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Object_Detection_Document

The document discusses object detection in computer vision, emphasizing the YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm, which enables real-time detection by processing images in a single pass. It outlines the evolution of YOLO models, their architecture, and training procedures using the COCO dataset, along with applications in various fields such as surveillance and healthcare. The conclusion highlights YOLO's impact on object detection, noting improvements in speed and efficiency with the latest YOLOv8 version.

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12 views

Object_Detection_Document

The document discusses object detection in computer vision, emphasizing the YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm, which enables real-time detection by processing images in a single pass. It outlines the evolution of YOLO models, their architecture, and training procedures using the COCO dataset, along with applications in various fields such as surveillance and healthcare. The conclusion highlights YOLO's impact on object detection, noting improvements in speed and efficiency with the latest YOLOv8 version.

Uploaded by

Bình An
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Detection Using Deep Learning: YOLO Models and

Applications
1. Introduction to Object Detection
Object detection is a crucial task in computer vision that involves identifying and locating
objects within an image or video. Unlike image classification, which assigns a label to an entire
image, object detection identifies multiple objects and their positions using bounding boxes. This
technology is widely used in various applications, such as autonomous driving, surveillance,
medical imaging, and robotics.
1.1 Object Detection vs. Image Classification
Feature Image Classification Object Detection
Assigns a single label to an
Task Identifies multiple objects and their locations
image
Bounding boxes with class labels and confidence
Output A single class label
scores
Identifying a cat vs. dog in an Detecting multiple people and cars in a street
Applications
image scene
1.2 Object Detection Approaches
Traditional object detection methods relied on techniques such as:
 Haar Cascades: Used handcrafted features but lacked efficiency.
 Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) + SVM: Applied feature extraction with
machine learning but was slow.
 Selective Search + CNN (R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN): Used deep learning for
feature extraction but still required region proposal methods.
Recent advances in deep learning led to real-time object detection models like YOLO (You Only
Look Once), SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector), and EfficientDet.

2. Deep Learning-Based Object Detection: YOLO


2.1 What is YOLO?
YOLO (You Only Look Once) is a state-of-the-art object detection algorithm that enables real-
time detection by treating object detection as a single regression problem. Unlike traditional
region-based detectors like Faster R-CNN, YOLO processes the entire image in one pass,
making it much faster.
2.2 Evolution of YOLO Models
YOLO has evolved over multiple versions, improving in accuracy and efficiency:
YOLO Version Year Key Improvements
YOLOv1 2016 First implementation with real-time detection
YOLOv2
2017 Improved accuracy and multi-scale detection
(YOLO9000)
Added feature pyramid networks (FPN) for better detection of
YOLOv3 2018
small objects
YOLOv4 2020 Optimized for speed and accuracy with CSPDarknet backbone
YOLOv5 2020 PyTorch implementation, lightweight, and easy to use
YOLOv7 2022 Introduced extended features like E-ELAN and model pruning
Latest version with better efficiency, segmentation, and tracking
YOLOv8 2023
capabilities

3. How YOLO Works


YOLO divides an input image into an S × S grid. Each grid cell predicts:
1. Bounding boxes (x, y, width, height)
2. Confidence scores (probability of object presence)
3. Class probabilities (object classification)
3.1 YOLO Architecture
 Backbone: Uses CNN-based architectures (e.g., Darknet, CSPDarknet) for feature
extraction.
 Neck: Employs PAN (Path Aggregation Network) and FPN (Feature Pyramid Network)
to enhance feature maps.
 Head: Predicts bounding boxes, confidence scores, and class labels.

4. Training a YOLOv8 Model on COCO Dataset


4.1 Dataset: COCO128
COCO (Common Objects in Context) is a widely used dataset with labeled images of everyday
objects. COCO128 is a smaller subset used for quick training.
4.2 Steps in Training a YOLOv8 Model
1. Load the Pre-Trained Model
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt") # Load YOLOv8 nano model

2. Train on COCO128 Dataset


model.train(data="coco128.yaml", epochs=5, batch_size=8, device="cuda")

3. Evaluate Model Performance


metrics = model.val()
print(metrics)
4. Inference on New Images
results = model.predict("image.jpg")

5. Object Detection on Video Streams


The program implements object detection on videos by:
1. Reading a video file or live stream
2. Running YOLO inference frame-by-frame
3. Drawing bounding boxes with labels
4. Saving the processed video
Code Snippet for Object Detection on Video
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("video.mp4")
while cap.isOpened():
ret, frame = cap.read()
results = model.predict(frame)
for r in results:
for box in r.boxes:
x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(int, box.xyxy[0])
conf = box.conf[0].item()
cls = int(box.cls[0].item())
label = f"{model.names.get(cls, 'Unknown')} {conf:.2f}"
cv2.rectangle(frame, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0), 2)
cv2.putText(frame, label, (x1, y1 - 10), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, (0, 255, 0), 2)
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

6. Applications of YOLO in Real-World Scenarios


Smart Surveillance Monitors security footage for threats and unusual activities
Autonomous Vehicles Detects pedestrians, traffic signals, and vehicles for safe navigation
Healthcare Identifies tumors and abnormalities in medical scans
Retail & Inventory Counts stock in warehouses and tracks customer behavior
Agriculture Detects crop diseases and monitors livestock
Smart Surveillance Monitors security footage for threats and unusual activities
7. Conclusion
YOLO has revolutionized object detection with its real-time performance and high accuracy. The
latest YOLOv8 improves upon previous versions by providing better speed and efficiency. With
ongoing advancements in AI, object detection is becoming more precise and widely applicable
across industries.
Further Reading:
 YOLO Official GitHub Repository
 COCO Dataset
 YOLOv8 Documentation

This document provides a strong theoretical foundation for students and a practical
implementation of YOLO models.

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