1. Define pure substance?

Ans
In other words, a substance is a pure single form of
matter.
Particle of pure substance may be atom or molecules.
Pure substance is one which is made up of only one kind
element or molecule.
Pure substance is homogeneous throughout its mass.
Pure substance cannot be separated into other kind of
matter by any physical process
Pure substance has fixed composition as well as a fixed
melting and boiling point
Physical and chemical properties of pure substance
remain same they does not changes their properties.
Example
element and compound etc are pure substance.

2. What are element

Ans
Element is a basic form of matter that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances by physical process.
There are 3 type of element.
Metal, non metal and metalloids

3. What is a mixture?
Ans

Mixtures are one which is made up of 2 or more kind of

particle mixed together in any proportion
and they are not chemically mixed together but retain
their properties.
Particle of Mixture can be separated by physical process

Example –
Sea water, minerals, soil etc., are all mixtures.

There are 2 type of mixture

Homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture.

 1. Difference between homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixture?
Ans
properties homogeneous heterogeneous
mixture
Means Homo means Hetero means
same different
definition Those mixture in Those mixture in
which substance which substance
are completely are not
mixed together completely
and has a mixed together
uniform and has a non
composition uniform
throughout its composition
mass throughout its
mass
composition Uniform Non uniform
Boundaries of No visible visible
separation boundaries boundaries
between
particles
Phase Only one phase More than one
phase
separation of Can not Can be
particle
Physically
Ex Air, mixture of Mixture of sand
alcohol and and water, sugar
water, sugar and sand, salt
solution etc and sand, water
and oil etc

What is compound?
It is a substance that consists of two or more kind of
particle and they are chemically combined together in
fixed proportion.
The properties of a compound are different from its particle.
The components of a compound can only be separated by
chemical processes.
They cannot be separated by physical methods.
For Example, Ammonium Sulphate, Sulphur Chloride, Water etc.

2. Difference between element, compound and

mixture?
Text book page 27/s. chand page no. 42 diagram

Element Compound Mixture

Substance which is Substance which is
Substance
made of only one made of 2 or more
which is made
kind of atoms are element mixed in
of 2 or more
called element. fixed ratio of their
elements or
mass are called
compound
compound. mixed in any
ratio are called
mixture.
Example – H, He, Example – H2O, Example –
Li, Be, B, C, N, O NaCl etc gunpowder,
etc salt and water,
sugar and salt,
etc
Element are basic A compound is a A mixture is a
form of matter that substance substance
cannot broken composed of two or composed of
down into simpler more element two or more
substance by chemically element or
chemical reaction combined with compound
another in a fixed physically or
proportion chemically
combined with
another in a
any proportion
They are They are They are
homogeneous in heterogeneous or heterogeneous
nature homogeneous in in nature
nature
There are about There are infinite There are
118 element no. of compound infinite no. of
identified are identified mixture
identified

An element contain An compound

atoms of similar contain atoms of
type different element

Element is compound is It has no

represented by represented by definite
using symbols using formula formula
Smallest particle of Smallest particle of
element is atom compound is
molecule
The properties of Mixture shows
compound are the properties
entirely different of its
from those of its constituents.
constituents
It has fixed melting It does not has
and boiling point fixed melting
and boiling
point
Energy is usually Energy is
given out or usually neither
absorbed during given out nor
preparation absorbed
during
preparation

3. Difference between metal non metal and metalloids

Ans
properties Metal Non metal Metalloids
definition Elements Elements Elements
have have non have
metallic metallic intermediate
properties properties properties
between
metal and
non metal
Colour Silver – grey, Display a shiny and grey-white
 golden – Variety of
yellow colour
Density Highly dense Low dense Intermediary
dense
melting High melting Low Intermediary
point and point and melting melting
boiling point boiling point point and point and
boiling boiling point
point
ionization Lose gain intermediary
electrons electrons ionization
and form and form
positive ion negative
ion
Ionization low high Intermediary
energy
Conductivity Good Bad Intermediary
conductor of conductor conductor of
heat and of heat and heat and
electricity electricity electricity
Surface Lustrous Non Intermediary
(shiny) Lustrous Lustrous
(not shiny) (medium
shiny)
Solid Solid at Can be Solid at
room temp Solid or room temp
(mercury is liquid or
an gas at
exception) room temp
Ductility Ductile and brittle Generally
(can make malleable brittle
into wires)
hardness hard/ Soft and Soft and
Strong / Brittle Brittle
tough, (Neither (Neither
durable hard nor hard nor
durable) durable)
Sonorous(rin Sonorous(rin Not Not
ging sound) ging sound) Sonorous( Sonorous( n
not ringing ot ringing
 sound) sound)
No. of 88 22 11
element out
of 121
location Located In s, Located In Located In p
p, d and f s and p block
block block
Example Al, Cu, Zn, H,O,C,N B, Si, As
Au, Ag

