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 Conference Committee
Program Chair:
Dr. P. Suresh
M.E, Ph.D. Professor and Controller of Examinations,
Karpagam College of Engineering.,
Coimbatore, India.

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INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY MEMBERS

Prof. Goodarz Ahmadi,

Professor, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, USA

Dr Chi Hieu Le,

Senior Lecturer, University of Greenwich. Kent ME4 4TB. United Kingdom

PROF. (ER.) Anand Nayyar

Department of Computer Applications & I.T.KCL Institute of Management and Technology, Jalandhar
G.T. Road, Jalandhar-144001,Punjab, India.

Prof. R. M. Khaire,
Professor,Dept. Of Elex. and Telecommunication,B, V University,India

Dr.P.Suresh,
Professor,Karpagam College of Engineering,Coimbatore,Tamilnadu

Mark Leeson
Associate Professor (Reader)
Area of Expertise:nanoscale communications,
evolutionary algorithms, network coding and communication systems

Dr. P. K. Agarwal
Professor,Deptt. of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal ,Ph. D: IIT Kanpur
M.E: Civil Engg.IIT Roorkee, Membership: Indian Road Congress (IRC), Institute of Urban Transport (IUT)

Shahriar Shahbazpanahi
Islamic Azad University,
Department of Civil Engineering, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran, PhD (Structural Engineering),
University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia,2009-Present

Harun Bin Sarip

Head of Research and InnovationDept, UniKL-MICET
Doctorate: Université de La Rochelle, France
Member : International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineer, Singapore Chapter

Dr. Md. Al-Amin Bhuiyan

Associate Professor
Dept. of Computer Engineering, King Faisal University
Al Ahssa 31982, Saudi Arabia

Prof. (Er.) Anand nayyar

Department of Computer Applications & I.T.
KCL Institute of Management and Technology, Jalandhar
G.T. Road, Jalandhar-144001, Punjab, India

Prof. Aleksandr Cariow

institution or Company: West Pomeranian University of
Technology, Szczecin
Dr. P. K. Agarwal
Professor,Deptt. of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal ,Ph. D: IIT Kanpur
M.E: Civil Engg.IIT Roorkee, Membership: Indian Road Congress (IRC), Institute of Urban Transport (IUT)

Dr. VPS Naidu

Principal Scientist & Assoc. Prof., MSDF Lab, FMCD
CSIR - National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India

Mr. P. Sita Rama Reddy

Chief Scientist ,Mineral Processing Department, CSIR - Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
Bhubaneswar,India, M.Tech. (Chem. Engg., IIT, KGP)

Dr.P.C.Srikanth,
Professor & Head, E&C Dept, Malnad College of Engineering,Karnataka
Senior Member IEEE, Secretary IEEE Photonics Society,
M.Tech: IIT, Kanpur, Ph.D: In IISc Photonics lab

Prof. Lalit Kumar Awasthi,

Professor,Department of Computer Science & Engineering
National Institute of Technology(NIT-Hamirpur),
PhD, IIT, Roorkee, M. Tech, IIT, Delhi

Dr. Chandra Mohan V.P.

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engg., NIT Warangal,
Warangal. Ph.D : Indian Institute of Technology(IIT),Delhi
M.B.A: Alagappa University

Prof. I.Suneetha,
Associate Professor,Dept. of ECE,AITS,Tirupati,India

Dr.s. Chandra Mohan Reddy,

Assistant Professor (SG) &Head,Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering,JNTUA College of
Engineering,Pulivendula,Ph.D,J.N.T. University Anantapur, Anantapuramu

Gurudatt Anil Kulkarni,

I/C HOD E&TC Department,MARATHWADA MITRA MANDAL’S POLYTECHNIC

Pasuluri Bindu Swetha

Dept. Of ECE,Stanley college of Engineering & Technology for Women,Hyderabad, India


 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl No TITLES AND AUTHORS Page No.

01. Geomtry Optimization of an Ejector Based on the Two-Dimensional Distribution 1-5

Model for Supermarket Application in Warm Climates
 K. Megdouli

02. Seljuk and Byzantine Women in Anatolia 6-8

 Zehra Odabasi

03. Social Change in Sociology and Understanding the Overview of Foucaulto’s 9-11
Approach and Conceptions
 Shuruq Alsharif

04. Serum Interleukin-22IS Associated with Hyperglycemia in Sample of Iraqi 12-15

Patients with Diabetic-End Stage Renal Disease
 Yasameen A. Humadi, Ghassaq T. Alubaidi, Zainab H. Hashim, Shatha M
Hasan

05. Deep Learning-Based Smart Traffic Signage to Control Highway Speed Limit 16-20
 Ahmed Yunis, Ammar Aldallal, Fatima Nasaif

06. Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico 21-30
Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite Materials
 Jeiel Uziel A. Luza, Noel M. Hernandez

07. Comparison of the Effects of Led Light Quality Combination on Growth in a 31-34
Controlled Environment Horticulture in Green Chili (Capsicum Frutescens)
 Rakibul Hasan Roki, Tanmoy Acharya, Nafisa Raihana

08. Economics of Information Disclosure Regulation in Capital Market: A Nigerian 35-40

Viewpoint
 Taiwo Phebe Fadiran

09. Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH 41-51
and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal
 Samsher Thapa, Kapil Khattar


 EDITORIAL

It is my proud privilege to welcome you all to the World Research Society

International Conference in Biratnagar, Nepal. I am happy to see the papers from all part of
the world and some of the best paper published in this proceedings. This proceeding brings
out the various Research papers from diverse areas of Science, Engineering, Technology and
Management. This platform is intended to provide a platform for researchers, educators and
professionals to present their discoveries and innovative practice and to explore future trends
and applications in the field Science and Engineering. However, this conference will also
provide a forum for dissemination of knowledge on both theoretical and applied research on
the above said area with an ultimate aim to bridge the gap between these coherent disciplines
of knowledge. Thus the forum accelerates the trend of development of technology for next
generation. Our goal is to make the Conference proceedings useful and interesting to
audiences involved in research in these areas, as well as to those involved in design,
implementation and operation, to achieve the goal.

I once again give thanks to the Institute of Research and Journals World Research
Society, Research World & WRFER for organizing this event in Biratnagar, Nepal. I am sure
the contributions by the authors shall add value to the research community. I also thank all
the International Advisory members and Reviewers for making this event a Successful one.

Editor-In-Chief

Dr.P. Suresh
M.E, Ph.D. Professor and Controller of Examinations,
Karpagam College of Engineering.,
Coimbatore, India.


 GEOMTRY OPTIMIZATION OF AN EJECTOR BASED ON THE
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL FOR SUPERMARKET
APPLICATION IN WARM CLIMATES
K. MEGDOULI

Institut Jean Le Rond D’Alembert, Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie,
Campus Pierre et Marie Curie75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - This article introduces a thermodynamic model thatoffers the advantage of simplifying the calculationprocess and
effectivelyexplains the intricate double-throttlingmechanismwithin the ejector. Initially, the article outlines the
model'sassumptions and calculationprocedure. Subsequently, itassesses the influence of variousefficiencies. The
model'svalidityisconfirmedthrough validation using multiple datasets. Furthermore, the ejector model isapplied to simulate a
basicejectorrefrigeration(BER) cycle to ensureitsreliability and suitability for predicting the performance of thermodynamic
cycles.

Keywords - Ejector, Velocity Distribution, Shockcircle, Optimization

I. INTRODUCTION This particular cycle isextensivelydocumented and

examined in the literature due to itssimplicity [5]. It
In Europe, 40% of the electricenergyconsumptionis has been the subject of numerousexperimental and
due to heating and coolingsystems. So, theoretical investigations [6], and the
increasingtheirefficiencyis a fatefulstep to findingsfromthesestudies have been utilized to
reduceheatlosses and carbondioxideemission [1]. The enhanceejector
majority of
heatpumpsystemsoperatewithHydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), such as R404a, R507A and R134a with
Global WarmingPotential (GWP) of 3922, 3985 and
1430, respectively. To actagainst global warming and
reducegreenhousegasemissions, the
Europeanregulationknown as "F-Gas" prohibits the
use of certain HFCs according to their GPW. From
2030, the refrigerantauthorized on refrigeration
installations must have a GWP lessthan 150. As a
result of the legislation, R1234yfisintroduced as an
environmentallyfriendlyfluidto replace the
currenthigh GWP refrigerants (with a GWP equal to 4
and an Ozone DepletionPotential (ODP) equal to Fig.1. Schematic of the BER cycle
zero) [1]. To address the increasingdemand for
cooling, numerousnovelthermodynamic cycles have II. MODELING AND ANALYSIS
been devised and analyzed to harnesslow-levelheat
sources, includingindustrialwasteheat or solarheat. 2.1. Ejector modeling
Amongtheserefrigeration cycles designed for low- The 2D flow dynamicsequationsgoverning the
grade heatutilization, such as absorption cycles [2], behavior of an ejector (Fig.2) are inherentlyintricate,
adsorption cycles [3], and ejection cycles [4], ejection encompassingprinciples of mass conservation,
cycles have garnered a growinginterest. The momentum conservation, and energy conservation.
fundamental design for such a cycle is the basic To facilitate the analysis, certain
Ejector Refrigeration (BER) cycle, as depicted in Fig. simplifyingassumptions are appliedwithoutsacrificing
1. designs and validatenumericalmodels. the comprehensiveness of the study.
Giventhiscontext, the BER serves as the focus of
thisstudy. 1- The workingfluidwithin the ejectorbehaves as an
idealgaswith constant properties
This configuration incorporates an ejector (Fig.2), (specificallyheatcapacity, c p)
threeheatexchangers (condenser, evaporator, and betweenadiabaticinnerwalls.
generator), a pump, and an expansion valve. 2- The primary flow inside the
Utilizinglow-grade heat, the generatorproduceshigh- ejectorisevenlydistributed in the radial (r)
pressure primaryvapor, which in turn entrains the direction.
low-pressure secondaryvaporexiting the evaporator.

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Geomtry Optimization of an Ejector Based on the Two-Dimensional Distribution Model for Supermarket Application in Warm Climates

3- The pressure and temperature of the secondary Tp 1

flow exhibituniform distribution along the radial  1  (  1) M PA
2

(r) direction. TPA 2 (6)

4- The ratio of the length (Lx) to the diameter (D2)
isapproximately 1.50, ensuringthat the primary VPA  M PA  RgTPA
(7)
flow canexpand and fullyaccelerate the  1
secondary flow within the suction chamber. This  2  (  1) M PA  4( 1) M1 12

DPA 2
causes the secondary flow to reach the choking   ( )
condition at the cross-section designated as A–A. D1  2  (  1) M12  M PA
(8)
5- The pressure of the secondary flow within the
Where: the practical effective
suction chamber maintains a uniform distribution
expandeddiameterislinked to the isentropicefficiency
and remainsequal to itsinlet pressure.
6- Isentropic relations are applied to (  exp ) within the suction chamber. This
calculatefrictionallosses. relationshipistypicallyexpressed as follows,
considering the parameters: P1 (primary flow pressure
By applyingisentropic flow equations, the mass flow at nozzle exit), MPA (Mach number), TPA
rate of the primary flow through the nozzle (mp) (temperature), VPA (velocity in the x direction) of the
whenitreaches the choking condition  (effective
primary flow at section A–A, and DPA
canbedetermined as indicatedbelow :
expandeddiameter of the primary flow in an
 1 idealprocess):
 p 1
2 2(  1)
m p  Pp At ( ) ( 2
) (1)
RgTp 1    /  exp
DPA  DPA
(9)
Where,  p represents the coefficient thataccounts for Consideringthat the isentropic coefficient for the
the isentropicefficiency of compressible flow within primary flow isrepresented as  p and for the
the nozzle. Pp and Tpdenote the static pressure and
temperature of the primary flow at the nozzle'sinlet, secondary flow as  s ,it'slogical to account for the
respectively. combined impact of friction lossesfromboth the
primary and secondaryflowswithin the suction
By applyingprinciples of mass conservation, energy
chamber by utilizing a product of  p and  s . In
conservation, and utilizingisentropic flow equations,
weestablish the connectionbetween the nozzle's exit otherwords, thisproductfactorizes the collective effect
diameter (D1), Mach number at the nozzle exit (M1), on friction lossesattributed to both flow :
nozzlethroatdiameter (Dt), and Mach number at the  exp   p  s
nozzlethroat (Mt) as follows: (10)
The velocity in the radial (r) direction at section A–A
 1 closelyresembles an exponential distribution,
D1  2  (  1) M12  4( 1) 1 12 wecanemploy the followingequation to describe the
 ( ) (2)
Dt  2  (  1) 
variation of this variable relationship:
M1
Tp 1 vr r 1
 1  (  1) M 12 (3)  (1  ) n
Tt 2 VPA R2 (11)
V1  M1  RgT1 (4) Where vr is velocity at radius r in the x direction,
Considering the temperature (T1) and velocity (V1) of VpAis velocity of the primary flow in the x direction
the primary flow at the nozzle exit, and at section A–A. Whenweapply the naturallogarithm
takingintoaccountthat the primary flow to bothsides of the previousequation, weobtain the
expandscompletelywithin the suction chamber (as per followingresult :
assumption 4), wecanrepresent the ambient pressure ln(1  r / R2 )
of the expanding flow as equivalent to the pressure of n
the surroundingsecondary flow (denoted as Ps). By
ln(1  vr / VPA ) (12)
applyingprinciples of energy conservation and To determine the value of n, weshouldutilize the
utilizingisentropic flow equations in gasdynamics, conditions present at the shockcircle. The velocity of
wederive the followingequations: sound at the shockcircleis :

 1 vr   RTsA
2 
Pp r 1
(13)
 1  (  1) M PA 
Ps  2  nisfinallywritten in the followingform :
(5)

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Geomtry Optimization of an Ejector Based on the Two-Dimensional Distribution Model for Supermarket Application in Warm Climates

ln(1  DPA / D2 ) Usingassumption (3) and the precedingequations,

n wefinallyobtain :
ln( TsA / TPA / M PA ) 2VPA  nR22 R n1 nR22 R 2 n1 
(14) VsA  2 
(1  PA ) n  (1  PA ) n 
Define the mean flow velocity and the mass flow rate R  RPA  n  1
2
R2 2n  2 R2 
2 (17)
of the secondary flow at section A–A as follows: 2 PV  nR22 R n1 nR22 R 2 n1 
ms  s PA
 (1  PA ) n  (1  PA ) n 
R2 RgTsA  n  1 R 2n  2 R2 
2 (18)
 2 rvr dr Ultimately, in the case of an idealgas, the energy
VsA 
RPA balance relationshipcanbearticulated as follows:
 ( R22  RPA
2
) (15)
1 1
m p c pTp  ms csTs  m p (c pTpA  V pA2 )  ms (c pTsA  VsA2 )  Eloss
2 2 (19)
R2 1 1 1
Eloss  (1  p )m pV1  (1  exp )m pVPA  (1  s )msVsA
2 2 2

ms    v dr
r r 2 2 2 (20)
RPA
(16)

Fig. 2. Schematicdiagram of the ejector

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION between the two sets of data. By referring to Table 1,
wecanaffirmthat the presented model
3.1. Validation of the ejector model exhibitssuperioraccuracy in itspredictions of the
The experimental data from Huang et al. [7] ejector'sentrainment performance.
wasemployed to validate the proposedejector model,
and Table 1 demonstrates a strong concurrence
U = ms mp
Pp MPa ; Tp ℃ Ps MPa ; Ts ℃ Huang et al. Error
Present work
[7] (%)
0.604;95 0.04;8 0.1859 0.1839 1.07
0.538;90 0.04;8 0.2246 0.2278 1.42
0.465;84 0.04;8 0.2880 0.2792 3.05
0.4;78 0.04;8 0.3257 0.3302 1.38
0.604;95 0.0473;12 0.2350 0.2503 6.51
0.538;90 0.0473;12 0.2946 0.2971 0.84
0.465;84 0.0473;12 0.3398 0.3602 6
Table 1. The outcomes of ourcurrentstudy are juxtaposedwith the resultsderivedfrom the experimental data presented by Huang et
al.[7]

3.2. Response Surface Methodology affects the ejector's performance allows us to discern
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employs a the trend of their respective influences on the ejector's
sensible design approach and performance.
employsseveralquadraticregressionequations to
establishafunctionalconnectionbetweenfactors and In thisstudy, the nozzlethroatdiameterDtrangedfrom
response values. The theoreticalexamination of 1.86 mm to 3.64 mm, while the exit nozzlediameter
crucialstructural parameters, especially the D1variedbetween 3.5 mm and 6.5 mm. The boundary
intricateeffects of multi-parameter interactions on the conditions for the ejectorremained constant
performance of the ejectorwithin the BER cycle, throughoutour simulations, including a primary flow
canbequitecomplex. Analyzing how each parameter inlettemperature of 90°C, a primary flow inlet
Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
3
 Geomtry Optimization of an Ejector Based on the Two-Dimensional Distribution Model for Supermarket Application in Warm Climates

pressure of 5.38 bar, a secondary flow inlet pressure

of 0.434 bar, a secondary flow inlettemperature of
10°C, and an ejectoroutlet pressure of 1.12 bar.
The quadraticrepresentation of
thiscorrelationcanbefound in eqn.21:

n n
y   0   i xi   ii xi2   ij xi x j   (21)
i 1 i 1 i j

In thisequation, y represents the output variable (U), β

signifies the coefficient, x stands for the input
variable (namely, Dt and D1), and ε denotes the error
in observations.Fig.3 shows the changes in the
response surfaces for ejector performance at
variousDt, and D1. Wefoundthat the ejector's
performance isnotably responsive to variations in Dt,
as evidenced by the steepness of its contour line. Fig.4. Predicted values of U obtainedfromboth the current
model and response surface analyses
Fig. 5 depicts how the ejector's performance changes
withvarying values of Dt (nozzlethroatdiameter).
Initially, as Dtincreases, the ejector performance
improves, but afterreaching a certain point, itstarts to
declinesignificantly. Subsequently, U experiences a
rapidincrease as Dt continues to rise. The maximum
U value of 0.353 isachievedwhenDtis set at 2.66 mm,
and afterward, itbegins to
decreasewithfurtherincreases in Dt. This
illustratesthatwithin the range of nozzlethroatdiameter
variations, thereis a substantial U variation of
approximately 116%, highlighting the significant
influence of Dt on the ejector's performance.

