Introduction to GI Science (Practical)

Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)

Paper Code: 12293405

B. A. (Hons.) Geography
Semester: IV

Roll No.: 19064513054

Department of Geography
Shaheed Bhagat Singh College
University of Delhi
Sheikh Sarai, Phase - II
New Delhi - 110017
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Practical Record File entitled “Geographic Information System” is
successfully completed by Sarthak Nagpal Roll No. 19064513054 in the Department of
Geography, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi for the completion of
semester III, B.A. (HONS) Geography, 2021.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, Sarthak Nagpal would like to thank the Geography department of SHAHEED BHAGAT
SINGH (M) COLLEGE and our teacher Dr. Satyam Mishra, who provided me the
opportunity to work on this project. Without his kind direction and proper guidance, this
project would have been a little success. In every phase of the project, his supervision and
guidance shaped this project to be completed perfectly. This thing also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. Last but not the least, I would
also want to extend my appreciation to my friends for their continuous support throughout the
work.
 CONTENTS

THEORETICAL PART
1. INTRODUCTION TO GIS
2. COMPONENTS OF GIS
3. APPLICATION OF DATA
4. TYPES OF DATA
4.1 SPATIAL DATA
4.2 NON-SPATIAL DATA
5. STRUCTURE OF DATA
5.1 RASTER DATA
5.2 VECTOR DATA
6. GIS DATA ANALYSIS- INPUT METHOD, EDITING, AND OUTPUT
7. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM: GPS PRINCIPLES AND USES

PRACTICAL PART
1. STUDY AREA: TELANGANA
2. PLATE 1: TELANGANA: ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION, 2011
3. PLATE 2: TELANGANA: POPULATION DENSITY, 2011
4. PLATE 3: TELANGANA: RURAL URBAN POPULATION, 2011
5. PLATE 4: HYDERABAD: URBAN SPRAWL- 2008 AND 2021
6. PLATE 5: LULC HYDERABAD: LAND USE LAND COVER
MAPPING, 2021
 INTRODUCTION TO GIS

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking,
integrating, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s
surface. GIS can use any information that includes location. The location can be expressed in
many different ways, such as latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code. Geographic
Information is basically data that specify the exact location of geographic features,
manmade or natural, as well as, their descriptive attributes. Geographic features could be,
for example, manholes (point feature), roads (linear a feature), or land parcels (area
feature). GIS, as a concept has evolved gradually with technological advancements over the
years. In the past, people used paper and ink to draw and visualize the world. Today we are
using computer technology to draw and manipulate different maps. GIS gives people the
ability to create digital map layers to help solve real-world problems. GIS has also evolved
into a means for data sharing and collaboration, inspiring a vision that is now rapidly
becoming a reality—a continuous, overlapping, and interoperable GIS database of the
world, about virtually all subjects. Today, hundreds of thousands of organizations are
sharing their work and creating billions of maps every day to tell stories and reveal patterns,
trends, and relationships about everything. Geographic information systems are powerful
tools used in modeling, analysis, and various other applications. GIS technology has
advanced from simply capturing and storing spatial elements to the systematic analysis of
data samples. Various geographical problem-solving approaches can be made to meet
needs like planning real estate projects, protecting national security, addressing public
health crises.

COMPONENTS OF GIS

 The important components of a

geographic information system include:-
I. Hardware
II. Software
III. Data
IV. People
V. Method
 Hardware – It consists of equipment that helps in supporting the many activities that
are important for geospatial analysis. The hardware components of GIS include a
central processing unit(CPU), data storage device, scanners, digitizer, plotter, printer,
monitor, and other physical components. The disk drive unit provides space for
storing maps and document data in a digital format and sends them to the
computer. The plotter used to present the results of data processing. Devises like
digitizer, the scanner is used for converting the data, which is available in the form of
maps and documents, into digital form and send them to the computer. The choice
of hardware ranges from personal computers to multi-user supercomputers.
 Computers should have essentially an efficient processor to run the software and
sufficient memory to store data. The essential hardware elements for effective GIS
operations include the presence of a processor with sufficient power To run the
software, sufficient memory for the storage and backup of large volumes of data, a
good quality, high- resolution color graphic screen or monitor, and data input
devices as keyboard and output devise like printers and plotters.
 Software – The GIS software includes the programs and the user interface for driving
the hardware. GIS software is essential to generate, store, analyze, manipulate, and
display geographic information. Some of the essential software components are
tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information, a database
management system, tools that support geographic query, analysis, and
visualization, a geographical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools. A good GIS
software requires user-friendliness, functionalities, compatibilities, updatability,
documentation, cost-effectiveness. Software is a highly dynamic part of the system,
dozens of GIS software packages exist now. GIS software is categorized into two
different categories- o Open source GIS software like QGIS, SAGA GIS, ILWIS, GRASS
GIS, etc. o Commercial or licensed GIS software like Arc GIS, MapInfo, ERDAS engine,
etc
 Data – It is the most essential part of GIS. Geographic data can be internally
generated or purchased from commercial data providers. To store and maintain
large volumes of data, the use of a database management system is required.
Geographic data are divided into two main groups: vector data and raster data. All
data in a GIS are either spatial data or attribute data. Spatial data describes the
absolute and relative location of a geographic feature or we can say, it tells us where
something occurs. Attribute data tells what occurs, it describes the nature or
characteristics of the spatial data.
 People – People are key components of GIS, without which, nothing else would work
and the GIS will be useless. Hence, there must be people to plan, design, program,
maintain it, supply it with data, interpret its results, implement and operate the
system as well as make decisions based on the required output. People may operate
individually or within a group or team. People should have the basic knowledge
 needed to work with geographic data, knowledge of data sources, scales, and
accuracy, and software products.
 Method – GIS technologies and new tools can only be used effectively if they are
properly integrated into the entire business strategies and operations of any
organization. The method includes how the data will be retrieved, input in the
system, stored, managed, transformed, analyzed, and finally presented in the final
output. The procedures are the steps taken to answer the question that needs to be
resolved.

