PsfO b'OM dgf]lj1fg

dgf]lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Psychology)

 Psychology zAbsf] agf]6 Greek -u|Ls_ efiffsf @ j6f zAbx¿ M Psyche / Logos af6 ag]sf] xf] .
Psyche zAbsf] cy{ Soul -cfTdf_ / Logos sf] cy{ Science -lj1fg_ eGg] x'G5 .
 Psychology sf] zflAbs cy{nfO{ x]bf{ Psychology eg]sf] -cfTdfsf] lj1fg_ Science of soul eGg]
x'G5 .
 dgf]lj1fg (Psychology) n] dflg;sf] Jojxf/sf] cWoog ug]{, Jojxf/sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{, Jojxf/x¿sf] k"jf{g'dfg
ug]{, Jojxf/x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ h:tf kIfx¿df j}1flgs ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePsf]n] g} dgf]lj1fg
(Psychology) Jojxf/sf] lj1fgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
dgf]lj1fg ;DaGwL s]xL kl/efiffx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M
 Cambridge Advanced learner's Dictionary sf cg';f/, ‘dfgjLo lbdfun] sfd ug]{ tl/sfsf]
j}1flgs cWoog dgf]lj1fg xf] . o;n] s;/L Jojxf/df k|efj kfb{5 To;sf] ;d]t cWoog ub{5 .’ .
 J.B. Waston sf cg';f/, ‘Jojxf/sf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg g} dgf]lj1fg xf] .’
 Garret sf cg';f/, ‘dgf]lj1fg eg]sf] dfgj Jojxf/sf] cWoog ug]{ zf:q xf] . o;sf ljifoj:t' dflg;x¿n],
lsg / s;/L Jojxf/ ub{5g\ egL vf]hL ug'{ xf] .’.
 William Mc Dugall sf cg';f/, ædgf]lj1fgnfO{ hLjx¿sf] cfrf/0f÷Jojxf/sf] cWoog ug]{ jf:tljs
lj1fgsf] ¿kdf kl/eflfift ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ .
 Pillsbury sf cg';f/, ædfgjLo Jojxf/sf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fgsf] ¿kdf ;Gtf]ifhgs¿kdf dgf]lj1fgnfO{
kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ
 N.L. Munn sf cg';f/, cg'ej / Jojxf/sf] ;sf/fTds cWoog ug]{ ljwf g} dgf]lj1fg xf] .
 Wood worth sf cg';f/, ‘jftfj/0fsf] ;Gbe{df s'g} JolQmn] k|bz{g ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ cWoog ug]{ lj1fg g}
dgf]lj1fg xf] .’
 Crow and crow sf cg';f/, ‘dgf]lj1fg eg]sf] dfgj Jojxf/ dfgj ;DaGwsf] cWoog xf] .’
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Educational Psychology)
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgnfO{ Pp6f ljwfsf ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{sf] ;'?jft k|s[ltjfbL lzIffzf:qL Rousseau af6
ePsf] xf] . pgn] o;nfO{ :jtGq ljifosf ¿kdf 9fNg] sfo{ u/] .
 s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg jf Jojxf/nfO{ cfs[tLs/0f ug{sf] nflu Jojxf/sf] lj1fg jf dgf]lj1fg
sf] cWoog ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
 jf:tjdf dgf]lj1fg vf]hx¿, l;4fGtx¿, lgodx¿, tYox¿ Pjd\ lgisif{nfO{ lzIffsf] If]qdf k|of]u ug{'nfO{ g}
lzIf0f dgf]lj1fg elgG5 . o;n] lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] ljj]rgf, ljZn]if0f / j}1flgs ;dfwfg k|:t't
u/L lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t ub{5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fg lzIffsf] If]qdf dgf]j}1flgs k|flKtx¿ sf] k|of]u xf] .
 z}lIfs kl/l:yltleq /x]/ JolQmsf] ljsf;sf] Jojl:yt cWoog g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf] .
 JolQmx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cWoog u/L p;sf Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg] Jofjxfl/s lj1fg g} l;sfO
dgf]lj1fg xf] . l;sfO dgf]lj1fgnfO{ g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg elgG5 .
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf kl/efiffx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M–
 B.F. Skinner sf cg';f/, ‘lzIff dgf]lj1fg dgf]lj1fgsf] Tof] zfvf jf xfFuf] xf] h;n] lzIf0f / l;sfOsf] af/]df
JofVof ub{5 .’