Fig.3. Response surface analyses of the entrainment ratio

withDt and D1

However, itwasfoundthatthereexists an optimal value

for Dt, whichled to the optimization of the ejector. To
delvedeeperinto the impact of thisparameter on the
ejector's performance, individual variable analyses
isconducted. During the single-variable analysis,
itisnecessary to maintain the other variable constant,
D1= 4.5 mm.The response surface analysis of the data
indicates a strongquadraticrelationshipwith a
favorable regression coefficient between the
independent factor variables and U. The quadratic
polynomial equation for U, whichincorporates the
independent variables, canbeformulated as follows: Fig.5. Variation in U withDt and D1
U  0.3538  0.0006 Dt  0.0001D1  0.0069 Dt2
(22)
As depicted in Fig. 4, the simulation IV. CONCLUSIONS
resultscloselymatched the predictions made using the
Response Surface Methodology. The average The impact of geometry on ejector performance has
standard deviationbetweenthemwas a mere 0.003, and been assessed in order to optimize the design of the
the maximum deviationwasapproximatelyonly 0.1%. ejector. Through the application of Response Surface
This suggeststhatResponse Surface Methodology (RSM) for investigating the impact of
Methodologyexhibitedstrongaccuracy, and the twoparameters (Dt and D1) on ejector performance,
outcomes of thisanalysis are valuable for evaluating wedeterminedthatoptimizing the value of the
how each structural element impacts the ejector's diameter of the nozzlethroatcouldenhanceejector
performance. performance. The
sensitivityanalysisdemonstratedthat the sensitivities

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Geomtry Optimization of an Ejector Based on the Two-Dimensional Distribution Model for Supermarket Application in Warm Climates

of ejector performance to theseparametersfollowed a [2] S. Braccio, H. Trieu Phan, M. Wirtz, N. Tauveron, N. Le

Pierr`es, Simulation of an ammonia-water absorption cycle
descendingorder: Dt>D1. usingexchangereffectiveness, Appl. Therm. Eng. (2022),
Consequently, whenaiming to optimizeejector 118712. 3
performance, Dtshouldtakeprecedence. [3] A. Godefroy, M. Perier-Muzet, N. Mazet, Thermodynamic
Theseresultsprovideclarityregarding the hierarchy and analyses on hybrid sorption cycles for low-grade heatstorage
and cogeneration of power and refrigeration, Appl. Energy
influence of multiple variables in the analyses. 255 (2019), 113751.
[4] S. Elbel, N. Lawrence, Review of recentdevelopments in
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS advancedejectortechnology, Int. J. Refrig 62 (2016) 1–18,
[5] G. Besagni, R. Mereu, F. Inzoli, Ejector refrigeration: A
comprehensivereview, Renew. Sustain. EnergyRev. 53
The authorthank the Institut Jean Le Rond (2016) 373–407.
D’Alembert at Sorbonne Université for its support [6] Z. Aidoun, K. Ameur, M. Falsafioon, M. Badache,
with the dissemination of thisresearchwork. CurrentAdvances in Ejector Modeling, Experimentation and
Applications for Refrigeration and HeatPumps. Part 1:
Single-Phase Ejectors, Inventions. 4 (2019) 15.
REFERENCES [7] B.J. Huang, J.M. Chang, C.P. Wang, V.A. Petrenko. A 1-D
analysis of ejector performance. International Journal of
[1] S. Braccio, N. Guillou, N. Le Pierres, N. Tauveron, H.T. Refrigeration 22 (1999) 354–364.
Phan. Mass-flowrate-maximizationthermodynamic model and
simulation of supersonic real-gasejectorsused in
refrigerationsystems. Thermal Science and Engineering
Progress 37 :101615 , 2023.



Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
5
 SELJUK AND BYZANTINE WOMEN IN ANATOLIA
ZEHRA ODABASI

University of Seljuk, Faculty of Literature

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - The effectiveness of women from the dynastic family in the Seljuks in management, economics and making
political decisions is a well-known fact. In addition, although there are some traditional views that restrict them from being
able to Decamp comfortably among the people, it is clear from the foundation works they have established that the sultan's
wives have unlimited say over their wealth. In the Seljuks of Turkey, the sultanate foundations can be seen as an expression
of the religious, social, political and economic policies of the sultan or the viziers and statesmen subordinate to him. The
foundations of the foundation works established by the Sultan's wives and daughters are also very limited, and monographic
works containing their biographies and foundations are almost nonexistent. Therefore, it is an important requirement to
question how the women of the Seljuk dynasty used the waqf system as a means of representing themselves and gaining
visibility in society. In addition, the lack of wills, court records or similar archival materials to support these foundations also
makes it difficult to establish the representation and effectiveness of these women in society other than foundation works. In
the Byzantine world, one of the most effective ways for people of aristocratic origin or courtiers to show their generosity and
importance to the society in which they live is to lead the creation of works of art that will win the public's appreciation and
appreciation. This understanding acquired new meanings with Christianity, works of art were considered one of the most
effective ways to express the strong faith of the banisin in God, feelings of gratitude or gratitude. In the early centuries of the
Byzantine civilization, the nature of the works that were realized with the patronage or financial support of women varies
according to the wealth of the donor and his status in society. The nature of these donations, which are usually realized under
the influence of the Christian faith, can reach up to a monumental-sized church built by a rich, influential and imperial
family princess such as Anicia Iuliana. In this study, the reasons why women patrons of art gave monetary support to a work
of art during the Early Byzantine and Turkish Seljuks will be examined and the contributions of banality to the social and
economic status of women will be emphasized.

Keywords - Byzantine, Anatolia, Woman, Seljuks, Civilization

I. INTRUDUCTION periods of Turkish-Islamic History, their physical

appearance in sultanate ceremonies, sculpture,
In parallel with the continuation of a tradition portrait and numismatic works in the Turkish Seljuk
inherited from the Roman Empire, one of the most period is a religious norm, but mostly was also
effective ways for people of aristocratic origin or limited by the influence of Iranian culture. Despite
from the palace circle in the Byzantine world to show this, the superior value given to women by Turkish
their generosity and importance to the society they culture was frequently emphasized in the sources of
live in is to pioneer the creation of works of art that the Seljuk period. For this reason, building
will gain the appreciation and appreciation of the foundations has become the main way for Seljuk
public. This understanding gained new meanings with women from the sultanate family to make themselves
Christianity, and works of art were seen as one of the visible and announce their positions and beliefs to the
most effective ways to express the creator's strong public. The female patrons who built Turkish-Islamic
belief in God and feelings of gratitude or gratitude. foundations benefited from historical personalities,
legends, and foundations written earlier in the process
In the early centuries of the Byzantine civilization, of legitimizing their patronage, and they either used
the quality of the works, which were realized with the these cultural elements artistically in the iconography
patronage or financial support of women, varies of the foundations they built or presented them with
according to the wealth of the donor and their status foundation items . These traces are clearly seen in the
in the society. Artistic activities supported by women epitaphs, epigraphs and types of foundations they
during this period ranged from relatively modest have established in the vakfiyes and official
donations, such as liturgical vessels dedicated to documents .
churches, to jewelry that women believed would be
under divine protection and mercy if they wore them. II. THE PURPOSE OF BYZANTINE AND
The nature of these donations, often under the SELJUK WOMEN IN CONSTRUCTING
influence of the Christian faith , It can reach a WORKS
monumental church built by a rich, influential and
imperial family like Iuliana . Indicates that patronage was the exclusive occupation
of the wealthy nobles and women who formed the
Similar to the situation in Byzantium, although the upper strata of society, and of emperors and
women of the palace were very influential politically, empresses. In this context, patronage in the Byzantine
militarily, socially and economically in various world is a class activity rather than gender For

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
6
 Seljuk and Byzantine Women in Anatolia

Byzantines, male or female , patronage is an increasingly exaggerated, and later empresses who
important show of strength that reflects one's social followed in her footsteps were praised as the "New
and economic status. The economic value, beauty and Helena," with over thirty churches being said to have
splendor of the works of art unearthed with the been built in the holy land. One of the empresses,
support of the benefactor were almost identified with who showed her piety by building churches, was
the personality of the patron, and the patron was seen Aelia , whom we know as the wife of the Eastern
as a person as valuable and important as his work. On emperor Arkadius (395-408). It is Eudoxia . Eudoxia ,
the other hand, making a financial contribution to a who took the title of Augusta in 400 BC , was the
work of art has different goals apart from reinforcing wife of Theodosius I and mother of her husband,
social status. Donations are the most important Arcadius , during her lifetime as Aelia. She adheres to
indicator of a person's religiosity as well as their the feminine virtues of Flacilla (356-385). The Gaza
economic power. Behind small-sized individual Cathedral, which was built between 402-407 but has
donations and artifacts dedicated to gods, saints or not survived, is one of the projects realized with his
holy persons by Christian believers, which require a financial support. These examples will be increased.
relatively small budgetThe purpose is to express one's
faith in God and feelings of gratitude. For the IV. SELJUK WOMEN PATRONS
emperors and empresses, who generally provide
financial support to large-scale and monumental There are three female foundation founders from the
works in the Byzantine world, the aim is to prove to Turkish Seljuk period whose foundation certificates
the society the relationship of power with God and have survived to the present day. One of them is
the fact that it is his representative in the world. Raziye Devlet Hatun, II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev's
Seljuk women from the sultanate family also proved daughter is Fatma Hatun , and the other one is
their existence by building foundations. In addition, it Mahperi ( Huand ) Hatun, wife of Alaeddin
is seen that the sultan's wives, who were the Keykubad I. Apart from that, it is possible to obtain
guarantee of the continuity, expansion and alliances information about the surviving works of women
of the dynasty , played very important roles through from the dynasty family who established foundations
marriage and motherhood and were actively involved from the inscriptions of the buildings and the archive
in both the transfer of the dynasty to the next records of the Ottoman period.
generation and the construction of foundation works.
During the Turkish Seljuk period, the average rate of In Konya and other Seljuk cities, not only women
foundation establishment by women from the from the dynastic family, but also the daughters and
sultanate family was 8.45% . It is clearly understood wives of statesmen, freed slaves and people with
from both foundation deeds and inscriptions that the sufficient financial means had foundations built or
budgets of the foundations established by the sultan's made various donations to foundations established by
wives, mothers and daughters were completely their spouses. Melik's daughter Efray Hatun, who had
independent and separate from the sultan's, and that a madrasah built in Kırşehir in 1270, and Fahrünnisa
they had properties that they purchased and disposed Nizam Hatun, one of Mevlana's disciples, are among
of when necessary . Most of the female patrons were them. Kütahya Yoncalı hot spring , one of the oldest
the leaders of the Seljuk palace or principalities, and thermal springs of the Seljuk period , was dedicated
when we look at the distribution of the structures by the daughter of Ramazanu ̈ 'l- Hacib , one of the
built by them , it is seen that the tombs, which are palace secretaries of I.
small-scale structures, take the first place. When the
types of buildings are evaluated, women have Alaeddin Keykubad . Kutlu Melek Hatun , on the
undertaken the construction of almost all types of other hand, was built and dedicated by her husband .
foundations except administrative and military He donated books to Dâru ̈ 'l- Huffâz . Not only did
buildings. they have foundations built , women who were
members of the sultanate also worked as trustees in
III. BYZANTINE FEMALE PATRONS some foundations . In addition, they established
spiritual and physical ties with foundations that were
Constantine I (324-337), became a role model in the unfinished, abandoned or in need of repair, which
appreciation of piety and philanthropy as virtues of were founded by women before them. VIII. century,
the imperial women . Helena, the first Christian the wife of Abbasid Caliph Hârûnürreşîd, Zübeyde b.
empress, gained a great reputation by finding the real Hürrem, Mihrimah , Safiye and Turhan sultans all had
cross on which Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem, the waterways on Cafer Hatun's pilgrimage routes
where she went to become a pilgrim in 326. She also repaired during the Ottoman period.
built the Church of the Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem
and the Church of the Assumption of Jesus on the V. CONCLUSION
Mount of Olives. and gave the first examples of
female patronage with this new religious identity . Anicia who reigned in the Byzantine empire Women
However, the extent of Helena's patronage was of aristocratic origin, such as Iulina , took Helena, the

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
7
 Seljuk and Byzantine Women in Anatolia

mother of Constantine I, as a role model, and Aelia parental titles. This sphere of influence has also made
By following the feminine virtues that came to life in ordinary women a part of these activities.
Flacilla , they acted with the concern of creating a
religious and charitable identity in front of the REFERENCE
society. With the churches they built, the holy relics
they brought to the capital from distant places, and [1] Ahmed Eflâkî , Menkıbeleri of the Arifs , II, (trans. Tahsin
Yazıcı), Istanbul 1973.
the structures they built for the relics of Mary, Jesus [2] Angelidi , C. - Papamastorakis T., “ The Veneration of the
and holy people , these aristocratic women not only Virgin Hodegetria and the hodegon Monastery ”, ( ed.
responded to religious and social expectations, but Vassilaki M.), Mother of God , Representations of the
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[3] Ârif Çelebi, The Divan of Ulu Arif Çelebi , Criticized Text
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Konya 2013.
In the period of the Seljuks of Turkey, the elite and [4] Aziz b. Erdeşir -i Esterabadi , Bezm -u Rezm , (June Mürsel
ordinary women of Konya continued to preserve their Öztürk), Ankara 1990.
[5] Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta Tanji , Ibn Battuta
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no clear separation in the social strata in the first [8] Gregory Abu'l -Farac , History of Abu'l -Farac , II, (trans. D.
period of the establishment of mulk. The writings Rıza Doğrul), Ankara 1999.
[9] GRIERSON, P.‐ MAYS, M., Catalog of Late Roman Coins
about the sultan's wives also reflect the situation of in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore
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people who live in palaces without being Anastasius , Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection ,
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[10] İbn Bîbi ̂ , History of the Anatolian Seljuk ̂ State , (trans. M.
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religious life. Despite the widespread belief that [11] _______, Huseyin b. Muhammad b. Ali el-Cafer er- Rugedî
women in the Seljuk State of Turkey were powerless , el- Evâmirü'l - ʿAlâʾiyye fi'l-umûri'l-ʿAlâʾiyye , I-II,
due to cultural and customary practices that limited (Prepared by Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 1996.
[12] Ibn Jubayr , From Andalusia to the Holy Land , trans. İsmail
their physical access to public space and prevented Güler, Selenge Yay., İstanbul 2019.
them from expressing themselves, many women from [13] Ibn Abi Usaybiʿa , Abu al- ʿAbbās Ahmed b. al- Qasim b.
the palace embarked on ambitious development Khalifa b. Yunus es- Saʿdî , ʿUyûnu'l-Enbâ fî Tabakâti'l-
projects that would represent them and ensure their Etibbâʾ , Matbaʿatu'l-Vahbiyye , 1299.
[14] Ibn Kathir , al-Bidaya ve'n-Nihâye , Great History of Islam ,
visibility among the public, and that It can be clearly XIII, (trans. Mehmet Keskin), Istanbul 2000.
said that they show special interest in religious, [15] KLEIN KM, “ The Patronage of Aelia Eudokia Of
cultural and commercial areas. In fact, their behavior Jerusalem ”, Female Founders in Byzantium and Beyond ,
was not limited to their interests, they permeated (Ed. Theis L. - Mullett M. - Grunbart M.), Wiener Jahrbuch
for Kunstgeschichte , Band LX / LXI, 2015, p. 85-95
every aspect of society from literature to art, from
travel to production, from financial support to

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Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
8
 SOCIAL CHANGE IN SOCIOLOGY AND UNDERSTANDINGTHE
OVERVIEW OF FOUCAULTO’S APPROACH AND CONCEPTIONS
SHURUQ ALSHARIF

mam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Collage of Art, Department of Sociology & Community Service
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of Foucault’s approach, and outline some of the disputes that
have shaped debates surrounding some concepts such as "Normalization, art of government, discourse and stereotypes and
repression of sexuality" by Foucault. In addition, Foucault views politics as different from Critical Theory. The attention of
the Foucault’s Approach in this paper to describe, understand, and explain some main concepts: How he used them? What
do some the concept such as "art of government" and "normalization" depend on? And what can be done about all powers
and dominance that this new society creates? Powers and dominance are at the center of the analyses of social science from
the start. Even when the analyses concern self-governing, and when people feel they are visible Foucault views provided the
reference point. Powers and dominance used is the central arena of the classic politics of social theory.

Keywords - Sociology, Foucault, Critical Theory.

I. INTRODUCTION change is a process. The processes take place in

several various places and various times and then
How change/development occurs, the causes of meet to product a deeper form of change.
change: Classical Social Theories:
Parsons (1964) used the concept of “adaption” (i.e., II. FOUCAULTO’S APPROACHAND
the nature of the changing) to explain his analysis on CRITICAL THEORY
how societies change and states that any system must
adapt to the social and physical environment to Foucault rejects Enlightenment (at least the normative
overcome discrepancies and achieve solidarity like a elements) and positivism. Rather than critical
human body (Parsons, 1964). For example, countries theories focus on critique for the purpose of revealing
that were affected after World War II, such as truth to create change, Foucault asks whose truth,
Germany, adapted and overcame societal difficulties, what is truth. Foucault also adds a rejection of
both globally and locally, even including the greater universal truths and grand theory/narratives and a
adjustment of acquiring sufficient resources (Parsons, focus on subjugated knowledges (multiple).Foucault
1964). Parsons believed that communication discussed politics like a critical theory. Critical theory
(language), technology, kinship organization based focuses on the rejection positivism and enlightenment
on taboo, and religion are important for all societies theories of progress. However, Foucault views
throughout history, as well as stratification politics as different from Critical Theory; for
(bureaucratic organization and markets), and are example, he focuses on a genealogical account of the
features of universal society, especially modern spread of power, while Habermas analyzes the
society. Luhmann’s theory of differentiation is communicative ability. In addition, Foucault
similar to Parsons. However, he presents the idea of recognizes that state or political rationalities
change or development based on all parts of societies emphasize power as a tool of social discipline and
as having developed differently. The systems punishment, which are self-governing, and when
maintain themselves by reducing the complexity of people feel they are visible, his idea about prison
their environments. Therefore, the changes in society becomes a political anatomy regarding using power,
may happen slowly. If one subsystem, such as the while Critical Theory focuses more on using people’s
economic system, collapses, all other systems will be voices to shape public changes. Both of Foucault and
affected and the codes of the system no longer Harding are interested in human rights, but in
function. His theory is more of a circle theory, while different ways. Foucault focuses more on sexuality,
modern theory views society as more of a line than a homosexuality, and some critical theories that focus
circle. In addition, the stages leading to modernity as on women or other minorities’ rights (like Harding).
previously mentioned could considered as a separate, Both believe their theories are universal and
transitional stage indicating societal change. During practically applicable. Critical Theory does not share
transitional stages, many elements of our societies, the same the role of knowledge; Foucault claims that
including Enlightenment ideology, begin to grow and power is everywhere and relates to various aspects of
promote societal development (Kant, 1991). Bhambra our lives. Foucault (1976) highlights that the relation
(2007) believed change happen when important between power and knowledge is productive( rather
quantitative changes product a more substantial than critical theory’s focus on repression); power is a
qualitative change is necessary. Which means, a product or tool of knowledge, knowledge is a tool of