APPLICATION OF GIS

The technology of GIS, which has evolved since the late 1980s, provides an efficient and
computer-driven method of managing, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying a huge
volume of multi-layered geographic information. GIS is used to perform a variety of Spatial
analyses, including overlaying combinations of features and recording resultant conditions,
analyzing flows or other characteristics of networks; proximity analysis (i.e., buffet zoning),
and defining districts in terms of spatial criteria. Its uses in various fields are facility
management, planning, environmental monitoring, population census analysis, insurance
assessment, and health service provision, hazard mapping, and many other applications.
The potential of Geoinformatics is huge. The following list shows few applications:

 Urban planning
 Transportation
 Disaster management
 Navigation
 Natural resources
 Soil mapping
 Wetlands mapping
 Irrigation water management
 Determine land use/land cover changes.
 Astronomy
 Environment etc.

Some of the above mentioned applications are defined here:-

 Urban Planning: GIS technology is used to analyze the urban growth and its
direction of expansion, and to find suitable sites for further urban development.
To identify the sites suitable for the urban growth, certain factors have to
consider which are: land should have proper accessibility, land should be more or
less flat, land should be vacant or having low usage value presently and it should
have a good supply of water.

Determine land use/land cover changes: Landcover means the feature that is
covering the barren surface. Land use means the area on the surface utilized for a
particular use. The role of GIS technology in land use and land cover applications is
that we can determine land use/land cover changes in the different areas. Also, it
can detect and estimate the changes in the land use/ land cover pattern over time.
It enables us to find out sudden changes in land use and land cover either by natural
forces or by other activities like deforestation.

Disaster Management and Mitigation: Today well-developed GIS systems are used
to protect the environment. It has become an integrated, well-developed, and
successful tool in disaster management and mitigation. GIS can help with risk
management and analysis by displaying which areas are likely to be prone to natural
or man-made disasters. When such disasters are identified, preventive measures can
be developed.

Environment: The GIS is used every day to help protect the environment. The
environmental professional uses GIS to produce maps, inventory species, measure
environmental impact, or trace pollutants. The environmental applications for GIS
are almost endless. It can be used to monitor the environment and analyze changes .

GIS IN ASTRONOMY Scientists has incorporated GIS into their efforts to understand the
universe, mapping from space to teach us more about our world and explore other planets
and objects in our solar system. Employing GIS in astronomy is a means of revealing the
mineral composition, topography, tectonic activity of celestial bodies. That’s why NASA has
made collecting and analyzing spatial data a key part of unmanned observation missions.
Probes and rovers gather these details using a range of methods and technology, such as
the Thermal Emission Imaging System on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft and the
Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera included in the New Horizons mission to Pluto and
the Kuiper Belt. The Astrogeology Science Centre offers access to a wealth of the resulting
spatial information about planets, moons, and other objects in our solar system. Scientists
and the public can view and manipulate the maps to gain a sense of these objects’ geology
and topography.

TYPES OF DATA

GIS data can be broadly described as Spatial data and Non-spatial data.

➢ Spatial Data- Spatial data is a geographical representation of features. In other words,

spatial data is what we see in the form of maps (containing real-world features) on a
computer screen. Spatial data can further be divided into two types- vector and raster data.

❖ Vector data represents any geographical feature through point, line, or polygon, or a
combination of these. Raster data is made up of pixels. It is an array of grid cells with
columns and rows. Every geographical feature is represented only through pixels in raster
data.

➢ Non-spatial Data- Attributes attached to spatial data are referred to as non-spatial data.
Whatever spatial data we see in the form of a colorful map on a computer screen is a
presentation of information which remains stored in the form of attribute tables. Attributes
of spatial data must contain uniqueidentifiers for each object. There may be other field also
containing properties/information related to a spatial feature. The attribute table of spatial
data also contains ‘x’ and ‘y’ location (i.e. latitude/longitude or easting/northing) of
features; however, in some GIS software these columns may remain ‘invisible’.