 E.A.Peel sf cg';f/, ‘lzIffsf] lj1fg g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf] .’
 S.S. Chaughani sf cg';f/, ‘lzIffsf] If]qdf dgf]j}1flgs k|flKtx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ Jofjxfl/s kIf g} lzIff
dgf]lj1fg xf] .’
 S.S. Chauhan sf cg';f/, ‘lzIff dgf]lj1fg Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ljBf xf] h;df lzIff / dgf]lj1fg b'O{ cnu
cnu If]qx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . lzIff dgf]lj1fg dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] j}1flgs cWoog xf] h;n] hLjgsf] nIo
k|flKtsf nflu ljrf/, JofVof / lgb]{zg k|bfg ub{5 .’
 Crow and crow sf cg';f/, ‘JolQmn] hGdb]lv j[4fj:yf;Dd k|fKt u/]sf l;sfO cg'ejx¿sf] JofVof g}
lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf] .’
 Alic Crow. sf cg';f/, ‘lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] dfgj k|ltlqmof;Fu ;DalGwt j}1flgs ljlwåf/f k|fKt To:tf
l;4fGtx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ k|:t't ub{5 h;n] lzIff / l;sfOnfO{ k|efj kf5{ .’
 Stephen sf cg';f/, ‘afnssf] z}lIfs j[l4 / ljsf;sf] Jojl:yt cWoog g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf] .’
 Skinner l:sg/ sf cg';f/, ‘lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] dfgj Jojxf/sf] z}lIfs kl/j]zdf cWoog u5{ . o;sf] cy{
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] ;DaGw tL dfgjLo Jojxf/ / JolQm;Fu 5 h;sf] a'l4, ljsf; / lgb]{zg lzIffsf] ;fdflhs
k|lqmofaf6 x'G5 .’
 Kolesnik sf cg';f/, ‘lzIff dgf]lj1fg dgf]lj1fgsf tL nIo Pjd\ l;4fGtx¿sf] cWoog xf] . h;n] z}lIfs
k|lqmofsf] JofVof ug{ tyf ;'wf/ ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .’
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf cfjZostfx¿
 lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;kx¿ k|bfg ug{ .
 lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu lzIfsnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg .
 afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ ljleGg ljz]iftfx¿sf] af/]df lzIfsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg ;xof]u ug{ .
 j}1flgs 1fg a'em\gsf nflu lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ .
 lzIfsnfO{ ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ k|bfg u/L p;sf] k];fut bIftf ljsf;df ;Ifd agfpg .
 l;sf?sf] efjgf / lzIf0f ljlw 5gf]6df ;xof]u ug]{ .
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] dxŒjx¿
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] z}lIfs ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] z}lIfs ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] Jojxf/sf] 1fg lbG5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] l;sfOdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofsf s7LgfOnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] JolQmut ljleGgtf kQf nufO{ ;f] cg';f/ lzIf0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] k'/:sf/, b08, k[i7kf]if0f, pTk|]/0ff cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] lzIffsf p2]Zox¿ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 .
 lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] kf7\oqmdsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 .
dfgj j[l4sf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Human Growth)
 ljsf;fTds dgf]lj1fgdf j[l4n] ;fdfGotof dfgj z/L/df x'g] j[l4nfO{ hgfpF5 . j[l4 eg]sf] cfsf/ / agfj6df
cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] .
 j[l4 eGgfn] dfgj z/L/sf] aflx/L / leqL efu jf cª\usf] cfsf/ / agfj6df x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ a'emfpFb5 .
afnsdf cfpg] kl/jt{g ;ª\VofTds jf kl/df0ffTds x'G5 .
 afns gjhft lzz'sf] ¿kdf hGdbf p;sf xft, v'§f, cf}nf, sfg, gfs, 6fpsf] h:tf aflx/L cª\ux¿sf ;fy}
leqL cª\ux¿ klg ;fgf ;fgf x'G5g\ . ha ;do laTb} hfG5 afns la:tf/} la:tf/} a9\b} hfG5, afns a9\b} hfFbf
p;sf] prfO, tf}n / z/L/sf leqL / aflx/L cª\u k|Toª\ux¿sf] cfsf/ / agf]6df ;d]t kl/jt{g x'G5 .
