LIST OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT I
LIST OF FIGURES II
LIST OF TABLES III
LIST OF GRAPHS IV
CHAPTER-1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 COCONUT SHELL 2
1.2: JAGGREY WATER: 3
1.4 SCOPE AND RESEARCH 3
1.4.1 Scope 3
1.4.2 Research objectives 4
CHAPTER-2 5
REVIEW ON LITERATURE 5
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
CHAPTER-3 7
METHODOLOGY 7
3.1 BATCHING 7
3.2 MIXING 7
3.3 TEST FOR WORKABILITY 8
3.4 CASTING 9
3.5 COMPACTION 9
3.6 CURING 11
3.7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 11
CHAPTER-4 12
MATERIALS USED 12
4.1 CEMENT 12
4.2 FINE AGGREGATE 12
4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE 12
4.4 COCONUT SHELLS 13
4.5 Advantages 14
4.6 Disadvantages 14
4.7 JAGGERY WATER 14
CHAPTER-5 15
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 15
5.1 CEMENT 15
5.2 TESTS ON CEMENT 15
5.2.1 Specific gravity test for cement 16
5.2.2 Standard consistency of cement 17
 5.2.3 Initial setting time of cement 19
5.2.4 Final setting time of cement 19
5.1.5 Fineness of cement 20
5.3 FINE AGGREGATE 21
5.2.1 Specific gravity of fine aggregate 22
5.2.2 Fineness modulus of fine aggregate 23
5.3 COARSE AGGREGATE 23
5.3.1 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 23
CHAPTER- 6 26
MIX DESIGN 26
6.1 MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE 26
6.2 MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE 26
CHAPTER-7 28
EXPRIMENTAL PROGRAMME 28
7.1 EXPRIMENTAL PROCEDURE 28
7.2 CONCRETE MIXING AND CASTING 28
7.2.1 Mixing 28
7.2.2 Casting of specimens 29
7.2.2.1 Calculations: 29
7.2.2.2 Casting details: 31
7.3 CURING: 32
CHAPTER-8 33
TESTING CONDUCTED 33
8.1 WORKABILITY 33
8.1.2 TEST PROCEDURE 33
8.1.2.1 Slump cone test 34
8.2 COMPRESSION TEST 35
CHAPTER-9 36
TEST RESULTS 36
9.1 WORKABILITY TEST RESULTS 36
9.1.1 RESULTS: 36
9.2 COMPRESSTION STRENGTH RESULTS 37
CHAPTER-10 41
CONCLUSION 41
10.1 CONCLUSION 41
REFERENCES 42
 ABSTRACT

Now a day’s cement are using in major constructions material. But now a days various
chemicals are used as admixtures and material replacement products for improving strength and
performance of cement concrete. But the chemicals are causes to environmental pollutions and
its effects the significant of biodiversity. Now we are using variety plants and animal products
to concrete for improving strength.so now are used cement 53grade, sand, aggregates with
replacement of coconut shell of 12mm size with replacement percentage of 5, 7.5, 10 and total
jaggery water used of 150gms per liter. It Taken as per PH value based. The jaggery water is
having 7 and 8 PH value. Mix design is taken M25.

Keywords: jaggery water, compressive strength, environmental pollution, coconut shells

I
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1.1 Coconut shell 2
3.1 Casting of cubes 9
3.2 Hand compaction 10
4.1 Coarse aggregate 20mm size 13
4.2 Coconut shells crushing into 14
12mm
5.1 Specific gravity test for 17
cement
5.2 Standard consistency test 19
5.3 Final setting time 20
5.4 Fineness of cement 21
5.5 Water absorption test 25
7.1 Casting 31
8.1 Slump cone test 33
8.2 Type of slump 34
8.3 Specimen are tested in UTM 35
machine

II
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

NO.
5.1 Specific gravity of cement 17
5.2 Standard consistency of cement 18
5.3 Initial setting time of cement 19
5.4 Final setting time of cement 20
5.5 Fineness of cement 21
5.6 Specific gravity of fine aggregate 23
5.7 Fineness modulus of fine aggregate 23
5.8 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 25
7.1 Curing details 32
9.1 Slump cone values 36
9.2 Compressive strength of concrete at 7 days 37
9.3 Compressive strength of concrete at 14 days 38
9.4 Compressive strength of concrete at 28 days 39

III
 LIST OF GRAPHS

GRAPHS DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO NO
9.1 Showing variation in final slump cone vs %of coarse aggregate 36
replaced by coconut shells.
9.2 Showing variation in compressive strength of concrete at 7 days 37
of curing.
9.3 Showing variation in compressive strength of concrete at 14 days 38
of curing.
9.4 Showing variation in compressive strength of concrete at 28 days 39
of curing.
9.5 Comparison of compressive strength of concrete at 7, 14, 28 days 40
of curing.

IV
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is the world’s most utilized man-made material, which the productions are
greatly relied to on the availability of cement, fine and coarse aggregates such as sand and
granite, and the costs of which have risen tremendously over the previous year’s . Despite the
rising cost of production, the clamour for concrete is aggravating. The unfavourable
consequences of the increase in demand for concrete include depletion of naturally occurring
aggregate; degradation of the environment and ecological in equality. As a result of the constant
rise in construction cost and the need to reduce environmental, the researcher has extensively
studied concrete ingredients substitute materials, especially locally available ones that can
replace traditional materials used in concrete production. The use of such materials should not
only contribute to a reduction in construction cost and accelerate infrastructural advancement
but also to reduce stress on the environment and make engineering construction viable to help
national and global poverty reduction strategies. Such materials should be low-cost and readily
accessible particularly in the developing countries. According to a present land survey, there
are about 114, 000 hectares of coconut plantation in Peninsular Malaysia and the area is more
or less static. Agricultural waste was disposed of in large amount in most of the tropical
countries particularly in Asia for countries like Philippine, Thailand, and Malaysia. If not
disposed of in properly, it will lead to environmental problems. Most abandon agriculture
wastes in Malaysia are oil palm shell, coconut shell, and rice husk and corn cob. Coconut shell
may offer itself as a coarse or fine aggregate and this would solve the environmental dilemma
of reducing the solid wastes simultaneously. Coconut shell concrete is lighter in weight than
the natural aggregate. Some researchers have concluded that coconut shell can be used for
lightweight concrete at different proportion for required concrete strength. In an investigation
conducted by Kakade the 28-days compressive strength of concrete contained 25% volume
replacement by coconut shell aggregate is 21.3 MPa, which is ideal for non-structural and
structural applications. The density of coconut ranges between 550- 650 kg/m3, which are
within the specified limits for lightweight aggregate. In addition, better workability is expected
because of the shape and surface texture of the coconut shells. Hence this research is carried
out with an aim of using waste material to reduce the cost of construction. The behaviour of

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 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

concrete with up to 30% volume replacements of fine and coarse aggregates with coconut shells
will be measured from the workability, density, compressive strength, flexural strength and split
tensile strength.

