PARUL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

PREFACE

The Power System-I theory and Laboratory course at PARUL UNIVERSITY,

WAGHODIYA, VADODARA is design in such a way that students develop basic
understanding of the subject in the theory class and then try their hands on the
experiments to realize the various concept learnt during the theoretical session. The main
objective of the Power System-I laboratory course is: getting hands-on experience of the
concept they have learned in theory classes. All the experiments are designed to
understand the interfacing of the various elements of the power system and also to expose
the students to their uses.

The objective of this Power System-I Practical Book is to provide a comprehensive

source for all the experiments included in the power system laboratory course. It explains
all the aspects related to every experiment such as: understanding of transmission line
design, voltage regulation, power factor of a line etc. It also gives sufficient information
on how to interpret and discuss the obtained results.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

INSTRUCTION TO STUDENTS
1. Be prompt in arriving at the laboratory and always come well prepared for the experiment.
2. Be careful while working on the equipment operated with high voltage power supply.
3. Work quietly and carefully. Give equal opportunity to all your fellow students to work on the
instruments.
4. Every student should have his/her individual copy of the Power System-I Practical Book.
5. Every student has to prepare notebooks specifically reserved for the Power System-I practical work:"
Power System-I Practical Book".
6. Every student has to necessarily bring his/her Power System-I Practical Book, Power System-I
Practical Class Notebook when he/she comes to the Practical to perform the experiment.
7. Record your observations honestly. Never makeup reading or doctor them either to get a better fit on
the graph or to produce the correct result. Display all your observations on the graph (if applicable).
8. All the observations have to be neatly recorded in the Power System-I Practical Class Notebook (as
explained in the Power System-I Practical Book) and verified by the instructor before leaving the
laboratory.
9. If some of the readings appear to be wrong then repeat the set of observations carefully.
10. Do not share your readings with your fellow student. Every student has to produce his/her own set
of readings by performing the experiment separately.
11. After verification of the recorded observations, do the calculation in the Power System-I Practical
Class Notebook (as explained in the Power System-I Practical Book) and produce the desired results
and get them verified by the instructor.
12. Never forget to mention the units of the observed quantities in the observation table. After
calculations, represent the results with appropriate units.
13. Calculate the percentage error in the results obtained by you if the standard results are available and
also try to point out the sources of errors in the experiment.
14. Find the answers of all the questions mentioned under the section 'Find the Answers' at the end of
each experiment in the Power System-I Practical Book.
15. Finally record the verified observations along with the calculation and results in the Power System-
I Practical Notebook.
16. Do not forget to get the information of your next allotment (the experiment which is to be performed
by you in the next laboratory session) before leaving the laboratory from the Technical Assistant.
17. The grades for the Power System-I Practical coursework will be awarded based on your performance
in the laboratory, regularity, recording of experiments in the Power System-I Practical Final Notebook,
lab quiz, regular viva-voce and end-term examination.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr./Ms………………………………………………………………………

with enrolment no. …………………………...…. has successfully completed

his/her laboratory experiments in the Power System 1 (203106310) from the

department of ……………………………………………………….... during

the academic: 2023-2024

Date of Submission: ........................... Staff Incharge: ..........................

Head of Department: ...................................................

 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No. Date of Date of Marks

Sr. Experiment Title Performance Assessment (Out of Sign
No 10)
From To

1 To write code to calculate string

efficiency of transmission line

2 To write program to find sag in

overhead transmission line.

3 To write code to calculate

Inductance of transmission line

4 To write code to calculate

Capacitance of transmission
line

5 To write code to do calculation

of voltages in DC distribution

6 To write code to do calculation

of voltages in AC distribution

7 To write code to do calculation

of voltages in DC ring
distribution
8 To write code to do
calculation of voltages in ac
ring distribution
9 To write code to find voltage
across each load point in 3 wire
dc distribution system

10
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 01
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO CALCULATE STRING EFFICIENCY OF
TRANSMISSION LINE
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: As stated above, the voltage applied across the string of suspension
insulators is not uniformly distributed across various units or discs. The disc nearest to
the conductor has much higher potential than the other discs. This unequal potential
distribution is undesirable and is usually expressed in terms of string efficiency.
The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs and the
voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor is known as string efficiency i.e.,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑛 ⋅ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
where n = number of discs in the string
String efficiency is an important consideration since it decides the potential distribution
along the string. The greater the string efficiency, the more uniform is the voltage
distribution. Thus 100% string efficiency is an ideal case for which the voltage across
each disc will be exactly the same. Although it is impossible to achieve 100% string
efficiency, yet efforts should be made to improve it as close to this value as possible.
The figure shows the equivalent circuit for a 3-disc string. Let us suppose that self-
capacitance of each disc is C. Let us further assume that shunt capacitance C1 is some
fraction K of self-capacitance i.e., 𝐶1 = KC. Starting from the cross-arm or tower, the
voltage across each unit is 𝑉1 ,𝑉2 and 𝑉3 respectively as shown.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to node A, we get,
𝐼2 = 𝐼1 +𝑖1
or 𝑉2 ω C* = 𝑉1 ω C + 𝑉1 ω𝐶1
or 𝑉2 ω C = 𝑉1 ω C + 𝑉1 ω K C
∴ 𝑉2 =𝑉1 (1 + K) ...(i)
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to node B, we get,
𝐼3 = 𝐼2 + 𝑖2
or 𝑉3 ω C = 𝑉2 ω C + (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 ) ω 𝐶1
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
or 𝑉3 ω C =𝑉2 ω C + (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 ) ω K C
or 𝑉3 = 𝑉2 + (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )K
= K𝑉1 + 𝑉2 (1 + K)
= K𝑉1 + 𝑉1 (1 + 𝐾)2 [ 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 (1 + K)]
= 𝑉1 [K + (1 + 𝐾)2 ]
∴ 𝑉3 = 𝑉1 [1 + 3K +𝐾 2 ] ...(ii)
Voltage between conductor and earth (i.e., tower) is
V = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
= 𝑉1 + 𝑉1 (1 + K) + 𝑉1 (1 + 3K +𝐾 2 )
=𝑉1 (3 + 4K + 𝐾 2 )
∴ V = 𝑉1 (1 + K) (3 + K) ...(iii)
From expressions (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑉
= = = (1+𝐾)(3+𝐾) …(iv)
1 1+𝐾 1+3𝐾+𝐾 2

∴ Voltage across top unit,

𝑉
V1 = (1+𝐾)(3+𝐾)

Voltage across second unit from top, 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 (1 + K)

Voltage across third unit from top, 𝑉3 = 𝑉1 (1 + 3K +𝐾 2 )
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
%age String efficiency = (100)
𝑛 . 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑉
= (3
.𝑉3 )(100)

The following points may be noted from the above mathematical analysis:
● If K = 0·2 (Say), then from exp. (iv), we get, 𝑉2 = 1·2 𝑉1 and𝑉3 = 1·64𝑉1 . This
clearly shows that the disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage across
it; the voltage across other discs decreasing progressively as the cross-arm
approaches.
● The greater the value of K (= 𝐶1 /C), the more non-uniform the potential across the
discs and lesser is the string efficiency.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
● The inequality in voltage distribution increases with the increase of the number of
discs in the string. Therefore, shorter strings have more efficiency than the larger
one.