dfgj ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Human Development)
 ljsf;n] dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds, ;fdflhs / g}lts kIfdf cfpg] kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds
kl/jt{gnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljsf;n] kl/jt{gnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
 ljsf;af6 cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ dfkg ug{ sl7g / hl6n x'G5 t/ cjnf]sgaf6 kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . k'?ifsf]
z'qmsL6 / dlxnfsf] l8Dalarsf] ldng x'g k'u]df ue{wf/0f (Conception) x'G5 .
 o; cj:yfdf hLljt cfTdf lkgsf] 6'Kkf] eGbf klg ;fgf] cfsf/df /xG5 . ;do laTb} hfFbf Tolt ;"Id hLljt
cfTdfsf] lj:tf/ cfsf/ / cg'kftdf ;d]t x'b} hfG5 . o;/L kl/df0ffTds kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfG5 h;sf] kmn:j¿k
hLljt cfTdfsf] u'0ffTds kl/jt{g ;d]t x'G5 / nueu @*) lbgdf afns hGdG5 . of] g} ljsf; xf] .
dfgj ljsf;sf l;4fGtx¿ / ljz]iftfx¿
s_ ljsf; JolQm / jftfj/0flar x'g] cGt/lqmofsf] kl/0ffd xf]
v_ ljsf; Ps lglZrt Pjd\ JofVof of]Uo 9fFrf cg'¿k cufl8 a9\b5
!_ zLif{jfb lgod M of] lgod cg';f/ ljsf; lz/af6 kfptkm{ cufl8 a9b5\ eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 .
@_ lgs6 b"/lgod M of] lgod cg';f/ ljsf; z/L/sf] s]Gb|Lo efuaf6 aflx/L efutkm{ cufl8 a9\b5 eGg] dfGotf
/flvG5 .
u_ ljsf; lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf]
3_ ljsf; j}olQms k|lqmof xf]
ª_ ljsf; kl/kSjtf / l;sfOsf] k|ltkmn xf]
r_ ljsf; ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gx¿af6 k|efljt x'G5
5_ ljsf;sf k|To]s r/0fx¿df lglZrt ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\
h_ ljsf;sf k|To]s r/0fx¿df ;fdflhs ck]Iff x'G5
em_ ljsf;qmddf ljleGg kl/jt{gx¿ x'G5g\

`_ ljsf; ;fwf/0faf6 ljlzi6 k|lqmofdf a9\b5

6_ kl5Nnf] ljsf;eGbf cl3Nnf ljsf; Hofbf hl6n x'G5
7_ afnssf] ljsf;qmd dfgjsf] ljsf;qmdcg';f/ x'G5
r/0f / ljz]iftfx¿
dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] dfgj hLjgsf] cjlwnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL x'g\ M–
-c_ hGdk"j{sf] cj:yf (Prenatal Period)
 aRrf hGdg'eGbf klxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ uef{j:yf jf hGdk"j{sf] cj:yf elgG5 . uef{j:yfsf] ;dofjlw sl/a @*)
lbgsf] x'G5 .
hGdk"j{sf] cj:yf sf] juL{s/0f
-s_ l8Dafj:yf (Period of zygote):
 k'?ifsf] z'qmsL6 / dlxnfsf] l8Dalar ldng eO{ue{wf/0f x'G5 . ue{wf/0f ePb]lv @ xKtf;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{
Zygote elgG5 .
 Zygote b'O{ xKtf;Dd kl/jt{g x'Fb}g / o;nfO{ aflx/L kf}li6stf klg k|fKt x'Fb}g . s]an l8Dasf] hLj/;n] g}
o;nfO{ hLljt /fVb5 .
-v_ e|"0ffj:yf (Embryo):
 b'O{ xKtfb]lv @ dlxgf;Ddsf] ;do cjlwnfO{ g} e|"0ffj:yf elgG5 . e|"0ffj:yfdf dfgj z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ cª\u
k|Tofª\ux¿sf] cfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f ;'? x'G5 .
 ;'?df Head Region / cfGtl/s cª\ux¿sf] ljsf; x'G5 . e|"d0fsf] ;'/Iffy{ aflx/ hfnf]sf] ljsf;
x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf dfgj cfs[lt lnO;s]sf] x'G5 .
 Hurlock sf cg';f/, o; cj:yfdf e"|0f n3'dfgjsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'G5 . uef{j:yfsf] bf];|f] dlxgfsf]
cGTo;Dddf e|"0fsf] tf}n ! Ounce / prfO !=% OGr;Dd x'G5 .