1.2 COCONUT SHELL

Coconut is grown in more than 100 countries. India is the third largest, having
cultivation in an area of about two million hectares for coconut production. Yearly output is
close to approximately 8000 million nuts with an average of 4300 nuts per hectare . The coconut
industry in India accounts for over a quarter of the world's total coconut oil output and is set to
grow further with the global increase in demand. Never the less, it is likewise the primary
contributor to the nation's pollution problem as a solid waste in the form of shells, which
involves an annual production of approximately 3.18 million tonnes. It also presents serious
disposal problems for a local environment, is an abundantly available agricultural waste from
local coconut industries. Coconut shell being a difficult and not easily degrade material if
crushed to the size of sand can be a likely material to substitute sand. At present, coconut shell
has also been burnt to produce charcoal and activated carbon for food and carbonated drinks
and filtering mineral water use. The chemical composition of the coconut shell is similar to
wood. It contains 33.61% cellulose, 36.51% lignin, 29.27% and ash at 0.61%. In developing
countries, where abundant coconut shell waste is discharged, these wastes can be used as
potential material or replacement material in the construction industry. This will receive the
dual advantage of reduction in the monetary value of construction material and also as a means
of disposal of wastes. Collection and processing of coconut shell is shown in figure 1.

Fig: 1.1 COCONUT SHELLS

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1.2: JAGGREY WATER:

Cement concrete is the utilized material now-a-days and in effect broadly utilized
as a part of more prominent amounts than some other man made material of development
in the field of Civil Engineering. The times of incredible Engineering advancement and the
expected request of future social orders have required the need to use the mechanical waste
and results so as to accomplish high economy. Next to each other some methods for safe
transfer of such a material which can cause natural contamination is found. Understanding
that the waste and side-effect of sugar industry may found a reasonable admixture with
cement and other restricting materials. It can substantiate itself in the field of development
material examination especially for the main sugar delivering countries of third world like
India, Ghana and so forth. In such nations sugar ventures are broadly conveyed all through
the length and expansiveness making the crude material effectively accessible. Perceiving
the need, a progression of investigations were led to think about the impact of Molasses on
concrete, which is one of the four sorts of misuse of sugar industry. Retarders are utilized
as a part of the concrete piece to enhance the setting time and furthermore to expand the
temperature of the creation with various sort of admixtures Utilization of these admixtures
will diminish the isolation and dying. Sugar is a starch, a substance made out of carbon,
oxygen and hydrogen. Jaggery is produced using the result of sugar stick. In this way, both
are valuable to include as an admixtures in the concrete creation.

1.4 SCOPE AND RESEARCH

1.4.1 Scope

 To provide an economical concrete.

 To be easily adapted in construction field.
 To use the waste in useful manner.
 To reduce the demand of coarse aggregates.
 To reduce the cost of the construction.
 To find the optimum strength of the partial replacement of concrete.
 To minimize the maximum demand for cement and coarse aggregate.
 To minimize the maximum degradation in environmental due to cement and safe
guard the ozone layer from greenhouse gases.

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1.4.2 Research objectives

 To compare the strength of the concrete specimen made by the conventional concrete
with that of specimen made replacing coarse aggregate partially with coconut shell of
5%, 7.5% and 10% by weight with using of jaggery water.

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 CHAPTER-2
REVIEW ON LITERATURE
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

CHAPTER-2
REVIEW ON LITERATURE
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Many researchers have studied the engineering properties of coconut shells, jaggery, in the
recent past.

V.SIVA RAMA RAJU, B h. JHANSI LAKSHMI IN DEC 2019, Experimental study on

cement and lime mortar natural admixtures like KADUKKAY AND JAGGERY. The using
jaggery to concrete improving the workability and permeability and finally increase the
compressive strength of the concrete.

RAMACHANDRUDU IN OCT 2012, Properties of concrete with coconut shells as aggregate

replacement. The earlier strength of concrete is decreases by using of coconut shell the
workability also decreases why because it is high water absorption materials.

SANJAY KUMAR VERMA AND SARGAR SHRIVASTAVA IN SEPT 2019,

Use of Coconut shell as partly substitution of coarse aggregate-An experimental analysis. The
use of coconut shells is a natural sources of conventional aggregates and it is eco-friendly
materials to environment. It may get light weight aggregate in the concrete.

ANAND REMESH AND ANANDHU KJ FEB 2018, Coconut shell as partially replacement
of coarse aggregate in concrete, Coconut shell concrete can be used in the rural areas and places
where coconut is profusion and the places where the regular aggregates are not economic it is
stability is more but strength is low .there is no need to treat the coconut shell before using as
an aggregate expect for water absorption.

S U AZUNNA AND F N AN ABD. AZIZ IN 2018, Mechanical properties of concrete with

coconut shell as partially replacement of aggregates, in this test the coconut shell concrete
showed better workability as the concrete slump increased uniformly. The strength and water
absorption are depended on pore structure of the concrete and are inversely proportional to one
and other.

S.EZHILARASI AND Dr. A KRISHNAMURTHY, IN 2019, Study on effect jaggery

and silica fume on workability strength properties and durability of concrete. The concrete
practiced with jaggery and silica fume an increased compressive strength and workability.
Therefore the natural admixture of jiggery. It is increases the workability and at the same time
durability properties also increases.

FOUZIYA QURESHI AND ANIL KUMAR SAXENA, IN OCT 2017, study on strength of
concrete by adding jaggery. The slump demonstrates that the workability increments with the
expansion in the rates if jaggery. Workability increments when the measurements of admixtures
was expanded.
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 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

Literature review

Collection of raw materials

Batching

Test of materials

Praparation of mix design

Casting of required specimens

Conducting the test to find the strength of conventional concrete and

partially replacement of coconut shells concrete.