EXERCISE: In a 33 kV overhead line, there are three units in the string of insulators. If
the capacitance between each insulator pin and earth is 11% of self-capacitance of each
insulator, find (i) the distribution of voltage over 3 insulators and (ii) string efficiency
CALCULATION:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
Vl=33; %Line Voltage in KV
Vph=Vl/(3)^0.5 %Phase Voltage in KV
k=0.11; %Shunt Capacitance/Self Capacitance
V1=5.51 %Distribution Voltage 1
V2=(1+k)*V1 %Distribution Voltage 2
V3=k*V1+V2*(1+k) %Distribution Voltage 3
Vphase=V1+V2+V3
n=Vph/(3*V3)*100 %String Efficiency
RESPONSE:
Vph = 19.0751
V1 = 5.5100
V2 = 6.1161
V3 = 7.3950
Vphase = 19.0211
n = 85.9825
CONTEXT PROBLEM: A string of 4 insulators has a self-capacitance equal to 10 times
the pin to earth capacitance. Find (i) the voltage distribution across various units
expressed as a percentage of total voltage across the string and (ii) string efficiency
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
n=4; %no. of disc
k=0.1; %Shunt Capacitance/Self Capacitance
V1=1 %Assuming Voltage drop at Disc 1
V2=(1+k)*V1 %Voltage drop at disc 2
V3=k*V1+V2*(1+k) %Voltage drop at disc 3
V4=k*(V1+V2)+(k+1)*V3 %Voltage drop at disc 4
Vph=V1+V2+V3+V4 %Total voltage drop
V_1=(V1/Vph)*100 %voltage drop at 1 in Percentage
V_2=(V2/Vph)*100 %voltage drop at 2 in Percentage
V_3=(V3/Vph)*100 %voltage drop at 3 in Percentage
V_4=(V4/Vph)*100 %voltage drop at 4 in Percentage
n=Vph/(n*V4)*100 %String Efficiency

RESPONSE:
V1 = 1
V2 = 1.1000
V3 = 1.3100
V4 = 1.6510
Vph = 5.0610
V_1 = 19.7589
V_2 = 21.7348
V_3 = 25.8842
V_4 = 32.6220
n = 76.6354
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 02
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO CALCULATE SAG OF TRANSMISSION LINE.
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: While erecting an overhead line, it is very important that conductors are
under safe tension. If the conductors are too much stretched between supports in a bid to
save conductor material, the stress in the conductor may reach unsafe value and in certain
cases the conductor may break due to excessive tension. In order to permit safe tension
in the conductors, they are not fully stretched but are allowed to have a dip or sag. The
difference in level between points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is
called sag.
Fig. shows a conductor suspended between two equilevel supports A and B. The
conductor is not fully stretched but is allowed to have a dip. The lowest point on the
conductor is O and the sag is S.

The following points may be noted:

(i) When the conductor is suspended between two supports at the same level, it takes the
shape of a catenary. However, if the sag is very small compared with the span, then the
sag-span curve is like a parabola.
(ii) The tension at any point on the conductor acts tangentially. This tension to at the
lowest point O acts horizontally as shown in Fig.
(iii) The horizontal component of tension is constant throughout the length of the wire.
(iv) The tension at supports is approximately equal to the horizontal tension acting at any
point on the wire. Thus, if T is the tension at the support B, then T= To.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
Conductor sag and tension:
This is an important consideration in the mechanical design of overhead lines. The
conductor sag should be kept to a minimum in order to reduce the conductor material
required and to avoid extra pole height for sufficient clearance above ground level. It is
also desirable that tension in the conductor should be low to avoid mechanical failure of
the conductor and to permit the use of less strong supports. However, low conductor
tension and minimum sag are not possible. It is because low sag means a tight wire and
high tension, whereas a low tension means a loose wire and increased sag. Therefore, in
actual practice, a compromise is made between the two.

Calculation of Sag
In an overhead line, the sag should be so adjusted that tension in the conductors is within
safe limits. The tension is governed by conductor weight, effects of wind, ice loading and
temperature variations. It is a standard practice to keep conductor tension less than 50%
of its ultimate tensile strength ie., minimum the factor of safety in respect of conductor
tension should be 2. We shall now calculate sag and tension of a conductor when (i)
supports are at equal levels and (ii) supports are at unequal levels.
(i)When supports are at equal levels:
Consider a conductor between two equilevel supports A and B with O as the lowest point
as shown in Fig. It can be proved that the lowest point will be at the mid-span.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
Let, 1= Length of span
w = Weight per unit length of conductor
T = Tension in the conductor.
Consider a point P on the conductor. Taking the lowest point O as the origin, let the
coordinates of point P be X and Y. Assuming that the curvature is so small that curved
length is equal to its horizontal projection (i.e., OP = x), the two forces acting on the
portion OP of the conductor are:
(a) The weight wx of the conductor acting at a distance x/2 from O.
(b) The tension T acting at O.
Equating the moments of above two forces about point O, we get,
𝑥
Ty = 𝑤𝑥 ×
2

𝑤𝑥 2
Y=
2𝑇
The maximum dip (sag) is represented by the value of y at either of the supports A and
B. At support A, x = 1/2 and y = S
𝑙 2
𝑤(2) 𝑤𝑙 2
Sag, S = =
2𝑇 8𝑇

(ii) When supports are at unequal levels:

In hilly areas, we generally come across conductors suspended between supports at
unequal levels. Fig. shows a conductor suspended between two supports A and B which
are at different levels. The lowest point on the conductor is O.
Let l= Span length
h = Difference in levels between two supports
X1 = Distance of support at lower level (i.e., A) from O
x2 = Distance of support at higher level (i.e., B) from O
T = Tension in the conductor
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

If w is the weight per unit length of the conductor, then,

〖𝑤(𝑥〗1 )2
Sag 𝑆1 =
2𝑇
〖𝑤(𝑥〗2 )2
Sag 𝑠2 =
2𝑇

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 𝑙 …(i)
𝑙 𝑇ℎ
𝑥1 = −
2 𝑊𝑙

𝑙 𝑇ℎ
𝑥2 = −
2 𝑊𝑙
Effect of wind and ice loading:
The above formulae for sag are true only in still air and at normal temperature when the
conductor is acted by its weight only. However, in actual practice, a conductor may have
ice coating and simultaneously be subjected to wind pressure. The weight of ice acts
vertically downwards i.e., in the same direction as the weight of the conductor. The force
due to the wind is assumed to act horizontally i.e., at right angle to the projected surface
of the conductor. Hence, the total force on the conductor is the vector sum of horizontal
and vertical forces as shown in Fig.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

Total weight of conductor per unit length is

𝑤𝑡 = √(〖𝑤 + 𝑤𝑖 )〗2 + (〖𝑤 + 𝑤𝑤 )〗2

w = weight of conductor per unit length
= conductor material density × volume per unit length
𝑤𝑖 = weight of ice per unit length
= density of ice × volume of ice per unit length
𝜋
= density of ice × 2 ×1
4[(〖𝑑+2𝑡)〗2 −𝑑 ]

= density of ice × 𝜋𝑡(𝑑 ∗ 𝑡)

𝑤𝑤 = wind force per unit length
= wind pressure per unit area × projected area per unit length
= wind pressure×[(d+2t)× 1]
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
When the conductor has wind and ice loading also, the following points may be noted:
(i)The conductor sets itself in a plane at an angle 𝜃 to the vertical where
𝑤𝑤
tan(𝜃) =
𝑤+𝑤𝑖

(ii)The sag in the conductor is given by:

𝑤𝑡 𝑙 2
S=
2𝑇

Hence S represents the slant sag in a direction making an angle 𝜃 to the vertical. If no
specific mention is made in the problem, then slant slag is calculated by using the above
formula.
(iii) The vertical sag = S cos 𝜃
EXERCISE: A transmission line has a span of 150 m between level supports. The
conductor has a cross-sectional area of 2 𝑐𝑚2 . The tension in the conductor is 2000 kg.
If the specific gravity of the conductor material is 9·9 gm/𝑐𝑚3 and wind pressure is 1·5
kg/m length, Calculate the sag.
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
L=150; %Line span b/w level support
A=2; %Conductor X-section area in cm.sq
T=2000; %tension of conductor
Sg=9.9; %Specific gravity of conductor
Ww=1.5; %Wind pressure in kg/m
W=(A*Sg*100)/1000 %Weight of conductor per unit length = area*sg (to convert into
kg/m)
Wt=((W)^2+(Ww)^2)^0.5 %Total weight of conductor
S=(Wt*L^2)/(8*T) %Sag

RESPONSE:
W = 1.9800
Wt = 2.4840
S = 3.4932
CONTEXT PROBLEM: Calculate the vertical sag of above example
CALCULATION:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
L=150; %Line span b/w level support
A=2; %Conductor X-section area in cm.sq
T=2000; %tension of conductor
Sg=9.9; %Specific gravity of conductor
Ww=1.5; %Wind pressure in kg/m
W=(A*Sg*100)/1000 %Weight of conductor per unit length = area*sg* (to convert into
kg/m)
Wt=((W)^2+(Ww)^2)^0.5 %Total weight of conductor
S=(Wt*L^2)/(8*T) %Sag
t=atan(Ww/W) %find theta for vertical sag Tan(t)=Ww/W
Vs=S*cos(t) %Vertical sag
RESPONSE:
W = 1.9800
Wt = 2.4840
S = 3.4932
t = 0.6483
Vs = 2.7844
CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 03
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO CALCULATE INDUCTANCE OF TRANSMISSION
LINE.
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: A single-phase line consists of two parallel conductors which form a
rectangular loop of one turn. When an alternating current flows through such a loop, a
changing magnetic flux is set up. The changing flux links the loop and hence the loop (or
single-phase line) possesses inductance.
𝐷𝑚
Loop inductance = 2 LA = 2 × 2 × 10−7 〖𝑙𝑜𝑔〗_𝑒
𝑟′

r' = 0.7788 r, is called the geometric mean radius (GMR) of the wire.
When 3-phase line conductors are not equidistant from each other, the conductor spacing
is said to be unsymmetrical. Under such conditions, the flux linkages and inductance of
each phase are not the same. A different inductance in each phase results in unequal
voltage drops in the three phases even if the currents in the conductors are balanced. In a
symmetrically spaced line, we find that inductance of each line conductor in the two cases
will be equal if d= 3√𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 .
The distance is known as equivalent equilateral spacing for an unsymmetrically
transposed line. In the inductance calculations, we use the term self-geometric mean
distance (abbreviated as self-GMD) and mutual geometric mean distance (mutual-GMD)
respectively Ds and Dm. The inductance formulas are conveniently expressed in terms of
geometrical mean distances.
(i) Single phase
𝐷𝑚
Inductance/conductor/m =2 x 10−7 〖𝑙𝑜𝑔〗_𝑒
𝐷𝑠

where Ds = 0.7788 r and Dm = Spacing between conductors = d

(ii) Single circuit 3 - 𝜙 line
𝐷𝑚
Inductance/phase/m =2 x 10−7 〖𝑙𝑜𝑔〗_𝑒
𝐷𝑠

where Ds = 0.7788 r and Dm = 3√𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 .

(iii) Double circuit 3-ф line
𝐷𝑚
Inductance/phase/m = 2 x 10−7 〖𝑙𝑜𝑔〗_𝑒
𝐷𝑠
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
where Ds = ( 𝐷_𝑠1. 𝐷_𝑠2. 𝐷_𝑠3 )^(1/3) and Dm = ( 𝐷_𝐴𝐵 × 𝐷_𝐵𝐶 × 𝐷_𝐶𝐴 )^(1/3)
1
′
𝐷𝑠1 = (𝐷𝑎𝑎 . 𝐷𝑎𝑎 . 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ . 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )4
1
′
𝐷𝑠2 = (𝐷𝑏𝑏 . 𝐷𝑏𝑏 . 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏 ′ . 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏 )4
1
′
𝐷𝑠3 = (𝐷𝑐𝑐 . 𝐷𝑐𝑐 . 𝐷𝑐′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐′ 𝑐 )4

1
′
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = (𝐷𝑎𝑏 . 𝐷𝑎𝑏 . 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 )4
1
′
𝐷𝐵𝐶 = (𝐷𝑏𝑐 . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 . 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 )4
1
′
𝐷𝐶𝐴 = (𝐷𝑐𝑎 . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 . 𝐷𝑐′ 𝑎′ . 𝐷𝑐′ 𝑎 )4

EXERCISE: Fig. shows the spacing’s of a double circuit 3-phase overhead line. The
phase sequence is ABC and the line is completely transposed. The conductor radius in
1·3 cm. Find the inductance per phase per kilometer.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
r=1.3 %Radius of conductor in Centimeter
R=r/100 %Radius of conductor in meter
E=R*0.7788 %GMR of the Conductor
F=6 %Distance of conductor to double circuit conductor in meter
G=3 %Distance of Consecutive conductor to a same Circuit Conductor in meter
H=(F^2+(G+G)^2)^0.5 %Distance of conductor to same phase conductor in double
circuit (A'A,AA,C'C,CC')
Ds1=(E*E*H*H)^0.25 %Self GMD from Position 1
Ds2=(E*E*F*F)^0.25 %Self GMD from Position 2
Ds3=(E*E*H*H)^0.25 %Self GMD from Position 3
Ds=(Ds1*Ds2*Ds3)^(1/3) %Equivalent Self GMD
I=(F^2+G^2)^0.5 %Distance between conductor to consecutive Conductor of double
circuit Conductor
Dm1=(I*I*G*G)^0.25 %Mutual GMD Between Phase A&B
Dm2=(I*I*G*G)^0.25 %Mutual GMD Between Phase B&C
Dm3=(F*F*F*F)^0.25 %Mutual GMD Between Phase C&A
Dm=(Dm1*Dm2*Dm3)^(1/3) %Equivalent Mutual GMD
%Inductance per phase per meter length
J=(2*10^(-7))*log(Dm/Ds) %In Henry
K=J*10^3 %Inductance/phase/km
L=K*10^3 %In mH
RESPONSE
r = 1.3000
R = 0.0130
E = 0.0101
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
F=6
G=3
H = 8.4853
Ds1 = 0.2931
Ds2 = 0.2465
Ds3 = 0.2931
Ds = 0.2767
I = 6.7082
Dm1 = 4.4860
Dm2 = 4.4860
Dm3 = 6
Dm = 4.9426
J = 5.7658e-07
K = 5.7658e-04
L = 0.5766
CONTEXT PROBLEM: Find the inductance per phase per km of double circuit 3-phase
line shown in Fig. The conductors are transposed and are of radius 0·75 cm each. The
phase sequence is ABC.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
r=0.75 %Radius of conductor in Centimetre
R=r/100 %Radius of conductor in meter
E=R*0.7788 %GMR of the Conductor
F=4 %Distance of conductor to double circuit conductor in meter (a to a' and c to c')
G=3 %Distance of Consecutive conductor to a same Circuit Conductor in meter
X=5.5 %Distance for b to b'
Y=(G^2+((X-F)/2)^2)^0.5
Z=(G^2+(((X-F)/2)+F)^2)^0.5
H=(F^2+(G+G)^2)^0.5 %Distance of conductor to same phase conductor in double
circuit (A'A,AA,C'C,CC')
Ds1=(E*E*H*H)^0.25 %Self GMD from Position 1
Ds2=(E*E*X*X)^0.25 %Self GMD from Position 2
Ds3=(E*E*H*H)^0.25 %Self GMD from Position 3
Ds=(Ds1*Ds2*Ds3)^(1/3) %Equivalent Self GMD
Dm1=(Y*Y*Z*Z)^0.25 %Mutual GMD Between Phase A&B
Dm2=(Y*Y*Z*Z)^0.25 %Mutual GMD Between Phase B&C
Dm3=(4*G*G*F*F)^0.25 %Mutual GMD Between Phase C&A
Dm=(Dm1*Dm2*Dm3)^(1/3) %Equivalent Mutual GMD
%Inductance per phase per meter length
I=(2*10^(-7))*log(Dm/Ds) %In Henry
K=I*10^3 %Inductance/phase/km
L=K*10^3 %In mH
RESPONSE:
r = 0.7500
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
R = 0.0075
E = 0.0058
F=4
G=3
X = 5.5000
Y = 3.0923
Z = 5.6181
H = 7.2111
Ds1 = 0.2052
Ds2 = 0.1792
Ds3 = 0.2052
Ds = 0.1962
Dm1 = 4.1681
Dm2 = 4.1681
Dm3 = 4.8990
Dm = 4.3987
I = 6.2201e-07
K = 6.2201e-04
L = 0.6220
CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 04
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO CALCULATE CAPACITANCE OF TRANSMISSION
LINE.
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: The electric potential at a point due to a charge is the work done in bringing
a unit positive charge from infinity to that point. The concept of electric potential is
extremely important for the determination of capacitance in a circuit since the latter is
defined as the charge per unit potential. Consider a single-phase overhead transmission
line consisting of two parallel conductors A and B spaced d meters apart in air. Suppose
that the radius of each conductor is r meters. Let their respective charge be + Q and - Q
coulombs per mere length. So, these potentials are w.r.t. the same neutral plane.
the potential difference between the conductors is,
2𝑄 𝑑
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑉𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝜀∘ 𝑟
𝜋𝜀∘ 𝐹
Capacitance, 𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑚
𝑟