-u_ lkm6;sf] cj:yf (Period of fetus) :
 b'O{ xKtfb]lv aRrf ghlGd'~r]n;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ lkm6;sf] cjlw elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf klxn] g} cfsf/
lgwf{/0f eO;s]sf z/L/sf cª\u k|Tofª\usf] ljsf; ;'? x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf gofF cª\ux¿sf] lgdf{0f
x'Fb}g .
 o; cj:yfdf z/L/sf cfGtl/s cª\ux¿n] sfd ug{ ;'? u5{g\ . nueu t];|f] dlxgfsf] cGTolt/af6 d'6'sf]
ult ;'? x"G5 nueu % dlxgf;Dddf cfGtl/s cª\ux¿ k"0f{ dfgjhGo ¿kdf ljsl;t eO;s]sf x'G5g\ .
uef{j:yfsf ljz]iftfx¿
 uef{j:yf j+zf0f'qmdsf] k|;f/0fsf] ;do xf] . hGdk"j{sf] cj:yf uef{j:yf ePsf]n] uef{j:yfdf g} afa'sf] z'qmsL6 /
cfdfsf] c08df /x]sf u'0f ;"qx¿ ldNb5g\ . u'0f ;"qx¿sf] cfwf/df afa'cfdfsf u'0f 5f]/f5f]/Ldf k|;f/0f x'g]
ub{5g\ . To;}n] o; cj:yfnfO{ j+zf0f'ut k|;f/0fsf] ;do elgPsf] xf] .
 of] cj:yf tLa| j[l4 / ljsf;sf] cjlw xf] . uef{j:yf dfgj j[l4 / ljsf;sf cGo cj:yfsf t'ngfdf tL\a| j[l4 /
ljsf; x'g] cj:yf xf] . ue{ wf/0f x'Fbfsf] ;dodf hLljt cfTdf lkgsf] 6'Kkf] hqf] ;fgf] x'G5 t/ @*) lbgd} k"0f{
dfgjsf] cfs[ltdf gofF jftfj/0fdf b]vf kb{5 .
 lnª\u lgwf{/0fsf] cjlw xf] . uef{j:yfd} 5f]/f jf 5f]/L s] x'g] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f x'G5 . afa'sf] X qmf]df]hf]d /
cfdfsf] X qmf]df]hf]dlar ldng eP 5f]/L / afa'sf] Y qmf]df]hf]d / cfdfsf] X qmf]df]hf]d lar ldng eP 5f]/f]
x'G5 .
 of] Tof] ;do xf] h;df cfdfsf] z/L/;Fu ;DalGwt cj:yfx¿n] hGdk"j{sf] ljsf;fTds 9FfrfnfO{ ;xof]u jf afwf
k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 .
 of] Tof] ;do xf] h'g a]nf lzz';Fu ;DalGwt dxŒjk"0f{{ JolQmx¿n] ue{df ev{/} cfPsf] aRrfdf cfÇgf] wf/0ff lgdf{0f
ub{5
 of] ;ª\s6sf] cj:yf xf]M o; cj:yfdf klg ljleGg lsl;dsf ;ª\s6x¿ b]vf kb{5g\ .
-cf_ hGd kZrft\sf] cjlw (Postnatal Period)
-s_ gjhft lzz'sf] cj:yf (Period of Infancy) hGdb]lv b'O{ xKtf;Dd .
-v_ z}zjf:yf (Period of Babyhood) b'O{ xKtfb]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd .
-u_ k"j{afNofj:yf (Period of Early childhood) b'O{ jif{b]lv ^ aif{;Dd
-3_ pQ/ jfNofj:yf (Period of Late childhood) ^ jif{b]lv !!÷!@ jif{;Dd
-ª_ of}gfj:yf (Period of Puberty) !!÷!@ jif{b]lv !#÷!$ jif{;Dd
-r_ lszf]/fj:yf (Period of Adolescence) !#÷!$ jif{b]lv !* jif{;Dd
-5_ jo:s cj:yf (Period of Adulthood) !* jif{b]lv $) jif{;Dd
-h_ dWofj:yf (Period of Middle age) $) jif{b]lv ^) jif{;Dd
-em_ j[4fj:yf (Period of Old age) ^) jif{b]lv d[To';Dd
pQ/ afNofj:yf (Late Childhood)
s]6fx¿ ^ jif{b]lv !$ jif{;Dd / s]6Lx¿ ^ jif{b]lv !# jif{;Ddsf] pd]/nfO{ pQ/afNofj:yf elgG5 . s]6fx¿sf] t'ngfdf
s]6Lx¿df of}g kl/kSjtf l56f] cfpg] ePsfn] s]6f / s]6Llar ;dosf] cGt/ b]lvPsf] xf] . rfF8} of}g kl/kSjtf cfPdf
pQ/afNofj:yfsf] cjlw 5f]6f] x'g] / of}g kl/kSjtf 9Lnf] cfPdf pQ/afNofj:yfsf] cjlw nlDag ;S5 . o; cj:yfsf]
cGTolt/ afnaflnsfx¿df of}g kl/kSjtfsf] ljsf; x'g] x'Fbf pgLx¿n] c;lhnf] dx;'; ub{5g\ / JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs
¿kdf ;dfof]hg x'g ;d]t pgLx¿n] sl7gfOsf] cg'ej ub{5g\ .