• The number of elements known at present are more

than 100. Ninety-two elements are naturally occurring
and the rest are man-made.
• Majority of the elements are solid.
• Eleven elements are in gaseous state at room
temperature.
• Two elements are liquid at room temperature—mercury
and bromine.
• Elements, gallium and cesium become liquid at a
temperature slightly above room temperature (303 K).

4. Difference between solution, suspension and colloid

Ans
Properties Solution Colloid Suspension
Type homogenou Appear to Heterogeneou
s homogeneou s
s but actually
heterogeneou
s
Size of Less than Between 1nm Greater than
particle 1nm to 1000 nm 1000 nm
Tyndall Do not show Do show Do show
effect
Stability Stable stable Unstable
Could be No no Yes
separated
with the use
of Filter
paper
Visible with Not visible Visible by Are visible
powerful microscope even with the
microscope but not naked eyes
visible by
naked eyes
Transparent/ transparent translucent Opaque
translucent/
opaque
Settle due to Do not Do not May yes
gravity
Example Salt in water, Cheese, butter, Stirred muddy
sugar in jellies, some water, dirt
water, air, paints, and cell particles in
vinegar and fluids. water, chalk
alloy like powder in
brass. water, sand in
water and milk
of magnesia.
What is solution
Ans
1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
2. Solutions could solid liquid or gas.
3. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-
9
metre) in diameter.
4. They cannot be seen by naked eyes.
5. They does not show tyndall effect
6. It could not be separate by physical method.
7. Lemonade, soda water, etc., are all examples of
solutions.
What is suspension
Ans
1. Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. The particles of a suspension can be seen by the
naked eye.
3. Suspension shows tyndall effect.
4. a suspension is unstable.
5. They can be separated from physical method.

What is colloid?
Ans
 1. A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. The size of particles of a colloid is too small
3. They cannot be seen with naked eyes
4. Colloids show tyndall
5. colloid is stable.
6. They cannot be separated by physical process

What is saturated and unsaturated solution?

Ans
Saturated solution Unsaturated solution
A saturated solution refers to a An unsaturated solution refers to a
solution where no additional solution where more solute can be
solute can be dissolved at a dissolved at a specific
specific temperature. temperature.

Difference between dispersed phase and dispersing

medium?
Dispersed Dispersing type Example
phase medium
(solute) (solvent)
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, cloud
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke,
exhaust
Gas Liquid foam Shaving
cream
Gas Solid foam Sponge,
rubber
Solid Liquid Sol Mud
Solid Solid sol Milky glass
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, butter
Liquid Liquid emulsion Milk, face
cream

What is tyndall effect?

Ans
The phenomenon of scattering of a beam of light by colloidal particles,
when passed through a colloidal solution, is called the Tyndall effect.

Important quotation?
 1. Define the terms: pure substance, mixture, compound, and
element. Provide examples of each.
2. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Provide real-life examples.
3. Discuss the characteristics of compounds compared to mixtures.
Why do compounds have fixed compositions while mixtures do
not?

Mixtures and Solutions

4. What is a solution? Discuss the components of a solution and how

they differ from suspensions and colloidal mixtures.
5. Explain the factors affecting solubility. How does temperature and
pressure influence the solubility of solids and gases?
6. Describe an experiment to prepare a saturated solution. What
observations would indicate saturation?

Changes in Matter

7. Define physical and chemical changes. Provide at least three

examples of each type of change.
8. What is the law of conservation of mass? How does it apply to
physical and chemical changes?
9. Explain the process of rusting. What are the conditions necessary
for rusting to occur, and how can it be prevented?

Applications and Practical Questions

10. Describe the process of filtration. What is its significance in

both everyday life and laboratory settings?
11. Discuss the Tyndall effect in colloids. How can this effect be
used to distinguish colloids from solutions?
12. Explain the importance of mixtures in daily life. Provide
examples of different types of mixtures used in cooking, medicine,
and environmental science.

Group Activities and Practical Applications

13. Design a simple method to separate a mixture of salt and

sand. Describe the steps involved and the scientific principles
behind each step.
14. Discuss the significance of chromatography in separating
mixtures. Provide an example of how it is used in a real-world
application.