Equation gives the capacitance between the conductors of a two-wire line. it is desired to
know the capacitance between one of the conductors and a neutral point between them.
Since the potential of the mid- point between the conductors is zero, the potential
difference between each conductor and the ground or neutral is half the potential
difference between the conductors. Thus, the capacitance to ground or capacitance to
neutral for the two wire lines is twice the line-to-line capacitance.
Capacitance to neutral, 𝐶𝑁 = 𝐶𝐴𝑁 = 𝐶𝐵𝑁 = 2𝐶𝐴𝐵
2𝜋𝜀∘ 𝐹
𝐶𝑁 =
𝑑 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝑟
a 3-phase transmission line, the capacitance of each conductor is considered instead of
capacitance from conductor to conductor. Here, again two cases arise viz., symmetrical
spacing and unsymmetrical spacing.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
(i) Symmetrical Spacing
3-phase overhead transmission line Let the conductors be equidistant (d meters) from
each other. We find the capacitance from line conductor to neutral in this symmetrically
spaced line, then Capacitance of conductor A w.r.t neutral.
2𝜋𝜀∘ 𝐹
𝐶𝐴 =
𝑑 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝑟
(ii) Unsymmetrical spacing
For a 3-phase transposed line having unsymmetrical spacing, Capacitance from
conductor to neutral is
2𝜋𝜀∘ 𝐹
𝐶𝐴 = 3
√𝑑1. 𝑑2. 𝑑3 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝑟
EXERCISE: A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 66 kV overhead line conductors are placed in a
horizontal plane as shown in Fig. The conductor diameter is 1·25 cm. If the line length is
100 km, calculate capacitance per phase. calculate capacitance per phase

CALCULATION_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
d=1.25; %Diameter of conductor in cm
R=(d*10^(-2))/2 %Radius in Meter
d1=2; %Distance between 2 Consecutive Conductor in meter
d2=4; %Distance between one to one after another conductor in meter
D=(d1*d1*d2)^(1/3) %Equivalent distance in meter
E0=8.854*10^(-12); %Value of Epsilon
c=(2*pi*E0)/(log(D/R)) %Value of Capacitance in F/M
C=c*10^3 %Value of capacitance in F/Km
C1=C*10^6 %Value in µF/Km

RESPONSE:
R = 0.0063
D = 2.5198
c = 9.2729e-12
C = 9.2729e-09
C1 =0.0093

CONTEXT PROBLEM: A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 132 kV overhead line has conductors placed
in a horizontal plane 4 m apart. Conductor diameter is 2 cm. If the line length is 100 km,
calculate the charging current per phase assuming complete transposition
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
d=2; %Diameter of conductor in cm
R=(d*10^(-2))/2 %Radius in Meter
d1=4; %Distance between 2 Consecutive Conductor in meter
d2=8; %Distance between one to one after another conductor in meter
L=100; %Length of line
f=50; %supply frequency
Vl=132000;%Voltage in line
D=(d1*d1*d2)^(1/3) %Equivalent distance in meter
E0=8.854*10^(-12); %Value of Epsilon
c=(2*pi*E0)/(log(D/R)) %Value of Capacitance in F/M
C=c*10^3 %Value of capacitance in F/Km
C1=C*10^6 %Value in µF/Km
C2=L*C %Value in F per unit length
Vph=Vl/1.732 %phase voltage
I=2*3.14*f*C2*Vph %Current per phase
RESPONSE:
R = 0.0100
D = 5.0397
c = 8.9403e-12
C = 8.9403e-09
C1 = 0.0089
C2 = 8.9403e-07
Vph = 7.6212e+04
I = 21.3948
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 05
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO DO CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES IN DC
DISTRIBUTION
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: it is desirable that a long distributor should be fed at both ends instead of at
one end only, since total voltage drop can be considerably reduced without increasing the
cross-section of the conductor. The two ends of the distributor may be supplied with (i)
equal voltages (ii) unequal voltages
(I) Two ends fed with equal voltages. Consider a distributor A B fed at both ends
with equal voltages V volts and having concentrated loads I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 at points C,
D, E, F and G respectively as shown in Fig. As we move away from one of the feeding
points, say A, P.D. goes on decreasing till it reaches the minimum value at some load
point, say E, and then again starts rising and becomes V volts as we reach the other
feeding point B.