Analysis of results

Preparation of reports

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CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The main objective of this work is to find the optimum percentage of coconut shell,
when used in partially replacing the coarse aggregate, for testing the compressive strength. So,
in the intent, 9 cubes casted for different replacement trails of course aggregate with coconut
shell. In each trail, 3 Cubes were casted for testing the 7 days compressive strength and 3 cubes
were casted for testing the 14 days compressive strength remaining 3 cubes for testing 28 days
compressive strength. The project is completed in following procedural steps.

1. Batching.
2. Mixing.
3. Testing for workability.
4. Casting.
5. Compaction.
6. Curing.

7. Testing for compressive strength.

3.1 BATCHING
It is the process of measuring concrete ingredients either by volume or by mass and
introducing them into the mixture. Traditionally batching is done by volume but most
specifications required that batching be done by mass rather than volume. Cement is always
measured by weight and it is never measured by volume. Generally, for each batch mix, one
bag of cement is used. Strictly speaking, weigh batch system is invariably adopted. In small
jobs, cement is often not weighted but it is added in bags assuming the weight of the bag has
50 kg.Fine aggregate used here is of zone II passing through 4,75mm. Coarse aggregate used
here in below 20mm. crushed coconut shells are used here passing through 20mm sieve. potable
water is used for this work.

3.2 MIXING
Through mixing of the materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete. The
mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour and consistent.
Mixing should be done over an impervious surface. Spread out the measured quantities of
course aggregate and fine aggregate in alternate layers. Pour the cement on top of it, and mix

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them dry by shovel, turning the mixture over and over again until uniformly of colour is
achieved. This uniform mixture is spread over in thickness of above 20cm, Jaggery water is
sprinkled over the mixture and simultaneously turned over. This operation is continued ill such
time a good uniform, homogeneous concrete is obtained. It is the particular importance to see
that the water is not poured but is only sprinkled. Jaggery Water in small quantity shall be added
towards the end of the mixing to get him just required consistency. At that stage, even a small
quantity of water makes different.

3.3 TEST FOR WORKABILITY

Workability is the property of concrete which determines the amount of useful internal
work necessary to produce full compaction. (or) the "ease with which concrete can be
compacted hundred percent having regard to mode of compaction and place of deposition. A
concrete mix is said to be workable when it satisfies the following five properties.

 Easy to mix.
 Easy to transport.
 Easy to place.
 Easy to compact.
 Easy to finish.

The workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength
and durability and the appearance of the finished surface. The workability of concrete depends
on the water cement ratio and the water absorption capacity if the aggregates. If the water added
is more which will lead to bleeding or segregation of aggregates. The test for the workability
of concrete is given by the Indian Standard IS 1199:1959 which gives the test procedure using
various equipment’s. In our case we have used slump cone test and compaction factor test for
measuring the workability of concrete. We have measured the height of the fall of the cone of
concrete for various water-cement ratios and recorded the values for ordinary concrete. Then
the same procedure is done with the concrete having the partial replacement of sand with raw
quarry dust at various percentages.

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3.4 CASTING

The concrete cubes were prepared to test the compressive strength of concrete. For
preparation of cubes, metal moulds are used. These moulds should be of sufficient thick to
prevent distortion. These moulds are made in such a manner to facilitate the removal of moulded
specimen without damage. Each mould is provided with a base plate having a plain surface.
The base plate of such a dimension to support mould during the filling without leakage and it
is preferably attached to the mould by screws. The interior surface of the mould is thinly coated
with oil to prevent adhesion of concrete. After all these preparations, concrete ingredients
namely cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and jaggery water in required proportions are
thoroughly mixed in dry condition until uniform colour is achieved. The cubes used for the
work are of dimensions 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm.

FIG 3.1 Casting of Cubes

3.5 COMPACTION

Compaction is a process of expelling the entrapped air. If we don't expel this air it will result
into the honey combing structure and reduce the strength. It has been founded from
experimental studies that 1% air in the concrete, approximately reduces the strength by 6%.
There are two types of compaction.

 Hand compaction
 Mechanical compaction.

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The goal of concrete compaction is to give the concrete element of required rigidity and its
visible surface the aesthetic effect desired either directly or through subsequent mechanical
working.

FIG 3.2 HAND COMPACTION

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3.6 CURING
Concrete derives its strength by hydration of cement particles. The hydration of cement
is nota momentary action but a process continuing for a long time. Of course, the rate of
hydration is fast to start with, but continues over a long time at decreasing rate. The quantity of
the product of hydration and subsequently the amount of gel formed depends upon the extent
of hydration the cement requires a water/cement ratio of above 0.38 would be required to
hydrate all the particles of cement and also to occupy the space in gel process. Theoretically for
a concrete made and contained in a sealed container, a water/cement ratio of 0.38 would satisfy
their requirement of water for hydration under the same time, no capillary cavities would be
left. However, it is seen that particularly a water content of 0.5 will be required for complete
hydration in sealed container for keeping up the desirable relative humidity level. curing is
being given a place of increasing importance as the demand for high quality concrete is
increased. It has been recognized that the quality of concrete shows all-around improvement
with efficient and uninterrupted curing. In this present work, the immersive curing is adopted,
where all the cubes were immersed in curing tank.

3.7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Concrete has relatively higher compressive strength, but very poor in tensile strength.
The different mix of concrete gives various strength, according to the IS 10262: 1982 gives the
characteristic and design strength values for various grades of concrete. The strength attained
by the mix must be tested by its compressive strength of the samples which are made in the
standard mould of size 150mm X 150mm X 150mm and then the cubes are kept for curing and
the compressive strength test was done according to IS 516: 1959 for 7days, 14days and 28days
for ordinary mix and for Coconut shells added samples.

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 CHAPTER-4
MATERIALS USED
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

CHAPTER-4
MATERIALS USED
4.1 CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) of 53 grade conforming to IS 12269-1987 was used
in the study which has specific gravity of 3.148, standard consistency 26%, Fineness
5%, Initial setting time 35 min and Final setting time 450min.

4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregate is defined as material that will pass a 4.75mm sieve. For increased
workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the fine aggregate should have
a rounded shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate
and to act as a workability agent. Fine aggregate is an inorganic material. It consists of small
angular or rounded or sharp grains of Silica. Sand is formed by decomposition of sand stone
under the effect of weathering agencies. Various sizes or grades of sand are formed depending
on the amount of wearing.

