Port Said University

Faculty of Engineering
Projects Management Diploma

Under Supervision Of:

Dr. Ehab Tolba

Prepared by:
Eng.Karim Ragab
Contents
1.Track or Tire Choice
2.Work Activities and Equipment Packages
3.Earthmoving 4.Excavating Equipment
Equipment 4.1 Excavators 4
3.1 Bulldozers 4.2 Backhoes
3.2 Front-End Loaders 4.3 Front Shovels
3.3 Motor Graders
3.4 Scrapers
3.5 Trucks 5.Compacting Equipment
 1.Track or Tire Choice
•Most equipment moves on tracks or tires has a major influence on
productivity (how much dirt can be moved or excavated in a certain
amount of time or how fast material can be transported). Both types
of movements offer advantages and disadvantages based on
working and surface conditions.
•The following table clear which is the most appropriate for every
case
Track or Tire Choice

Requirement Best Choice

High tractive effort required Tracks
Low tractive effort required Tires
Stable work surface Tires
Unstable work surface Tracks
Short push or travel distance Tracks
Long push or travel distance Tires
Muddy work conditions Tracks
Side sloping Tracks
Loading heavy unstable loads (dump truck) Tracks
Maneuverability required Tires
Speed required Tires
2. Earthmoving , Excavating Work
Activities and Equipment
Packages
Work Activities and Equipment Packages
Dozer Loader Grader Scraper Dump Backhoe Excavator Front
Activity
Truck Shovel
Excavating above x x
grade
Excavating below x x x x
grade
Grubbing x x
Heavy ripping
Light ripping x x
(Con.1)Work Activities and Equipment Packages
Dozer Loader Grader Scraper Dump Backhoe Excavator Front
Activity
Truck Shovel
Tree stump removal x x
Topsoil x x x
removal/storage
Rough cutting x x x
Rough filling x x x x
Finish grading x
(Con.2)Work Activities and Equipment Packages
Dozer Loader Grader Scraper Dump Backhoe Excavator Front
Activity
Truck Shovel
Foundation x x
excavation
Foundation backfilling x x x
Footing excavation x x
Road base x x x x
construction
Temporary road x x x x
construction
3. Earthmoving Equipments
3.1 BULLDOZERS
3.1 BULLDOZERS
•A bulldozer is a tractor unit with a blade attached to its front.
•The blade is used to push, shear, cut, and roll material ahead of the tractor. It is
an ideal surface earthmover that performs best at about 3 mph.
•Each model of bulldozer has an operating range for blade size and adjustment.
•Larger machines have greater operating ranges than smaller machines.
•A larger machine can pitch and tilt deeper than a smaller machine typically.
•For heavy civil work, bulldozer blade widths can range from 80 to 220 and
operating weights can range from about 7 tons to over 120 tons.
3.1 BULLDOZERS
•Maximum digging depth ranges from about 1.50 to 2.50.
•The hard clay-like soil had to be ground up, pushed into piles by the bulldozer,
and then loaded by front-end loaders into dump trucks to be hauled away. This
was more efficient than using excavators due to the denseness of the soil.
•The bar connecting the blade to the body of the bulldozer is parallel to the travel
surface and just above it.
•This positioning can deliver maximum forward force to push a pile of dirt or
a scraper.
•If the work surface is hard and compact, the dozer will make a pass with the
ripper first, breaking up the soil and follow another pass using the blade.
Common Dozer Blades
3.2 FRONT-END LOADERS
3.2 FRONT-END LOADERS
•Front-end loaders typically are tractor powered and operate on tires. They are
typically articulated and very maneuverable, making them ideal for constricted
areas.
• They are used primarily for material moving and re-handling. They are ideal for
scooping and hauling materials in storage piles, where it is to be permanently
placed, or loading it into dump trucks.
•Loaders are ideal for dumping soil back into the hole after the necessary below
grade work is done.
•Tracked loaders may be required for extreme surface conditions demanding
•greater traction or stability.
3.2 FRONT-END LOADERS
•Front-end loaders typically are tractor powered and operate on tires.
•They are Every concrete or asphalt batch plant has a tire equipped frontend
loader to stock the feed to the batch hopper with aggregate and sand.
•Fixed cycle times for loaders (raise, dump, and lower the bucket) range from
about 9 s to about 20 s depending on the size of the loader.
•General-purpose bucket capacities range from about 0.75 to 18 lcy.
•Small loader is ideal for confined spaces and smaller loads.
•These small loaders are very maneuverable and are ideal for use in constricted
limited working areas.
3.2 FRONT-END LOADERS
•Front-end loaders typically are tractor powered and operate on tires.
•They are Every concrete or asphalt batch plant has a tire equipped frontend