pQ/ afNofj:yfsf ljz]iftfx¿ (Characteristics of Late Childhood)
 b'Mv lbg] pd]/  kmf]xf]/L pd]/  emu8fn' pd]/
 ;d"x pd]/  /rgfTds pd]/  v]n pd]/
 ljBfnodf hfg] pd]/  ;f]rgLo pd]/
pQ/afNofj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{x¿
 ;fwf/0f v]nsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ zf/Ll/s l;kx¿ l;Sg'
 cfÇgf] a9\bf] zf/Ll/s cª\u k|Toª\uk|lt :jf:Yos/ dgf]j[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{
 ;fyL ;FuL;Fu lhpg jf 3'nldn x'g l;Sg'
 pko'Qm n}ª\lus ;fdflhs e"ldsfsf] ljsf; ug'{
 k9fO, n]vfO tyf lx;fa lstfjsf If]qdf cfwf/e"t l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{,
 ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf, g}ltstf jf ;b\ljj]s h:tf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{
 b}lgs hLjg ofkgsf nflu cTofjZos lrGtg zlQmsf] ljsf; ug'{
 ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xk|lt ;sf/fTds dgf]j[lQsf] ljsf; ug{'
 j}olQms :jtGqtf k|fKt ug{',
 JolQmut cfTdlge{/tfsf] ljsf; x'g',
pQ/afNofj:yfsf afnssf zf/Ll/s ljz]iftfx¿
 prfO (Height): o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfsf] @÷# OGrsf b/n] jflif{s j[l4 x'G5 . o; cj:yfsf] cGTolt/
s]6fx¿eGbf s]6Lx¿ s]xL a9L cUnf x'G5g\ . s]6fsf] cf};t prfO %^=% / s]6Lsf] %* OGr x'G5 .
 jhg (Weight): o; cj:yfdf tf}nsf] j[l4b/ jflif{s # b]lv % kf}G8 x'G5 . prfOdf h:t} jhgdf klg o;
cj:yfsf] cGTolt/ s]6Lx¿sf] jhg s]6fx¿sf] eGbf a9L x'G5 . s]6Lx¿sf] tf}n **=% / s]6fx¿sf] *%=% cf};t
x'G5 .
 z/L/ cg'kft (Physical Proportion): o; cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ z/L/sf] cg'kftdf 6fpsf] 7'nf] x'G5 . d'v / lrpF8f]
7'nf], lgwf/ rf}8f x'G5, gfs nfdf] b]lvG5, cf]7 aflx/ lg:sG5 sfFw 7'nf] x'G5 . 5ftL km/flsnf] x'G5, 3fF6L nfdf] x'G5,
kfv'/f uf]8f nlDaG5g\ .
 bfFt (Teeth): o; cj:yfsf] cGTo / of}jgfj:yfsf] k|f/De;Dddf Pp6f jo:sdf x'g] #@ cf]6f bfFtx¿dWo] @* cf]6f
:yfoL bfFtx¿ cfO ;s]sf x'G5g\ . afFsL bfFtx¿, h;nfO{ a'l4 aª\uf/f] elgG5, !& / @% jif{sf] lardf cfpF5 .
pQ/afNofj:yfdf jfrgsf] ljsf;
o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿ cfÇgf] af]nLdf ;'wf/ NofP/ ;d"xdf 3'nldn x'g ;Ifd x'G5g\ . ;d:of ;dfwfgdf qmdzM
;'ema'emsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . cfkm"n] eg]sf s'/fx¿ c?nfO{ a'emfpg] k|of; ub{5g\ eg] c?sf] egfOnfO{ ;d]t cy{ lbg ;Sg]
x'G5g\ . zAb e08f/sf] ljsf; x'g'sf ;fy} logLx¿df k"0f{ jfSox¿sf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ . af]nLsf] ljsf;af6
efiffsf] ljsf;df d2t k'Ub5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] af]nL jrg :ki6 /fd|f] ePdf pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs :jLs[lt kfpF5g\ .