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
9
 Social Change in Sociology and Understanding the Overview of Foucaulto’s Approach and Conceptions

power of science, and people use the production of exercised by “aims and objectives” (1976: 95). He
knowledge and genealogical analysis of historical also mentions the end of sovereignty is internal to
discourse methods, which is similar to Gramsci’s itself and that it shapes by laws within the perspective
idea. of government (1978:211). He compares the
difference between “disciplinary” and “sovereign”
Foucault rejects Enlightenment (at least the normative powers using different methods in societies.
elements) and positivism. Rather than critical Sovereign power means obedience to the law of
theories focus on critique for the purpose of revealing authority, while “disciplinary” gradually transitions
truth to create change, Foucault asks whose truth, from “sovereign” power in the eighteenth and
what is truth. Foucault also adds a rejection of nineteenth centuries (204).
universal truths and grand theory/narratives and a
focus on subjugated knowledges (multiple).Foucault Foucault later highlights that population was the key
discussed politics like a critical theory. Critical theory point in sixteenth-century organization. The concept
focuses on the rejection positivism and enlightenment of the "patience" of the sovereign about how
theories of progress. However, Foucault views government viewed population as an object by
politics as different from Critical Theory; for observations and knowledge “savoir”, which helps to
example, he focuses on a genealogical account of the effectively create a rational and conscious knowledge
spread of power, while Habermas analyzes the savoir (217). For that purpose, the population is
communicative ability. In addition, Foucault analyzed statistically as an objective of the state
recognizes that state or political rationalities (1978:207), which means that the "art of
emphasize power as a tool of social discipline and government” does not include only the political but
punishment, which are self-governing, and when also the autonomous governed in proper rational
people feel they are visible, his idea about prison ways, which helps people through improving
becomes a political anatomy regarding using power, production in an economically profitable manner,
while Critical Theory focuses more on using people’s starting by analyzing this continuity of the
voices to shape public changes. Both of Foucault and government of the family and the methods of
Harding are interested in human rights, but in managing people's goods, as well as wealth within the
different ways. Foucault focuses more on sexuality, family (207).
homosexuality, and some critical theories that focus
on women or other minorities’ rights (like Harding). He mentions objectifications as scientific to collect
Both believe their theories are universal and the data, which includes the objectification of the
practically applicable. Critical Theory does not share producing subject (viewing population as scientific
the same the role of knowledge; Foucault claims that analysis). For example, the practice of crime and
power is everywhere and relates to various aspects of subjectivizing allows a person to call himself as the
our lives. Foucault (1976) highlights that the relation subject by others, which is practiced for protection
between power and knowledge is productive( rather and manipulation, and may be seen in gender
than critical theory’s focus on repression); power is a relations. Foucault (206) discusses the idea of three
product or tool of knowledge, knowledge is a tool of different types of government that included self-
power of science, and people use the production of government, involving morality, and the art of
knowledge and genealogical analysis of historical governing a family, which is related to the economy
discourse methods, which is similar to Gramsci’s and politics and must be interwoven together.
idea. Foucault also analyzes an example of Machiavelli’s
the idea of internal government through the family
III. GOVERNMENTALITY and the societal external relation between princes and
state. State and politics were fundamentally
Foucault (1978) also focuses on security, population, considered territorial, which is more important than
and government, as well as how the concept of population and gradually developed and became
“government” was used in the sixteenth century. The governmentalized as a technique of government.
concept of “Governmentality” relates the methods of
administering populations in modern European Foucault methodology focuses on finding the
history with the rise of the idea of the State, which is archaeology of knowledge, or the method he uses to
founded on ideological methods of governing. write history and understand the process of history
Governments attempted to produce the ideal citizen that led to understanding changes and what we have
who obeys the laws and respects the established order today, and genealogy, or how analysis of historical
based on governmental policies, which changed events for the substrata of knowledge.
throughout history to being motivated by the
“common good” rather than that of an earthly IV. NORMALIZATION AND DISCOURSE
sovereign or of God. The governing idea is based on
the strategy of the self and is integrated into The last few years, it is not that human behavior is
structures of power and coercion (204). Power is slowly getting completely explained by science and

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
10
 Social Change in Sociology and Understanding the Overview of Foucaulto’s Approach and Conceptions

scientific theories. Instead, he believes that there are [2] Bhambra, G. 2007. “European Modernity and the
Sociological Imagination.” Rethinking Modernity:
two types of changes that help sociologists and make Postcoloialism and the Sociological Imagination. New York:
sociology possible: one is the fact that governing Palgrave Macmillan.
powers are changing, and the other is the policing [3] Baudrillard, J. 2001. “Simulacra and Simulations” Selected
powers or the societal discipline. These things are Writings. 2nd edition, Stanford. CA: Stanford University
Press..
changing often enough that the law must be rewritten [4] Brubaker, Rogers. 2010. Ethnicity Without Groups. Oxford
to include parts that are changing in society. There University Press.
are things that are becoming normal to people that are [5] Bhabha, Homi K. 2001.“The Other Question” Jeffrey
in conflict with what is disciplined by the government Alexander and Steven Seidman, eds. The New Social Theory
Reader.
through the law. This is not something that sociology [6] Connell, R. W. 1995. “Femininity and Masculinity” Gender.
can address; he calls this a natural rule or norm Cambridge, UK: Polity.
(Foucault 1977). [7] Collins, Patricia Hill .1990. “Black Feminist Thought in the
Matrix of Domination” Boston: Unwin Hyman.
[8] Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish 2nd ed. New-
V. CONCLUSION York: Vintage Books.
[9] Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge ed. by Colin
Foucault uses Archaeology and genealogy of theory Gordon. New-York: Pantheon Books.
practice archaeology and discourse to analysis history [10] Foucault, Michel. 1978 “Governmentality”, Colin Gordon
and Peter Miller, eds. The Foucault Effect: Studies in
as the steady accumulation of knowledge and gradual Governmentality. Chicago.
development. in his idea of discipline and punish, [11] Habermas, J. 1983. “Modernity – An Incomplete Project.”
how the gradual development by historical formation The Anti- Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, Edited
from body to the soul such as in prisons which may by H. Foster. Port Townsend, WA: Bay press.
[12] Horkheimer, M and Theodor Adorno. 1993. “The Concept of
consider as a positive development and how he looks Enlightenment.” The Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York:
to power as a positive thing by production of useful Continuum Publishing Inc.
through a refashioning of thoughts as a kind of [13] Horkheimer, M. 1972. Traditional and Critical Theory. New
progress in using domination. York: Herder and Herder.
[14] Habermas, J. 1989. “Social Action and Rationality.” On
Society and Politics. Boston: Beacon Press.
REFERENCES [15] Kant, I. 1991. Political Writings. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
[1] Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Disjunction and Difference in the [16] Parsons, T. 1674. “Evolutionary Universals.” ASR 29(3):
Global Cultural Economy. University of Minnesota Press: 339-57.
Minneapolis.

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Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
11
 SERUM INTERLEUKIN-22IS ASSOCIATED WITH
HYPERGLYCEMIA IN SAMPLE OF IRAQI PATIENTS WITH
DIABETIC-END STAGE RENAL DISEASE
1
YASAMEEN A. HUMADI, 2GHASSAQ T. ALUBAIDI, 3ZAINAB H. HASHIM,
4
SHATHA M HASAN
1
Internal Medicine Dep., College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
2
Medical Research Unit, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
3
Dep. of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University / Baghdad/ Iraq.
4
Anatomy Dep., College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University / Baghdad/ Iraq.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
4
[email protected]

Abstract - Recent data pointed to the possible role of Interleukin(IL-22) in developing metabolic disorders. The present
work aimed to identify the association of serum IL-22 level with glucose level in sample of Iraqi patients with diabetic- end
stage renal disease( ESRD). The study is a cross-sectional study involved 74 participants, 43 males and 32 females, all with
diabetic with Type 2Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) ESRD with estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) less than 15
ml/min. / 1.73 m2 and strict to hemodialysis protocol, thrice week, each session of 4 hrs. Laboratory investigations included
routine biochemical tests, IL-22 and Hepcidin serum levels were detected by enzyme immunosorbent assay. The correlation
of variables were determined according to “Pearson correlate test. IL-22 was approved to possess a significant positive
correlation with glucose level, r= 0.345, P-value 0.003. While no correlation was detected with Hepcidin, Hb, Iron and
ferritin; r=- 0.001, p-value 0.991; r= 0.066, p-value 0.577; r= 0.097, p-value 0.412;r= 0.147, p-value 0.213; respectively.
According to this finding,IL-22 should be considered as a possible therapeutic agent to modulate hemodialysis- associated
hyperglycemia

Keywords: ESRD, IL-22, Hyperglycemia, Hepcidin

I. INTRODUCTION High levels of IL-22 has been identified in blood and

kidney tissues of patients with lupus nephritis[5].IL-
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic 22 recorded protective role in in-vivo stimulated
metabolic disorder characterized by insulin - inflammatory bowel disease, while contributed to
resistance and -deficiency, culminating in pathogenesis in skin inflammation [6].Several studies
hyperglycemia. DM has been affirmed as a leading pointed to the protective role of IL-22 in
cause of retinopathy, neuropathy, foot ulcer, transplantation, where its deficiency is associated to
cardiovascular disease and renal failure.[1] high mortality rate in graft versus host
About one third of DM patients develop diabetic transplantation[7]
nephropathy. (correa 2015).Recently it is affirmed
that chronic inflammation is the main trigger to Experimental studies recorded that mice with
evolve T2DM through activation of proinflammatory impaired IL-22signaling are more susceptible for
cytokine signaling, mainly in adipose tissues and obesity and insulin resistance. While treatment with
liver. This is true with presence of risk factors such as IL22 results in glucose homeostasis, improve insulin
genetic predisposition and sedentary lifestyle. sensitivity. On the other hand, other studies have
However, no specific serological markers hasyet been challenged the concept that IL22 amends chronic
determined.[2] inflammation and insulin sensitivity in rodents and
human [8]
IL-22 is a proinflammatory cytokine. First discovered In present study, it's sought to investigate the
in 2000. It is a member of IL-10 family. Main association between serum level of proinflammatory
producer cells is CD4+-T cell, Th-1, Th-17 and Th- IL-22 and hyperglycemia in a sample of Iraqi patients
22 subsets and NK cell. IL-22 receptor consist of two with diabetic ESRD who undergo continuous
subunits, IL-22R1 and IL-10R2, with higher affinity hemodialysis.
to the former one. IL-22R1 is highly restricted to the
non-hematopoietic cells, and restricted to certain cell II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
types in pancreas and epithelial cells in skin, liver,
lung and intestine. Such distribution acquaint the Study samples and design: This is a cross sectional
specificity of IL-22 activity. [3]IL-22 is involved in observational study including regular patients visiting
maintaining innate immunity, it has been identified as the specialized dialysis unit at the “Imammain
a critical player in regulating metabolism and its Khadhimain Hospital” Baghdad/Iraq. Serum samples
dysregulation is associated withevolving of metabolic were collected from patients identified as ESRD
diseases[4] patient, according to their estimated glomerular

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 Serum Interleukin-22IS Associated with Hyperglycemia in Sample of Iraqi Patients with Diabetic-End Stage Renal Disease

filtration rate (eGFR), which is less than 15 ml/min. / IV. RESULTS

1.73 m2. All patients regularlystricted to certain
hemodialysis protocol, thrice week, each session of 4 Among the total number 75 patients, 43males and 32
hrs. Patients were subjected to laboratory females. All patients were Arabs. The age mean for
investigations monthly. Patients’ positive for any men was 50.7 ± 16.9 comparing with 49.2± 14.6 for
microbial infection and those who had received females, no significant difference was detected
kidney transplantation were excluded from the between males and females regarding age, (P-value
study.Study participants provided written consent for 0.68). Further, no significant difference was detected
participation in the study. All procedures of the work between males and females regarding other studied
was approved by the ethical committee of “College of parameters (Table- 1).
Medicine /Al-Nahrain University”, No.
(202206166).Laboratory investigations included Mean values for IL-22, glucose, hepcidin, Hb and
biochemical tests were collected from patients iron and ferritin were 28.11±6.61, 133.07±62.07,
records. IL-22 and Hepcidin serum levels were 5.65±3.83,9±1.72, 45.32±24.14, 622.36±355.01,
detected by enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. While median values for the same
(Raybiotech, USA) and (United States biological life parameters were 25.4 (20.14-49.36), 112.5 (65.15-
science /USA), respectively. 387.61), 4.71 (0.71-16.47), 40 (1.04-112.5), 587
(11.43-1200), respectively. (Table-2).
III. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
According to person test, IL-22 showed a significant
Statistical analysis were conducted using SPSS positive correlation with glucose level, r= 0.345, P-
version 23 and Excel 2016. The correlation of value 0.003. while no correlation was detected with
variables were determined according to “Pearson Hepcidin, Hb, Iron and ferritin; r=- 0.001, p-value
correlate test. A P- value < 0.05 was statistically 0.991; r= 0.066, p-value 0.577; r= 0.097, p-value
considered significant. 0.412;r= 0.147, p-value 0.213; respectively.(Table-3).

Male Female
Parameter N=43 N=32 P value
Mean±SD Mean±SD
Age (yr) 50.79+16.9 49.23+14.6 0.680
Disease duration (yr) 3.33+1.1 3.05+1.1 0.310
Bl. Urea (mg/dl) 137.14+39.9 122.29+42.2 0.128
S. Creatinine (mg/dl) 6.43+2.0 5.79+1.4 0.134
Hb (g/dl) 9.14+1.9 8.8+1.45 0.403
S. Iron (µg/dL ) 43.09+27.2 48.43+19.0 0.351
S. Ferritin (ng/mL ) 638.89+333.2 599.42+387.6 0.640
Bl. Glucose (mg/dl) 134.19+55.4 131.52+71.1 0.857
TSB (mg/dl) 2.26+8.4 0.97+0.27 0.397
S. GOT (A ) 14.28+8.5 20.29+32.9 0.256
S. GPT ( A) 11.99+7.9 12.47+9.2 0.813
S. ALP ( A) 370.81+273.4 496.16+413.7 0.121
S.Total Protein (g/dl) 6.43+0.95 6.55+0.63 0.540
S. Albumin (g/dl) 3.46+0.48 3.48+0.24 0.847
S. Na+ (mmol/L ) 133.59+11.09 136.97+4.73 0.115
S. K+ (mmol/L ) 5.09+0.59 5.24+0.61 0.308
S. Cl- (mmol/L ) 103.46+7.81 102.21+4.96 0.433
S. Ca2+ (mg/dL ) 9.31+1.22 9.11+1.23 0.483
S. PO4 (mg/dL ) 5.93+1.58 6.18+2.1 0.564
S. Vit. D (ng/mL ) 14.72+14.92 13.34+7.43 0.638
S. PTH ( pg/mL) 232.66+230.53 368.82+421.56 0.110
S. IL-22 ( pg/mL) 28.88+6.66 27.05+6.49 0.244
S. Hepcidin (ng/mL ) 5.9+3.75 5.32+3.96 0.524
(Table -1): General laboratory characteristics for patients with ESRD according to their sex.

Variable Mean Median

IL-22(pg/mL) 28.11+6.61 25.4 (20.14-49.36)
Glucose(mg/dL) 133.07+62.07 112.5 (65.15-387.61)
Hepcidin(ng/mL) 5.65+3.83 4.71 (0.71-16.47)
Hb (g/dl) 9+1.72 9.2 (5-13.2)

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 Serum Interleukin-22IS Associated with Hyperglycemia in Sample of Iraqi Patients with Diabetic-End Stage Renal Disease

S. Iron ( µg/dL) 45.32+24.1 4 40 (1.04-112.5)

S.Ferritin(ng/mL ) 622.36+355.0 587 (11.43-1200)
(Table-2): Mean and median values for IL-22, and some hematological parameters in ESRD patients.

Variable IL-22 ( pg/mL )

r 0.345
Glucose (mg/dl )
p 0.003
r -0.001
Hepcidin (ng/mL )
p 0.991
r 0.066
Hb (g/dl)
p 0.577
r 0.097
S. Iron (µg/dL )
p 0.412
r 0.147
S. Ferritin (ng/mL )
p 0.213
(Table-3): Correlation of IL-22 to glucose and hepcidin in ESRD patients

V. DISCUSSION On the contrary,in 2013/2014, Shen J and his

colleagues conducted a research in China included
Considering the association between metabolic 105 patients with T2DM, they reported that serum
disorders and chronic inflammation, it has been level of IL-22 is inversely correlated with T2D. That
postulated that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-22 a significant lower levels of IL-22were detected in
might have an effect on developing T2DM. In present diabetics, 162 pg/ml ,comparing with healthy controls
study,this correlation has been studies in diabetic - ,185pg/ml[14]. Another study conducted in Germany
ESRD patients who undergo continuous revealed no association between IL-22 and increased
hemodialysis. risk with T2DM[8].We suppose that role of IL-22 in
In present work, results identified that IL-22 serum evolving T2DM is needed to be more investigated
level among diabetic ESRDpatients was 28.11±6.61 with larger number of samples to reach more reliable
pg/ml. A significant positive correlation,( r=0.345, P- output.
value 0.003) was reported between IL-22 serum and We believe that this study implies some limitations
glucose levels.Few studies verified serum IL-22 in such as shortage in some metabolic characterization,
diabetics. IL-22 elucidate multifunctional properties, HbA1c and IL-22 binding protein.
demonstrates both protective and inflammatory
effects according to disease context.[5] VI. CONCLUSION
IL-22-knock-out mice, fed with “high- fat diet”
developed sever metabolic dysregulation, obesity, This study showed that elevated IL-22 level in serum
glucose intolerance and insulin resistance comparing has significantly been associated with hyperglycemia
with controls. Treatment of those mice with in Iraqi patients with ESRD. Although insulin therapy
recombinant IL-22 had reduced obesity, possibly is the primary management for dialysis- associated
through increasing a gut hormone named, peptide – hyperglycemia, identification of novel factors
YY. [9]Recombinant IL-22 treatment had reduced contributed to hyperglycemia in ESRD patients
glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and diminished would be of a great prognostic evidence. Providing a
blood glucose levels in both fasting and fed situations new target for glycemic treatment. Role of chronic
and diminished gene expression of adipocytes derived inflammation mainly through controlling IL-22 axis
proinflammatory cytokines.[10] may play a future target and therapeutic agent for
hyperglycemia in ESRD patients.
Previous data point to the remarkable metabolic role
of IL-22 in multiple contexts. We hypothesize that REFERENCES
beta cells destruction by IL-22 is indirect process. It
is well established that low chronic inflammation [1] L. Dimore, Z. K. Edosa, and A. A. Mitiku, “Glycemic control
and diabetes complications among adult type 2 diabetic
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pancreas- β- cells, culminating in cells destruction, Ethiopia,” PLoS One, vol. 18, no. 3 March, pp. 1–14, 2023.
insulin deficiency and aggravate glucose homeostasis [2] M. S. Ellulu and H. Samouda, “Clinical and biological risk
[11]. IL-22 confirmed to have pro inflammatory factors associated with inflammation in patients with type 2
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effect and induce IL-18 production .IL-18 itself had 1–10, 2022.
been affirmed to cause β-cells destruction, both IL-18 [3] L. A. Zenewicz, “IL-22 Binding Protein (IL-22BP) in the
and IL-18bp are positively associated with HbA1c in Regulation of IL-22 Biology,” Front. Immunol., vol. 12, no.
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[4] P. Seth, “IL-22 as a target for therapeutic intervention:
identified in T2DM and LADA comparing with Current knowledge on its role in various diseases,” cytokin,
controls .[12] and [13]. vol. 169, 2023.

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[5] X. Yang et al., “Increased interleukin-22 levels in lupus [10] R. Sabat and K. Wolk, “Deciphering the role of interleukin-
nephritis and its associated with disease severity: a study in 22 in metabolic alterations,” Cell Biosci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–
both patients and lupus-like mice model,” Clin. Exp. 5, 2015.
Rheumatol., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 400–407, 2019. [11] A. Berbudi, N. Rahmadika, A. I. Tjahjadi, and R. Ruslami,
[6] C. L. Smith et al., “IL-22 Regulates Iron Availability In Vivo “Type 2 Diabetes and its Impact on the Immune System,” pp.
through the Induction of Hepcidin,” J. Immunol., vol. 191, 442–449, 2020.
no. 4, pp. 1845–1855, 2013. [12] H. Mühl and M. Bachmann, “IL-18/IL-18BP and IL-22/IL-
[7] S. Ghimire et al., “Low Intestinal IL22 Associates With 22BP: Two interrelated couples with therapeutic potential,”
Increased Transplant-Related Mortality After Allogeneic Cell. Signal., vol. 63, no. June, p. 109388, 2019.
Stem Cell Transplantation,” Front. Immunol., vol. 13, no. [13] E. Somm and R. Jornayvaz, “Interleukin-18 in metabolism :
April, pp. 1–9, 2022. From mice physiology to human diseases,” vol. 18, no.
[8] C. Herder et al., “Serum levels of interleukin-22, October, pp. 1–14, 2022.
cardiometabolic risk factors and incident type 2 diabetes: [14] J. Shen, Y. Fang, H. Zhu, and W. Ge, “Plasma interleukin-22
KORA F4/FF4 study,” Cardiovasc. Diabetol., vol. 16, no. 1, levels are associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in
pp. 1–8, 2017. the Han Chinese population,” J. Diabetes Investig., vol. 9, no.
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no. 7521, pp. 237–241, 2014.



Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
15
 DEEP LEARNING-BASED SMART TRAFFIC SIGNAGE TO
CONTROL HIGHWAY SPEED LIMIT
1
AHMED YUNIS, 2AMMAR ALDALLAL, 3FATIMA NASAIF
1
Computer Engineering Department,
2,3
Telecommunication Engineering Department, Ahlia University
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract - This Speeding is a major contributing factor to road accidents and fatalities worldwide. To improve road safety,
speed signs are commonly utilized to communicate speed limits and provide guidance to drivers. This project aims to
enhance an existing system that utilizes cameras and machine learning to determine road conditions and the appropriate
speed limit specifically during rainy weather by developing smart speed limit traffic sign (SSLTS). The proposed system
involves optimizing the image processing through enhanced convolutional neural network algorithm to properly detect
raindrops. An Arduino microcontroller device reads the output of the raindrop detection system. Based on the prevailing
weather conditions, the system displays the corresponding speed limit on an LCD screen. This project leverages advanced
technology to bolster public safety by promptly notifying drivers of the appropriate speed limit during rainy conditions,
potentially reducing the risk of accidents.

Keywords - Smart Traffic Sign, Convolutional Neural Network (Cnn), Speed Limit, Machine Learning

I. INTRODUCTION picture into a digital image to extract required

information or characteristics, digital image
The impact of speed on road accidents is substantial, processing necessitates the use of various algorithms.
with a notable correlation between speed and the Real-time raindrop detection is important for future
severity of incidents, as supported by previous autonomous vehicles as well as formonitoring road
studies[1]. The primary objective of establishing conditions, spotting precipitation in agriculture,
speed limits is to regulate the maximum speed analyzing weather patterns, and the Advanced Driver
allowed for drivers on public roads, aligning with the Assistance Systems (ADAS).
overarching strategy for speed management[2], with a The aim of this project is to develop a deep learning-
particular focus on deterring speed violations and based system for identifying raindrops in street
safeguarding the well-being of others. Driving images. The objectives of this project are to create a
overspeed has number of consequences, such as: convolutional neural network that outperforms
severity of crashes, increased accident risk, impact on current methods in accurately detecting raindrop
pedestrians and other road users, economic costs and regions from images and determine the corresponding
legal consequences. speed limit to be displayed on an LCD through
A credible speed limit is determined by drivers Arduino microcontroller.
perceiving it as rational and suitable, taking into
account the road's characteristics and its immediate II. RELATED WORK
environment. This perception is influenced by factors
such as consistent and continuous road design, Raindrop detection is a critical task in computer
including road type, layout, surface condition, vision and meteorology, with many potential
curvature, traffic volume, weather conditions, and the applications including weather forecasting, automated
presence of various types of vehicles on the road[1]. driving, and traffic safety. Recent technological
The risk of overspeed increases when there is feature advancements and the availability of video security
bends and tunnels of mountainous expressways. cameras have enabled real-time raindrop detection at
It is worth noting that more than 5,891,000 vehicle the pixel level using machine learning and deep
crashes per year with average of 1,255,145 vehicle learning algorithms.
crashes involved hazardous weather (21%) resulting One of the challenges in raindrop recognition is
5,576 deaths per year due to weather-related crashes unfocused raindrop detection, which occurs when
[3] droplets are not in the camera's focus or are situated
on a surface that is not parallel to the camera lens. In
The usage of digital image processing has been a study by Wang et al. [4], a method for unfocused
expanded fast and is now pervasive in many raindrop identification was proposed using machine
industries. This is mostly because digital pictures are learning to create a geometric-photometric
used so often in industry including machine vision, environment. The technique effectively detected
video processing, microscopic imaging, remote raindrops that block the camera's field of view or
sensing, and medicine. Using a variety of electronic interfere with the machine learning system installed
tools and software, image processing entails the in the car.
alteration of picture data. While converting a physical
Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Deep Learning-Based Smart Traffic Signage to Control Highway Speed Limit

In contrast to the pixel-based segmentation system was tested on a small size images of traffic
approaches commonly used, Zhang et al. [5]proposed sign and was able to recognize them within maximum
a raindrop detection method based on the of 0.5 seconds.
segmentation of blobs. The technique segments (Xu et al, 2018) introduced an approach for detecting
raindrops into blobs using a histogram of streak traffic signs, combining adaptive color threshold
orientation, making it simpler to integrate into current segmentation and shape symmetry hypothesis testing
visual surveillance systems. The suggested approach by utilizing traffic sign and image data. Initially, they
effectively detected raindrops in real-time video computed an adaptive segmentation threshold by
sequences and had a high detection rate. analyzing the cumulative distribution function of the
Another approach for raindrop detection was image histogram. This was followed by the
proposed by research[6], which presented a machine development of an approximate maximum and
learning-based strategy for detecting and removing minimum normalization technique, aimed at
raindrops from videos. The technique detects mitigating the influence of bright areas and
raindrops with a convolutional neural network based background interference during image thresholding
on the notion that raindrops stick to the car's processes. Subsequently, they transformed the shape
windscreen. The study then uses a de-raining feature of the thresholded image into a connected
algorithm to eliminate the identified raindrops. The domain feature vector, focusing on the highlight
results demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested characteristics. The achieved accuracy of detecting
strategy in identifying and eliminating raindrops from sign image was 94%.
real-time video sequences. Several authors considered CNN in image processing.
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in particular The article by Chen et al. [9] introduces Pre-Trained
have been effectively used in recent times to solve Image Processing Transformers (ITPs) as a novel
raindrop recognition [7]. In a variety of image neural network architecture with the potential to
processing applications, such as object identification, revolutionize computer vision. ITPs are based on the
picture classification, and segmentation, CNN has transformer architecture originally developed for
demonstrated promising results. The authors provided natural language processing and process images by
a CNN-based method for detecting raindrops in real- dividing them into a grid of small patches that are
time video sequences. The convolutional layers in the treated as tokens, similar to words in a sentence.
proposed CNN architecture are followed by pooling These patches are then fed through a series of
layers and fully linked layers. Using a pre-trained transformer layers that extract features and build a
network on a sizable dataset of natural photos, representation of the image. The article highlights the
transfer learning is applied to initialize the weights of advantages of ITPs over traditional CNNs used in
the network. The photos of raindrops in the training computer vision.
dataset were taken in a variety of meteorological Considering the detection of road Surface Traffic
conditions and at various times of the day. In order to signs, [10]examined CNN‑based object detection
boost the variety of the training data, they added algorithms to detect right and left objects including
random noise, scaled the pictures, and flipped them. detection of traffic signs among other objects. The
The model reached a test accuracy score of 85.28% algorithms were examined on authors-created Taiwan
and an F1 score of 86%. Road Marking Sign Dataset which was made public.
Authors of [8] proposed a traffic sign board in which The examined algorithms are Yolo V2, Yolo V3,
a RFID tag is integrated into it. The car is provided Yolo V4, and Yolo V4‑tiny. The results revealed that
with RFID reader which will read the type of the the best model was Yolo V4 (No Flip), with accuracy
sign, convert it into text message and display it on the of 95.43%.
driver dashboard. This message will be converted into The proposed system in this work is going to analyze
a voice in case the driver did not notice the message. on spot the images taken for the road and detect if
Although their system communicates the traffic signs there are raindrops in the image through the
to the drivers including speed limit signs, this system developed CNN-based algorithm, then passed to the
is limited with the range of the RFID which is 7m Arduino microcontroller to update the traffic sign
making it unreliable in real situations. with the proper speed limit.

Due to large amount of time and memory required to III. METHODOLOGY

process sign photos captured by vehicle camera,
(Anis Jouini, et al, 2023) proposed Using QR codes The proposed system consists of three main stages:
for road sign recognition. QR codes hold data Capturing Street photos periodically, analyzing the
regarding traffic signs, encompassing their photos through the proposed deep learning algorithm
significance and placement, and can be effortlessly and finally, displaying the proper speed limit on an
captured using an in-vehicle camera. Integrating this LCD based on the outcome of the previous stage
technology with Advanced Driver Assistance through the Arduino microcontroller. Details of these
Systems (ADAS) enables the provision of real-time stages are as follows:
supplementary information to drivers. The proposed

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Deep Learning-Based Smart Traffic Signage to Control Highway Speed Limit

A. Stage 1: Data Preparation: particular input qualities, such as edges, corners, or

At this stage a set of images are collected. In this textures, that are important for the task at hand.
project a set of images with raindrops was collected The model is trained for 10 epochs, meaning that it
using a high-speed camera that captures images at a goes over the sampled images 10 times. While this
rate of 1,000 frames per second. The camera was may take a significant amount of time, it results in
placed outdoors during rain events to capture images better quality training. Decreasing the number of
of raindrops falling from the sky. The dataset of epochs will reduce the training time but compromise
images without raindrops was collected using the the quality of the training. Conversely, training for
same camera, but during clear weather conditions. more than 10 epochs will result in significantly better
The dataset contains a total of 17,335 images, with training quality but require more time. The code cell
8,919 images containing raindrops and 8,416 images also includes a callback function that stores the best
without raindrops[11]. training and halts the training process early if
necessary, using the "early_stopping" function. This
Before training a model on the Raindrop ensures that the machine learning models are trained
Detectiondataset, some pre-processing steps are and tested accurately, enabling the system to detect
required. First, the images need to be resized to a and classify raindrops in various scenarios.
smaller resolution (100, 100) to reduce the
computational load. Second, the images need to be The accuracy graph during model training, starts at
normalized to have pixel values between 0 and 1. 0.84 and increasing with each epoch until reaching a
This step helps the model to converge faster during peak of 0.924 before slightly declining to a final
training. accuracy of approximately 0.901 at epoch 8 as shown
To increase the diversity of the dataset and prevent in Figure 1. Figure 2 depicts the loss versus epoch
overfitting, data augmentation techniques is used. graph during model training, with a decreasing loss
Data augmentation involves applying random over time indicating good performance.
transformations to the images, such as flipping,
rotating, and shifting. The Keras ImageDataGenerator
class is used to implement data augmentation in the
Raindrop Detection dataset.

B. Stage 2: Raindrop detection:

The second stage is raindrop detection. In this stage
the system examines the existence of rain drops in
order to reflect the outcome on the speed limit sign.
The architecture of a Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) is used through the Keras library. The Keras
Sequential model is used for constructing neural
networks layer by layer. The Conv2D layer is used
for convolving the input in a 2D space, with 32 filters
applied to each layer, and a filter kernel size of (3, 3). Figure 1: The validation accuracy graph
The activation function 'Relu' is used to add
nonlinearity to the output.

The Keras layer called MaxPooling2D performs max

pooling on the input, using a pooling window size of
(2, 2). Similar to the first layer, the next three layers
increase in number with lower feature map sizes and
filtering.

Convolution in CNNs involves sliding a filter across

the input picture or feature map and calculating a dot
product of the filtering weights and the associated
input pixels at each place. The size and form of the
filter, which is generally a tiny matrix of trainable
weights, define the convolution operation's receptive Figure 2: The loss versus epoch
field. The fraction of the input used to calculate each
output characteristic is known as the receptive field. C. Stage 3: Display the results on thetraffic sign.
During training, backpropagation is used to update For this purpose, a microcontroller called Arduino
the weights of the filter in Conv2D to reduce the loss Uno R3 based on the ATmega328P is used. Due to
function. As a result, the filter may learn to recognize its simplicity of use and adaptability, it is a preferred
option for novices in the fields of electronics and

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
18
 Deep Learning-Based Smart Traffic Signage to Control Highway Speed Limit

programming. The way that this Arduino board helps

in the project is by accepting the results of stage 2 as
either 0 or 1, where 0 means non-wet weather and 1 is
wet weather. Accordingly, it will send a message to
the I2C screen indicating the proper speed limit
sign.In this project, the speed limit for non-wet
weather is 120km/h and 80km/h for wet weather.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The dataset is split into training and testing sets. The

training set is used to train the model, whilethe testing
set is used to evaluate the performance of the
machine learning model. It is important to ensure that
the testing data is representative of real-world data to Figure 4 (b): sample of input Sample of displayed speed limit
obtain reliable results. During training, an sign
optimization algorithm is used to update the model's
weights to minimize a loss function. During training,
an optimization algorithm is used to update the
model's weights to minimize a loss function. The loss
function measures the discrepancy between expected
and actual results. Mean Squared Error (MSE) is a
commonly used loss function formula that measures
the average squared difference between the predicted
and actual values.

To evaluate the performance of the Raindrop

Detection model, several evaluation metrics were
used, such as accuracy, precision, and recall. The
model achieved an accuracy of 96.81%, a precision of
97.36%, and a recall of 97.36%, on the test dataset Figure 5 (a): sample of input image for non-rainy weather
while on the validation dataset, the model achieved
an accuracy of 94.1%, a precision of 95.28% and a
recall of 92.80%. Samples of input images along with
the output messages are presented in Figures 3-4.
Figure 3(a) is a sampleimage for non-rainy weather.
Figure 3(b) depicts the displayed speed limit of
120km/h. Figure 3(a) is a sample image for rainy
weather with raindrops. Figure 3(b) depicts the
displayed speed limit of 80km/h.

Figure 6 (b): Sample of displayed speed limit sign

V. CONCLUSION

This project has successfully developed a smart

traffic speed limit sign using Arduino microcontroller
and I2C to display an appropriate speed limit message
during rainy weather. The system has been integrated
with the Arduino board using pktriot server and
Node-red (API), making it a valuable system for
alerting drivers on highways to drive safely in
inclement weather. Raindrop detection algorithm
based on CNNwas developed to identify raindrops
from captured images by camera mounted on
highway.
Figure 3 (a): Sample of input image for rainy weather
Thissystem demonstrates the significant impact of
deep learning and neural networks on the field of

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Deep Learning-Based Smart Traffic Signage to Control Highway Speed Limit

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depending on the density of raindrops.Another International Conference on Machine Learning, 2010.
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provide proper traffic signs. 2019), Bahrain, 2019.
[9] H. Chen, Y. Wang, T. Guo, C. Xu, Y. Deng, Z. Liu, S. Ma,
C. Xu and W. Gao, "Pre-Trained Image Processing
REFERENCES Transformers," in Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference
on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2021.
[1] Y. Yao, O. Carsten, D. Hibberd, and p. Li, "Exploring the [10] C. Dewi, R.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Zhuang, X. Jiang and H. Yu,
relationship between risk perception, speed limit credibility "Recognizing Road Surface Traffic Signs Based on Yolo
and speed limit compliance," Transportation research part F: Models Considering Image Flips," Big Data and Cognitive
traffic psychology and behaviour, no. 62, pp. 575-586, 2019. Computing, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 54, 2023.
[2] R. Elvik, "Speed limits, enforcement, and health [11] "raindropDetection," GitHub, 2023. [Online]. Available:
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225-238, 2012. 15 3 2023]

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Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
20
 VIBRATION ANALYSIS USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
(FEA): AN EVALUATION OF PICO TUBULAR BULB TURBINE
BLADES FABRICATED IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1
JEIEL UZIEL A. LUZA, 2NOEL M. HERNANDEZ
1
Master Student, MSU-IIT, Iligan City
2
Professor, MSU-IIT, Iligan City
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract - Tubular turbines have been widely employed and evolved fast when its introduction in the 1930s due to their
strong technical and economic qualities and application. Because its performance and structure differ from those of ordinary
vertical shaft units, local and international academics worked extensively on research techniques and technological means
using numerical simulation and model testing. The transmissions of a high quantity of power, which may cause unwanted
vibrations that reduce efficiency, increase wear, and, in the worst-case scenario, cause serious damage. In this paper, the
material propose in order to substantiate that the random excitations and excess vibration of the pico-turbine can be
prevented is the use of CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) and PLA (polylactic acid). In this paper, ANSYS®
Mechanical modal simulation is used to evaluate the structures’ robustness behavior of the composite materials that were
used as the main material in the fabrication of turbine blades for bulb-type turbine application. The use CFD simulation in
SOLIDWORKS® is needed to examine the pressure fluctuation caused by unsteady flow that can contribute in the unwanted
pulsation and to conform the modal simulation results. To validate the results, pressure pulsation experimentation is
conducted to evaluate the fluctuation of the pressure affecting the blades or in the rotating region and it is analyzed through
frequency response domain. Hence, in this paper, it is proven that the vibration behavior of the material is acceptable since
the resulting natural frequency provides resulting stress, strain, and deformation that is allowable and below its ultimate
tensile strength.

Keywords - Composite Materials, Frequency Response, Pressure Pulsation, Natural Frequency, Pico-Turbine Hydropower
Generation.