Sand passing through 4.75mm IS Sieve was used in the study with fineness
modulus of 1.23, specific gravity 2.55 and water absorption 3.08.

4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate is a material that will pass the 80mm sieve and will be retained on the
4.75mm sieve. As with fine aggregate, for increased workability and economy as reflected by
the use of less cement, the coarse aggregate should have a rounded shape. Larger pieces offer
less surface area of the particles than an equivalent volume of small pieces. Use of the largest
permissible maximum size of coarse aggregate permits a reduction in cement and water
Requirements. Crushed granite stones obtained from local quarries were used as coarse

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aggregate with Water absorption 0.97 and specific gravity 2.625. The maximum size of coarse
aggregate used was 20mm.

FIG: 4.1COARSE AGGREGATE 20MM SIZE

4.4 COCONUT SHELLS

Coconut shell is a high potential material due to its high strength and modulus
properties. Coconut shell is one of the solid disposal wastes from agricultural activities. The
use of coconut shells as one of the composite materials in the production of concrete was driven
by the problem caused by the disposal of solid waste coconut shells represent more than 60%
of domestic waste volume. The use of coconut shells in concrete production will give more
benefits compared to conventional materials. If coconut shells are used for structural
applications, it would not only be advantageous towards the environment, but also towards low-
income families. Coconut shell exhibits admirable properties compared to other materials such
as low cost, renewable, high specific strength to weight ratio, abrasion less material. The
specific gravity is 1.42.

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4.5 Advantages
1. Producing economic concrete by reducing the cost of material.

2. Coconut shells are more resistant towards crushing, impact and abrasion.

3. Useful for low cost housing and partition wall.

4. Place where availability of coconut shell is in abundance.

5. Production of light weight concrete.

4.6 Disadvantages
1. Coconut shell cannot use in large proportion in concrete.

2. Coconut shell not useful for high rise building.

FIG: 4.2 COCONUT SHELLS CRUSING INTO 12 MM

4.7 JAGGERY WATER

Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the

chemical reaction with cement. Water fit for drinking is generally consider fit for making
concrete. Water should be free from acids, oils, alkalis, vegetables or other organic impurities.
So, jaggery water having bonding property of concrete is increased with use jaggery in concrete
The PH soft jaggery water taken is between7-8.

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 CHAPTER-5
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

CHAPTER-5
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
5.1 CEMENT

Consistency means amount of water needed to prepare a plastic mix. Consistency test
is done using Vicat apparatus. It is necessary to find out the consistency because amount of
water present in the cement paste may affect the setting time. The standard consistency test is
found out in the laboratory. The test results are mentioned in the table 5.2. Cement is defined
as a building material made by grinding claimed limestone and clay to a fine powder, which
can be mixed with water and poured to set as a solid mass or used as an ingredient in making
mortar or concrete. Portland cements are commonly characterized by their physical properties
for quality control purposes. The type of cement used in casting purposes is ordinary Portland
cement of 53 grade. The tests carried out for cement are specific gravity, fineness modulus,
initial setting time, final setting time and standard consistency.

5.2 TESTS ON CEMENT

(A). Field Testing

It is sufficient to subject the cement to field tests when it is used for minor works. The
following are the field tests.
1. Open the bag and take a good look at the cement. There should not be any visible lumps.
The Colour of the cement should normally be greenish grey.
2. Thrust your hand into the cement bag. It must give you a cool feeling. There should not
be any lump inside.
3. Take a pinch of cement and feel between the fingers. It should give a smooth and not a
gritty feeling.
4. Take a handful of cement and throw it on a bucket full of water, the particles should
float for some time before they sink.
(B). Laboratory Testing
The following test were conducted to determine the properties of cement
 Fineness test
 Specific Gravity test
 Normal Consistency test
 Setting time test

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5.2.1 Specific gravity test for cement

Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume
of material and weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of cement is found out
and the result is tabulated in the table 5.2.

Introduction
Cement may contain excessive moisture content if it is exposed to the various weather
conditions and we all know that w/c ratio is a big factor which determines the concrete strength.
Because w/c ratio is directly proportional to the workability. If the cement contains a greater
amount of moisture in it then the w/c ratio will definitely affect the workability as well as the
strength of concrete.

As per industry, the acceptable value of specific gravity of cement is up to 3.19. But if
the value is greater than 3.19 it means cement is containing greater amount of moisture content
which will affect the workability and strength of concrete.

Apparatus
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Specific Gravity bottle
3. Kerosene
4. Weighing machine with 0.1 gm. accurate.

Test Procedure
1. Measure the weight of empty flask (W1). The flask should be totally dry and free of
liquid.
2. Fill half of the flask with cement (about 50 gm.) and measure the weight with its stopper
(W2).
3. Then fill the flask with kerosene up to the top level of the flask. Mix cement and
kerosene properly to remove air bubble from it. Weigh the flask with cement and
kerosene (W3).
4. Now empty the flask and again fill it with kerosene up to the top of the flask. Weigh the
flask (W4).

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Table 5.1 Specific gravity of cement

S. No. Material test IS Standards Test results
1. Specific gravity 3.15 3.148

The specific gravity of cement should not exceed 3.15 as per the requirements given in the IS
code.

5.1 Fig: Specific Gravity Test for Cement

5.2.2 Standard consistency of cement

Introduction
The objective of conducting the test is to find out the amount of water to be added to
the cement to get a paste of normal consistency i.e., the paste of certain solidity which is used
to fix the quantity of water to be mixed to cement for the tests for tensile strength, compressive
strength, setting time and soundness of cement as standard for comparing various cements, as
it is the water cement ratio that decides the characteristics of cement water paste.

Standard consistency of cement paste is defined as the amount of water expressed as the
percentage by weight of cement which will permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a depth of
5mm to 7mm from the bottom of Vicat mould. Plunger is the needle used for determining
normal consistency of cement.

Apparatus
1) Vicat apparatus with plunger & needles
2) Stop watch

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Test Procedure
1) Unless otherwise specified this test shall be conducted at a temperature 27 +
200C.
2) Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (300gms) with weighed quantity
of potable or distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3
minutes or more than 5minutes and the gauging is completed before any sign of
setting occurs.
3) The gauging is counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould.
4) Fill the Vicat mould with this paste resting upon a non-porous plate.
5) Smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould.
6) Slightly shake the mould to expel the air.
7) In filling the mould operator’s hands and the blade of the gauging trowel shall
only be used.
8) Immediately place the test block with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod
bearing the plunger.
9) Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and quickly
release, allowing it sink into the paste. Record the depth of penetration
10) Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described
above until the plunger is 5mm to 7mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould.