ljBfnodf k9\g yfn]kl5 afnaflnsfx¿sf] jfrg Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 . /fd|f] ;~rf/sf nflu jfrg /fd|f] x'g' h?/L x'G5 /
jfrgdf ;'wf/ cfPkl5 efiffsf] ljsf; ;Dej x'Fb} hfG5 . cleefjsx¿n] ;d]t cfÇgf afnaflnsfx¿sf] efiffsf]
ljsf;df /fd|f] Wofg lbG5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf afnaflnsfx¿ eflifs q'l6x¿ kl/jf/df eflifs cEof; u/fpFb5g\ .
cfkm"eGbf 7'nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] af]n]sf] ;'g]/ jf ltgLx¿;Fu cGt/ lqmof u/]/ klg o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿n] efiffdf
;'wf/ NofpFb5g\ . ljBfnoaf6 cf}krfl/s lzIff lng] l;nl;nfdf lzIfsx¿af6 ;d]t pgLx¿sf] efiffdf ;'wf/ NofOG5 .
;~rf/sf dfWodx¿ h:t} /]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflb ;'g]/ klg afnaflnsfx¿sf] efiffdf ;'wf/ cfO /fv]sf] x'G5 . o;/L
efiffsf] ljsf;af6 gofF gofF zAb e08f/ tyf jfSo lgdf{0fdf ;d]t ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 .
ljz]if zAbx¿
pQ/afNoj:yfdf ljsf; x'g] ljz]if zAb e08f/sf If]qx¿ lgDg lnlvt /x]sf 5g\
 lzi6rf/ hgfpg] zAbx¿
 /ª cleJoQm ug]{ zAbx¿
 ;ª\Vof cleJoQm ug]{ zAbx¿
 ¿k}Fof k};f ;DaGwL zAbx¿
 ;do hgfpg] zAbx¿
 nHhfo'Qm tyf s;d vfg] zAbx¿
 uf]kgLotf ;DaGwL zAbx¿ cflb
pRrf/0f
o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿n] pRrf/0f ubf{ k|fo q'l6 ub{5g\ . o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfn] cfÇgf] pRrf/0f q'l6nfO{
cfdfafa', lzIfs tyf 7'nf] s]6fs]6Lx¿af6 ;'wfg]{ df}sf klg kfpF5g\ . ;fdfGotof dft[efiffsf zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ug{ rf8}
hfGg] / z'4;Fu ;d]t pRrf/0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ eg] bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/0f uNtL ub{5g\ . pgLx¿df
/x]sf] tf]t] af]nLsf] kgn] klg pRrf/0fdf cz'4tf b]vf kb{5 . kl5 qmdzM ljsf;, kl/kSjtf / cEof; h:tf kIfn] ;'wf/
cfpFb5 .
jfSo lgdf{0f
o; cj:yfsf ^ jif{b]lv ( jif{;Ddsf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] nfdf] jfSo af]Ng] k|of; ub{5g\ . ;'¿df ;/n jfSox¿ lgdf{0f u/L
af]Nb5g\ eg] kl5 qmdz hl6n jfSox¿ af]Ng yfNb5g\ .
pQ/afNofj:yfdf wf/0ffsf] ljsf;
s'g} j:t'x¿k|ltsf] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; k"j{ afNofj:yfdf k|f/De x'g] eP tfklg tL wf/0ffx¿k|ltsf] :ki6 a'emfOsf] ljsf; eg]
pQ/afNofj:yfaf6 dfq ;'? x'G5 .
 hLjg M ;a} ultzLn j:t' hLljt xf]Ogg\ egL a'em\b5g\ . h:t}M rGb|, ;"o{, gbL, uf8L, cflb hLljt j:t' xf]Ogg\ eGg]
1fg logLx¿nfO{ x'G5 .
 d[To' M kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf kfNt' hgfj/sf] d[To'af6 b'MvL x'g] / d[To'sf] cy{ a'em\g] x'G5g\ .
 z/L/ ;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf] wf/0ff M afnaflnsfx¿df zf/Ll/s lqmof ;DaGwL wf/0ffsf] ljsf; l9nf] x'G5 . z/L/
lqmof ;DaGwL 1fg ljBfnodf lbg yfn]kl5 dfq} afnaflnsfx¿df ;f]sf] 1fg x'g yfNb5 . !@÷!# jif{sf] pd]/df
afnaflnsfx¿n] zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkaf/] 1fg lng ;Sb5g\ .
