
reaction (16)
10. A single stage axial flow turbine has a mean radius CO3 K3
of 30 cm and a blade height at the stator inlet of 6
cm. Hot gases enter the turbine stage at 1900 KPa
and 1200 K and the absolute velocity leaving the sta-
tor (C2) is 600 m/s., inclined at an angle of 65o to
the axial direction. The relative angles at the inlet
and outlet of the rotor blade are 25o and 60o respec-
tively. Stage efficiency is 0.88. Calculate :
(i) Absolute angle α3
(ii) Rotor rotational speed (in rpm)
(iii) Stage pressure ratio
(iv) Flow coefficient, blade loading coefficient and de-
gree of reaction
(v) Mass flow rate
(vi) Power delivered by the turbine
(16)

UNIT IV
Bloom’
QNo CO
Questions s
s
Level
1. Name the losses in the combustion chamber. CO K1
4
2. Define combustion intensity? CO K1
4
3. Define equivalence ratio and stoichiometric fuel-air CO K1
ratio. 4
4. Define the efficiency of the combustor. CO K1
4
5. Find the purpose of primary air in the combustion CO K1
chamber. 4
6. Name the pollutants that are generated from the CO K1
combustor. 4
7. Name the major components of a typical afterburner CO K1
assembly 4
8. List the types of flame holders used in flame CO K1
stabilization.
 4
9. Find the purpose of secondary air in the combustion CO K1
chamber. 4
10. Recall the purpose of diluting air in the combustion CO K1
chamber. 4
11. Define divergent nozzle. CO K1
5
12. Define convergent nozzle. CO5 K1
13. Give any four functions of an exhaust nozzle. CO5 K1
14. A subsonic diffuser can be used as a supersonic CO5 K1
nozzle. Justify.
15. Recall the optimum expansion in the nozzle. CO5 K1
16. Define over-expansion in the nozzle. CO5 K1
17. Show under expansion in a nozzle with a neat CO5 K1
sketch.
18. Define De-Laval nozzle. CO5 K1
19. When the mass flow rate is maximum in the nozzle CO5 K1
and where?
20. Define choked nozzle. CO5 K1
Part – B
Classify the various types of the combustion CO4 K2
1. chambers of a gas turbine engine. Compare its
advantages and disadvantages. (16)
Outline the important factors affecting the CO4 K2
2. combustion chamber design and extend the
performance of combustion chamber. (16)
i) Explain in detail the principle of operation of a CO4 K2
combustion chamber. (8)
3. ii) Explain the combustion chamber performance in
terms of combustion efficiency and combustion
intensity. (8)
i)Write down the methods of flame stabilization and CO4 K2
explain them with a sketch. (8)
4.
ii)With the aid of a simplified diagram explain the
operation of a flame holder. (8)
i)With the aid of a diagram explain the types of fuel CO4 K2
injection scheme in a combustion chamber. (8)
5.
ii)Explain in detail the Afterburner operation in a
turbojet engine. (8)
6. With a neat sketch explain the working and CO4 K2
 combustion process of a combustion chamber in
detail. (16)
Explain the operations of a Thrust reversal used in CO5 K2
7. commercial aircraft. And also explain in detail the
thrust vectoring system with neat sketches. (16)
Derive the area velocity relation and give its CO5 K2
8.
significance to design nozzle and diffuser. (16)
Derive the area Mach number relation and give its CO5 K2
9.
significance. (16)
i) With the aid of suitable sketches explain the CO5 K2
various regimes of flow through the CD nozzle. (8)
10.
ii) Derive the maximum mass flow rate through the
nozzle. (8)
i) Classify the types of nozzles. Explain the various CO5 K2
operating conditions of a C-D nozzle with a suitable
11. sketch. (8)
ii) Write short notes on the following:
(a) Ejector and variable area nozzles (8)
A de Laval nozzle has to be designed for an exit CO5 K2
Mach number of 1.5 with an exit diameter of
200mm. find the ratio of throat area/exit area
necessary. The reservoir conditions are given as
12
P0=1.0 bar; T0=20°C; find also the maximum mass
…
flow rate through the nozzle. What will be the exit
pressure and temperature? (8)
With a neat sketch explain in detail about the over-
expanded, under-expanded nozzles. (8)

UNIT V
Bloom’
QNo CO
Questions s
s
Level
1. Name the applications of the integral ram-rocket CO K1
propulsion system. 6
2. Define Ram effect. CO6 K1
3. Mention the problems associated with the subcritical CO6 K1
mode of operation of the ramjet
4. Distinguish between ramjet and scramjet. CO6 K1
5. List the advantages and disadvantages of integral CO6 K1
ram-rocket.