Table 5.2 Standard Consistency of Cement

S. No Material test IS Standards Test results

1. Standard consistency 30% 26%

The standard consistency of cement should not exceed 30% as per the requirements given in IS
code.

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5.2 FIG: STANDARD CONSISTENCY TEST

5.2.3 Initial setting time of cement

Cement paste setting time is affected by a number of items including: cement fineness,
water cement ratio, chemical content and admixtures. Setting tests are used to characterize how
a particular cement paste sets. For construction purposes, the initial set must not be too soon.
The initial set occurs when the cement paste begins to stiffen considerably. The result
mentioned in the table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Initial setting of time of cement

S. No. Material test IS Standards Test results

1. Initial setting time 30min 35min

The initial setting time of cement should not less than 30minutes as per the requirements given
in IS 12269:1987.

5.2.4 Final setting time of cement

Cement paste setting time is affected by a number items including: cement fineness,
water cement ratio, chemical content and admixtures. Setting tests are used to characterize how
a particular cement paste sets. The final set must not be too late for construction purposes. Final
set occurs when the cement has hardened to the point at which it can sustain some load. The
result is mentioned in the table 5.4.

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Table 5.4 Final setting time of cement

S .No Material test IS Standards Test results

1. Final setting time 60min 450min
The final setting time should not be less than 600 minutes as per the requirements given in IS
12269:1988.

5.3 Fig: Final Setting Time

5.1.5 Fineness of cement
To determine the fineness of cement by dry sieving as per IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1996.The
principle of this is that we determine the proportion of cement whose grain size is larger. The
apparatus used are 90µm IS Sieve, Balance capable of weighing 10g to the nearest 10mg, A
nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to 40mm, bristle, for cleaning the sieve. Sieve
shown in picture below is not the actual 90µm sieve.

Introduction
We know that cement hydrates with the presence of water. When cement is mixed with
the water, a thin layer is formed around the particle. This layer grows bigger and makes cement
particles to separate. Due to this, hydration process slows down. Therefore, the smaller particle
will react much quicker than the larger particle. A particle with dia 1µm will react entirely in
one day, whereas the particle with dia 10µm takes about one month.

But too much of smaller particles in cement results in quick setting, leaving no time for
mixing, handling and placing. So to increase the setting time of cement, cement is ground in a
different range of particle sizes. The following proportions are usually maintained in Cement:
About 10% of the cement of fine particles is smaller than 2 µm, 10% of wt. of cement is made
of particles larger than 50 µm, and only a few wt. % is particles larger than 90 µm.

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Apparatus
1) Sieve Lid
2) Sieve with Pan
3) Weighing Balance
4) Sieve shaking machine

Test Procedure
1. Take a sample of cement and rub the cement with your hands. The test sample should
be free of lumps.
2. Now Take 100g of cement and note it as W1.
3. Pour 100g of cement in 90 µm sieve and close it with the lid.
4. Now place the sieve in Sieve shaking machine for two minutes. You can also shake the
sieve with your hands by agitating the sieve in planetary and linear movements for 15
minutes.
5. Nextly , weight the residue retained on the 90 µm sieve as W2.
6. Then calculate the percentage of Wt. of cement-retained on Sieve.
7. Repeat the above experiment with three different samples of cement and average the
values for accurate results.

5.4 FIG: FINENESS OF CEMENT

Table 5.5 Fineness of cement
S. No. Material test IS Standards Test results
1. Fineness of cement 10% 5%
5.3 FINE AGGREGATE
Fine aggregate is the inert or chemically inactive material, most of which passes through
a 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains not more than 5% coarser material. The fine aggregate serve
the purpose of filling all the open spaces in between the coarse particles. Thus it reduces the
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porosity of the final mass and considerably increases the strength. Usually natural river sand is
used as fine aggregate. The tests carried out are specific gravity, fineness modulus and bulking
of sand.

5.2.1 Specific gravity of fine aggregate

Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the weight of given volume of
material and weight of equal volume of water. The specific gravity of fine aggregate is found
out and result is tabulated in table 5.6.

Introduction
Specific gravity of aggregate is defined as the ratio of weight of aggregate to the weight
of an equivalent volume of water 270C water absorption is the weight of the water absorbed in
terms of oven dried weight of aggregate. The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to
be a measure of strength or quality of the material having low specific gravity are having
generally weaker than the those with higher specific gravity values. Water absorption of
aggregates gives strength of rock, stone having more absorption are generally unsuitable unless
they are found to be acceptable based on strength and hardness test.

Apparatus:
1) Pycnometer

2) Weighing machine

Test Procedure
1. Take 500 g of fine aggregate (the quantity shall be in such a way that it should fill the
Pycnometer up to two thirds of its volume) and cleaned it thoroughly by washing it -
through 75μ sieve till the fine dust is fully removed and the sand was free from all the
physical impurities.
2. Fill the sand in Pycnometer and pour distilled water till the sand is inundated. Clean the
Pycnometer on its outside surface and find its weight after fully saturation and let the
weight be ‘A’.
3. Empty the Pycnometer and fill it with distilled water only and let the weight be ‘B’.
4. The wet aggregates were cleaned with soft clothes until the aggregate becomes saturated
surface dried and let the weight be ‘C’.

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5. The aggregates were kept in oven and dried it at a temperature of 100 to 110 degrees C
for a period of 24 hours.
6. The aggregates from the oven were removed and cool to room temperature in the air
tight desiccators and let the weight be ‘D’.

Table 5.6 Specific gravity of fine aggregates

S. No. Material test IS Standards Test results
1. Specific gravity 2.7 2.55
The specific gravity of fine aggregate should not be greater than 2.7 as per requirements given
in IS2386 part 3.
5.2.2 Fineness modulus of fine aggregate
Fineness modulus is obtained by adding the total percentage of sample of an aggregate
retained on each of a specified series of sieves, and dividing the sum by 100. Fineness modulus
is defined as an index to the particle size not to the gradation. Fineness modulus is calculated
from sieve analysis. It is defined mathematically as sum of the cumulative percentages retained
on the standard sieves divided by 100. The standard size of sieves are 150mm, 75mm, 37.5mm,
19mm, 9.5mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600μm, 300μm, 150μm. The fineness modulus of
sand is determined and mentioned in the table 5.7.