I. INTRODUCTION worst situation that is being investigated here that will

affect the prototype is the sudden surge of water. If
Tubular hydropower station development, design, surge occurs, the speed of the rotation increases and
operation technology, and expertise are becoming possible foreign objects might be inserted to the flow
increasingly numerous. Bulb tubular turbines have streamline of the turbine that creates impact and
contributed for over 30 percent of hydropower since trigger its oscillation. This is why manufacturers use
their introduction in the late 1970s. However, when lighter and less stiff material to reduce the cost, to
the operation of bulb tubular turbine units increases, increase the flow rate, and reduce the size, which
the problem of failure is increasingly revealed by the creates a high stress in the material[1]. This study will
unit's operation. Also consumes hydraulic resources conduct vibration analysis, modal testing, CFD
and diminishes the unit's working efficiency, simulation, pressure pulsation test, and design and
resulting in a reduction in economic advantages, and fabricate a 4-blade Pico axial hydro turbine using
it poses significant safety risks during operation. composite materials. It will use ANSYS®
Several studies on the energy characteristics, Mechanical Modal simulation to evaluate the
cavitation characteristics, vibration characteristics, structures' robustness, modal testing to examine the
and optimal design of tubular turbines have been natural frequency of the composite material, CFD
conducted, with a focus on the analysis of special simulation to examine the pressure fluctuation caused
flow phenomena (e.g., clearance flow and cavitation by unsteady flow, and pressure pulsation test to
characteristics) of tubular turbines and the validate the SOLIDWORKS® CFD simulation.
improvement of energy characteristics. The hydraulic Finally, it will design and fabricate a 4-blade Pico
vibration of the turbine, in particular, and the fatigue axial hydro turbine using composite materials and
damage to the unit's structural components induced compare it to previous study.
by the hydraulic vibration, have gotten a lot of
attention. Now, fluid-structure coupling is mostly II. NUMERICAL BACKGROUND
used to handle the problem of stress distribution,
vibration deformation, and material fatigue damage in A. Finite element method
overcurrent components, and promising research The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical
findings have been obtained. The transmissions of a technique for solving problems, which are described
high quantity of power, which may cause unwanted by partial differential equations or can be formulated
vibrations that reduce efficiency, increase wear, and, as functional minimization[2]. Several ways may be
in the worst-case scenario, cause serious damage. The employed to convert the physical formulation of the

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
21
 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials
issue to its discrete finite element equivalent. If the product of typical velocity and length scales divided
physical formulation of the issue is a differential by the kinematic viscosity. When the Reynolds
equation, the Galerkin technique is the most prevalent number surpasses a certain critical threshold, the flow
finite element formulation approach. If the physical becomes turbulent. To forecast turbulent flows, the
issue can be expressed as a functional minimization, Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are
the variational formulation of finite element equations employed, which consider the time-averaged effects
is commonly utilized. So, FEA is a computational of flow turbulence on flow parameters while directly
approach that aids in achieving good results with all accounting for large-scale, time-dependent events.
complicated situations that cannot be addressed Extra terms called as Reynolds stresses occur in the
analytically. There is a large variety of sophisticated equations as a result of this approach, requiring
commercial code available that aids in the further information. To close this system of
approximation near solution in 1D, 2D, and 3D. The equations, SOLIDWORKS® Flow Simulation
whole continuum is split into a finite number of tiny employs transport equations for the turbulent kinetic
components of geometrically simple shape in this energy and its dissipation rate, using the k-ε
FEA approach. model[4]. Lam and Bremhorst's (1981) modified k-
turbulence model with damping functions
𝐹 = 𝐾 {𝑢}1 characterizes laminar, turbulent, and transitional
flows of homogeneous fluids using the turbulence
The stiffness (K) of a structure is determined by its conservation rules listed below.
geometry and material qualities. The user must
supply the load (F) value. The only thing that is 𝜕𝜌𝑘 𝜕𝑝𝑘 𝑢 𝑖 𝜕 𝜇𝑡 𝜕𝑘 𝜕𝑢 𝑖
uncertain is displacement (u). + = 𝜇+ + 𝜏ⅈ𝑗𝑅 − 𝜌𝜀 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝜍𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑗

𝜇𝑡 𝑝𝐵 2
B. Theory of Vibration 𝜕𝜌𝜀 𝜕𝑝𝜀 𝑢 𝑖
Natural frequencies can be controlled and kept apart + =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑖
from applied load frequencies, known as excitation 𝜕 𝜇𝑡 𝜕𝜀 𝜀 𝜕𝑢 𝑖
frequencies, by the design of a component. Modal 𝜇+ + 𝐶𝜀 1 𝑓1 𝜏ⅈ𝑗𝑅 + 𝐶𝐵 𝜇𝑡 𝑝𝐵 −
𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝜍𝜀 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑗
analysis is the process of determining the natural 𝜌𝜀 2
frequencies of a structure. Excitation frequencies in a 𝑓2 𝑐𝜀 2 5
𝑘
rotating structure are often thought to be engine order 2 𝜕𝑢 𝑖 𝜕𝑢 𝑗
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜇𝑠𝑖𝑗 , 𝜏ⅈ𝑗𝑅 = 𝜇𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑗 − 𝜌𝑘𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑠𝑖𝑗 = + −
frequencies that result from the rotational speed. 3 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑖
2 𝜕𝑢 𝑘
Because stiffness and mass are continuous in finite 𝛿 6
3 𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑘
element models, square matrices are used to represent
stiffness, mass, and damping.
Where Cu =0.09, Ce1=1.44, Ce2= 1.92, sigma k = 1,
sigma e = 1.3, sigma b = 0.9 and Cb = 1 if the
They can still have line element springs and dampers
turbulent viscosity is determined from:
as well as point masses as special circumstances. 𝐶 𝑝𝑘 2
Dampers release energy, whereas springs and weights 𝜇𝑡 = 𝑓𝜇 ⋅ 𝜇 3
𝜀
do not. If you have a finite element system with Lam and Bremhorst’s damping function fμ is
multiple degrees of freedom, the above single DOF determined from:
system generalizes to a displacement vector, X(t), 𝑓𝜇 = 1 − ⅇ−0.025𝑅𝑦 2 ∗ 1 +
20.5
8
interacting with a square mass matrix, M, stiffness 𝑅𝑡
matrix, K, damping matrix C, and externally applied Where:
𝜌𝑘 2
force vector, F(t), but the overall form remains the 𝑅𝑦 = 9
𝜇
same[3]. Plus the initial conditions on the 𝜌𝑘 2
displacement, X(0), and velocity, v(0) = dX / dt(0). 𝑅𝑡 = 10
𝜇𝜀
Integrating these equations in time gives a time
history solution. The solution concepts are basically III. SIMULATION SETUP
the same, they just have to be done using matrix
algebra. ANSYS® is used in the simulation of Modal and
Random vibration analysis. In the setting up of the
ⅆ𝑋
𝑀 ⅆ2 𝑋 ⅆ𝑡 2 + 𝐶 + 𝐾𝑋 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑡)2 modal analysis, the CAD (Computer Aided Design)
ⅆ𝑡
ⅆ2 𝑥 file is imported to the ANSYS® Workbench,
𝑀 + 𝐾𝑋 𝑡 = 01 specifically in the Modal section. After reviewing the
ⅆ𝑡 2
imported file, material selection follows. In the first
C. Computational fluid dynamics numerical modal analysis, structural steel is used since it is the
analysis most common material used in every steel works. The
SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation can simulate illustration of the setup in ANSYS® workbench is
laminar and turbulent flows. Laminar flow occurs at shown in figure 1(a) & 1(b). By clicking the model in
low Reynolds numbers, which are defined as the the modal section, meshing is defined. Mesh is set up

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials
in mechanical as physics preferences, linear as Through this natural frequency data, the possible data
element order, and 10 mm as element size, shown in that is needed for the research will be acquired. The
figure 2. Now, modal analysis is the prerequisite of frequency time content of time history or spectrum is
random vibration analysis. The modes used in the captured along with the statistics and it is used as the
modal analysis are set to be 25 nodes. A mode is a load in the random vibration analysis. Further, Table
point along a standing wave where the wave has 8 shows the corresponding deformation values at its
minimum amplitude. specific Modes and it will serve as basis for random
vibration simulation.

Figure 3. Frequency values of Composite material at specific

modes.

Figure 1. ANSYS workbench simulation set up for (a) random

vibration and (b) harmonic response in ANSYS Mechanical.

Figure 4. Stress-strain curve for the recycled PLA and four

recycled composites.

The materials used in the simulation are composite

materials, CFRP & PLA. PLA as a leading candidate
is a thermoplastic, high-strength, high-modulus
polymer that can be made from annually renewable
resources to yield different components for use in
either the industrial packaging field or the
biocompatible/bio absorbable medical device market.

While, Carbon fiber reinforced polymers or plastics

(CFRP) are gaining popularity owing to their wide
range of applications in industries such as aviation,
military, vehicle manufacturing, transportation,
Figure 2. Meshed Geometry
architecture, sports industries, and medicine[6]. In
order to increase the strength of the material yet
Modal analysis is the fundamental dynamic analysis lightweight as possible, carbon fiber is coated after
type, providing the natural frequencies at which a the PLA. Carbon fiber is one of the suggested
structure will resonate[5]. These natural frequencies materials. Carbon fibers have high strength (3–7
are critical in a variety of technical applications. In GPa), high modulus (200–500 GPa), compressive
setting up the modal analysis simulation, the number strength (1–3 GPa), shear modulus (10–15 GPa), and
of modes is set to 25 as shown in the figure 3. Each of low density (1.75–2.00 g/cm3)[7]. As part of the
the modes correspond a natural frequency value of study, figure 4 which comes from the study of AL
every specified material that can be transferred to the Zahmi, et al., 2022, composite materials’ ultimate
random vibration simulation as prerequisite data. strength ranges within 40 to 50 MPa.

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) domain is the Table 1. Boundary conditions for CFD simulations.
area of space where the CFD simulation's solution is
calculated. To solve the discretized equations of fluid
flows, the computational domain must be discretized
into a computational grid (or mesh). The size of a
computing domain is determined by the kind of
problem: external aerodynamic or interior flow.

The computational domain, also known as the outer

domain in external aerodynamics, represents the
region around the geometry of interest where the flow
solution is required. Its shape and size are mostly
determined by the geometry's aerodynamic
properties. Figure 5 illustrates the computational
domain of the simulation with table 1 as boundary
conditions.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

This is the experimental setup design, figure 6. The

basis of this experimental is due to the claim that
vibrations in hydraulic turbine are due to the extreme Figure 6. Experimental setup diagram: (a) placements of the
force fluctuation cause by cavitation[8]. The said pressure transducer (b) schematic diagram of the test rig.
authors also claim that pressure difference by large
cavities causes hydrodynamic pulsations and D(in) D Ratio Q(m3/s) Q Ratio
cavitation-induced vibration in hydro-turbines. Model 2.3 0.004123049
5.161 60.63
Hence, it be inferred that direct vibration cause by Prototype 11.88 0.25
fluid force to the blade is like to occur in Kaplan Table 2. Parameter comparison between the model and
prototype using theory of similitude.
turbines which is used in this study since cavitation is
less likely to occur because they can regulate the
In this section, theory of similitude is highly
angle of their runner blades depending on the head
recommended due to the fact that the limitation of
and the flow rate, ensuring a high performance in the
material is beyond reachable due to standardize
whole operating range[9]. In addition, the type of
commercialization. By using geometric similarity, the
cavitation experiences in Kaplan is Tip Vortex
geometric factor is set to 5 and the calculated
cavitation. Also, another design of the Kaplan turbine
discharge is 0.0041 cubic meter per second as shown
that lessens the tip vortex cavitation is by equipping
in table 2.
anti-cavitation lips[10]. The red box represents the
pressure transducer location as shown in figure 6(a).
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Simulation results
Pressure pulsation in piping induces excitation forces
to the turbine blades causing it to vibrate at a certain
frequency that be tolerable to material or not. This
excitation force cause by pressure fluctuation can
cause the machine to failure. It can cause cavitation,
reduced efficiency and fatigue pipe failure. Hence,
the reason why pressure pulsation is analyzed in this
study since the runner of the tubular turbine system
one of the significant parts and it the region which
changes its pressure, velocity, and vorticity once the
water pass through.

Inside the section where the runner is located,

pressure coefficients developed are non-uniform and
Figure 5. CFD analysis computational domain. increases in the tip of the blade but decreases to the
connection of the blade to the hub as shown in figure
Variables Fine Surge Surge Surge 8. The velocity difference in this area shows that
Weather 1 2 3 unsteady flow shock occurs between the pressure side
Q 0.21 0.25 0.3 0.4 and the suction side. Figure 9 shows and illustrate the

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials
abrupt change pressure from the pressure side of the Figure 7. Pressure pulsation surface plot contour of the blades
under case 1.
blades to the suction side. The maximum pressure
value of the pressure side of the blade is estimated to
be at 180kPa while the possible minimum pressure
value occurs on the same side is estimated to be at
85kpa. On the suction side of the turbine, the
estimated maximum pressure is 142kpa and the
minimum pressure is 65kpa. In short, the pressure
fluctuation occurs in the space between the draft tube
of the rotating region and the tip of the blades, as
shown in figure 9(a) and (b), and minimizes as it runs
towards the hub. Hence, pressure fluctuation needs a
constant monitoring to identify the behavior of the
Figure 8. Pressure pulsation in the bulb and blades flow
runner in normal operation. passage (Case 1).

The behavior of the pressure pulsation increases as

the flowrate also increases. Further, it also shows that
vortices predicted that vortices occur in the pressure
side of the blades creating pressure pulsations which
leads to deformation of the blades. One of the reasons
why the pressure of the runner fluctuates it is because
of the output power [11]. Large vibration amplitude
occurs when the frequency of the pressure pulsation
matches the mechanical natural frequency of the
material. The inlet pressure as shown in the figure Figure 9. Pressure contour (a) inlet, (b) outlet (Case1).
9(a) illustrates how pressure changes as it hits the
runner. This proves that the non-uniformity of
pressure value caused the blades and the draft tube to
oscillate at the same frequency.

Now, figure 10 shows the behavior of the pressure of

the water in the model. The pressure is slightly lower
the prototype since the whole setup is being reduced
to a factor of five. The velocity is inversely
proportional to the area of the tube being travelled
upon that is why it is slightly faster than the water in
the prototype. Hence, making the pressure value Figure 10. Pressure contour (a) inlet, (b) outlet (Case 2).
slightly lower. However, comparing to the area where
the pressure fluctuates due to non-uniformity of the
flow, it is still the same. The maximum and minimum
pressure of the inlet in the model is calculated, and it
is estimated to be 103kPa and 92kPa, respectively. It
means that the blades will experience that specified
value at some point in time during fluctuation in the
operation.

Figure 11. Pressure contour (a) inlet, (b) outlet (Case 3).

Figure 12. Pressure contour (a) inlet, (b) outlet (Case 4).

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials

Figure 13. Pressure contour (a) inlet, (b) outlet, of the model.

Since the maximum and minimum pressure, and force

due to liquid pressure are already calculated, as
shown in table 3, it will be imported to the random
vibration analysis back to ANSYS® to statistically
Figure 16. Stress of the runner blades (Composite).
calculate the numerical results of the vibration
behavior of the blades using composite materials.
Using the data from CFD, figure 14 shows the
deformation results out of the blade in random
PROTOTYPE
vibration analysis using composite material under
Pressure (kPa) Force(kN) random forces affecting on it. The calculation is
Min Max statistical therefore the maximum deformation value
Case 1 37.13142 128.5606 0.301 is estimated 0.25019mm with the probability of
Case 2 46.91538 140.9238 0.796842 99.73%. The axis selected is based on the
Case 3 63.49948 156.4472 1.443642 whereabouts of the manifestation of stress, strain, and
Case 4 79.78909 236.2953 8.578566 deformation in its maximum. Next, figure 15 shows
MODEL and illustrates the location of the area where most
1/5Dp 94.62470 120.10392 1.483N likely strain is occurring. It is affecting the
Table 3. Pressure and force values of both prototype and
model. connections between the hub and the runner blades.
Since stress correlates the strain values then the
location of the stress is also in the connections as
shown in figure 16. The maximum value of strain
simulated is approximately 0.00068424 and the
maximum stress value is 3.3002Mpa. Since random
vibration follows a Gaussian distribution aka Normal
distribution, only the 3σ is used for the analysis in the
meantime. 3σ is equivalent to the 99.73% of the time.
Taking a note is needed that in random vibration
analysis, since the input excitations are statistical in
nature so also are the output responses such as
displacement and stresses. A study can be compared
to this same analysis where a plain steel sheet with
the same thickness of the blade at 2mm has maximum
Figure 14. Total deformation of the runner blade (Composite). deformation 109mm at 333Hz [12].

Figure 17. Frequency response in acceleration at X-axis.

Figure 15. Normal elastic strain of the runner blades
(Composite).

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 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials
will increase the value of excitation is also the
increase of fluid flow from the inlet pipe to the runner
[13]. In this study, the maximum frequencies in
different flow rate values vary. Therefore, the
influence of the flowrate values greatly affects the
stress, and strain. Further, blade vibration monitoring
is very important for any power plant [14]. Also, in
this study that HCF or high cycle fatigue is the cause
of blade failure that’s why vibration monitoring is
need to ensure the efficiency of the blade.

Since the study is conducting vibration analysis,

Figure 18. Frequency response in shear stress at X-axis.
damping ratio is needed to examine to support the
claim of the study. As shown in the figure 21, the
damping ratio of the composite material, CFRP
(carbon fiber reinforced polymer) and PLA
(polylactic acid) is 0.0856, which is 43.4896% higher
than PLA, and 62.1904% higher than CFRP. The
damping ratio of the material is calculated using the
logarithmic decrement equation, eq. 10, and the
damping ratio equation itself, eq, 11.

𝑃1 1 𝑥 𝑡 1
𝜍 = 𝑙𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛 4𝜁= 5
𝑝2 𝑛 𝑥 𝑡+𝑛𝑇 2𝜋 2
1+( )
𝜍

Figure 19. Frequency response in directional deformation in X-

axis.

Figure 21. Damping coefficient of every material.

B. Experimental results

In this section, it is an experimental measurement of

the pulsation and oscillations, through velocity,
created by the fluid affecting the system especially
the turbine blades. However, the data measured here
is to support the claim in the modal analysis of the
use of CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer)
reinforced with PLA (Polylactic Acid) in the
Figure 20. Frequency response in directional strain at X-axis. application for tubular turbine blades fabrication.

In machines, monitoring start-up is needed to ensure In this testing, it conducts an evaluation of pressure
the efficiency of the machine since it involves the difference in order to measure the pressure pulsation.
possible effect of the impact load, or pressure where Pressure pulsation detection is conducted on the
it can be a problem or not. In figures’ 17 to 20, it important section of the main overflow component in
describes the graph behavior of the four (4) variables the process of calculating the unsteady value of the
like acceleration, stress, strain, and deformation in tubular turbine to quantitatively analyze the unstable
relevance to the value of its frequency. Due to high state inside each overflow component of the bulb
damping of the material used in the simulation, the tubular turbine, and the arrangement of the measuring
graph immediately gives a downward slope points [15]. Table 4 is generated with the use Froude
signifying that the material is effective in reducing similarity criterion. The test rig is made in order to
the behavior of the acceleration where it can find the pressure fluctuation pulsation is shown in
contribute an unwanted value of stress, and strain of figure 43.
the machine. Other studies show that one factor that

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials
Parameter Prototype Model
Runner diameter 0.302 m 0.05842 m
Head 2m 0.35m
H/D 6.62 5.99
Table 4. Geometrical parameters of the model and prototype.

Figure 25. Calculated acceleration frequency response affecting

the blade through liquid pressure.

Figure 22. CFD validation test rig.

Figure 26. Experimentation of pressure pulsation at H/D=5.99.

Figure 23. Frequency response of pressure pulsation at H/D =

5.99 (inlet).

Figure 27. Velocity contour of the model, H/D=5.99.

Natural
P (kPa) Acc (g) Frequency
(Hz)
Simulated 120.10 1.7048 800
Experime 112. 132.7 1.66 855
ntal 34 9
% diff. 6.68 10.03 2.66286 6.65%
% % %
Table 5. Validation of results.
Figure 24. Frequency response of pressure pulsation at H/D =
5.99 (outlet).