 ;do M ljBfnodf k|j]z u/]kl5 b}lgs ;do tflnsfaf/] hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ qmdzM dlxgf tyf jif{sf] gfd
klg atfpg ;Sg] x'G5g\ . & jif{sf afnaflnsfx¿ ah] / dlxgf atfpg ;S5g\ eg] * jif{sf afnaflnsfx¿df
ldg]6 / ;]s]G8 ;d]tsf] 1fg x'G5 .
 d'b|f M o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿ ?lkofF k};f lrGg / ;fwf/0f lsgd]n ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ . d'b|f ;DaGwL wf/0ff a9L
cy{k"0f{ x'g aRrfn] d'b|f v]nfpg / To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ cj;/df ;d]t e/ kg]{ x'G5 .
 cfk\m\gf] af/] 1fg M afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ lzIfsn] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f, cfÇgf ;fyLx¿sf lardf pknlAwsf] t'ngf,
cfÇgf] Ifdtf, :t/ cflb yfxf kfO{ cfkm"k|ltsf] cfÇgf] wf/0ff ljsf; ub{5g\ .
 of}g e"ldsf M afnaflnsfx¿n] pQ/ afNofj:yfsf] cGTo;Dd cf–cfÇgf] of}g ;DaGwL e"ldsf yfxf kfpF5g\ . &÷*
jif{sf] pd]/df afnaflnsfdf of}g r]tgf cfpg yfNb5 eg] * b]lv !! aif{;Ddsf aRrfx¿n] zf/Ll/s cGt/ b]vfP/
of}g lje]b :ki6 kfb{5\g\ .
 ;fdflhs e"ldsf M bf}t/L ;d"xdf 3'nldn x'Fbf, ljBfno / kl/jf/df /xFbf x/]s JolQmsf] cf–cfÇgf] ;fdflhs
e"ldsf x'G5 eGg] s'/f logLx¿n] a'lem ;s]sf x'G5g\ .
 ;'Gb/tf M ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"xn] 7DofPsf] cfwf/df ;'Gb/ jf s'¿ksf] JofVof ub{5g\ . ;f}Gbo{ ;DaGwL wf/0ffsf]
ljsf;sf nflu ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fsf] 7'nf] k|efj kb{5 .
pQ/afNofj:yfdf ;+j]usf] ljsf; M ;+j]u / ;+j]ufTds cleJolQm
 o; cj:yfdf b]vfOg] clk|o ;+j]ux¿sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ afwf k'¥ofpg] ePsfn]
cfÇgf ;+j]ux¿ nfO{ a9L ;Gt'lnt / Jojl:yt tl/sfn] k|bz{g ug{ ;'? ub{5g\ .
 o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿ l/;fpg], 8/fpg], O{iof{ ug]{ h:tf ;+j]ux¿ /fd|f xf]Ogg\ / o:tf ;+j]unfO{ s;}n] dg
k/fpFb}g eGg] a'lem ;s]sf x'gfn] pgLx¿ cfÇgf ;+j]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ yfNb5g\ . To;}n] o; cj:yfsf ;+j]ux¿
a9L lgolGqt / lzi6 x'G5g\ .
 ;+j]usf 9fFrfx¿ (Emotional Patterns): eo, qmf]w, lrGtf, O{Zof{, xif{, v'zL h:tf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;+j]usf
k|sf/x¿nfO{ g} ;+j]usf 9fFrfx¿ elgG5 .
 pRr ;+j]usf] cjlw (Period of heighened emotion): k|foM pb08 :jfefjsf ;+j]ux¿ k|bz{g ug]{ ;do
cjlwnfO{ g} pRr ;+j]usf] cjlw (Period of heighened emotion) elgG5 .