Table 5.7 Fineness modulus of fine aggregate

S. No. Material test IS Standards Test results
1. Fineness modulus 3.5 1.23
The fineness modulus of fine aggregates should not be more than 3.5 as per requirements given
in IS 2386 part 3.

5.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

The aggregates are used in concrete for very specific purposes. The use of coarse
aggregate in concrete provides significant economic benefits for the final cost of concrete.
Aggregates typically make up about 60 to 75% of the volume of concrete mixture. The
aggregates of size 20mm is used in project. The following are the tests carried out.

5.3.1 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the weight of given volume of
material and weight of equal volume of water. The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is found
out and result is tabulated in table 5.8.

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Introduction
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of given volume f aggregate to the
weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity is usually showed the strength and
quality of the material. The specific gravity of aggregates test is usually used for the
identification of stones or aggregates. Aggregates with low specific gravity values are mostly
weaker than those with higher specific gravity values. Water absorption of aggregates is the %
of water absorbed by an air–dried aggregate when immersed in water at 27°C for a period of
24 hours. Significance of Water Absorption Test on Aggregates. The water absorption test uses
to find the water holding capacity of the aggregates. The water is absorbed by the aggregates
or stones in their pores known as water absorption. Usually, water absorption gives an idea
about the strength of the aggregates. That aggregate has more water absorption is usually
unsuitable for the construction. There is a basic 3 method specified to find out the specific
gravity of aggregates based on their sizes.

 The aggregates are larger than the 10mm (Basket method)

 The aggregates are between 10mm and 40mm (Basket method)
 The aggregates are smaller than 10mm (Pycnometer bottle)

Apparatus:

1) Balance
2) Oven
3) Wire Basket
Test Procedure:
1) Take about 2 kg of an aggregate sample (Aggregate which has been artificially heated shall
not be used).

2) The aggregates are thoroughly washed so, the finer particles of the dust are removed from
their surface.

3) Then the washed aggregates are placed in the wire basket and immersed in the distilled water
at a temperature between 22° C to 32° C with cover from the water surface at least 5 cm top of
the basket.

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Table 5.8 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

S. No. Material test IS Standard Test result

1. Specific gravity 0.1%-2% 0.97%

5.5 FIG: WATER ABSORPTION TEST

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CHAPTER- 6
MIX DESIGN
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CHAPTER- 6
MIX DESIGN
6.1 MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE
The strength is mainly influenced by water cement ratio, and is almost independent of
other parameters and properties of concrete with a compressive strength of 25 MPa, are
influenced by the properties of aggregates in addition to that of water cement ratio. To obtain
good strength, it is necessary to use the lowest possible water cement ratio which affects the
workability of the mix. In the present state of art, concrete which has a desired 28 days
compressive strength of minimum 25 MPa can be made by suitable proportion of ingredients
using normal methods for compacting the mixes.

6.2 MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE

A) STEP:
Calculation for mean strength
Mean strength fck = fmin+ ks
Mean strength = 25 + (1.64) x 4
= 31.6 N/mm2.
B) STEP 2:
Selection of w/c ratio
Maximum w/c ratio of M25 grade as per IS 456:2000 is 0.45
C) STEP 3:
Selection for Water cement
Cement content =Water content /water cement ratio
Water content = 186.00 lit according to code.
Estimated water content for 100mm slump.
Water content for required slump =186 + (6+186)/100=197.16 lit
D) STEP 4:
Calculation for cement content
Cement content = 197.16 /0.45
=438.13 kg/cubic meter
From table: 5 of IS: 456:2000, minimum cement content for moderate exposure condition

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= 300 kg/ cubic meter.

E) STEP 5: Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content:
From table number:5, the proportionate volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to
20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (zone 2) for w/c ratio 0.50=0.62.in the present case
water cement ratio 0.45. Therefore volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased to
decrease the fine aggregate. As the water cement ratio is lowered 0.14. The proportion of coarse
aggregate is increased by 0.028. Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate
for the water cement ratio of 0.45 =0.62+0.01.

Volume of coarse aggregate 0.63

Volume of fine aggregate =1-0.63

=0.37.

C) STEP 6: Alternatively, the weight of fine aggregate can also found out by volume
method which is more accurate.

S. No INGREDIENTS WEIGTH (kg/m3) VOLUME (m3)

1 Cement 438.13 0.139
2 Coarse aggregate 1145.415 0.63
3 Jaggery water 197.16 0.197
Total volume 0.966

Total volume = 0.966 cubic meter

Total volume of fine aggregate = 617.049 kg/m3

Weight of fine aggregate = e x volume of fine aggregate x sp. gravity of fine aggregate x
1000

= 0.654 x 0.37 x 2.55x 1000

= 617.049 kg

Cement: F.A : C.A : Water content

438.13: 617.04 : 1145.415 : 197

1 : 1.41 : 2.61 : 0.45

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 CHAPTER-7
EXPRIMENTAL PROGRAMME
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CHAPTER-7
EXPRIMENTAL PROGRAMME
7.1 EXPRIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The experimental program was designed to investigate the strength of conventional
concrete by replacement of coconut shell as coarse aggregate . The experimental program
was aimed to study the workability and compressive strength .

To study the above properties mix M25 is considered. The scheme of experimental
program is given below

Stage 1: Cubes having 150 x 150 x 150mm was casted for the determination of
the strength of nominal concrete.

Stage 2: Cubes having size 150 x 150 x 150mm was casted for the determination
of the strength of conventional concrete by adding coconut shells as coarse aggregate with
jaggery water.

Stage 3: Experimental works were conducted on conventional concrete mixes by

using different binder mix modified with different proportions coconut shells. This
experimental investigation was carried out for three different proportions 5% , 7.5% and
10% by weight of cement to the concrete. Then the optimum percentage of chemical mix
was found. Similarly experimental work is conducted for different proportions of chemical
mix. Hence analysis of concrete mixed and results were tabulated.

7.2 CONCRETE MIXING AND CASTING

7.2.1 Mixing

Mixing is place an important role in concrete structures. Proper mixing gives uniform
and high quality concrete. The proper mixing gives better strength results. The concrete mix
is obtained by combination of Portland cement , specified fine and coarse aggregates.
The proper mixing of these materials gives uniformity. Separate paste mixture has shown
that the mixture of cement and jaggery water into paste before combining each material
with aggregates can increase the compressive strength of concrete. In this project we
required normal conventional mixing and chemical mixing. First we make the mixing
for M25 grade conventional concrete with water/cement ratio of 0.45. in this we are

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adding waste coconut shells at different proportions of 5% ,7.5% and 10% . For each mix
proportion is takes place having water / cement ratio of 0.45.