All the currents tapped off between points A and E (minimum P.D. point) will be supplied
from the feeding point A while those tapped off between B and E will be supplied from
the feeding point B. The current tapped off at point E itself will be partly supplied from
A and partly from B. If these currents are x and y respectively, then,
I3 = x + y
Therefore, we arrive at a very important conclusion that at the point of minimum
potential, current comes from both ends of the distributor.
Point of minimum potential. It is generally desired to locate the point of minimum
potential. There is a simple method for it. Consider a distributor A B having three
concentrated loads I1, I2 and I3 at points C, D and E respectively. Suppose that current
supplied by feeding end A is IA. Then current distribution in the various sections of the
distributor can be worked out as shown in Fig.
Thus,
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
IAC = IA; ICD = IA− I1; IDE = IA− I1− I2; IEB = IA− I1− I2− I3

Voltage drop between A and B = Voltage drop over AB

or V −V = IA RAC + (IA – I1) RCD + (IA – I1 – I2) RDE + (IA – I1 – I2 – I3) REB
From this equation, the unknown IA can be calculated as the values of other quantities
are generally given. Suppose actual directions of currents in the various sections of the
distributor are indicated as shown in Fig. The load point where the currents are coming
from both sides of the distributor is the point of minimum potential i.e. point E in this
case.
EXERCISE: A 2-wire D.C. street mains AB, 600 m long is fed from both ends at 220
V. Loads of 20 A, 40 A, 50 A and 30 A are tapped at distances of 100m, 250m, 400m
and 500 m from the end A respectively. If the area of X-section of distributor conductor
is 1cm2, find the minimum consumer voltage. Take ρ = 1.7 ⋅ 10-6 Ω cm.
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
p=1.7*10^-8; %resistivity of wire in ohm m
A=1*10^-4; %Area in meter square
R=(2*p)/A %for 2 wire line
l_ac=100; %length of ac wire in m
l_cd=150; %length of cd wire in m
l_de=150; %length of de wire in m
l_ef=100; %length of ef wire in m
l_fb=100; %length of fb wire in m
R_ac=R*l_ac %Resistance of wire ac
R_cd=R*l_cd %Resistance of wire cd
R_de=R*l_de %Resistance of wire de
R_ef=R*l_ef %Resistance of wire ef
R_fb=R*l_fb %Resistance of wire fb
I_c=20; %Load Current in Ampere at node C
I_d=40; %Load Current in Ampere at node D
I_e=50; %Load Current in Ampere at node E
I_f=30; %Load Current in Ampere at node F
I_AC=61.667%Current in Ampere is flowing through wire AC
I_CD=I_AC-I_c %Current flowing through wire CD in Ampere
I_DE=I_CD-I_d %Current flowing through wire DE in Ampere
I_EF=I_DE-I_e %Current flowing through wire EF in Ampere
I_FB=I_EF-I_f %Current flowing through wire FB in Ampere
V_ac=I_AC*R_ac %Voltage drop between AC
V_cd=I_CD*R_cd %Voltage drop between CD
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_de=I_DE*R_de %Voltage drop between DE
V_ef=I_EF*R_ef %Voltage drop between EF
V_fb=I_FB*R_fb %Voltage drop between FB
V_A=220 %Volatge at Point A
V_C=V_A-V_ac %Voltage at Point C
V_D=V_C-V_cd %Voltage at Point D
V_E=V_D-V_de %Voltage at Point E
V_F=V_E-V_ef %Voltage at Point F
V_B=V_F-V_fb %Voltage at Point B

RESPONSE:
R = 3.4000e-04
R_ac = 0.0340
R_cd = 0.0510
R_de = 0.0510
R_ef = 0.0340
R_fb = 0.0340
I_AC = 61.6670
I_CD = 41.6670
I_DE = 1.6670
I_EF = -48.3330
I_FB = -78.3330
V_ac = 2.0967
V_cd = 2.1250
V_de = 0.0850
V_ef = -1.6433
V_fb = -2.6633
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_A = 220
V_C = 217.9033
V_D = 215.7783
V_E = 215.6933
V_F = 217.3366
V_B = 219.9999
CONTEXT PROBLEM: Two conductors of a D.C. distributor cable AB 1000 m long
have a total resistance of 0·1 Ω. The ends A and B are fed at 240 V. The cable is uniformly
loaded at 0·5 A per meter length and has concentrated loads of 120A, 60A, 100A and
40A at points distant 200m, 400m, 700m and 900m respectively from the end A.
Calculate (i) the point of minimum potential (ii) currents supplied from ends A and B (iii)
the value of minimum potential.

CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
R=(0.1*2)/1000 %for 2 wire line per meter
l_ac=200; %length of ac wire in m
l_cd=200; %length of cd wire in m
l_de=300; %length of de wire in m
l_ef=200; %length of ef wire in m
l_fb=100; %length of fb wire in m
R_ac=R*l_ac %Resistance of wire ac
R_cd=R*l_cd %Resistance of wire cd
R_de=R*l_de %Resistance of wire de
R_ef=R*l_ef %Resistance of wire ef
R_fb=R*l_fb %Resistance of wire fb
I_c=120; %Load Current in Ampere at node C
I_d=60; %Load Current in Ampere at node D
I_e=100; %Load Current in Ampere at node E
I_f=40; %Load Current in Ampere at node F
I_AC=166%Current in Ampere is flowing through wire AC
I_CD=I_AC-I_c %Current flowing through wire CD in Ampere
I_DE=I_CD-I_d %Current flowing through wire DE in Ampere
I_EF=I_DE-I_e %Current flowing through wire EF in Ampere
I_FB=I_EF-I_f %Current flowing through wire FB in Ampere
V_ac=I_AC*R_ac %Voltage drop between AC
V_cd=I_CD*R_cd %Voltage drop between CD
V_de=I_DE*R_de %Voltage drop between DE
V_ef=I_EF*R_ef %Voltage drop between EF
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_fb=I_FB*R_fb %Voltage drop between FB
V_A=240 %Voltage at Point A
V_C=V_A-V_ac %Voltage at Point C
V_D=V_C-V_cd %Voltage at Point D
V_E=V_D-V_de %Voltage at Point E
V_F=V_E-V_ef %Voltage at Point F
V_B=V_F-V_fb %Voltage at Point B

RESPONSE:
R = 2.0000e-04
R_ac = 0.0400
R_cd = 0.0400
R_de = 0.0600
R_ef = 0.0400
R_fb = 0.0200
I_AC = 166
I_CD = 46
I_DE = -14
I_EF = -114
I_FB = -15
V_ac = 6.640
V_cd = 1.8400
V_de = -0.8400
V_ef = -4.5600
V_fb = -3.0800
V_A = 240
V_C = 233.3600
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_D = 231.5200
V_E = 232.3600
V_F = 236.9200
V_B = 240.0000
CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 06
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO DO CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES IN AC
DISTRIBUTION
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: In A.C. distribution calculations, power factors of various load currents have
to be considered since currents in different sections of the distributor will be the vector
sum of load currents and not the arithmetic sum. The power factors of load currents may
be given (i) w.r.t. receiving or sending end voltage or (ii) w.r.t. to load voltage itself. Each
case shall be discussed separately.
(I)Power factors referred to receiving end voltage. Consider an A.C. distributor A B
with concentrated loads of I1 and I2 tapped off at points C and B as shown in Fig. Taking
the receiving end voltage VB as the reference vector, let lagging power factors at C and
B be cos φ1 and cos φ2 w.r.t. VB. Let R1, X1 and R2, X2 be the resistance and reactance of
sections AC and CB of the distributor.
Impedance of section AC, ZAC = R1 + j X1
Impedance of section CB, ZCB = R2 + j X2
Load current at point C, I1 = I1 (cos φ1 − j sin φ1)
Load current at point B, I2 = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
Current in section CB, ICB = I2 = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
Current in section AC, IAC = I1 + I2
= I1 (cos φ1 − j sin φ1) + I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
Voltage drop in section CB, VCB = ICB ZCB = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2) (R2 + j X2)
Voltage drop in section AC, VAC = IAC ZAC = (I1+I2) ZAC
= [I1 (cos φ1 − j sin φ1) + I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)] [R1 + jX1]
Sending end voltage, VA = VB + VCB + VAC
Sending end current, IA = I1 + I2
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXERCISE: A single phase A.C. distributor AB 300 meters long is fed from end A
and is loaded as under:
(i) 100 A at 0·707 p.f. lagging 200 m from point A
(ii) 200 A at 0·8 p.f. lagging 300 m from point A
The load resistance and reactance of the distributor is 0·2 Ω and 0·1 Ω per kilometer.
Calculate the total voltage drop in the distributor. The load power factors refer to the
voltage at the far end.
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
r=0.2+j*0.1%resistance ohm per kilometre
l_ac=200;%Length of wire A to C in m
l_cb=100;%Length of wire C to B in m
Z_ac=((r*l_ac)/1000)%Impedance of line AC in ohm
Z_cb=((r*l_cb)/1000)%Impedance of line CB in ohm
I_c=100;%load current at point C
I_b=200;%load current at point B
cos_1=0.707;%p.f lag at point C
cos_2=0.8;%p.f lag at point B
I_1=I_c*(cos_1-j*sin(acos(cos_1)))%AC load current at C
I_2=I_b*(cos_2-j*sin(acos(cos_2)))%AC load current at B
I_AC=I_1+I_2%Ac current from A to C
V_AC=I_AC*Z_ac %Voltage drop from A to C
V_BC=I_2*Z_cb %Voltage drop from B to C
V_ab=V_AC+V_BC %Voltage drop from A to B
V_AB=abs(V_ab) %Voltage drop from A to B