For example- if we are doing demographic analysis of villages then attributes of each point
(representing a village) must have a unique village ID and other demographic information
like total population, number of males & females, number of children, etc.

In another example- if we are doing some GIS analysis related to roads then each road must
have its unique Road ID. Other attributes may include road length, road width, current
traffic volume, number of stations, etc.
 STRUCTURE OF DATA

Data is the most important part of GIS. It is divided into Raster data and Vector data-

 Raster data – In raster data, the entire area of the map is subdivided into a grid of
tiny cells or pixels. A value is stored in each of these cells to represent the nature of
the phenomena present at the corresponding location on the ground. The major use
of raster data involves storing map information as digital images in which the cell
values relate to the pixel colors of the image. To reproduce the image the computer
reads each of the sale values is one by one and applies them to the pixels on the
screen. The raster data have reduced spatial accuracy, which led to a generalized
view. Line and point data in raster data are less precise. Location is the focal point in
raster data, it provides the simplest way of storing spatial data but it uses a lot of
space because they contain a great deal of information so data compression is used.

 Vector data – In vector data, the emphasis is on the relationship and distribution of
geographic features. We can precisely find out the area and distance of the
geographic feature. In vector data, geospatial data is represented in the form of co-
ordinate, the data is represented through points, lines, and polygons. Points: a zero-
dimensional object is a point that specifies a geographic location on the surface of
the planet. Line: the one-dimensional object is a straight line between two points.
Polygons: it is a two-dimensional object, an area is fully encompassed by a series of
connected lines. The line is a collection of related points and polygons are a
collection of related lines. Vectors use minimum space for the storage of spatial
data.
 GIS DATA ANALYSIS
INPUT METHODS
➢ Scanning/Image:
Scanning coverts paper maps into digital format by capturing features as individual
cells, or pixels, producing automated Maps are generally
considered the backbone of any GIS activity. But many a time paper maps are not
easily available in a form that can be readily used by computers. Most of the paper
maps had been prepared based on old conventional surveys. New maps can be
produced using improved technologies but this requires time as it increases the
volume of work. Thus, we have to resort to the available maps. These paper maps
have to be first converted into a digital format usable by the computer. This is a
critical step as the quality of the analog document must be preserved in the
transition to the computer domain. The technology used for this kind of conversions
is known as scanning and the instrument used for this kind of operation is known as
a scanner. A scanner can be thought of as an electronic input device that converts
analog information of a document like a map, photograph or an overlay into a digital
format that can be used by the computer. Scanning automatically captures map
features, text, and symbols as individual cells, or pixels, and produces an automated
image.
 Georeferencing:

Georeferencing is the process of assigning real-world coordinates to each pixel

of the raster. In other words, georeferencing means to associate something with
locations in physical space. The term is commonly used in the geographic
information systems field to describe the process of associating a physical map or
raster image of a map with spatial locations. Georeferencing may be applied to
any kind of object or structure that can be related to a geographical location,
such as points of interest, roads, places, bridges, or buildings.
 Digitization:

Digitization is a process of converting raster data to vector data. For this task
QGIS provides many tools for efficient digitization. Digitization (or vectorization)
should be clean and a copy of the raster data so that the information of the map
does not change.

Editing and Output:

 Creation/Linking attribute table query:

Tables represent one of the three key dataset types in GIS, along with feature
classes and image datasets (referred to more generally as raster datasets in GIS).
GIS users employ tables to store descriptive attributes. Tables are also the
mechanism that is used to store feature classes and raster datasets in each
geodatabase. In GIS, a table has a series of rows and columns used to store
descriptive information. Eachrow has a series of fields with values. The same
fields (or columns) appear in each row. Each column has an associated type, such
as an integer number, a real number with decimal places, a text field, a date
field, a shape field, or similar binary field, to hold more sophisticated structures
such as feature geometry or imagery, an XML field, and so forth. Each row in a
table can be considered as an object, and the fields hold the descriptive
properties of each object. In the case of feature classes, the object in each row is
a feature and the shape column hold the feature's geometry (such as a point,
line, or polygon). In the case of a nonspatial table (in other words, a typical
attribute table), these are sometimes referred toas "a spatial" or nonspatial
objects. Query tables, which result from applying a SQL query to a database using
the Make Query Table geoprocessing tool. Tables from OLE DB connections,
which allow you to connect to data from Access, Excel, and other databases
Adding data to an existing table is an important part of maintaining a current and
complete GIS.
➢ Buffer:
A buffer in GIS is a zone around a map feature measured in units of distance or time.
A buffer is useful for proximity analysis. A buffer is an area defined by the bounding
region determined by a set of points at a specified maximum distance from all nodes
along segments of an object.
➢ Map Layers:
Maps in GIS are composed of a series of map layers drawn in a particular order. A
map layer defines how a GIS dataset is symbolized and labeled (that is, portrayed) in
your map views. A layer represents geographic data in Map, such as a particular
theme of data. Examples of map layers include streams and lakes, terrain, roads,
political boundaries, parcels, building footprints, utility lines, and orthophoto
imagery. Each map layer is used to display and work with a specific GIS dataset. A
layer references the data stored in geodatabases, coverages, shapefiles, imagery,
rasters, CAD files, and so on, rather than actually storing the geographic data. Thus, a
layer always reflects the most up-to date information in your database. A layer won't
draw on map unless we also have access to the data source on which the layer is
based.
➢ Overlay:
Overlay is a GIS operation that superimposes multiple data sets (representing
different themes) together for the purpose of identifying relationships between
them. An overlay creates a composite map by combining the geometry and
attributes of the input data sets. Tools are available in most GIS software for
overlaying both Vector or raster data.
 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
 GPS PRINCIPLES
GPS is the abbreviation of Global Positioning System, which is a satellite navigation system,