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 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
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Figure 23 and figure 24 illustrate the frequency percentage difference from 6% to 10%. The force
domain of the pressure pulsation. The highest peak of calculated in the CFD simulation is being imported to
the graphs shows the natural frequency of the force the random vibration analysis calculating a natural
due to liquid pressure manifesting towards the runner frequency of 800Hz. While the experimented data
as the fluid passes by the rotating region. In figure 23, generated by the vibration toolbox by Tom Irvine,
two peaks were observed. In this case, crucial calculates 855Hz of natural frequency resulting to a
monitoring is needed to avoid failure. The rotating 6.65% of percentage difference. Hence, since the
region will experience harmonics and load input will pressure generated in the data is considered to be a
be monitored through adjustment. It is because the normal stress, and the value is way lower than the
aim of vibration monitoring, the succeeding peaks of ultimate tensile strength, then it can be concluded that
the frequency graph must not be higher than the the designed is considerable for actual operations.
natural frequency.
The acceleration is calculated based on the
The time domain data of pressure difference is Bernoulli’s principle of fluid mechanics. The value is
converted to frequency domain in the vibration shown in figure 17. It also evident that in high
toolbox by Tom Irvine. As shown in figure 23, the frequency the predicted acceleration that can affect
highest peak of the graph is labeled in 855Hz at a the rotating region due to fluids dynamic pressure is
value of 175 Kpa. According to the study, periodic fluctuating. However, it is still structurally acceptable
pressure fluctuations will appear on the blade when with constant monitoring.
runner rotates. The smaller the H/D ratio is, the
submerged depth of the runner increases, and the VI. CONCLUSION
amplitude of the water pressure fluctuation on the
blade increases significantly [16]. Since in the model In view of the material innovation in substituting
has H/D value of 5.99 therefore it has higher pressure stainless steel to composite materials for improving
fluctuation than that of the prototype machine. Thus, vibration characteristics, pressure pulsation
the contribution of pressure fluctuation to the investigation is conducted to elaborate the vibration
composite material fabricated turbine blades is analysis of the turbine blades fabricated in composite
bearable. It means that if the turbine runner materials, CFRP (carbon reinforced polymer) and
experienced a frequency within the range of 700Hz to PLA (Polylactic Acid). The results are the following:
900Hz then it is in safe mode since the stress, strain,  Through variations of stress, strain, and
and deformation did not exceed its ultimate strength deformation values in comparing stainless steel
standard value. If the frequency of the hydraulic and composite materials, it can be concluded that
vibration due pressure fluctuation 855 Hz then it can composite material turbine blades designing
be inferred that the vibration frequency response pico-tubular bulb type turbine is possible. Due to
affecting the blade while in operation is in its the fact that at specified parameters (Head, Flow
allowable condition. The experimentation is shown in rate, etc.) in the original design, it can generate a
the figure 26. The pattern of the water at it rushes to pressure affecting the runner’s structure resulting
the outlet shows that evidence of pressure pulsation to an allowable stress value as discussed.
occurs.  Further, analyzing the composite blades
frequency response in pressure fluctuation as
Figure 26 can be compared to the simulation contour discussed, validated also in pressure pulsation
in figure 27 where it shows that the water flows in a investigation, proves that PLA (Polylactic Acid)
rotating direction. Evidence shows that the velocity in reinforced in CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced
the side of the draft tube has much larger value polymer) can withstand such conditions and
compared to the middle. suitable as an alternative material for
hydropower generation in pico-tubular turbine.
Pressure validation is being conducted once the  The damping ratio of the composite material,
experimental investigation is done. The model PLA reinforced with CFRP, is 0.0856, which is
simulation is being validated through pressure 43.4896% higher than pure PLA, and pure
pulsation experimentation where pressure transducers 62.1904% higher than CFRP. Hence, it has
are used to detect and record pressure fluctuation at greater characteristics to dissipate vibration
the designated point. It is found out that as the energy.
operation succeeded, fluctuation of pressures is  Due to limitations of the capacity of the research,
present even in scaled prototype. Table 3 shows the recommendations are listed for further study in
maximum and minimum values of pressure and force relation to the concept. This paper is open to
in each case. It also shows the calculated maximum further improvement such as:
and minimum pressure and force due to liquid  Conduct an FSI (Fluid Structure Interaction)
pressure of the model. In table 5, percentage analysis for cavitation – induced vibration for the
difference between the two calculations is compared. evaluation of the composite blades.
The simulation value of the model has an estimated

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
29
 Vibration Analysis Using Finite Element Analysis (Fea): An Evaluation of Pico Tubular Bulb Turbine Blades Fabricated in Composite
Materials
 Effects of cavitation in a fabricated composite rotating systems. Application to cavitation detection in
hydraulic turbines," Applied Science, 2018.
turbine blades. [10] L. Motycak, A. Skotak and R. Kupcik, "Kaplan turbine tip
vortex cavitation - analysis and prevention," in IOP
REFERENCES Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2012.
[11] Y. Zhao, J. Feng, Z. Li, M. Dang and X. Luo, "Analysis of
[1] J. Ida, The Effect of Flowing Water on Turbine Rotor pressure fluctuation of tubular turbine under different
Vibrations, Lulea: Universitetstryckeriet, 2010. application heads," Sustainability, 2022.
[2] G. Nikishkov, "Introduction to Finite Element Method," [12] B. W. Lenggana, A. R. Prabowo, U. Ubaidillah, F.
University of Aizu, Japan, Aizu-Wakamatsu, 2004. Imaduddin, E. Surojo, H. Nubil and R. Adiputra, "Effects of
[3] J. Ed Akin, "Finite Element Analysis Concepts," Rice mechanical vibration on designed steel-based plate
University, Houston, Texas, 2009. geometries: behavioral estimation subjected to applied
[4] A. Sobachkin and G. Dumnov, "Numerical Basis of CAD- material classes using finite-element method," Curved and
Embedded CFD," Solidworks, 2014. Layered Structures, pp. 225-240, 2021.
[5] ANSYS, "Modal Analysis," ANSYS Innovation Space, 2022. [13] G. Dinardo, L. Fabbiano and G. Vacca, "Fluid Flow rate
[Online]. Available: Estimation using Acceleration Sensrs," in 2013 Seventh
https://courses.ansys.com/index.php/courses/modal-analysis/. International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST),
[6] S. Al Zahmi, S. Alhammadi, A. El Hassan and W. Ahmed, Wellington, New Zealand, 2013.
"Carbon Fiber/PLA Recycled Composite," Polymers, 2022. [14] A. Rama Rao and B. Dutta, "VIbration analysis for detecting
[7] M. Minus and S. Kumar, "The Processing, Properties, and failure of compressor blade," Engineering Failure Analysis,
Structure of Carbon Fibers," High-Performance FIbers, pp. vol. 25, pp. 211-218, 2012.
52-58, 2005. [15] Y. Zhao, Y. Li, J. Feng, M. Dang, Y. Ren and X. Luo,
[8] R. K. Mohanta, T. R. Chelliah, S. Allamsetty, A. Akula and "Vibration characteristics of a tubular turbine prototype at
R. Ghosh, "Sources of vibration and their treatment in hydro different heads with considering free surface and water
power stations - A review," Engineering Science and gravity," Water, vol. 15, no. 4, 2023.
Technology, an International Journal, pp. 637-648, April [16] Y. Zhao, J. Feng, Z. Li and X. Luo, "Analysis of pressure
2017. fluctuation of tubular turbine under different application
[9] D. Valentin, A. Presas, M. Egusquiza, C. Valero and E. heads," Sustainabilty, vol. 14, no. 9, 2 March 2022.
Egusquiza, "Transmission of high frequency vibrations in

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Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
30
 COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF LED LIGHT QUALITY
COMBINATION ON GROWTH IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
HORTICULTURE IN GREEN CHILI (CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS)
1
RAKIBUL HASAN ROKI, 2TANMOY ACHARYA, 3NAFISA RAIHANA
1
Executive,Laxfo Electronics Limited,Taiyabpur,Zirabo,Ashulia,Dhaka-1341
2
Assistant Manager, Laxfo Electronics Limited,Taiyabpur,Zirabo,Ashulia,Dhaka-1341
3
Executive,Laxfo Electronics Limited,Taiyabpur,Zirabo,Ashulia,Dhaka-1341
E-mail: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
1

Abstract: This study explores how green chili (Capsicum frutescens) plant growth is affected by blue and red light spectra,
focused on important factors including hypocotyl height, total leaf area, stem diameter and stem strength under controlled
environment. According to our research, there considerably improves hypocotyl height and total leaf area, which suggests
improved leaf expansion and stem elongation under red light. On the other hand blue light promotes stronger stems in green
chili plants. These findings suggested that the most successful method for maximizing green chili growth may use both the
blue and red light spectra.

Keywords - Green Chili, LED Light, Growth, Total Leaf Area, Photosynthesis

I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Horticulture lighting is the application of light that is a. Plants Material and Growing Conditions
artificial, such as LEDs to stimulate growth of plants The experiment took place in Zirabo, Ashulia, Dhaka
in controlled conditions. These systems provide (23°55'10.5"N, 90°18'44.6"E). There are two boxes
specific light spectrums, intensities needed by and the volume of each box is 60cm*20cm* 60cm.
different plants for healthy growth and adequate The experiment was conducted in the presence of
yields. Light quality, intensity, and photoperiod are blue and red lights, with each box containing four
the three most fundamental factors influencing plant seedlings . The average temperature and relative
growth. These three factors have an impact on a humidity in each box were 25°C and 50%,
plant's morphology [1], growth rate[2], and primary respectively.
and secondary metabolite content[3].
b. Experimental Plan and led lighting system
So light is not only an essential source of energy for Seedlings of the Green Chili (Capsicum frutescens)
photosynthesis, but it is also an important factor were grown from seeds in a tub in the presence of
affecting plant growth and development[4]. Blue light blue light and red light. Seedlings were transplanted
and red light are well recognized to be more effective to 8 different tubs after germination. Four tubs were
than other wavelengths of light in the photosynthetic in blue light, and the other tubs were in red light.
process[5].Red light having more quantum efficiency, Tubs in a box were rotated out at regular intervals.
but blue light limits plant photosynthetic rate by These tubs received 14 hours of continuous light each
affecting its photosynthetic system [6][7]. day. Every few days, the seedlings' height, diameter,
and total leaf area were measured. Although previous
Several studies have found that blue light influences research had suggested the impact of various wave
plant growth and morphology, such as the prevention lengths on plant development, the spectrum impact of
of large stem growth [8]. Red light improves the light on plant development was first documented
elongation of tomato petioles and stems, unwinding roughly a century ago[10]. Despite this early
the plant structure [9]. In short light is a major factor research, the processes governing these responses are
in how plant morphology is influenced. still not fully understood.
Furthermore, the interaction and nature of
Green chili is one of the most common crops. But interdependence between some types of
research on horticulture lighting for green chili has photoreceptors are not fully known[11]. The chemical
been less than other crops.This study evaluated the reactions of photosynthetic pigments, including as
impact of green chili development and growth to chlorophylls and carotenoids, are primarily connected
various light treatments. It also showed the effects of to light capture and energy transfer during
hypocotyl height, stem diameter and total leaf area photosynthesis. Chlorophylls are most sensitive in the
under different lighting condition. These results may blue and red areas, which are around 350-480 nm and
provide suggestions to crop growers who are 600-700 nm, respectively. Carotenoids, such as
attempting to grow green chili on horticulture system. xanthophylls and carotenes, absorb primarily blue
light and are also known as chlorophyll auxiliary

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
31
 Comparison of the Effects of Led Light Quality Combination on Growth in a Controlled Environment Horticulture in Green Chili
(Capsicum Frutescens)
photoreceptors Figure1 That’s why 450nm and
635nm were used. This are shown in Figure2 &
Figure3

Figure4:Some example of a photograph captured of each pot

III. RESULT & DISCUSSION

a. Plant Vegetable Growth

The analysis of data presented Table1 & Table2

Figure1:Chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b absorption spectra in indicates the growth of green chili under different
the visible light range [12]
conditions. In the results obtained in the present, it
can be noted that the different types of light had a
significant effect on the diameter of stem, length of
the hypocotyl and the total leaf area.

Total
Hypocotyl Stem Leaf
Days
Length(mm) Diameter(mm) Area
(cm2)
7 30.16 0.8025 0.9842
11 31.43 0.87 1.0887
Figure2:Spectrum of Blue Light 15 31.785 0.9025 1.6335
19 33.245 0.93 2.7402
23 34.52 0.965 3.2187
27 35.285 0.975 3.437
31 35.8075 1.0175 4.232
35 36.6875 1.0875 5.087
39 36.6925 1.1775 5.6767
43 37.7325 1.2425 6.2985
47 38.195 1.3625 6.382
Figure3:Spectrum of Red Light
Table1: Morphological parameters of Green chili under blue
c. Data Measurement light.

Every four days, all of the plants in each pot were Total
measured. No measurements were done earlier as the Hypocotyl Stem Leaf
Days
germinated plants were too little for the single pot. Length(mm) Diameter(mm) Area
The measured parameters were the average height of (cm2)
plants for single box, average diameter of hypocotyl 7 30.16 0.74 1.10125
for a single box and leaves area. A digital caliper 11 32.445 0.795 1.11175
(Tolsen 35053) was used to calculate the height, and 15 33.04 0.845 1.7239
the experiment's value reference was the arithmetic
average of each plant in the same box. Using ImageJ 19 36.05 0.875 3.30925
software, leaves area was calculated by performing 23 37.61 0.98 4.70525
photo analysis on pot pictures obtained from a 27 38.285 1.0575 7.4375
vertical view point. To determine the Leaf Area Index 31 40.0175 1.2 14.0427
(LAI), the resulting leaf area was used . The ratio of a
plant's leaf area to its soil area is known as the leaf 35 40.9375 1.275 14.5962
area index [13]. 39 41.3375 1.4475 19.442

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
32
 Comparison of the Effects of Led Light Quality Combination on Growth in a Controlled Environment Horticulture in Green Chili
(Capsicum Frutescens)

43 41.55 1.505 20.2535

47 41.955 1.69 31.0567
Table2: Morphological parameters of Green chili under red
light

b. Discussion
We are all know that light is an important
environmental element for plant growth,
development, and photosynthesis. The intensity&the Figure7:Comparison of the leaf area index
quantity of light can act like aimportant component
during plant growth and have a direct impact on plant IV. CONCLUSION
morphology. Some research has shown that
photoreceptors in seedlings can respond by detecting The growth and development of green chili can be
the surrounding light environment [14][15]. The significantly impacted by the quality of the light.
separate effects of blue and red light play a role in Here, We observed that red light promotes more leaf
regulating photosynthesis and plant growth [16]. In expansion than blue light and could increase a plant's
our study, there were significant changes in the ability for photosynthesis and red light is essential for
morphology and growth status of green chili under the early growth stages of the stem's elongation. On
different LED lighting conditions. We observed that the other hand blue light has a important effect on
stem strength which is necessary for the plant's
compared with Blue light, the development of green
structuralsupport. Our opinion is that the growth and
chili was accelerated by red light treatment. After 47 production of a plant could be improved by applying
days, the average height of hypocotyl, diameter, total both lights.
leaf area of green chili has increased by 8.035
mm,0.6125 mm and 5.88825 cm2 respectively under ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
the blue light. On the other hand the average height of
hypocotyl, diameter, total leaf area of green chili has The authors are extremely thankful to Laxfo
increased by 11.6793 mm, 0.925 mm, 29.95425 cm2 Electronics Limited for funding this research.
respectively under the red light We also observed that
the plant stems are stronger in blue light than in red REFERENCES
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[1] L. E. Särkkä, K. Jokinen, C. O. Ottosen, and T. Kaukoranta,
to the stem under sun light. But there is a difference “Effects of HPS and LED lighting on cucumber leaf
under red light. photosynthesis, light quality penetration and temperature in
the canopy, plant morphology and yield,” Agricultural and
Food Science, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 101–109, 2017, doi:
10.23986/afsci.60293.
[2] X. Yang, H. Xu, L. Shao, T. Li, Y. Wang, and R. Wang,
“Response of photosynthetic capacity of tomato leaves to
different LED light wavelength,” Environ Exp Bot, vol. 150,
pp. 161–171, Jun. 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.03.013.
[3] H. Dou, G. Niu, M. Gu, and J. G. Masabni, “Effects of light
quality on growth and phytonutrient accumulation of herbs
under controlled environments,” Horticulturae, vol. 3, no. 2.
MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Jun. 01,
2017. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae3020036.
[4] K. Meiramkulovaet al., “The efficiency of led irradiation for
cultivating high-quality tomato seedlings,” Sustainability
(Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 16, Aug. 2021, doi:
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[5] K. J. McCREE, “THE ACTION SPECTRUM,
ABSORPTANCE AND QUANTUM YIELD,” Agricultural
Meteorology, pp. 191–216, 1971.
[6] M. Legris, Y. Ç. Ince, and C. Fankhauser, “Molecular
mechanisms underlying phytochrome-controlled
morphogenesis in plants,” Nature Communications, vol. 10,
no. 1. Nature Research, Dec. 01, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41467-
019-13045-0.
[7] B. J. R. Snget al., “Combination of red and blue light induces
anthocyanin and other secondary metabolite biosynthesis
pathways in an age-dependent manner in Batavia lettuce,”
Plant Science, vol. 310, p. 110977, Sep. 2021, doi:
10.1016/J.PLANTSCI.2021.110977.
[8] E. S. Runkle and R. D. Heins, “Specific functions of red, far
Figure 6Comparison of the diameter of stem red, and blue light in flowering and stem extension of long-
day plants,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural

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 Comparison of the Effects of Led Light Quality Combination on Growth in a Controlled Environment Horticulture in Green Chili
(Capsicum Frutescens)
Science, vol. 126, no. 3, pp. 275–282, 2001, doi: AngewandteChemie International Edition, pp. 2170–2173,
10.21273/jashs.126.3.275. Mar. 26, 2015.
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photosynthetic performance, chlorophyll fluorescence, fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data,” 2004.
stomatal development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) exposed [Online]. Available: http://daac.ornl.gov
to different ratios of red light to blue light,” Front Plant Sci, [14] F. Yang et al., “Yield response to different planting
vol. 7, no. MAR2016, Mar. 2016, doi: geometries in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping
10.3389/fpls.2016.00250. systems,” Agron J, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 296–304, Jan. 2015,
[10] A. R. Cashmore, J. A. Jarillo, Y. J. Wu, and D. Liu, doi: 10.2134/agronj14.0263.
“Cryptochromes: Blue light receptors for plants and animals,” [15] Z. C. Zuo et al., “A study of the blue-light-dependent
Science, vol. 284, no. 5415. pp. 760–765, Apr. 30, 1999. doi: phosphorylation, degradation, and photobody formation of
10.1126/science.284.5415.760. Arabidopsis CRY2,” Mol Plant, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 726–733,
[11] E. P. Spalding and & K. M. Folta, “Illuminating topics in 2012, doi: 10.1093/mp/sss007.
plant photobiology,” 2005. [16] D. Jin et al., “Effect of Red and Blue Light on Cucumber
[12] Y. T. A. R. and S. B. N. Bruce F. Milne, “Chlorophyll _ Max Seedlings Grown in a Plant Factory,” Horticulturae, vol. 9,
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,” no. 2, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/horticulturae9020124.