RESPONSE:
r = 0.2000 + 0.1000i
Z_ac = 0.0400 + 0.0200i
Z_cb = 0.0200 + 0.0100i
I_1 = 70.7000 -70.7214i
I_2 = 1.6000e+02 - 1.2000e+02i
I_AC = 2.3070e+02 - 1.9072e+02i
V_AC = 13.0424 - 3.0149i
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_BC = 4.4000 - 0.8000i
V_ab = 17.4424 - 3.8149i
V_AB = 17.8547

CONTEXT PROBLEM: A single phase distributor one km long has resistance and
reactance per conductor of 0·1 Ω and 0·15 Ω respectively. At the far end, the voltage VB
= 200 V and the current is 100 A at a p.f. of 0·8 lagging. At the mid-point M of the
distributor, a current of 100 A is tapped at a p.f. of 0·6 lagging with reference to the
voltage VM at the mid-point. Calculate:
(i) voltage at mid-point
(ii) sending end voltage VA
(iii) phase angle between VA and VB

CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
V_B= 200 %Voltage at B
Zam=(0.1+j*(0.15)); %impedance from A to M
Zmb=(0.1+j*(0.15)); %impedance from M to B
I1=100; %Load current in Ampere at point M
I2=100; %Load current in Ampere at point B
pf1=0.6; %power factor lagging at point M
pf2=0.8; %power factor lagging at point B
I_2=I2*(cos(acos(pf2))-j*(sin(acos(pf2))))%AC current at point B
Vmb=I_2*Zmb %Voltage drop between M to B
V_M=V_B+Vmb %Voltage at point M
V_M1=abs(V_M) %Voltage at M in Magnitude
x=atan(6/217) %Phase angle between M to B
y=acos(pf1) %Phase angle at point M
z=y-x %Phase difference at point M
I_1=I1*(cos(z)-j*(sin(z))) %AC current at point M
Iam=I_1+I_2
Vam=Iam*Zam %Voltage drop between A to M
V_A=V_M+Vam %Voltage at point A
V_A1=abs(V_A)%Magnitude at voltage A
p=atan(13.5/251.96) %Phase difference between A to B

RESPONSE:
V_B = 200
I_2 = 80.0000 -60.0000i
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
Vmb = 17.0000 + 6.0000i
V_M =2.1700e+02 + 6.0000e+00i
V_M1 = 217.0829
x = 0.0276 (radian) = 1.5813 (degree)
y = 0.9273 (radian) = 53.1303 (degree)
z = 0.8997 (radian) = 51.5490 (degree)
I_1 = 62.1882 -78.3111i
Iam = 1.4219e+02 - 1.3831e+02i
Vam = 34.9655 + 7.4971i
V_A = 2.5197e+02 + 1.3497e+01i

CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 07
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO DO CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES IN DC RING
DISTRIBUTION
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: A distributor arranged to form a closed loop and fed at one or more points is
called a ring distributor. Such a distributor starts from one point, makes a loop through
the area to be served, and returns to the original point. For the purpose of calculating
voltage distribution, the distributor can be considered as consisting of a series of open
distributors fed at both ends. The principal advantage of ring distributor is that by proper
choice in the number of feeding points, great economy in copper can be affected.
The simplest case of a ring distributor is the one having only one feeding point as shown
in Fig. Here A is the feeding point and tapping are taken from points B and C. For the
purpose of calculations, it is equivalent to a straight distributor fed at both ends with equal
voltages

EXERCISE: A 2-wire D.C. ring distributor is 300 m long and is fed at 240 V at point A.
At point B, 150 m from A, a load of 120 A is taken and at C, 100 m in the opposite
direction, a load of 80 A is taken. If the resistance per 100 m of single conductor is 0·03
Ω, find:(i) current in each section of distributor (ii) voltage at points B and C
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
r=0.03; %ohm per 100 meter for single wire
R=2*r; %ohm per 100 meter for 2 wire
l_ab=150; %distance from A to B
l_bc=50; %distance from B to C
l_ca=100; %distance from C to A
I_B=120; %Load current from point B
I_C=80; %Load Current from point C
V_A=240; %Voltage at point A
R_ab=(R*l_ab)/100 %Resistance from A to B
R_bc=(R*l_bc)/100 %Resistance from B to C
R_ca=(R*l_ca)/100 %Resistance from C to A
I_ab=86.66 %Current passing from A to B
I_bc=I_ab-I_B %Current passing from B to C
I_ca=I_bc-I_C %Current passing from C to A
V_ab=I_ab*R_ab %Voltage drop between A to B
V_bc=I_bc*R_bc %Voltage drop between B to C
V_ca=I_ca*R_ca %Voltage drop between C to A
V_A=V_A %Voltage at point A
V_B=V_A-V_ab %Voltage at point B
V_C=V_B-V_bc %Voltage at point C

RESPONSE:
R_ab = 0.0900
R_bc = 0.0300
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
R_ca = 0.0600
I_ab = 86.6600
I_bc = -33.3400
I_ca = -113.3400
V_ab = 7.7994
V_bc = -1.0002
V_ca = -6.8004
V_A = 240
V_B = 232.2006
V_C = 233.2008

