Reviewer in Language

Culture and Society

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REVIEWER-IN-LANGUAGE-CULTURE-AND-SOCIETY

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REVIEWER IN LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY

© ©What
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First Language?

⮚ Whatever the language used and learned by a person from birth unl the crical period is
Availableconsidered
Formats his/her rst language.

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What is Second Language?

► Aer learning the L1, a person accommodates another language usually learned aerwards.

► In learning L2, it takes eort and a conscious will by familiarizing with form, vocabulary,
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pronunciaon, funcons, and rules of the language.

Do the L1 and mother tongue mean the same?

 
There is no signicant dierence between mother tongue and rst language since both refer to a
person's nave language.

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A frst language, nave tongue, nave language, mother tongue or L1 is the rst language or
dialect that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the crical period.

► oreign language -A language that is not widely or ocially spoken in a parcular place. Irish
courts will hear cases in English or Gaelic, but speakers of foreign languages must nd an


interpreter. A language that is not one's nave tongue.

WORLD ENGLISHES

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World English is the language used in business, trade and diplomacy and other internaonal acvies,
World Englishes is the term reering to the emerging Englishes which are products of inuences by the
United Kingdom or the United States.

World Englishes refers to the variees of English from the dierent regions of the world.

DidGlobalizaon
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is considered an important actor in the spread o English

DIFFUSION - English is spread as a result of colonizaon, globalizaon or by any other means.

INDUCTION - English is ocially accepted as a language used for educaon, trade, communicaon, so
on.

CUSTOMIZATION - L1 and other local languages start to reshape English slowly by giving it a local touch.
Indigenous words form and structure get incorporated into English.

NATIVE RECOGNITION - People start to use English unconsciously without associang with its parent

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variees.

Kachru's Concentric Circle - Kachru (1985) proposes this concentric circle to illustrate the spread o
English all over the world.

1. Inner Circle (ENL)

 Parent countries of English
 Colonizing naons in our history.
2. Outer Circle (ESL)
 territories colonized by the parent countries of English.
 Second nonnave language.
 Used for funcons like educaon, law, and government
transacons.
3. Expanding Circle (EFL)
 foreign language.
 English has no historical or governmental roles.
 English is used for very limited transacons and mostly for
internaonal communicaons only.

THE POWER OF ENGLISH

Kachnu (1986) establishes the authority of the English language by looking into its 'range' and 'depth'.
The range o English reers to the totality o uncons which it has acquired as it spreads around the
globe. Its depth refers to the amount of societal penetraon it has achieve.

MICRO LINGUISTICS

► Looks at linguiscs with a narrower view

► The focus is more on the structures of the language system in itself and for itself

MACRO LINGUISTICS

► Looks at linguiscs with a broader view

► The focus is on the way languages are acquired, stored in the brain and used for various
funcons; interdependence of language and culture; physiological and psychological mechanism
involved in language behavior

MICRO SKILLS

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 PHONETICS is a branch of linguiscs which focuses on the sounds. In parcular, it looks into how
the sounds should be arculated, transmied and received.
 PHONOLOGY is the study of funcons of speech sounds in a language. Its focus is on the ways
speech sounds are organized.
 MORPHOLOGY is the study of the construcon and formaon of words. It is a branch of
linguiscs, which breaks words into morphemes and is considered the grammar of words.
 SYNTAX is the study of relaonship between linguisc forms, how they are arranged in
sequences and which sequences are well-formed.
 SEMANTICS is the study of relaonship between linguisc forms and enes in the world. It
focuses on the meaning of a sentence.
 PRAGMATICS is the study of the relaonships between linguisc forms and the users of those
forms.

MACRO SKILLS

 PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is the study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes,
which are involved in the acquision, comprehension, and producon of language.
 SOCIOLINGUISTICS studies the relaons between language and society: how social factors
inuence the structure and use of language.
 NEUROLINGUISTICS is the study of language processing and language representaon in the
brain. It typically studies the disturbances of language comprehension and producon caused by
the damage of certain areas of the brain.
 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS is the study of how stretches of the language used in communicaon
assume meaning, purpose, and unity of their users.
 COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS is the applicaon of linguisc theories and computaonal
techniques to problems of natural language processing.
 APPLIED LINGUISTICS is the eld of study that looks at how linguiscs can help understand real-
life problems in areas such as psychology, sociology and educaon.

NON HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Animals communicate dierently to others by the use of their body parts or by making sounds.

The Lana project

Lana (born on October 7 1970) is a female chimpanzee, the rst to be used in language research using
lexigrams.

The Washoe Project

The Washoe project is fascinang and, at the same me, moving, it is a chimpanzee female named
Washoe, considered the rst non-human animal to learn American Sign Language

The Koko Project

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Project Koko started as a PhD project to teach sign language to a baby gorilla, but as Koko began to
communicate with Penny, an intense bond formed between them.

FEATURES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE BY HOCKETT

Hocke's Design Features are a set of features that characterize human language and set it apart from
animal communicaon. They were dened by linguist Charles F. Hocke in the 1960s. Prevaricaon,
reexiveness, and learnability are added to the list.

Vocal-Auditory Channel
It describes the way vocal signals can be used to produce language. and the hearer employs an auditory
apparatus to receive and process the speech sounds.

Broadcast transmission and direconal recepon

When one is speaking, the sounds he produces are being transmied to all direcons. However,
listeners perceive the sounds from the direcon the sounds come from.

Transitoriness (Rapid ading)

Once we speak, the sound doesn't exist anymore.

Interchangeability
Humans are not limited to a certain type of signal. They can send and perceive idencal linguisc signals.

Total eedback
A speaker can control, modify and feel what he says, as he says it. It goes for signals as well.

Specializaon
Human sign each other in order to communicate, not to perform a biological task.

Semancity
Specic signals that match specic meanings.

Arbitrariness
Mostly there is no connecon between the sign and it's meaning. In other words, the words we use
don't match the objects they represent.

Discreetness
There are basic units of speech, which can be categorized. The words are perceived categoricaly, and not
connously.

Displacement
Humans can talk about things that are not currently happening, such as future, past and objects.

Producvity

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