which is about 20,000km away from the Earth. It can provide us with location and time
information. It can work 24 hours a day under any conditions. A complete GPS requires at
least 24 satellites. As technology develop, more than 33 satellites work together in the
system of GPS. The GPS satellites act as reference points from which receivers on the
ground resects, their position. The fundamental navigation principle is based on the
measurement of pseudo ranges between the user and four satellites. Ground stations
precisely monitor the orbit of every satellite and by measuring the travel time of the signals
transmitted from the satellite four distances between receiver and satellites will yield
accurate position, direction and speed. Though three-range measurements are sufficient
but fourth observation is essential for solving clock synchronization error between receiver
and satellite. Thus, the term "pseudo ranges" is derived. The secret of GPS measurement is
due to the ability to measure carrier phases to about 1/100 of a cycle equalling 2 to 3 mm in
linear distance. Moreover, the high frequencies L1 and L2 carrier signals can easily penetrate
the ionosphere to reduce its effect. Dual-frequency observations are important for large
station separation and for eliminating most of the error parameters. There has been
significant progress in the design and miniaturization of the stable clock. GPS satellite orbits
are stable because of the high altitudes and no atmosphere drag. However, the impact of
the sun and moon on GPS orbit through significant can be computed completely and the
effect of solar radiation pressure on the orbit and tropospheric delay of the signal have been
now modeled to a great extent from experience to obtain precise information for various
applications. GPS has been designed to provide navigational accuracy of±10m to ±20 m.
However, sub-meter accuracy in differential mode has been achieved and it has been
proved that broad varieties of problems in geodesy and geodynamics can be tackled
through GPS. Versatile use of GPS for a civilian need in the following fields have been
successfully practiced namely, navigation on land, sea, air, space, high precision kinematics
survey on the ground, cadastral surveying, geodetic control network densification, high
precision aircraft positioning, photogrammetry without ground control, monitoring
deformations, hydrographic surveys, active control survey and many other similar jobs
related to navigation and positioning. The outcome of a typical GPS survey includes
geocentric position accurate to 10 m and relative positions between receiver locations to
~cm level or better.

Uses of GPS

❖ To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the
coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up.

❖ To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout
to the fire perimeter.

❖ To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and hot
spots.
 STUDY AREA
Telangana is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on
the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth most populated
state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 and 35,193,978 residents as per the
2011 census. On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra
Pradesh as the newly formed state with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major cities
include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Siddipet, and Karimnagar. Telangana is bordered
by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the west,
and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. The terrain of the Telangana region consists
mostly of hills, mountain ranges, and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2. As
of 2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts. The cultural hearts of Telangana,
Hyderabad and Warangal, are noted for their wealth and renowned historical structures
– Charminar, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Paigah Tombs, Falaknuma Palace, Chowmahalla
Palace, Warangal Fort, Kakatiya Kala Thoranam, Thousand Pillar Temple, and the Bhongir
Fort in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district. The historic city Golconda in Hyderabad established
itself as a diamond trading center and, until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda
market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world. Telangana is
a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and
peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42 °C range. The monsoon arrives in
June and lasts until September with about 755 mm of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts
in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average
temperatures in the 22–23 °C range. Telangana is situated on the Deccan Plateau, in the
central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. It covers 112,077 square
kilometers (43,273 sq mi). The region is drained by two major rivers, with about 79% of
the Godavari River catchment area and about 69% of the Krishna River catchment area, but
most of the land is arid. Telangana is also drained by several minor rivers such as the Bhima,
the Maner, the Manjira, and the Musi. The annual rainfall is between 900 and 1500 mm in
northern Telangana and 700 to 900 mm in southern Telangana, from the
southwest monsoons. Telangana contains various soil types, some of which are red sandy
loams, Red loamy sands, lateritic soils, salt-affected soils, alluvial soils, shallow to medium
black soils, and very deep black cotton soils
 PLATE 1-TELANGANA: ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION, 2011