7.2.2 Casting of specimens

1. The concrete has been thoroughly mixed as per mix design proportions and a total of
36 cubes are casted in moulds of standard dimensions and allowed to set for 24 hours in
laboratory at a temperature of 27±2˚c.

2. The specimens are then extracted from their respective moulds after the specified
time and they are submerged in jaggery water curing tank immediately.

3. After seven days, fourteen days, twenty eight days 4 cubes of conventional concrete
are taken out from water and air dried for 1hr. Then tests are conducted for compressive
strength.

4. After seven days, fourteen days, twenty eight days 4 cubes of 5%, 7.5%, 10% coconut
shells are taken out from water and air dried for 1hr. Then, tests are conducted for compressive
strength.

7.2.2.1 Calculations:
The mix calculations of a cube specimen is mentioned below
A) Calculations for cubes:
Design mix = 1: 1.41: 2.61.
Size of specimen = 150 x 150 x150mm

= 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 m for conventional concrete:

The quantity of materials required for 1m3 concrete as follows

Quantity of cement = 438.13kg

Quantity of fine aggregate = 617.049 kg

Quantity of coarse aggregate= 1145.415 kg

Now we have to find quantities of material required for one cube specimen is

Density of concrete = 24KN/m3

Volume of cube specimen = 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15m

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= 0.003375 m3.

So, materials required for 0.003375 m3 concrete as follows

Cement required = volume of cube x 438.13

= 0.003375 x 438.13.

= 1.478 kg

Fine aggregate = 1.41 x 1.478

= 2.083kg

Coarse aggregate = 2.61 x 1.478

= 3.857kg

So , quantity of mix ratio for one cube specimen is

= cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate: water

= 1.47: 2.08: 3.85: 0.45

Similarly mix quantity required for 9 cubes is

= 13.23: 18.72: 34.65: 4.05.

Mix proportion calculations:

In this project we are taking mix proportion is 5%, 7.5% and 10% weight of cement

For 5% coconut shells Replacement %

= 5 % of coarse aggregate weight

= 5/ 100 x 34.64

= 1.732 kg.

For 7.5% coconut shells Replacement %

= 7.5 % of coarse aggregate weight

= 7.5 / 100 x 34.64

= 2.598 kg.

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For 10% coconut shells Replacement %

= 10 % of coarse aggregate weight

= 10/ 100 x 34.64

= 3.464 kg

Jaggery Water requirement:

The requirement is same for both mixes.

Water / cement ratio of given mix = 0.45

Water required for 9 cubes is = 0.45 x weight of cement

= 0.45 x 13.23

= 5.95 litres.

7.2.2.2 Casting details:

The casting details of conventional concrete and modified coconut shells concrete
cubes are given below.

FIG: 7.1 CASTING

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TABLE 7.1 CURING DETAILS:

S. No TYPE OF CONCRETE CUBES
1 PLAIN CONCRETE 9
2 5% COCONUT SHELLS 9
3 7.5% COCONUT SHELLS 9
4 10% COCONUT SHELLS 9

7.3 CURING:
In all specimens of concrete structures , sufficient care is taken for proper curing
of concrete to achieve the best strength and hardness. This happens after placing of concrete.
Cement requires a moist controlled environment to gain the strength and harden fully.
The cement paste hardens over time , initially setting becoming rigid though very weak
and gaining in the strength in the weeks following. In around four weeks , typically over
90% of the final strength is reaches though strengthening may continue for decades. The
conversions of calcium hydroxide in the concrete into CaCO3 from absorption of CO2
over several decades further strengthened the concrete and protecting from the external
damages. However , this reaction called carbonation lowers the pH of the cement pore
solution and can also cause the reinforcement bars to corrode.

The hydration and hardening of concrete during the first three days is critical.
Abnormally fast drying and shrinkages due to factor such as evaporation from wind
during placement may lead to the increased tensile stresses at a time when it has been
not yet gained sufficient strength, resulting in greater shrinkage cracking. The early
strength of concrete can be also increased if it is kept damp during the curing processes.

High –early-strength concrete is then designed to hydrate faster , often by increases

use of cement that increases shrinkage and cracking’s. The strength of concrete is changes
up to three years. It depends up on cross-section dimensions of elements and conditions
of the structure exploitation.

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 CHAPTER-8
TESTING CONDUCTED
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JAGGERY WATER

CHAPTER-8
TESTING CONDUCTED

8.1 WORKABILITY
Workability can be defined as the property of fresh concrete which is used to
indicate the amount of useful internal work done to attain 100% compaction of concrete
without segregation and bleeding.

8.1.2 TEST PROCEDURE

 Workability test by flow table is done to know the workability for fresh concrete.
Workability is one of the physical parameters like strength and durability as well
as appearance.
 Before starting this test , table top and mould must be properly cleaned.
 Mould should be placed at centre of the table and it should be filled with mortar
in two layers and proper tamping must be given while filling the mould in layers
by tamping rod.
 After top layer has been robbed, extra material on top of the mould is struck
off.
 Than the mould is removed from the mortar by upward pull.
 Than the table is raised and dropped for 15 times in 15 seconds.
 The diameter of spread is taken.
 And finally we will calculate the percentage of flow.
 Percentage of flow may vary from 0 to 150.

8.1 FIG: SLUMP CONE TEST (TRUE SLUMP)

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8.1.2.1 Slump cone test

The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh
concrete. More specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific notch.
This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term
very closely related to workability. It is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. It
refers to the case with which the concrete flows. Workability of concrete is mainly affected by
consistency I.e., wetter mixes will be more workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the same
consistency may vary in workability. It is also used to determine consistency between individual
batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.

The apparatus for conducting the slump test essentially consists of metallic mould in the
form of a frustum of a cone having the internal dimensions as under.