loader to stock the feed to the batch hopper with aggregate and sand.
•Fixed cycle times for loaders (raise, dump, and lower the bucket) range from
about 9 s to about 20 s depending on the size of the loader.
•General-purpose bucket capacities range from about 0.75 to 18 lcy.
•Small loader is ideal for confined spaces and smaller loads.
•These small loaders are very maneuverable and are ideal for use in constricted
limited working areas.
3.2 FRONT-END LOADERS
•They are used often for moving sand within slab forms or with fork attachments
to carry brick, mortar, or sand. They are excellent for surface movement of small
amounts of material. These machines are generally referred to as ‘‘Bobcats.’
•Small skid-steer loader manufactured by Melrose. Readily available attachments
include augers, cold planers for light milling, landscape tillers and rakes, trenchers,
vibratory compactors, and brooms.
Skid-steer loader= Bobcat
3.3 MOTOR GRADERS
3.3 MOTOR GRADERS
•This type of equipment has been around since the start of road building, though
originally powered by a team of oxen, mules, or horses.
•The need for a smooth stable travel surface has always been an important part of
a road system.
• Another name for a motor grade is ‘‘maintainer,’’ This name is appropriate
because this equipment is typically used to maintain grade and a smooth surface
for rural nonpaved travel roads or haul routes on construction sites.
The blade is used to push dirt straight ahead or to the side at a desired level.
The gradercan be used for light surface excavation, but is mainly used to move
soil to create a levelsurface.
3.3 MOTOR GRADERS
•Note the ring to which the blade is attached underneath the frame. This ring can
be swiveled vertically and the casting angle of the blade adjusted on it. The blade
can be angled to shape road banks.
•Standard blade widths range from 120 to 140 and speed in midrange gear is
approximately 6 mph. Front tires are usually leaning to resist the force created
when the blade is cutting and side casting the material.
•As the dirt is pushed ahead of the blade it fills voids in the surface over which it is
moving.
•Excess dirt is pushed into other surface voids or to the side.When the dirt is cast
to the side of the grader, this is called a windrow (row of piled dirt).
3.3 MOTOR GRADERS
•Usually a front-end loader will follow behind the grader to scoop up excess dirt in
the windrow if necessary.
•For a small amount of excess, a backhoe scoop can be used.
•Laser level readers can be attached to the motor grader blade so that the
operator can establish a desired elevation using the level signal, not having to rely
on feel and experience as much.
•The grader depth of cut is adjusted based on the signal setting.
3.4 SCRAPERS
3.4 SCRAPERS
•Scrapers are designed to load, haul, and dump loose material. The greatest
advantage is their versatility.
•They can be used for a wide variety of material types and are economical for
a range of haul distances and conditions.
•They are a compromise between a bulldozer, an excavator, and a dump truck.
Scrapers are articulated, tractor powered, and pull a bowl that holds the soil.
• A blade is mounted on the bottom of the bowl that cuts into the travel surface
and the disturbed soil flows into the bowl as the scraper moves forward.
•Scrapers can self-load or be assisted by another scraper or a bulldozer.
3.4 SCRAPERS
Scrapers are classified in the following categories:
1. Single engine: A tractor pulling a bowl that can operate under its own power or
be push-assisted. This is the most common type of scraper on large earthmoving
jobs.
2. Tandem or twin engine: This type has a second engine mounted in the rear and
can develop greater power. This is ideal for steeper hauls at greater speeds.
Typically cost about 30% more than a conventional scraper.
3. Push–pull scraper: This type is designed with a push block mounted on the rear
and a bail mounted on the front to assist other scrapers or be pushed by other
scrapers.They are ideal for dense soil-excavating projects when a dozer is not
utilized for pushing.
Drawn Box Scrapers
3.4 SCRAPERS
4. Elevating: These are self-contained loading and hauling units. The chain elevator
serves as a loading mechanism.
The extra weight of the loading mechanism is a disadvantage during the haul
cycle, but this type is ideal for short-haul situations where the ratio of haul time to
load time is low.
These are used generally for utility work, dressing up behind high-production
spreads, or shifting material during finegrading operations.
The chain breaks the soil as it enters the bowl and is easier to discharge. These
units can be push-assisted.
3.5 TRUCKS (Dumper Truck)