INTRODUCTION
 GEOREFERENCING
Georeferencing is the process of assigning real-world coordinates to each pixel of the raster.
In other words, georeferencing means associating something with a location in a physical
space. The term is commonly used in the geographic information systems field to describe
the process of associating a physical map or raster image with a map with spatial locations.
Georeferencing may be applied to any kind of object or structure that can be related to a
geographical location, such as points of interest, roads, places, bridges, or buildings.
Geographic locations are most commonly represented using a coordinate reference system,
which in turn can be related to a geodetic reference system such as WGS-84. GEO-
referencing in GIS allows the user to do just this, using a known coordinate system and
known points on the ground to align remotely sensed data so that it may be viewed,
queried, or analyzed with other geospatial data. These reference points are known as
ground control points, or GCPs, and are stored in the metadata of .tif raster files once
created. Creating GCPs allows GIS software to transform the data into different geographic
referencing systems by shifting, scaling, rotating, or skewing the imagery. In simple words,
georeferencing transforms images from geometric coordinate systems to geographic
coordinate systems using base maps with already marked coordinates.

 DIGITIZATION

Digitization is the process of converting raster data to vector data. For this task, QGIS
provides many tools for efficient digitization. Digitization should be clean and a copy of the
raster data so that the information on the map does not change.

 OBJECTIVE
 To georeference the given administrative map of the Telangana.
 To perform digitization on the given Telangana map.
 To make the layout of the same map.
  DATA SOURCE

Source- Secondary source

The above map of Telangana is used to fulfill the objectives. It is the administrative map of
Telangana. Latitudes and longitudes are shown on the map. The map is used as the base
map for georeferencing and for a map to map georeferencing process.

 METHODOLOGY

1. Open QGIS. Click on the “New Project” option from the toolbar. Georeferencing in
QGIS is done via the Georeferencer GDAL plugin. This is a core plugin - meaning it is
already part of our QGIS installation. We just have to enable it. Go to Plugins >
Manage and Install Plugins and enable the Georeferencer GDAL plugin in the
Installed tab.

2. The plugin is installed in the Raster menu. Click on “Raster” from the menu
toolbar→go to Georeferencer”, a “georeferencer” window will open.
3. Click on “open raster” on the toolbar, navigate to the place where the map is saved
then select and open the map, we have used the Telangana map for the project, in
our case.
4. Click on the intersection point of latitude and longitude, now the “Enter map
coordinates” tab will open. Now enter the longitudinal value at x-coordinate and
longitudinal value at y-coordinate. We can see the selected coordinates in the GCP
(Ground Control Points) table. Similarly, add other points.
5. Click on “Transformation setting” on the toolbar, select the Transformation type as
“polynomial 1” or we can also select “thin-plate spline”, select Resembling method
as “nearest neighbor”, select Target CRS as EPSG 4326-WGS 84, mark the box “load
in QGIS”. So after making the required settings, click on “Ok”. Click on the “Start
georeferencing” icon. After the process is done, close the window. Once the process
is finished, you will see the georeferenced layer loaded in QGIS.
6. Similarly, we can georeference the other maps but the difference is, as there are no
latitudes and longitudes on other maps, so we will select the four GCP points from
the canvas map which we have already Georeferenced and rest the same process is
followed as it is in the first Georeferenced map.
7. Now, to digitize the map, we need to create layers. So, to create a layer for the state
boundary of the map, click on the “Layer” icon from the menu toolbar,→“create
layer”→ “new shapefile layer”.
8. Now give a name to a file, in this case, we have named it as “State boundary”, save
the file. Select Geometry type as “Polygon”, select the CRS as ESPG 4326 WGS-84. Fill
in the name blocks and click on “OK”.

9. Now click on the “Toggle editing” icon from the toolbar, then click on the “Add
polygon” icon. Now start digitizing the boundary of the state. Make sure not to cross
intersect while digitizing. Right-click after tracing the boundary, a “feature attribute ”
tab will appear, no. the id, and click on “OK”. Now the map will become colored, so
to change the color of the map, select this layer from the layer panel, right-click the
layer→go to “properties”→“symbology”, then a “ Layer properties” tab will open,
click on “Simple fill”, click on “Fill color”, choose the color that you want to fill, then
 click on “Apply” and “OK”. Make sure to save the layer after digitizing it. Make sure
to save the layer and project it after creating every layer.