CONTEXT PROBLEM: A 2-wire D.C. distributor ABCDEA in the form of a ring main
is fed at point A at 220 V and is loaded as under:
10A at B; 20A at C; 30A at D and 10 A at E.
The resistances of various sections (go and return) are: AB = 0·1 Ω; BC = 0·05 Ω; CD =
0·01Ω; DE = 0·025 Ω and EA = 0·075 Ω. Determine:
(i) the point of minimum potential
(ii) current in each section of distributor
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
R_ab=0.1; %Resistance between A to B
R_bc=0.05; %Resistance between B to C
R_cd=0.01; %Resistance between C to D
R_de=0.025; %Resistance between D to E
R_ea=0.075; %Resistance between E to A
I_B=10; %Load current from point B
I_C=20; %Load Current from point C
I_D=30; %Load Current from point D
I_E=10; %Load Current from point E
V_A=220; %Voltage at point A
I_ab=29.04 %Current passing from A to B
I_bc=I_ab-I_B %Current passing from B to C
I_cd=I_bc-I_C %Current passing from C to D
I_de=I_cd-I_D %Current passing from D to E
I_ea=I_de-I_E %Current passing from E to A
V_ab=I_ab*R_ab %Voltage drop between A to B
V_bc=I_bc*R_bc %Voltage drop between B to C
V_cd=I_cd*R_cd %Voltage drop between C to D
V_de=I_de*R_de %Voltage drop between D to E
V_ea=I_ea*R_ea %Voltage drop between E to A
V_A=V_A %Voltage at point A
V_B=V_A-V_ab %Voltage at point B
V_C=V_B-V_bc %Voltage at point C
V_D=V_C-V_cd %Voltage at point D
V_E=V_D-V_de %Voltage at point D
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

RESPONSE:
I_ab = 29.0400
I_bc = 19.0400
I_cd = -0.9600
I_de = -30.9600
I_ea = -40.9600
V_ab = 2.9040
V_bc = 0.9520
V_cd = -0.0096
V_de = -0.7740
V_ea = -3.0720
V_A = 220
V_B = 217.0960
V_C = 216.1440
V_D = 216.1536
V_E = 216.9276

CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 08
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO DO CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES IN AC RING
DISTRIBUTION
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: In the AC ring distribution, the primaries of distribution transformers form a
loop. The loop circuit starts from the substation bus-bars, makes a loop through the area
to be served, and returns to the substation. The figure shows the single line diagram of
ring main system for A.C. distribution where substation supplies to the closed feeder
LMNOPQRS. The distributors are tapped from different points M, O and Q of the feeder
through distribution transformers.

The ring main system has the following advantages:

1. There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer’s terminals
2. The system is very reliable as each distributor is fed via two feeders. In the event
of fault on any section of the feeder, the continuity of supply is maintained.
For example, suppose that fault occurs at any point F of section SLM of the feeder. Then
section SLM of the feeder can be isolated for repairs and at the same time continuity of
supply is maintained to all the consumers via the feeder SRQPONM.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
EXERCISE: A single phase ring distributor ABC is fed at A. The loads at B and C are
20 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging and 15 A at 0.6 p.f. lagging respectively; both expressed with
reference to the voltage at A. The total impedance of the three sections AB, BC and CA
are (1 + j 1), (1+ j2) and (1 + j3) ohms respectively. Find the total current fed at A and
the current in each section. Use Thevenin’s theorem to obtain the results.

CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATAB CODE:
clc
clear all
I_B=20; %load current at point B
I_C=15; %load current at point C
pf1=0.8; %lagging power factor at point B
pf2=0.6; %lagging power factor at point C
R_ab=1+j*1; %Impedance between A to B
R_bc=1+j*2; %Impedance between B to C
R_ca=1+j*3; %Impedance between C to A
I_ab=I_B*(cos(acos(pf1))-j*(sin(acos(pf1)))) %Current in section A to B
I_ac=I_C*(cos(acos(pf2))-j*(sin(acos(pf2)))) %Current in section A to C
V_ab=I_ab*R_ab %Voltage drop between A to B
V_ac=I_ac*R_ca %Voltage drop between A to C
E_bc=V_ac-V_ab %Voltage difference between B & C
Z=R_ab+R_ca %Impedance between B to A and A to B
I_bc=E_bc/(Z+R_bc) %Current between B and C
I_AB=I_ab+I_bc %Total current between A to B
I_AC=I_ac-I_bc %Total Current between A to C
I_A=I_AB+I_AC %Current fed from point A

RESPONSE:
I_ab = 16.0000 -12.0000i
I_ac = 9.0000 -12.0000i
V_ab = 28.0000 + 4.0000i
V_ac = 45.0000 +15.0000i
E_bc = 17.0000 +11.0000i
Z = 2.0000 + 4.0000i
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
I_bc = 2.6000 - 1.5333i
I_AB = 18.6000 -13.5333i
I_AC = 6.4000 -10.4667i
I_A = 25.0000 -24.0000i

CONTEXT PROBLEM: A single phase ring distributor ABC is fed at A. The loads at
B and C are 40 A at 0·8 p.f. lagging and 60 A at 0·6 p.f. lagging respectively. Both power
factors expressed are referred to the voltage at point A. The total impedance of sections
AB, BC and CA are 2 + j1, 2 + j3 and 1 + j2 ohms respectively. Determine the current in
each section
CALCULATION:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
I_B=40; %load current at point B
I_C=60; %load current at point C
pf1=0.8; %lagging power factor at point B
pf2=0.6; %lagging power factor at point C
R_ab=2+j*1; %Impedance between A to B
R_bc=2+j*3; %Impedance between B to C
R_ca=1+j*2; %RImpedance between C to A
I_ab=I_B*(cos(acos(pf1))-j*(sin(acos(pf1)))) %Current in section A to B
I_ac=I_C*(cos(acos(pf2))-j*(sin(acos(pf2)))) %Current in section A to C
V_ab=I_ab*R_ab %Voltage drop between A to B
V_ac=I_ac*R_ca %Voltage drop between A to C
E_bc=V_ac-V_ab %Volatge difference between B & C
Z=R_ab+R_ca %Impedance between B to A and A to B
I_BC=E_bc/(Z+R_bc) %Current between B and C
I_AB=I_ab+I_BC %Total current between A to B
I_AC=I_ac-I_BC %Total Current between A to C

RESPONSE:
I_ab = 32.0000 -24.0000i
I_ac = 36.0000 -48.0000i
V_ab = 88.0000 -16.0000i
V_ac = 1.3200e+02 + 2.4000e+01i
E_bc = 44.0000 +40.0000i
Z = 3.0000 + 3.0000i
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
I_BC = 7.5410 - 1.0492i
I_AB = 39.5410 -25.0492i
I_AC = 28.4590 -46.9508i

CONCLUSION:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO: 09
AIM: TO WRITE CODE TO FIND VOLTAGE ACROSS EACH LOAD POINT IN 3
WIRE DC DISTRIBUITON SYSTEM
APPARATUS: MATLAB SOFTWARE
THEORY: The great disadvantage of direct current for general power purposes lies in
the fact that its voltage cannot readily be changed, except by the use of rotating
machinery, which in most cases is too expensive. The problem can be solved to a limited
extent by the use of 3-wire D.C. system which makes available two voltages viz. V volts
between any outer and neutral and 2V volts between the outers. Motor loads requiring
high voltage are connected between the outers whereas lighting and heating loads
requiring less voltage are connected between any one outer and the neutral. Due to the
availability of two voltages, 3-wire system is preferred over 2-wire system for D.C.
distribution.
The general principles of a 3-wire D.C. system. It consists of two outers and a middle or
neutral wire which is earthed at the generator end. The potential of the neutral wire is
half-way between the potentials of the outers. Thus, if p.d. between the outers is 440 V,
then positive outer is at 220 V above the neutral and negative outer is 220 V below the
neutral. The current in the neutral wire will depend upon the loads applied to the two
sides.
(i) If the loads applied on both sides of the neutral are equal (i.e. balanced) the current in
the neutral wire will be zero. Under these conditions, the potential of the neutral will be
exactly half-way between the potential difference of the outers.
(ii) If the load on the positive outer (I1) is greater than on the negative outer (I2), then out
of balance current I1− I2 will flow in the neutral wire from load end to supply end. Under
this condition, the potential of neutral wire will no longer be midway between the
potentials of the outers.
(iii)If the load on the negative outer (I2) is greater than on the positive outer (I1), then out
of balance current I2− I1 will flow in the neutral from supply end to load end. Again, the
neutral potential will not remain half-way between that of the outers.
(iv) As the neutral carries only the out of balance current which is generally small,
therefore, area of X-section of neutral is taken half as compared to either of the outers.
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
EXERCISE: A 3-wire, 500/250 V distributor is loaded. The resistance of each section
is given in ohm. Find the voltage across each load point.