a)Small Dumper Truck)

3.5 TRUCKS (Dumper Truck)

b)Large Dumper Truck)

3.5 TRUCKS (Dumper Truck)
•Trucks are an extremely important part of the earthmoving and material-moving
process.
•They are basically a tractor and a trailer with sides. Like the rest of the equipment
categories, there are a wide range of trucks based on hauling conditions and need.
Typically trucks are sized by trailer volume. Obviously, the larger and heavier the
load, the larger a tractor you need to pull the trailer.
•Trucks are typically used with excavators and loaders for excavation and soil haul
off or delivery. Compared to other earthmoving equipment, they can obtain high
travel speeds. Rough terrain trucks have frames, suspension systems, and motors
designed to traverse rough surfaces and radical travel grades.
3.5 TRUCKS (Dumper Truck)
•Trucks designed for hauling on the highway are designed for less rigorous
conditions.
•Two basic considerations for choosing a truck trailer are the method of dumping
and the class of material hauled.
•Trucks may dump from the rear (the most common), from the bottom (belly
dump), or from the side depending on the type of material and work activity.
•Common rear dump trucks are typically not articulated, but larger rough terrain
trucks are typically articulated for greater maneuverability.
4. EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT
4.1 EXCAVATORS
4.1 EXCAVATORS
•The excavator combines digging and lifting abilities. Excavators come in a wide
range of sizes.
•Bucket size, boom length, and operating speed are primary considerations for
choosing the proper excavator.
•Typically, the faster the operating speed, the faster the machine can load,
swing, dump, return, and dig (the normal excavator production cycle).
•Excavators are ideal for digging and dumping into a dump truck or a pile.
•Excavators are ideal for underground utility construction. For trenching, the
operator fills the bucket and dumps to the side above grade.
4.1 EXCAVATORS
•With the excavator in the same path, the operator can also use the bucket side
and bottom to scrape the dirt back into the trench and compact it after the work
is done.
•Another reason that the excavator is ideal for underground utility construction is
its lifting ability.
• Most buckets have an ‘‘eye’’ for securing rigging.
•Pipe can be easily rigged and placed in the trench. If necessary, the load can be
picked up and ‘‘walked’’ to the placement point. Obviously, the excavator should
be rated for the load.
4.1 EXCAVATORS
•Excavators can accommodate numerous attachments such as pinchers for lifting
logs or pipes, a jackhammer for busting up concrete or compacted soil, or a
magnet for metal material moving.
•Excavator attachments are similar to backhoe attachments and are run by
hydraulics.
•Along with the many attachments, excavators can be equipped with long reach
booms, demolition arrangements, different shoe selections, and different quick
coupler systems.
• Bottom dump buckets permit more accurate loading of narrow trucks and
reduce spillage.
EXCAVATORS
4.1 EXCAVATORS
•Heaped bucket capacities range from very small (0.1 cy), to extremely large for
mass excavation (over 7 cy).
•Most excavators accommodate a range of bucket sizes.
•Maximum digging depths range from about 70 to 340, depending on the boom
and stick lengths and combinations.
•Lifting capacities over the front of the excavator range from about 1300 lbs to
over 64,000 lbs.
4.2 BACKHOES
4.2 BACKHOES
•Backhoes are probably the most common piece of construction equipment found
on commercial construction projects.
•They come in many sizes and are ideal for light excavation, trenching, material
moving, and loading.
•Backhoes can be used as a hoe or a loader and can accommodate many different