 ;+j]ufTds z'4Ls/0fsf] cf/De (Beginning of emotional catharsis): ha–ha afnaflnsfsf] pd]/df j[l4
x'Fb} hfG5, kl/kSjtf a9\b} hfG5, z}lIfs :t/df j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5, ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf ;dfof]lht x'Fb} hfG5g\ /
ljleGg cg'ejx¿sf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 ta–ta pgLx¿df ;+j]ufTds cleJolQmx¿ dTy/ x'Fb} hfG5g\ . o;nfO{
;+j]ufTds z'4Ls/0fsf] z'? (Beginning of emotional catharsis) elgG5 .
pQ/afNofj:yfsf ;ª\s6x¿
zf/Ll/s ;ª\s6x¿
 la/fdL x'g'
 df]6f]kg
 b'3{6gf
 zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf
 of}g cg'lrt zf/Ll/s agf]6
 k5f}6]kg
dgf]j}1flgs ;ª\s6x¿
 jfrg ;ª\s6
 ;+j]ufTds ;ª\s6M
 ;fdflhs ;ª\s6
 v]n ;ª\s6
 wf/0ffut ;ª\s6M
 g}lts ljsf;sf] ;ª\s6M
 ?lr ;ª\s6
 JolQmTj ljsf;sf ;ª\s6M
 kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwsf] ;ª\s6

lszf]/fj:yf (Adolescence)
Adolescence zAb Latin efiffsf] Adolescere af6 ag]sf] xf] . h'g zAbsf] cy{ to grow jf to
maturity eGg] x'G5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] qmddf o; cj:yfnfO{ lgs} dxŒjsf ;fy x]l/G5 . of] cj:yf dWo kl/jt{gsf]
cj:yf xf] lsgeg] zf/Ll/s tyf of}jgljsf;sf sf/0fn] afnaflnsfx¿ k"0f{ jo:s cj:yftkm{ hfg] of] ;+3f/sf] cj:yf
xf] . of] cj:yfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] ¿kdf u'hfl/g] (teenage) ;dofjlwsf¿kdf lnPsf
5g\ . o; cj:yfnfO{ k|hgg, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds tyf zf/Ll/s¿kaf6 kl/kSj ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . of] cj:yf
s]6Lx¿df /h:jnf kl5 / s]6fx¿df :jkgbf]ifkl5sf] cj:yf xf] . lszf]/fj:yf dfgj hLjgs} Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{{ ;do xf] .
WHO / UNICEF n] !) b]lv !$ jif{sf] pd]/nfO{ k"j{ lszf]/ cj:yf / !% b]lv !( jif{ nfO{ pQ/ ls;f]/ cj:yf
dfg]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs ljsf;fTds dgf]lj1fgn] !^ b]lv @% jif{nfO{ dfg]sf] 5 .
Knopka: !@ b]lv !% jif{nfO{ k"j{ lszf]/ cj:yf
!% b]lv !* jif{ ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ dWo lszf]/ cj:yf
!( b]lv @! jif{ ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ pQ/ lszf]/ cj:yf
Hurlock !# b]lv !& jif{ k"j{ lszf]/ cj:yf
!& b]lv !* jif{ ;Dd pQ/ lszf]/ cj:yf
lszf]/fj:yfsf ljz]iftfx¿ (Characteristics of Adolescence):
 lszf]/fj:yf dxŒjk"0f{{ cj:yf xf] (Adolescence is an Important Period)
 lszf]/fj:yf ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf xf] (Adolescence is Transitional Period)
 lszf]/fj:yf kl/j{tgsf] cj:yf xf] (Adolescence is a Period of change)
 lszf]/fj:yf ;d:ofsf] pd]/ xf] (Adolescence is a problem age)
 lszf]/fj:yf :j–kl/ro vf]Hg] cj:yf (Adolescence is an time of search for Identity)
 lszf]/fj:yf cjf:tljstfsf] ;do xf] (Adolescence is a time of an Unrealism)
 lszf]/fj:yf jo:s cj:yfsf] ;ª\3f/ xf] . (Adolescence is the threshold of Adulthood)
lszf]/fj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{x¿ (Developmental tasks of adolescence):
 cfÇgf pd]/ ;d"xsf s]6f s]6L ;fyLx¿;Fu gofF / kl/kSj ;DaGw sfod ug{ vf]Hg',
 zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gnfO{ ck]lIft ;xh Jojxf/ b]vfO l:jsfg'{,
 kl/kSj n}lª\us e"ldsf b]vfpg',
 j}jflxs hLjgsf] nflu tof/ x'g',
 cfly{s ;Ifdtfsf] nflu Jofj;flos hLjgsf] tof/L x'g',
 gful/s k|ltikwf{sf nflu cfjZos af}l4s l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug'{,