CALCULATION:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
V_an=250; %Voltage between A and N
V_nb=250; %Voltage between N and B
R_ac=0.015; %Resistance between A to C
R_cd=0.01; %Resistance between C to D
R_nj=0.02; %Resistance between N to J
R_jk=0.02; %Resistance between J to K
R_kl=0.014; %Resistance between k to L
R_ml=0.006; %Resistance between M to L
R_bg=0.02; %Resistance between B to G
R_gh=0.024; %Resistance between G to H
I_ck=20; %Load current between C and K
I_dm=30; %Load current between D and M
I_jg=24; %Load current between J and G
I_lh=36; %Load current between L and H
I_ac=I_ck+I_dm %Current in section AC
I_cd=I_dm %Current in section CD
I_ml=I_dm %Current in section LM
I_kl=I_lh-I_ml %Current in section KL
I_kj=I_ck-I_kl %Current in section KJ
I_nj=I_jg-I_kj %Current in section NJ
I_gh=I_lh %Current in section GH
I_bg=I_gh+I_jg %Current in section BG
V_ac=I_ac*R_ac %Voltage drop between A to C
V_cd=I_cd*R_cd %Voltage drop between C to D
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_nj=I_nj*R_nj %Voltage drop between N to J
V_jk=I_kj*R_jk %Voltage drop between J to K
V_kl=I_kl*R_kl %Voltage drop between K to L
V_ml=I_ml*R_ml %Voltage drop between M to L
V_bg=I_bg*R_bg %Voltage drop between B to G
V_gh=I_gh*R_gh %Voltage drop between G to H
V_ck=V_an-V_ac-V_jk+V_nj %Voltage between C and K
V_dm=V_ck-V_cd-V_ml+V_kl %Voltage between D and M
V_jg=V_nb-V_nj-V_bg %Voltage between J and B
V_lh= V_jg+V_jk-V_kl-V_gh %Voltage between L and H

RESPONSE:
I_ac = 50
I_cd = 30
I_ml = 30
I_kl = 6
I_kj = 14
I_nj = 10
I_gh = 36
I_bg = 60
V_ac = 0.7500
V_cd = 0.3000
V_nj = 0.2000
V_jk = 0.2800
V_kl = 0.0840
V_ml = 0.1800
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_bg = 1.2000
V_gh = 0.8640
V_ck = 249.1700
V_dm = 248.7740
V_jg = 248.6000
V_lh = 247.9320

CONTEXT PROBLEM: A 3-wire D.C. distributor AE 600 m long is

supplied at end A at 500/250 V and is loaded as under:
Positive side: 60A, 200 m from A; 40 A, 360 m from A
Negative side: 20A, 100 m from B; 60A, 260 m from B and 15A, 600 m from
B
The resistance of each outer is 0·02 Ω per 100 meters and the cross-section of
the neutral wire is the same as that of the outer. Find the voltage across each
load point.

CALCULATION:______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
V_an=250; %Voltage between A and N
V_nb=250; %Voltage between N and B
l_ac=200; %length of wire from A to C
l_cd=160; %length of wire from C to D
l_de=240; %length of wire from D to E
l_nj=100; %length of wire from N to J
l_jk=100; %length of wire from J to K
l_kl=60; %length of wire from K to L
l_lm=100; %length of wire from L to M
l_mp=240; %length of wire from M to P
l_bg=100; %length of wire from B to G
l_gh=160; %length of wire from G to H
l_hf=340; %length of wire from H to F
I_ck=60; %Load current between C and K
I_dm=40; %Load current between D and M
I_jg=20; %Load current between J and G
I_lh=60; %Load current between L and H
I_pf=15; %Load current between P and F
r=0.02/100; %resistance per 100 meter
R_ac=r*l_ac %Resistance in section AC
R_cd=r*l_cd %Resistance in section CD
R_de=r*l_de %Resistance in section DE
R_nj=r*l_nj %Resistance in section NJ
R_jk=r*l_jk %Resistance in section JK
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
R_kl=r*l_kl %Resistance in section KL
R_lm=r*l_lm %Resistance in section LM
R_mp=r*l_mp %Resistance in section MP
R_bg=r*l_bg %Resistance in section BG
R_gh=r*l_gh %Resistance in section GH
R_hf=r*l_hf %Resistance in section HF
I_ac=I_ck+I_dm %Current in section AC
I_cd=I_ac-I_ck %Current in section CD
I_mp=I_pf %Current in section MP
I_ml=I_dm-I_mp %Current in section ML
I_kl=I_lh-I_ml %Current in section KL
I_jk=I_ck-I_kl %Current in section JK
I_jn=I_jk-I_jg %Current in section HJ
I_hf=I_pf %Current in section HF
I_gh=I_lh+I_hf %Current in section GH
I_bg=I_gh+I_jg %Current in section BG
V_ac=I_ac*R_ac %Voltage drop in section AC
V_cd=I_cd*R_cd %Voltage drop in section CD
V_nj=I_jn*R_nj %Voltage drop in section NJ
V_jk=I_jk*R_jk %Voltage drop in section JK
V_kl=I_kl*R_kl %Voltage drop in section KL
V_lm=I_ml*R_lm %Voltage drop in section LM
V_mp=I_mp*R_mp %Voltage drop in section MP
V_bg=I_bg*R_bg %Voltage drop in section BG
V_gh=I_gh*R_gh %Voltage drop in section GH
V_hf=I_hf*R_hf %Voltage drop in section HF
V_ck=V_an-V_ac-V_jk-V_nj %Voltage across load CK
V_dm=V_ck-V_cd-V_lm+V_kl %Voltage across load DM
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_jg=V_nb+V_nj-V_bg %Voltage across load JG
V_lh=V_jg+V_jk-V_kl-V_gh %Voltage across load LH
V_pf=V_lh+V_lm-V_mp-V_hf %Voltage across load PF

RESPONSE:
R_ac = 0.0400
R_cd = 0.0320
R_de = 0.0480
R_nj = 0.0200
R_jk = 0.0200
R_kl = 0.0120
R_lm = 0.0200
R_mp = 0.0480
R_bg = 0.0200
R_gh = 0.0320
R_hf = 0.0680
I_ac = 100
I_cd = 40
I_mp =15
I_ml = 25
I_kl = 35
I_jk = 25
I_jn = 5
I_hf = 15
I_gh = 75
I_bg = 95
V_ac = 4
V_cd = 1.2800
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POWER SYSTEM I (203106310) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V_nj = 0.1000
V_jk = 0.5000
V_kl = 0.4200
V_lm = 0.500
V_mp = 0.7200
V_bg = 1.9000
V_gh = 2.4000
V_hf = 1.0200
V_ck = 245.4000
V_dm = 244.0400
V_jg = 248.2000
V_lh = 245.8800
V_pf = 244.6400

CONCLUSION:_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

Signature of Faculty