accessories and attachments for different operations.
•One of the backhoe’s greatest strengths is that many attachments can be used to
increase its versatility on a job site.
•Simple efficient systems are designed for easy connection of most attachments. If
the contractor does not need the attachment all of the time, it can be rented
as needed.
4.2 BACKHOES
•The operator drives and operates the loader bucket from the front seat and
operates the hoe from the rear seat. Backhoes are designed to operate using
outriggers for stability.
•Outriggers are spread on the digging end (excavator). The scooping bucket
supports the front end. All four wheels are off the ground when digging. The
backhoe is ideal for light underground utility construction.
•The hoe can be used for trenching and lifting like the excavator.
•The bucket can be used for hauling material and backfill. For a large backhoe,
maximum digging depth is about 160, loader bucket capacity is about 1.5 cy, and
maximum lifting capacity is over 4 tons.
4.3 FRONT SHOVELS
4.3 FRONT SHOVELS
Front shovels operate very similarly to front-end loaders as stated earlier in this
chapter.
They are designed to dig above grade into the face of the excavation, not to scoop
at ground level.
These shovels typically operate on tracks for better traction when pushing the
bucket into the face to be excavated.
The work typically entails filling the bucket, backtracking or positioning and
dumping the bucket contents into a pile or a truck.
Front shovels are typically not very mobile and travel distance minimized.
The typical production cycle is like a front end loader and production is calculated
similarly.
4.3 FRONT SHOVELS
Bucket sizes range from over 6 to 36 cy and the vertical digging envelope can
reach almost 500.
Some shovels are equipped with bottom dump buckets to reduce wear on the
machine and provide greater dumping and loading accuracy.
5. Compaction Equipments
5.1 Steel-Wheeled Roller
5.1 Steel-Wheeled Roller
•The steel-wheeled roller is much less versatile than the pneumatic roller.
• Although extensively used, it is normally operated in conjunction with one of the
other three types of compaction rollers.
•It is used for compacting granular materials in thin lifts.
•Probably its most effective use in subgrade work is in the final finish of a surface.
following immediately behind the blade, forming a dense and watertight surface.
5.2 Smooth Double Drum
Vibratory Roller
5.2 Smooth Double Drum
Vibratory Roller
The self-propelled, smooth-drum vibratory roller compacts with a vibratory action
that rearranges the soil particles into a denser .
The best results are obtained on cohesionless sands arid gravels.
Vibratory rollers are relatively light but develop high dynamic force through an
eccentric weight arrangement.
Compaction efficiency is impacted by the ground speed of the roller and the
frequency and amplitude of the vibrating drum.
5.3 Sheep's foot Roller
5.3 Sheep's foot Roller
•This roller compacts all fine-grained materials, including materials that will break
down or degrade under the roller feet, but it will not compact cohesion less granular
materials.
•The number of passes necessary for this type of roller to obtain the required
densities must be determined for each type of soil ncountered.
•The roller compacts from the bottom up and is used especially for plastic materials.
The lift thickness for sheepsfoot rollers is limited to 6 inches in compacted depth.
Penetration of’ the roller feet must be obtained at the start of rolling operations This
roller “walks out” as it completes its compactive effort, leaving the top 1 to 2 inches
uncompacted.
Tamping Rammer
Or
Jumping jack

Plate compactor
The END