STATE BOUNDARY

10. To create a layer for district boundary, right-click on the “state boundary” layer from
the layer panel,→“export” →“save feature as”, now the “ Save vector layer as” tab
will open, give the file name and click on “Ok”. A district boundary layer will appear
in the layer panel and the map will become colored, so to make it transparent, so in
order, to transparent, the map, select this layer from the layer panel, right-click the
layer→go to “properties”→“symbology”, then a “ Layer properties” tab will open,
click on “Simple fill”, click on “Fill color”, choose the “Transparent fill” option, then
click on “Apply” and “OK”. A map will become transparent. . Now click on the
“Toggle editing” icon, then click on the “Split feature” icon and start splitting the
districts of the map, make sure to start and end splitting on outside the polygon,
then right-click after splitting every district polygon. In this way, the district
boundary layer will be created.
 DISTRICT BOUNDARY

11. Now, we need to create a layer for national highways, which pass through
Telangana. So to create a layer for national highways, a new layer is to be selected as
in the case of other boundaries, but here the difference is that a line feature and
integer field are to be chosen after clicking on toggle editing.
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

12. Now, we will create a layer of district headquarters and state capital. To create a
layer for district headquarters, a new layer is to be selected as it was selected in the
case of state boundary, the difference is that now “point feature” is to be selected in
geometry type and remove the preexisting integer field and click on “Add to field
list”, “string field” will appear, click on “Ok”. Layer for district headquarters will
appear in the layer panel, right-click on this layer go to properties→labels, click on
“no label” and select the “single labels” option to write the name of the district
headquarters. We can also change the font, style, size, and color of the text. Then
click on “apply” and “ok”. Now click on the “Toggle editing” icon, then click on the
“Add point feature, now we can start making the district headquarters. To create a
layer for the state capital, the same process is to be followed as in the case of district
headquarters.

DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS
 CAPITAL CITY

13. Now to create a map layout, click on the “New print layout” icon from the toolbar,
“create print layout title” tab will appear so enter a title there and click on “ok”. A
new window will appear, right-click on the middle of the page, and click on “page
properties”, an “item properties” tab will appear on the right side of the page, then
click on “Adds a new Map to the layout” option, then we can select how much area
we need, then drag and draw. The map will be brought up there. Now, we can make
the required settings in item properties like adjusting map scale, selecting a frame,
drawing coordinates etc. We can add an inset map by clicking on the “adds a new
Picture to the layout” option from the toolbox, then browse the image where it is
saved. We can add a legend by clicking on the “adds a new Legend to the layout”
option from the toolbox, similarly we can add a scale bar and north arrow by
selecting “adds a new Scale Bar to the layout” and “adds a new North Arrow to the
layout” option respectively. We can give a heading to the map by selecting “adds a
new Label to the layout” Now click on the “export an image” icon from the toolbar,
give a file name, location and save the file. Now the making of the map is
successfully completed.
MAP LAYOUT

 CONCLUSION-
Telangana administrative map has been made and analyzed. The map is
representing the state boundary, district boundary, district headquarters,
national highways of the Telangana state and its capital city. Latitudes and
longitudes are placed during the process of layout making. Plate 1 explains the
importance of Georeferencing and how can we use it according to our
requirements. Then there is a methodology given to make the plate 1
successfully.
 PLATE 2- TELANGANA: POPULATION DENSITY, 2011
 INTRODUCTION-
In this plate, the population density of Telangana is depicted and a choropleth map
of Telangana has been made to show the variation in the Telangana population
density by joining the excel spreadsheet to join the data of the Telangana population
density. A choropleth map is a type of thematic map in which a set of pre-defined
areas is colored or patterned in proportion to a statistical variable that represents an
aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic within each area, such as
population density or per-capita income. Choropleth maps provide an easy way to
visualize how a variable varies across a geographic area or show the level of
variability within a region.

 OBJECTIVE-

The plate aims to make a choropleth map of Telangana on the data of Telangana population
density and to join the table data of an excel spreadsheet.

 DATA SOURCE-

The population density data of Telangana has been used here to make the choropleth map
of Telangana, 2011. By using the given data we have joined this data and have made a
choropleth map of Telangana. A scale has been added here to know the distance and a
north arrow has also been put to know the direction. The layout map is made using the
given map. Latitudes and longitudes are also there to know the coordinates of the map.

 METHODOLOGY –
1. As Plate-1 is complete, we first need to add a delimited data layer to our
QGIS software.
2. To add the delimited data layer to QGIS first click on “Layer”  “Add layer”
“Add delimited text layer” then a dialog box will appear.
3. In the dialog box, click on the file name and give the location of the data file
you want to add and then click on the “Add” button at the bottom of the
dialog box.

4. As the data layer is added to the layer panel now right-click on the District
Boundary and click on “Properties””Joins” then click the “+” symbol and a
dialog box will appear. Fill the boxes as given in the screenshot below and
click ok. The district layer with the data layer has joined successfully.
5. As layers have been joined, now again right-click on the district layer and click
on the “Properties” “Symbology” and select all options as given below in
the screenshot and finally click on “Apply” then “Ok”.

6. Now the Choropleth map of the Telangana is successfully completed.

 MAP LAYOUT
 CONCLUSION –
Telangana choropleth map, 2011 has been made and analyzed for the file work. This map is
representing the population density of Telangana using a choropleth map. Latitude and
longitude are also placed during the process of the layout. The above map has been made
using table joining in the QGIS software then through the data of a spreadsheet a
choropleth map of Telangana has been made and then finally making it the layout of the
map and the choropleth map of Telangana is complete.
 PLATE 3- TELANGANA: RURAL URBAN population,
2011
 Introduction-

In this plate, the pie charts are made using QGIS for the data of Telangana rural and
urban population 2011 to show the variation in the Telangana rural and urban
population by joining the excel spreadsheet to join the data of the Telangana population
of rural and urban places. The “pie chart” also is known as “circle chart”, divides the
circular statistical graphic into sectors or slices to illustrate the numerical problems. Each
sector denotes a proportionate part of the whole. To find out the composition of
something, Pie-chart works the best at that time. In most cases, pie charts replace some
other graphs like the bar graph, line plots, histograms, etc.