6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of the CO6 K1
ramjet engine.
7. How is a ramjet different from a turbojet? CO6 K1
8. Find the possible applications of ramjet. CO6 K1
9. Define the critical operation of the ramjet diffuser. CO6 K1
10. Define propulsive efficiency. CO6 K1
11. Define thermal efficiency. CO6 K1
12. Define specific impulse. CO6 K1
13. Draw the thermodynamic cycle of the ramjet engine. CO6 K1
14. Define solid ramjet engine. CO6 K1
15. Define liquid ramjet engine. CO6 K1
16. Define Integral ram rocket. CO6 K1
17. Draw T-S diagram of ramjet engine and its CO6 K1
components.
18. List the performance parameters of ramjet engine. CO6 K1
19. Name the components of ramjet engine. CO6 K1
20. Differentiate between solid and liquid ramjet engine. CO6 K1
Part – B
1. With the help of a T-S diagram organize the working CO6 K3
of a ramjet engine. Show the diagram of possible
losses. (16)
2. Identify the various parts of a RAM Jet engine. CO6 K3
Compare the relative advantages of a RAM Jet engine
and a Turbojet engine. (8)
Identify the reason for a ramjet propulsion system as
a suit system for missile propulsion. Why is it that it
is not suitable for aircraft propulsion? (8)
3. Organize the modes of critical, sub-critical, and CO6 K3
super-critical operation of the ramjet engine with
neat sketches. (16)
4. i) Compare the design features of a ramjet CO6 K3
combustor and a turbojet combustor. (8)
ii) Construct the RAM Jet engine with its principle of
operation for a missile. (8)
5. Develop short notes on CO6 K3
(i) Solid ramjets
(ii) Liquid ramjets. (16)
6. Construct the Integral Ram rocket with a neat sketch CO6 K3
and identify its performance and applications. Relate
the advantages and disadvantages. (16)
7. An ideal ramjet engine is being designed for a Mach CO6 K3
number 3.2 aircraft at an altitude of 33,000 ft. The
fuel has a heating value of 43 MJ/Kg and the burner
exit total temperature is 1889 K. A thrust of 42 KN is
 needed. What is required airflow? What is the
resulting nozzle exit diameter? What is the resulting
TSFC? (16)
8. A ramjet travels at M=2.8 at an altitude where the CO6 K3
temperature is 256 K and the pressure is 0.4 atm. Air
flows through the engine at 40 kg/s with a burner
exit temperature of 2000 K. The fuel has a heating
value of 46500 KJ/Kg. Estimate the fuel- air ratio,
thrust and TSFC, assuming γ=1.4. (16)
9. For a ramjet, the flight Mach number is 2.5 at a CO6 K3
constant combustion chamber temperature of 1945
K. The heat reaction QR of the fuel is 43 MJ/Kg and
the inlet area is 0.0929 m2. Determine the gross
thrust, fuel-to-air ratio, specific impulse, TSFC, and
overall efficiency of the ideal engine when it is
operated at sea level. (16)
10. A ramjet is to propel an aircraft at Mach number 1.5 CO6 K3
at a high altitude where the ambient pressure is 11.6
KPa and ambient temperature is 205 K. The
maximum temperature in the engine is 2500 K. The
heating value of the fuel used is 45 MJ/Kg. Assume
γ=1.4 and Cp=1.0 KJ/Kg-K. If all components are
frictionless, determine 1. TSFC 2. Thermal efficiency
3. Propulsive efficiency 4. Overall efficiency. (16)