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Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
34
 ECONOMICS OF INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REGULATION IN
CAPITAL MARKET: A NIGERIAN VIEWPOINT
TAIWO PHEBE FADIRAN

Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - Adequate supply of relevant information is essential to reduce the risk associated with uncertainty in equity
investment decisions. Therefore, regulatory authorities periodically prescribe information items for disclosure in corporate
annual reports incrementally. This paper assessed the effects of different disclosure levels on share price dispersion (SPD), a
measure of extent of risk in equity investment decision. Using average mandatory information disclosure (MID) as
benchmark, the firms were categorised into three levels of disclosure namely: above, equal to and below MID.Thereafter,
analysis of variance technique was applied on data collected on a sample of seventy-two dividend-paying companies on the
Nigerian Stock Exchange between 2000 and 2011. Disclosure level below MID had effect on SPD while disclosure level
above MID had no effect on SPD indicating information redundancy and wastage of resources. Therefore, there is the need
for evaluation of incremental contribution of information proposed for mandatory disclosure

Keywords - Share Price Dispersion, Average Mandatory Disclosure level, Above Average Mandatory Disclosure level,
Below Average Mandatory Disclosure level

I. INTRODUCTION hand, despite the huge benefits of disclosure, often

exhibit a great deal of caution when determining the
Implicitly, any regulatory agency assumes that the information to disclose and details to provide, for
stock of, and any new information item stipulated for mandatory reports and voluntary disclosures (Healy
mandatory disclosure would help to reduce the extent and Palepu, 1999).
and severity of uncertainty and hence the risk
associated with equity investment decision. However, Therefore, relevant regulators periodically prescribe
the veracity of this assumption is contestable for information items for mandatory disclosure in
some reasons. First, the mandatory disclosure corporate annual reports. However, the mandatory
decision is incremental, whereby a new information disclosure decision is incremental. This underscore
will be added to the stock of similar information at a the desirability of treating accounting information as
given point in time. Hence, the incremental a normal economic good, the disclosure of which
contribution of the new information to uncertainty should be subjected to rigorous cost-benefit analysis,
reduction would need to be ascertained. Secondly, we as a guide to informed disclosure regulatory
are not aware of any research relating the stock of decisions. Such information economics approach will
mandatory information disclosure to the level of help reduce significantly the problem of wastage of
uncertainty reduction about equity investment corporate resources for abundant supply of irrelevant
decision. This is an important knowledge gap which accounting information in annual reports, as well as
this paper seeks to fill. Specifically, the paper of information overload impairing the quality of
evaluates the relationship between the stock of information processing by equity investors and/or
mandatory information disclosure and the extent of analysts (Ariyo, 2008). This is an issue not yet
uncertainty reduction and the risk associated with addressed by previous research efforts which is the
equity investment decision. Also, this paper evaluates focus of this study.
the incremental contribution of flow of mandatory
information disclosure on uncertainty in respect of an Furthermore, disclosure of information either
equity investment decision. The paper analysed the voluntary or mandatory usually, more often than not,
extent of variance between the prescribed intrinsic precedes issuance of stocks. This practise
value and the market price of shares (Known as Share presupposes the existence of a relationship between a
Price Dispersion, SPD) at a given point in time as a firm‟s information disclosure level and the behaviour
measure of the severity of uncertainty in respect of of its share price. This study therefore seeks to
each stock. determine the relationship between different
disclosure levels and share price behaviour using
Shareholders, financial analysts and users of annual firms listed on Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) as
reports generally are clamouring for disclosure of case study.
more relevant information therein (Benston, 1969;
Akintola-Bello and Adedeji 1984 and Akintoye, The rest of the paper is organised into four sections.
2009). This is because of the fundamental role played Section II reviews the extant literature and provides
by information in reducing uncertainty and risk the background to the study. The methodology
inherent in investment decision. Firms, on the other adopted was laid out in section III. Section IV
Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
35
 Economics of Information Disclosure Regulation in Capital Market: A Nigerian Viewpoint

presents the discussion of the findings of the study in the decision-making process. In this context,
while the paper is summarised and concluded in accounting information is seen as a variable input in
section V. decision making process.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE However, like any other product or input in economic
analysis, provision (supply) and demand for
2.1 Demand and Supply of Information in Capital accounting information should be guided by basic
Markets principles of economics. This requires that its
Information economics is a branch of microeconomic production should be tailored towards the needs of
theory that is concern with the effect of information users (demand) as may be determined from time to
on decisions of economic agents and the economy at time (Ariyo 1980). This is important because each
large. Information is considered as a vital resource stakeholder/user will not have the same preference
which confers strategic advantages on those that for items disclosed in financial statements and
possess it and provides the possibility of misuse and financial statements may serve as a mechanism used
abuse with increasingly dangerous economic to monitor potential wealth redistribution among the
consequences. This implies that information has stakeholders (Foster, 1986). This presupposes the
economic value because it allows individuals to make need to identify relevant information for different
choices that yield higher expected payoffs or users and therefore supply such in order to meet
expected utility than they would obtain from choices various users‟ need.
made in the absence of information. Information
influences many decisions and possess special Also, economics principle such as law of diminishing
characteristics (compared with other types of goods) marginal productivity also known as law of variable
which complicate many standard economic theories proportions should be considered in the provision or
or led to unusual economic phenomena. production of accounting information. This law states
that as successive units of a variable input are added
The demand for information is derived from the need to fixed quantities of inputs, marginal benefit will rise
for an optimal investment decision making. There are initially but at a point, additional benefit derived from
two issues of concern here: the level of uncertainty each additional unit of the variable input would be
faced by the investor or decision maker and the zero and eventually decline. This type of economic
ability or potential of reducing this uncertainty by consideration is expected to guide disclosure
information. Investment decisions normally take regulation as regards information items required to be
place under conditions of uncertainty and involve disclosed by companies to ensure that users do suffer
risk. Hence, one of the desirable incentives is a from neither a lack of relevant information nor over-
mechanism to help reduce the level of uncertainty to abundance of irrelevant information (Ariyo and
which potential investors could be exposed. Investors, Soyode, 1985). There is no evidence that disclosure
irrespective of who they are, whether institutions or requirements and provision of accounting information
private individuals, should have access to certain from time to time were based on economic
basic facts about an investment prior to buying it and consideration discussed above or on the cost-benefit
so long as they hold it. analysis of information items required for disclosure.
It is not surprising therefore, that corporate disclosure
Therefore, public companies are required to disclose practice has not been satisfactory as securities
meaningful financial and other information to the markets are generally characterised by information
public to provide a common pool of knowledge for inadequacy, redundancies and overload (Inanga,
investors to decide whether to buy, sell, or hold a 1976; Mendelson, 1978; Ariyo, 1983, Ariyo and
particular security. Through a steady flow of Soyode, 1985 and Akintoye, 2009).
comprehensive and relevant information, sound
investment decisions will be facilitated. The result of Disclosure is not a costless exercise and there could
this information flow is a far more active, efficient be positive or negative externalities from corporate
and transparent capital market that facilitates the disclosures. The costs associated with disclosure
capital formation so important to economic growth include: the direct cost of preparing detailed financial
and development. This is why capital market statements; the cost (to the corporation) of unintended
regulator, among others, places much emphasis on use of information by competitors; the cost of delay
ensuring that quoted companies supply information in selling securities arising from disclosure of
through listing and post-listing information disclosure unfavourable information and the cost of
requirements. One of the major sources of misinformation should investors believe that most
information on which investors rely is corporate elements of financial statements reflect the economic
annual reports and investors‟ success depends greatly affairs of companies (Hancock, 2004 and Medeiros
and is determined by ability to obtain good and Quinteiro, 2006). Nevertheless, the value/benefit
information. This is because the quality of a decision of information disclosed in financial statements may
is only as good as the quality of the information used exceed its cost. In this event, if corporate managers

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
36
 Economics of Information Disclosure Regulation in Capital Market: A Nigerian Viewpoint

were acting in the best interests of stockholders (i.e., SP0 = D1 + SP1 / (1 + r ) Eq 1

maximizing the present value of stockholders' wealth,
with a given degree of risk), they would provide SP0 is the current share price
information according to their best estimates of how D1 is the dividend to be received in a year‟s time.
the marginal costs and benefits accrue. According to SP1is the share price in a year‟s time.
Grossman, (1981), some of the benefits of disclosure r is the rate of return for securities of this risk class.
include the fact that it: enables a firm to signal its Note that SP1 depends on Dividend the owner expects
quality, increases the information investors‟ use to to get from ownership in next period. Thus:
price the firm‟s securities and consequently helps to
reduce investor‟s uncertainty about the true economic SP1 = D2 + SP2 / (1 + r) Eq 2
condition of the firm and thus reduces share price
dispersion or pricing error. Substituting for SP1 in SP0, we have:

It has been established that uncertainty about stock SP0 = D1/(1+r) + D2/(1+r)2 + SP2/(1+r)2Eq 3
prices leads ultimately to underinvestment,
overinvestment, or both in various firms throughout In the same way, SP2 and subsequent SP will depend
the economy. Hayek (1941) argues that such on expectation of returns in the relevant periods by
microeconomic misallocation of capital is pervasive owners. Thus, the current share price is the
and a serious economic problem even in the absence discounted flow of all future dividends for as long as
of aggregate overinvestment or underinvestment the share pays dividends i.e. for infinity:

2.2 Share Valuation SP0 = D1/(1+r) + D2/(1+r)2 + D3/(1+r)3 +---------Eq 4a

The value of a company‟s share may be calculated
based on a number of fundamentals such as its In summary form this becomes:
earnings, net assets, dividends, capital structure and
growth potentials. The calculated value is often
referred to as intrinsic value or economic value. In
Fundamental analysis, intrinsic value is underlying
value of a firm and it is based on both The equation above presents the dividend share
quantitativefactors (assets, capital, earnings, revenue) valuation model (DSVM) and it follows that:
and qualitative factors (management quality,
intellectual capital, past record). The intrinsic value SPt= ∑ Dt+1/ (1+r)t Eq. 5
of a firm may be lower or higher than its quoted
market price, indicating that the firm is undervalued Where:
or overvalued (Shiller, 2000; Singhvi and Desai, SPt is the price of a share at time t;
1971). Dt+1 is the Dividend at time t+1
Equation 5 was used to calculate the intrinsic value of
According to Shiller (2000), that a firm is the shares which was compared with the market
undervalued or overvalued is a manifestation and prices and the difference evaluated being the share
measure of ignorance in the market. The inference price dispersion. Thus:
from this statement is that share price dispersion
results from lack of adequate information. If market SPDt = SPt* - SPt Eq. 6
operators are adequately informed with relevant
information, prices of shares will be very close to Where:
their economic value. Hence, the pricing gap will be SPt* is the calculated intrinsic value using equation 5
narrow. SPtis the market price at time t
SPDtis the share price dispersion at time t (pricing
III. METHODOLOGY gap or error)

3.1Model Specification According to Shiller (2000), adequate disclosure of

The intrinsic value of the shares of firms in this study information minimises ignorance in the market
was calculated using the Dividend Share Valuation thereby making the market price of a share reflect its
Model (DSVM) developed in finance theory by true value; consequently, the share price dispersion
Modigliani and Miller (1961).The price of a share will be small. Adequacy relates to quantum of
depends on the streams of future dividends (return) information and this is assessed through the
which the investor expects to get when buying the mandatory accounting information disclosure index
share. Dividends from owning a share is discounted (MAIDI). Therefore, the higher the disclosure index,
to their Present Value to determine the current price the lower will be the share price dispersion (SPD).
of a share, given by: The conceptualized relationship between share price
dispersion, SPD, and Mandatory Disclosure Index,

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
37
 Economics of Information Disclosure Regulation in Capital Market: A Nigerian Viewpoint

MAIDI, as postulated by Singhvi and Desai, 1971 is To be able to assess the effect of different disclosure
expressed as: levels on share price dispersion, the firms were
categorised into three levels of disclosure relative to
SPDit = α +β1MAIDIit Eq. 7 the average mandatory disclosure level for all the
firms in the sample. These are above average
Where: SPDit = share price dispersion for firm i in disclosure (AAD), equal to average disclosure (EAD)
period t and below average disclosure (BAD).
MAIDIit= Mandatory Accounting Information
Disclosure Index of firm i in period t 3.3 Data Source and Estimation Technique
α= constant term Annual reports of firms constitute a major source of
„β1‟ is the regression coefficient data for this research; for each firm, the annual
reports for the period 2000 to 2011 were used to
3.2 Development of Disclosure Item List, compute the index on annual basis. The annual
Computation of Disclosure Index and average of the share prices concerned was used and
Classification into Disclosure Levels this was generated from the daily official listing and
price history of the firms from NSE. The intrinsic
A detailed analysis of statutory disclosure value of each firm‟s share was calculated using the
requirements for listed firms in Nigeria and Constant Growth model variant of Dividend Share
disclosure items list used by other researchers were Valuation Model (DSVM). The choice of this variant
carried out to identify financial and non-financial was to allow for comparison of value. Instead of
information items that should be disclosed by using an assumed constant growth rate for dividend
companies in their annual reports. The number of and discount rate, the study calculated and utilised the
disclosure items used by previous researchers ranged dividend growth rate for each firm from period to
from 17 to 411 (Singhvi and Desai, 1971; Barrett, period. Also, the prevailing fixed deposit interest rate
1977; Benjamin and Stanga, 1977; Hancock, 2004; in each of the period was used as the discounting rate
Karim and Ahmed, 2005 and Medeiros and for that period. Share price dispersion was evaluated
Quinteiro, 2006). Centre for International Financial by taking the difference between the annual average
Analysis and Research made use of a list with 85 of the share price and the calculated intrinsic value.
items (CIFAR 1995) while The Standard & Poor‟s
Transparency & Disclosure Survey 2001 has a Analysis of variance (ANOVA) estimation technique
disclosure Index list which contains 35 items. There was used to determine the effect of different
are advantages and disadvantages in inclusion of disclosure levels on share price dispersion. The
many items in a disclosure list; 82 items have been average mandatory disclosure level for all the firms in
identified by one of the studies to be too many, while the sample was used as a benchmark. If the other
a list as small as 17 items may not contain relevant disclosure levels are significantly different from this
information items (Hooks, Coy and Davey 2000). average, then it will have effect, if not, it will not
Therefore, this study developed a list with fifty items have any effect on share price dispersion.
which is mandatory for firms to disclose in their
annual reports. This figure is more than 17 and less IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
than 85 which have been criticised. In line with
CIFAR‟s Index and Standard & Poor‟s Transparency 4.1 Analysis of Variance Estimation
& Disclosure Index, a company is awarded a score of From the ANOVA carried out as shown on table 1
1 if an item is disclosed and 0 if otherwise. The total below, BAD is significantly different from EAD with
number of items disclosed by a company is then the mean differential of 11.93 (i. e 22.05 – 10.48).
divided by the total number of items applicable to the The interpretation is that when a firm‟s disclosure
company, so that the company will not be penalised level is lower than the average mandatory disclosure
for not disclosing an item that is not applicable to the level, the share price of such firm will move away
company for disclosure. This is how the index of from its intrinsic value making the firm‟s share price
disclosure for a firm is calculated and the overall dispersion to increase. This is possible as non-
mandatory accounting information disclosure index disclosure by firm could be interpreted to be as a
(MAIDI) attributed to firms varies from 0 to 100, result of being of low quality or being a “lemon”.
computed as follows:
With a mean differential of 15.38 (i. e 22.05 – 6.67),
AAD is not significantly different from EAD,
implying that disclosure level above the average
disclosure required by law has no effect on share
price behaviour. This finding is in line with the law of
For instance, mandatory accounting information diminishing marginal productivity also known as law
disclosure index (MAIDI) for a firm which discloses of variable proportions in production theory discussed
37 items out of 50 mandatory items is 74%. earlier under literature review. Therefore, additional

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
38
 Economics of Information Disclosure Regulation in Capital Market: A Nigerian Viewpoint

disclosure of information above the average does not determination of optimal information set. It also
yield additional benefit in terms of uncertainty called for evaluation of incremental contribution of
reduction. Since the additional disclosure is not at information proposed for mandatory disclosure.
zero cost such additional disclosure is tantamount to
misallocation and wastage of scarce resources. The findings also suggest that there are more
fundamental factors than the disclosure level
Explanatory variables Coefficient responsible for dispersion between share price and its
EAD 22.04494* intrinsic value. Hence the need to assess the
BAD -10.48052* determinants of share price dispersion in capital
AAD -6.667022 markets. The constant nature of disclosure level for
ADJ R2 0.005555 most of the firms draws the attention to examine the
DW 0.575382 factors that affects the disclosure level of the firms
F-STAT 2.653340* and why they are constant over time.
Table 1: ANOVA Result for SPD and Different Disclosure
Levels REFERENCES
* indicates variables that are significant at the chosen α- level
of 5%. [1] Akintola-Bello, O. and Adedeji, A. 1984.Accounting
Source: author’s computation information: an investigation of private shareholders‟
understanding and usage. The Nigerian Journal of Economic
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND and Social Studies 26.1: 111-133.
RECOMMENDATIONS [2] Akintoye I R,2009.Optimising investment decisions through
informative accounting reporting. European Journal of Social
Sciences 7.3: 178-191
Investible funds like any other economic resources [3] Ariyo, A, 1980.A decision framework for regulating
are scarce and have alternative uses. The investors, accounting information disclosure by public companies in
offloading their investments into the market (supply) Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social
studies 22. 3: 363-379.
and firms, who need funds, like other economic [4] Ariyo, A, 1983. The effect of projected cash flow data on
agents, make decisions based on information at their (share) investment decisions: an experimental study. The
disposal. The annual report of companies is a major Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies 25.1:107-
source of information which aids in selecting a 118.
[5] Ariyo, A and Soyode, A 1985.A framework for measuring
portfolio of securities and helps in reducing the level information adequacy and redundancies in annual financial
of uncertainty, moral hazard and adverse selection; reports. In Inanga, E. L. (ed.) Managing Nigeria‟s Economic
establishing and revising equilibrium prices of System A book of readings, Centre for Management Studies,
securities. If market participants have adequate and Heinemann Books, Lagos, 121-130.
[6] Ariyo, A, 2008.Accounting predictions and corporate
relevant information, quoted prices will not be too far performance in Nigeria. ZaccOsosanya Trust Fund.
from its intrinsic value. [7] Barrett, M.E. 1977. The extent of disclosure in annual reports
of large companies in seven countries. The International
It has been observed that users are clamouring for Journal of Accounting, 1977.2: 1-25.
[8] Benjamin, J.J., and Stanga, K.G. 1977. Differences in
disclosure of more relevant information while firms disclosure needs of major users of financial statements.
have been reluctant and cautious about whether to Accounting and Business Research 8.29: 187-192
disclose or not. This is because the demand and [9] Benston , George J 1969. The value of the SEC's accounting
supply of accounting information were not based on disclosure requirements. The Accounting Review, Vol. 44,
No. 3, 515-532
economic principle whereby the production will be [10] CIFAR 1995. International accounting and auditing trends.
tailored towards the needs of users (demand) as may 4th Ed., Center for International Financial Analysis and
be determined from time to time. Also, economic Research, Princeton, NJ.
principle such as law of diminishing marginal [11] Foster, G., 1986. Financial statement analysis (2nd Ed.),
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice hall
productivity was not considered in the provision or [12] Grossman, S.J., 1981. The role of warranties and private
production of accounting information or cost-benefit disclosure about product quality. Journal of Law and
analysis of information items required for disclosure Economics 24: 461-483.
undertaken. Therefore, corporate disclosure practice [13] Hancock, D. 2004. Disclosure, volatility and transparency.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
has not been satisfactory; it is characterised by [14] Healy, P. M and Palepu, K. G. 1999.Information asymmetry,
information inadequacy, redundancy and overload. corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: a review of the
empirical disclosure literature. Journal of Accounting and
The study reveals that information disclosure had Economics 31.1-3: 405-435
[15] Hooks, J; Coy D, and Davey H. 2000. Accountability through
significant effect on share price behaviour on NSE annual reporting by New Zealand electricity retail and
between 2000 and 2011 as disclosure level below distribution Companies, Emerald Group Publishing
average MAID had effect on share price dispersion. Limited1755-4179
However, disclosure level above average MAID had [16] Inanga, E. L. 1976. The information content of published
accounts of Nigerian Public Limited Companies. The
no effect indicating information redundancy on NSE. Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies.18.2: 237-
Information redundancy is a reflection of 259
misallocation and wastage of scarce resources. These [17] Karim, A K M W. and Ahmed, J. U. 2005.
suggest the need for further research on the Determinants of IAS disclosure compliance

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
39
 Economics of Information Disclosure Regulation in Capital Market: A Nigerian Viewpoint
in emerging economies: evidence from exchange [20] Nigerian Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards
listed companies in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Working Paper Handbook, 2008/2009 edition
21. [21] Shiller R.J., 2000, “Irrational Exuberance”, Princeton
[18] Medeiros,O. R.andQuinteiro,L. G.2006. Disclosure of University Press, ISBN 0-691-12335-7.
accounting information and stock return volatility in Brazil. [22] Singhvi, S.S .and Desai H B 1971.An empirical analysis of
Brazilian Administration Review 5.2:160-176 the quality of corporate financial disclosure. The Accounting
[19] Mendelson, Morris 1978. Economics and the Assessment of Review 46.1: 129-138.
disclosure requirements. Journal of Comparative Corporate [23] Standard and Poor, Standard and Poor's Company
Law and Securities Regulation 49-68, D North-Holland Transparency and Disclosure Survey.
Publishing Company 2001.http://www2.standardandpoors.com/



Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
40
 PATIENT SATISFACTION: COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN
GAUR EYE HOSPITAL, CKNEH AND FATEHBAL
EYE HOSPITAL OF NEPAL
1
SAMSHER THAPA, 2KAPIL KHATTAR
1
PhD Schoolar, Jaggannath University, Jaipur, Rajasthan
2
Professor, Jaggannath University, Jaipur, Rajasthan
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - The Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH, and FatehBal Eye Hospital are secondary-level eye hospitals under the
umbrella of Nepal NetraJyotiSangh. These hospitals are located near the Indian border and serve more than 60% of Indian
patients. It is important to measure patient satisfaction in order to evaluate the quality of the hospital's service and
management system. It is an integral part of every hospital's management system. Therefore, many hospitals are focusing on
a patient-centered approach. The purpose of this study was to compare the satisfaction levels of patients in these three
hospitals. This study aimed to compare patients' satisfaction levels with the services provided by these three hospitals. A
retrospective study was conducted based on data collection using SERVQUAL model questionnaire at 3 different hospitals
of Nepal and the results were compared with Tangibility,Dependability, Confidence, Empathy, Equitable, and timeliness.