 OBJECTIVE-
The plate aims to make the pie chart of the rural and urban population of Telangana
using QGIS and joined spreadsheet data.
 DATA SOURCE-
The rural and urban population data of Telangana has been used here to make the
pie charts of Telangana, 2011. By using the given data we have joined this data and
have made the pie diagram of the Telangana rural and urban population. A scale has
been added here to know the distance and a north arrow has also been put to know
the direction. The above map is the layout map made using the given map. Latitudes
and longitudes are also there to know the coordinates of the map.
 METHODOLOGY
1. As Plate 2 is complete, now to make plate 3 first right-click on the Rural-
Urban Population layer and then click on “Properties” “Diagram” click on
no diagram and select pie chart.
2. After clicking on Pie chart, add rural and urban population and then click
‘apply’ and ‘ok’.
3. The pie charts are complete and are showing on the map of Telangana.
 MAP LAYOUT
 CONCLUSION-
A pie chart of the rural and urban population of Telangana, 2011 has been made and
analyzed for the file work. This map is representing the rural and urban population of
Telangana using the pie diagram. Latitude and longitude are also placed during the
process of the layout. The above map has been made using joined table data in the
QGIS software than through the data a pie diagram of Telangana has been made and
then finally making its layout of the map and the pie diagram of rural and urban
population Telangana is complete.
 PLATE 4- HYDERABAD: URBAN SPRAWL- 2008 AND
2021
 Introduction-
In this plate, the Urban Sprawl map of Hyderabad has been prepared by using QGIS.
Urban sprawl is also known as ‘horizontal spreading’ or ‘dispersed urbanization’. The
uncontrolled and disproportionate expansion of an urban area into the surrounding
countryside, forming low-density, poorly planned patterns of development is
described as urban sprawl. Appearing both in high-income and low-income
countries, urban sprawl is often characterized by a scattered population who live in
separate residential areas, with long blocks of houses and poor access, often the
population is over-dependent on motorized transport and the place is missing well-
defined hubs of commercial activity.
Urban sprawl is caused in part by the need to accommodate a rising urban
population; however, in many metropolitan areas, it results from a desire for
increased living space and other residential amenities. Urban sprawl has been
correlated with increased energy use, pollution, and traffic congestion, and a decline
in community distinctiveness and cohesiveness. Also, by increasing the physical and
environmental “footprints” of metropolitan areas, the phenomenon leads to the
destruction of wildlife habitats and to the fragmentation of remaining natural areas.
Many factors contribute to urban sprawl. As indicated by the statistics cited above,
population increases alone do not account for increases in a metropolitan area’s
urban extent. In many cases, urban sprawl has occurred in areas experiencing
population declines, and some areas with rising populations experience little urban
sprawl, especially in developing countries.
 OBJECTIVE-
The plate aims to make the Urban Sprawl of Hyderabad 2008 and 2021 by using
QGIS.
 DATA SOURCE-
The Land Use Land Cover map of Hyderabad 2008 and Google road map 2021 has
been used here to make the Land Use Land Cover map of Hyderabad 2008 and 2021
and only builtup part of the maps has been used to make the Urban Sprawl of
 Hyderabad. By using the given map we have made plate-4 of the file. A scale has
been added here to know the distance and a north arrow has also been put to know
the direction. The layout map is made using the given map. Latitudes and longitudes
are also there to know the coordinates of the map.

 METHODOLOGY-
1. First of all, Georeference the map of LULC Hyderabad 2008.

2. Then digitize the map of Hyderabad by using split and fill ring feature makes.
3. After digitizing the Hyderabad map, click on “Select features by area or single click”
and then select all the digitized features and then merge them by using “Merge
selected feature” from the toolbar and the builtup of 2008 map will be ready.