Test procedure
In slump cone the container is filled with concrete three layers. Each layer is tamped 25
times with a standard 16mm diameter steel rod and 600mm height. The top surface is struck off
by means of a screening and rolling motion of the tamping rod.
Immediately after filling, the cone is slowly lifted and the unsupported concrete will
Now slump. The decrease in the height of the centre of the slumped concrete is called “slump".
Instead of slumping evenly all round as in a "True Stump". One half of the cone sides down an
inclined plane is a "Shear Slump" Mixes of stiff consistence have a "Zero Slump. If any
specimen shears off laterally or collapses, the test should be repeated.

Bottom diameter: 20 cm
Top diameter : 10 cm
Height : 30 cm

FIG: 8.2 TYPES OF SLUMP

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8.2 COMPRESSION TEST

 Remove the specimens from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water
from the surface.
 Leave the specimen in the atmosphere for 24hours before testing.
 Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applies to the
opposite side of the specimen test.
 Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine foe a cubic or cylindrical
specimen.
 Rotate the movable portion gently hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
 Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails.
 Increase the load until failure and note the maximum load.
 This compression test is done as per IS: 269 - 1976 and IS: 4031 – 196 Compressive
strength = load/ cross section area.

8.3 FIG: Specimen are tested in U.T.M machine.

A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine
or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials.
An earlier name for a tensile testing machine is a tensometer.

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 CHAPTER-9
TEST RESULTS
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JAGGERY WATER

CHAPTER-9
TEST RESULTS
9.1 WORKABILITY TEST RESULTS
9.1.1 RESULTS:
TABLE 9.1 SLUMP CONE VALUES
S. No % of coconut Initial slump Final slump Slump (cm)
shells cone
1 0 30 28 2
2 5 30 27.5 2.5
3 7.5 30 27.5 2.5
4 10 30 27 3

SLUMP CONE VALUES

3.5

2.5
SLUMP

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 7.5 10

% REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELLS

SLUMP (CM)

Graph 9.1 showing variation in final slump cone values vs % of coarse aggregate replaced by
coconut shells.

Department of Civil Engineering, GIST, Nellore. Page 36

 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

9.2 COMPRESSTION STRENGTH RESULTS

These results are obtained by testing the total 9 specimens for 7 days , 14 days
and 28days by considering the average of the test results for conventional concrete with
modified coconut shells .The results are tabulated below:

TABLE 9.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT 7 DAYS:

S. No Age of 0% CS 5% CS 7.5% CS 10% CS
concrete
1. 7 DAYS 12.61 14.76 15.91 15.51

Compressive strength at 7 days

18
Copmpression values N/mm2

15.91 15.51
16 14.76
14 12.61
12

10

0
0 5 7.5 10

% of replacement of coconut shells

compressive strength

GRAPTH 9.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT 7 DAYS

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 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

TABLE 9.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT 14 DAYS:

S. No Age of 0% CS 5% CS 7.5% CS 10% CS
concrete
1. 14 DAYS 13.5 18.31 21.69 20.40

Compressive strength at 14 days

25
21.69
20.4
compression values(N/mm2)

20 18.31

15 13.5

10

0
0 5 7.5 10

% replacement of coconut shells

compressive strength

GRAPTH 9.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT 14 DAYS

Department of Civil Engineering, GIST, Nellore. Page 38

 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

TABLE 9.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT 28 DAYS:

S. No Age of 0% CS 5% CS 7.5% CS 10% CS
concrete
1. 28 DAYS 21.34 20.41 22.62 22.44

compressive strength at 28 days

23
Copmpression values N/mm2

22.62
22.44
22.5

22

21.5 21.34

21

20.41
20.5

20

19.5

19
0 5 7.5 10

% Replacement of Coconut shells

compressive strength

GRAPTH 9.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT 28 DAYS

Department of Civil Engineering, GIST, Nellore. Page 39

 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST COMPARE (7,14,28 DAYS)

25
22.62 22.44
21.34 21.69
20.41 20.4
CAMPARE (7,14,28 DAYS

20 18.31
COMPRESSION TEST

15.91 15.51
14.76
15 13.5
12.61

10

0
0% 5.00% 7.50% 10%
% REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELLS

7 days 14 days 28 days

GRAPTH 9.5 COMPARE OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 7, 14, 28

DAYS

Department of Civil Engineering, GIST, Nellore. Page 40

CHAPTER-10
CONCLUSION
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

CHAPTER-10
CONCLUSION
10.1 CONCLUSION
Based on the experimental investigations, mechanical properties of concrete like
workability and compressive strength respectively.

 Up to 7.5% replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shells with jaggery there
is an increase in mechanical properties.
 The replacement of 7.5% coarse aggregate with coconut shells with jaggery attains
maximum compressive strength.
 The optimum percentage for replacement of coconut shells with coarse aggregate
and it is almost 7.5% coarse aggregate for cubes.
 The compressive strength of concrete is increased when the percentage of coconut
shells is increased up to 7.5% and by further increasing the percentage of
coconut shells compressive strength gets reduced.
 Test also indicates that the coconut shells can be successfully utilized as partial
replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete production. Their use in concrete will
alleviate the problem of their disposal and environmental pollution.

In this project we concluded that by adding coconut shells to the conventional

concrete all the mechanical properties are increasing the coconut shells with jaggery
water.

Department of Civil Engineering, GIST, Nellore. Page 41

 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CEMENT CONCRETE WIYH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATE WITH USING
JAGGERY WATER

REFERENCES

1. V.SIVA RAMA RAJU, B h. JHANSI LAKSHMI IN DEC 2019, Experimental study

on cement and lime mortar natural admixtures like KADUKKAY AND JAGGERY.
2. RAMACHANDRUDU IN OCT 2012, Properties of concrete with coconut shells as
aggregate replacement.
3. SANJAY KUMAR VERMA AND SARGAR SHRIVASTAVA IN SEPT 2019, Use of
Coconut shell as partly substitution of coarse aggregate-An experimental analysis.
4. S U AZUNNA AND F N AN ABD. AZIZ IN 2018, Mechanical properties of concrete
with coconut shell as partially replacement of aggregate.
5. S.EZHILARASI AND Dr. A KRISHNAMURTHY, IN 2019, Study on effect jaggery
and silica fume on workability strength properties and durability of concrete.
6. ANAND REMESH AND ANANDHU KJ FEB 2018, Coconut shell as partially
replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete.
7. FOUZIYA QURESHI AND ANIL KUMAR SAXENA, IN OCT 2017, study on
strength of concrete by adding jaggery.

Department of Civil Engineering, GIST, Nellore. Page 42