Keywords - Confidence, Dependability, Empathy, Equitable, Tangibility and timeliness.

I. INTRODUCTION In the field of eye health, Nepal's eye care service has
set a good reputation not only among the patients of
"The study of patient satisfaction with health care Nepal, but also among the people of India who have
services began in the 1950s, when it was discovered been benefiting from this service.
that patients with higher levels of satisfaction were
more likely to maintain appointments, take Since 1978, the Nepal NetraJyotiSangh (NNJS) has
medications, and adhere to treatment been providing comprehensive eye care to the people
recommendations (Williams, 1994)"."Modern health of Nepal. It was later strengthened to become a non-
care delivery systems emphasize patient-centered governmental social welfare agency in 1980. NNJS is
care that is safe, efficient, cost-effective, and committed to facilitating and providing eye health
consequently the use of ambulatory surgery"(1). and eye care services throughout Nepal.There are 26
An important factor in evaluating healthcare quality eye hospitals and more than 150 primary eye care
is the level of patient satisfaction since it offers centres under the umbrella of Nepal
insight into the provider's ability to meet the NetraJyotiSangh(NNJS).As of 2020, Nepal
expectations of the client and is a vital component of NetraJyotiSangh has provided treatment services to
determining the patient's future behavioral intentions more than 1.31 million people through its hospitals
as a whole. and eye care centers. It has restored vision by
performing cataract surgery to .12 million people.
It has been observed that when a patient's expectation
is met, the patient feels satisfied, and when the The Gaur Eye Hospital was established as an Eye
expectation isn't met, the patient feels dissatisfied. Care Center in 1997 with support from the
There are various factors that influence the Association for Ophthalmic Cooperation to Asia
satisfaction level of patients such as the expectations (AOCA) and 24 hour Television, Japan, under the
of patients regarding the quality of care they receive, management of NeplaNetraJyotiSangh (NNJS). This
the communication between the physician and the hospital serves the eastern part of the Bara and
staff, the responsiveness of the medical staff and the Rautahat Districts as well as the western part of the
physician, a clean environment, pain management, Sarlahi District of Nepal. Patients come from
telephone calls, appointments, and results are Sitamadhi, Shiver, Darbhanga, Dhaka, Motihari,
completed on time, as well as the dress code of the Kushinagar, Gopalgunj, and Baliya districts of India.
employee. This is a 100 bed, secondary level eye hospital that
has provided OPD services to 96,930 patients and
Comparison of the patient satisfaction results between restored vision to 6,508 individuals in 2021.
these three eye hospitals (Gaur Eye Hospital, The Chhanda (Kalebabu) Narayani Eye Hospital
CKNEH and FatehBal Eye Hospital) will enable the (CKNEH) was established as an eye care centre in
hospital management to identify any shortcomings November 2004 with financial support from the
and improve their facilities and services to meet the Norwegian Association of Blind and Partially Sighted
needs of patients.All three of these eye hospitals are (NABP). Later, it was developed as a full-fledged
located within a short distance of the Indian border. secondary level eye hospital. It's located in

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
41
 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

Krishnanagar Municipality in the northern part of According to R. Kavitha, "A Comparative Study on
Nepal and Barahni, Siddarthanagar District in Uttar Patients' Satisfaction in Health Care Service" (2012),
Pradesh, India. This is a 100-bed, secondary level patient satisfaction is an integral part of hospital
Eye Hospital and it has provided OPD services to management, a basic requirement for health care
57,089 and restored vision in 6,123 eyes in 2021. providers. Every health care provider considers
quality health care to be an important component of
The FatehBal Eye Hospital was established in 1986 patient satisfaction. The effectiveness of health care
with the support of Swiss Red Cross and Lions Club relies on patient satisfaction.(6).
MD 102 Switzerland and Liechtenstein under the
umbrella of Nepal NetraJyotiSangh (NNJS). This As stated by J. Kurata, Y.Watanable, C. McBride et
hospital is situated in Nepalgunj, a famous city of al. in their paper entitled "A comparative study of
Lumbini Province, Nepal which is very close to the patient satisfaction with health care in Japan and the
Indian Border. It has big catchment area of Banke, United States, 1994," patient satisfaction should be
BardiayaDistrcit and part of Karnali Province. considered as an individual's expectation. Their
Patients from Rupaidiha, Bandhani District of Uttar research indicates that "warmth, caring, and an
Pradesh and other neighboring district of India have attitude of humanistic compassion in the interaction
good excess to this hospital. This is a 150 bedded, between the physician and patient may well affect
secondary level Eye Hospital and it has provided satisfaction levels" (7)
OPD services to 117,587 and restored vision in 9,170
eyes in 2021 As stated by E.Barghouthi and S.Iman in their
research, "Patient Satisfaction: Comparison of Joint
II. LITERATURE REVIEW Commission International Accredited and Non
Accredited Palestinian Hospitals" (2018), patients'
A research article "Patient satisfaction; a comparative satisfaction should be considered as a measure of
study at teaching versus DHQ level hospitals in quality health care, as well as the impact of
Lahore, Pakistan" (2010) by A.Tasneem, S.Shaukat, accreditation on health care systems as a whole.(8)
F. Amin et al indicates that patients are generally
satisfied with the treatment they receive from "Patients' Perception of Service Quality of Health
physicians and hospital facilities. The level of Care Service in India: A Comparative Study on
satisfaction needs to be maintained on all parameters, Urban and Rural Hospitals" (2016) researched by A.
for example, the pharmacist's impotency and Pramanik has revealed that if health care providers do
pharmacy service must be made known to all not improve in their health services, health care
patients.(2). system policies and plans the satisfaction level of
patients cannot be maintained. In order to sustain in
In their medical review paper, L.Aharony&S.Strasser the market the highest possible health care facilities
state that the patient is a "focal concern of quality needed to be considered.(9)
assurance and an expected outcome of care". It has
been shown that satisfied patients are more likely to J.Bahru, M.Rafidah, A.Nurulhuda et al. According to
continue receiving medical care(3). their research paper published in SCIREA Journal of
Agriculture, entitled "A Comparative Study of
A research articles on "Health Care Cost and Patient Service Quality on Patient Satisfaction between
Satisfaction: A comparative analysis between Public Public Hospitals"(2017), service quality should be
and Private Hospital in Bangladesh" (2019) by geared towards achieving patient satisfaction. The
F.Begum, J. Said, S. Hossain etall. hasemphasized concept of service quality is one of the most
that the public hospital did not charge for surgery, important concepts in management.(10)
intervention, consultation or procedures but private
hospital charged for all of the above services but the According to C. Ross, C. Steward, and J. Sinac in
satisfaction level of patients has been found higher their paper entitled "A comparative study of seven
than the public hospital. In other words, they are measures of patient satisfaction", they present a wide
seeking high-quality care from their doctors. Quality range of different methods to measure patient
care at reasonable cost meet the patient satisfaction. Measurement of patient satisfaction
satisfaction.(4) could be accomplished by using visual analogue
scales, questionnaires, design by using a five-point
According to H.Hudak and J.Wright's article "The likert scale, or by asking patients to agree or
Characteristics of Patient Satisfaction Measures" disagree.(11)
(2000), satisfied patients behave differently than
dissatisfied patients. Satisfied patients cooperate with A study by M. Adhikari, N. Paudel, S. Mishra, et al.
their medical treatment, while dissatisfied patients (1921) titled "Patient satisfaction and its socio-
neglect the service of treatment or refuse to comply demographic correlates in a tertiary public hospital in
with the prescribed course of treatment(5). Nepal: a cross-sectional study" mentioned that the

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
42
 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

patient satisfaction is very challenging in the low patients. It is also emphasized that all levels of the
income state, the lack of resources and the low level health care system should be included, such as
of literacy of the patients(12). curative, preventive, and rehabilitation services,
As part of the advancements in information which ensures that all levels of service are being
technology, the level of patient awareness has been provided. During the process of providing health
increasing over the past few years. The health care care, it is imperative to remember that the most
providers need to be geared up to adopt the latest important aspects to keep in mind are equality and the
technologies for the modern era, and for that, a large easy excess of health care services. (17).
amount of investment is required. It is important to
note that the quality of service depends not only on According to S Kulkarni, in his research paper, there
the quality of the human resources but also on the are a number of factors that influence patient
quality of instruments, equipment and the satisfaction, such as clinical quality, availability of
infrastructure of the building itself. medicine, doctor behavior, and the behavior of other
health care professionals, cost of services, hospital
A study conducted by R.Khandekar, S.Devi, infrastructure, physical comfort, emotional support,
R.Sachan et al. in their research paper "Patient and respect for the preferences of patients. (18)
satisfaction regarding eye care services at tertiary
hospitals in central India" indicates that the increasing There is a need for health care providers to be
number of hospitals has created a level of competition changed in order to meet the demands of consumers.
among hospitals, so patients have a variety of options A consumer friendly factor requires good public
when it comes to choosing hospitals. A satisfied relations, which means that this department should
patient could be a good ambassador for the service to take a proactive role in resolving consumer
other patients(13). complaints regarding the service delivery. An
effective public relations department should always
A study by I.Ezegwui, O.Okowoye, and A.Aghaji et focus on the welfare of consumers and act as a liaison
al. has found that patient satisfaction is affected not between the management and the consumer.(19)
only by the way of treatment but also by their
physical comfort, emotional support, the results of the III. OBJECTIVE
treatment, as well as respect and closeness to the
patients. In order to meet the needs of their patients, The objective of the study is to compare the
the hospital's management should be able to satisfaction level of patients between three secondary
determine in which areas they must deliver level eye hospitals, Nepal.
services(14).
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
There is no doubt that the sustainable development of
any country is dependent on their economic status. As A study was conducted at three secondary level eye
a way of maintaining a healthy economy, hospitals in Nepal. Nepal NetraJyotiSangh (NNJS) is
governments try to make sure that their citizens have the umbrella organization for all hospitals. The Gaur
access to good health care facilities. The development Eye Hospital, Chhanda (Kalebabu) Narayani Eye
of a health care system that is better and of higher Hospital, and FatehBal Eye Hospital are all secondary
quality requires a huge amount of money as well as a level hospitals. The primary data was collected from
lot of efforts. The meaning of patients' satisfaction each hospital on different dates. The SERVQUAL
goes beyond measuring the level of their happiness model was used to develop the questionnaire, and the
and unhappiness, it also refers to the process of patients were selected at random from the patients
monitoring, observing, and evaluating their who had undergone surgery. Patients were provided
health.(15) with a pre-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire
were designed at six different levels, such as (a)
According to S.Andaleeb, in his research study, the whether the patients are satisfied with the physical
health care delivery system faces three major evidence of the service (Tangibility) (b) whether the
challenges, which are quality improvement, ease of patients are satisfied with the level of reliability and
access, and the ability to provide a low cost of service assurance of the hospital (Dependability), (c) whether
to patients. To increase the accessibility of health the patients are satisfied with the level of confidence
care, sustainable investments in health care are towards doctors and employees (Confidence), (d)
essential.(16) whether the patients are able to feel the individualized
attention (Empathy), (e) whether the patients are
A research paper by P. Moses, G.Babu, K. Prasad et satisfied with the equality of service delivery system
al. published in the journal "Assessment of patient (Equitable), and (f) whether the patients are satisfied
satisfaction in tertiary and secondary hospitals of east with the promptness with which service is provided
Godavari district: a comparative study" has focused within a predetermined period of time (timeliness).
on rewarding the qualities of care that are given to the Questionnaire was translated into their native

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
43
 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

language (Hindi). A total of 100 patients were VII. DATA COLLECTION

interviewed from each hospital. The sample size of The data was collected by trained volunteers who
the study was taken to be 300 patients in total. On the took part in a data collection process. Patients were
basis of the collected data, a descriptive statistical provided with a structured questionnaire translated
analysis was conducted. into their native languages (Hindi and Nepali). In
order to minimize the possibility of bias, the
VI. RESEARCH TOOLS interview was conducted directly.

In this study we used SERVQUAL questionnaire, VIII. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

which consisted of two parts: One part was related to
personal profile, and the other part was related to Patients' satisfaction was evaluated through
patient satisfaction. descriptive statistics using Excel and IBM SPSS.

IX. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A) Whether the patients are satisfied with the physical evidence of the service (Tangibility)

(Graph-1)

4% of patients at CKNEH and 1% of patients atFatehBal Eye Hospital are highly satisfied with the canteen
facilities of the hospital.

59% of patients atFatehBal Eye Hospital, 30% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital and 18% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with the canteen facilities of the hospital.

46% of patients at CKNEH, 5% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital and 4% of patients atFatehBal Eye Hospital are
neutral about the canteen facilities of the hospital.

(Graph-2)

Proceedings of WRS International Conference, Biratnagar, Nepal, 16th – 17th October, 2023
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 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

65% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 36% of patients atFatehBal Eye Hospital and 25% of patients at CKNEH
are dissatisfied with the canteen facilities of the hospital.

46% of patients at CKNEH and 3% of patients atFatehBal Eye Hospital are highly satisfied with the drinking
water facility of the Hospital.

99% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 96% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 37% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with the hospital's drinking water facility.

7% of patients at CKNEH are neutral with the drinking water facility of Hospital.

10% of patients atCKNEH, 1% of patients atGaur Eye Hospital are dissatisfied with the drinking water facility
of Hospital.

B) Whether the patients are satisfied with the level of reliability and assurance of the hospital
(Dependability).

(Graph-3)

79% of patients at CKNEH,33% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 3% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with the vision outcome after surgery.

97% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 65% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 17% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with the vision outcome after surgery.

3% of patients at CKNEH are neutral with the vision outcome after surgery.

2% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, 1% of patients at CKNEH are dissatisfied with the vision outcome
after surgery.

(Graph-4)

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 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

84% of patients at CKNEH, 5% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, and 3% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with no extra cost or hidden charge.

96% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, 95% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, and 15% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with no extra cost or hidden charge.

1% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, 1% of patients at CKNEH are dissatisfied with no extra cost or hidden
charge.

C) Whether the patients are satisfied with the level of confidence towards doctors and employees
(Confidence)

(Graph-5)

84% of patients at CKNEH, 33% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 4% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with behavior of Doctors and Employees.

96% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 65% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 16% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with behavior of Doctors and Employees.

2% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, are dissatisfied with behavior of Doctors and Employees.

(Graph-6)

80% of patients at CKNEH, 44% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 4% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with doctors giving more time while examining the patients.

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 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

96% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 55% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 20% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with doctors giving more time while examining the patients.

2% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, are dissatisfied with doctors giving more time while examining the
patients.

D) Whether the patients are able to feel the individualized attention (Empathy)

(Graph-7)

56% of patients at CKNEH, 11% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, and 2% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with poor patients are treated with free of cost.

19% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, 11% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, and 7% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with poor patients are treated with free of cost.

50% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 10% of patients at CKNEH are neutral with poor patients are
treated with free of cost.

78% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 29% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 27% of patients at CKNEH
are dissatisfied with poor patients are treated with free of cost.

(Graph-8)

86% of patients at CKNEH, 5% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, and 3% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with staff willingness to help the patients.

96% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, 95% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, and 13% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with staff willingness to help the patients.

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 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

1% of patients at CKNEH are neutral with staff willingness to help the patients.

1% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital are dissatisfied with staff willingness to help the patients.

E) Whether the patients are satisfied with the equality of service delivery system (Equitable)

(Graph-9)

96% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, 89% of patients at CKNEH, and 4% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with no discrimination on the basis of Nationality.

96% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 11% of patients at CKNEH, and 4% of patients at FatehBal Eye
Hospitalare satisfied with no discrimination on the basis of Nationality.

(Graph-10)

97% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, 88% of patients at CKNEH, and 4% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with no discrimination on the basis of race and religion.

96% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 12% of patients at CKNEH, and 3% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital
are satisfied with no discrimination on the basis of race and religion.

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 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

F) Whether the patients are satisfied with the promptness with which service is provided within a
predetermined period of time (timeliness)

(Graph-11)

83% of patients at CKNEH, 19% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 5% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with service provided without any delay.

95% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 79% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 15% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with service provided without any delay.

2% of patients at CKNEH are neutral with service provided without any delay.
2% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital are dissatisfied with service provided without any delay.

(Graph-11)

86% of patients at CKNEH, 12% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 1% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital
are highly satisfied with surgery is done on same day.

54% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, 49% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 14% of patients at CKNEH
are satisfied with surgery is done on same day.

2% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital, and 1% of patients at CKNEH are neutral with surgery is done on same
day.

44% of patients at Gaur Eye Hospital, and 37% of patients at FatehBal Eye Hospital are dissatisfied with
surgery is done on same day.

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 Patient Satisfaction: Comparative Study Between Gaur Eye Hospital, CKNEH and FATEHBAL Eye Hospital of Nepal

X. CONCLUSSION Also, I would like to take this opportunity to thank

my supervisor, Pro. Dr.KapilKhattar. The last but not
As a whole, the hospital has been able to provide the least, I would like to express my gratitude to my
satisfaction through its physical evidence of the wife, Ms. MeenaThapaMagar, who entered the raw
service (Tangibility), its reliability and assurance of data into SPSS software to finalize the research
the hospital (Dependability), its confidence towards report.
physicians and employees (Confidence), its
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