4. Now to make the builtup of the 2021 Hyderabad map, use the google road map and
digitize the state boundary of Hyderabad and then similar steps are to be applied as
in the 2008 map of Hyderabad, to make the builtup of 2021 Hyderabad map.
5. After making the builtup of both the maps, their area is now to be calculated to
know how much is the difference between the builtup area of the 2008 and 2021
map of Hyderabad.
6. So, first of all, to know the builtup area of the 2008 map of Hyderabad, right-click on
‘LULC Hyderabad map 2008’ from the layer panel, click on ‘open attribute table’,
then click on ‘open field calculator’, a dialog box box will appear, fill the dialog box
and then click on ‘ok’. The area of the map will appear in the attribute table. Similar
steps are to be applied to know the builtup area of the 2021 map of Hyderabad.
7. Now, check both the layer from the layer panel and make the layout of the map.
 MAP LAYOUT
  CONCLUSION-
An Urban Sprawl of Hyderabad has been made and analyzed for the file work. This map is
representing that how much the urban population has been increased and is denoting that
how it has increased over time from 2008 to 2021. So, the builtup area of the 2008 map of
Hyderabad was about 134.83 Sq Km. and on the other hand, the builtup area of the 2021
map of Hyderabad is 164.13 Sq Km. So, about 30 Sq Km builtup area has been increased in
Hyderabad since 2008. There can be certain reasons behind this increase, as the rise in
population, migration of people due to better job opportunities, rise in the standard of
living, etc. These factors eventually lead to an increase in the residential area and ultimately
leads to a decrease in the vegetation status of a particular state. Both the map 2008 and
2021 of Land Use Land Cover of Hyderabad have been used together to make the layout
process of the map. Latitude and longitude are also placed during the process of the layout.
 PLATE 5- LULC HYDERABAD LAND USE AND LAND
COVER MAPPING, 2021
 Introduction-
In this plate, land use land cover map of Hyderabad in 2008 and 2021 has been
prepared, in which it is showing the water bodies, open space, vegetation, and
builtup area. Both the map of Hyderabad has been compared to know that how
much area has been reduced or increased. Land use land cover (LULC) maps of an
area provide information to help users to understand the current landscape. Annual
LULC information on national spatial databases will enable the monitoring of
temporal dynamics of agricultural ecosystems, forest conversions, surface water
bodies, etc. Land management and land planning require knowledge of the current
state of the landscape. Understanding current land cover and how it is being used,
along with an accurate means of monitoring change over time, is vital to any person
responsible for land management. Measuring current conditions and how they are
changing can be easily achieved through land cover mapping, a process that
quantifies current land resources into a series of thematic categories, such as forest,
water, and paved surfaces. The terms land use and land cover are often used
interchangeably, but each term has its unique meaning. Land cover refers to the
surface cover on the ground like vegetation, urban infrastructure, water, bare soil,
etc. Identification of land cover establishes the baseline information for activities like
thematic mapping and change detection analysis. Land use refers to the purpose the
land serves, for example, recreation, wildlife habitat, or agriculture. When used
together with the phrase land use/land cover (LULC) generally refers to the
categorization or classification of human activities and natural elements on the
landscape within a specific time frame based on established scientific and statistical
methods of analysis of appropriate source materials.
LULC maps play a significant and prime role in planning, management, and
monitoring programs at local, regional, and national levels. This type of information,
on one hand, provides a better understanding of land utilization aspects and on the
other hand, it plays an important role in the formation of policies and programs
required for development planning. For ensuring sustainable development, it is
necessary to monitor the ongoing process of land use/land cover pattern over a
while. To achieve sustainable urban development and to check the
haphazard development of towns and cities, authorities associated with the urban
development must generate such planning models so that every bit of available land
can be used most rationally and optimally. This requires the present and past land
use/land cover information of the area. LULC maps also help us to study the
changes that are happening in our ecosystem and environment. If we have inch-by-
inch information about the land use/land cover of the study unit we can make
policies and launch programs to save our environment.
 OBJECTIVE-
The plate aims to make the Land Use Land Cover map of Hyderabad (2008 and 2021)
using QGIS.
 DATA SOURCE-
The Land Use Land Cover map of Hyderabad 2008 and Google road map 2021 has
been used here to make the Land Use Land Cover map of Hyderabad 2008 and 2021.
By using the given map we have made the plate-5 of the file. A scale has been added
here to know the distance and a north arrow has also been put to know the
direction. The above map is the layout map made using the given map. Latitudes and
longitudes are also there to know the coordinates of the map.
 METHODOLOGY-
1. Firstly, Georeference the map of LULC Hyderabad 2008.
2. Then digitize the map of Hyderabad and then by using split and fill ring
feature makes the openspace, waterbody, builtup, and vegetation area.

3. Then merge all the features accordingly to the legends by using the “merge
selected features” from the toolbar.
4. For making the LULC map of Hyderabad 2021, firstly, click on “web”“quick
map services””google roads”. Then the “Google roads” layer will appear in
the layer panel.
5. Now by using the split and fill ring feature, make LULC of 2021 Hyderabad.
6. Now make the final Layout of the Plate-5 by using the “New print layout”
option in the topmost panel.
  MAP LAYOUT

 CONCLUSION-
A Land Use Land Cover map of Hyderabad has been made and analyzed for the file
work. This map is representing the Land Use Land Cover and is denoting that how the
builtup area has increased over time from 2008 to 2021 and how vegetation part and
water body has decreased over time. Both the map 2008 and 2021 of Land Use Land
Cover of Hyderabad has been placed together during the layout process to compare both
the maps. Latitude and longitude are also placed during the process of the layout.