MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Logic

Critical Thinking

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Introduction
to Logic
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What is Logic?
It is the study or science of how to evaluate
arguments and reasoning.
Logical Reasoning
It is used on mathematics to prove theorems.
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Introduction to Logic i
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Introduction to Logic i

Brain Quiz: Determine if each statement is a

proposition.
1. 18 + 12 = 20

Proposition
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Introduction to Logic i

2. 2a – 3 = 4

Not proposition - It is a declarative sentence,

but unless a has a value, the sentence is neither
true nor false, hence, not a proposition.
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Introduction to Logic i

3. All parallelograms are quadrilaterals.

Proposition
4. Stop COVID-19.

Not proposition - This is an imperative sentence.

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Introduction to Logic i

5. Triangle XYZ is an equilateral triangle.

Not proposition- This is a declarative sentence.

However, its truth value cannot be determined.
6. Solve this problem.

Not proposition- This is an imperative sentence.

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Introduction to Logic i

7. Stay at home.

Not proposition- This is an imperative sentence.

8. Is the vaccine already available?

Not proposition- This is an interrogative sentence.

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Introduction to Logic i
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Introduction to Logic i

Examples:
p: Tuguegarao City is located in Cagayan
Province.

q: 11 + 0 = 11

r: Manila is the capital of Philippines.

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Introduction to Logic i
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Introduction to Logic i

Examples:
s: Two is prime and an even number.
t: Roses are red and violets are blue.
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Logical
Operators/Connectives
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Logical Operators/Connectives
These are words or symbols used to connect
two or more sentences in a logical and
grammatically valid way to produce one compound
statement that takes its meaning from the original
sentences as the logical connective used. They
can be used as a means to connect two or more
ideas, to compare and contrast different ideas, to
to state certain conditions.
 STATEMENT CONNECTIVE SYMBOL TYPE OF LOGICAL
STATEMENT
not p Not ¬𝑝 𝑜𝑟 ~𝑝 Negation

p and q And pᴧq Conjunction

p or q Or pvq Disjunction

If p, then q If-then 𝑝→𝑞 Implication/

Conditional
p if and only if q If and only if 𝑝 𝑞 Equivalence/
Biconditional
 p: Covid is contagious.
q: Many people died.
TYPE OF LOGICAL SYMBOL SENTENCE
STATEMENT
Conjunction 𝑝^𝑞 Covid is contagious and many people
died.
Disjunction 𝑝𝑣𝑞 Covid is contagious or many people
died.
Implication/ 𝑝→𝑞 If Covid is contagious then many
Conditional people died.

Equivalence/ 𝑝 𝑞 Covid is contagious if and only if many

Biconditional people died.
 p: Covid is contagious.
q: Many people died.
TYPE OF LOGICAL SYMBOL SENTENCE
STATEMENT

Negation ¬𝑝
Covid is not contagious.
¬𝑞 Few people died.
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Logical Operators i

Illustrative Example:
1. Let p: Euclid is a geometer.
Let q: Einstein is a physicist.
Find:
a. p ᴧq b. p ᴠq
c. p → q d. p q
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Logical Operators i

Solutions:
a. Euclid is a geometer and Einstein is a physicist.
b. Euclid is a geometer or Einstein is a physicist.
c. If Euclid is a geometer, then Einstein is a physicist.
d.Euclid is a geometer if and only if Einstein is a
physicist.
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Logical Operators i

Illustrative Example:
Let p: Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher.
Let q: Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer.
Find:
q→p If Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer,
Conditional then he is a Math teacher.
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Illustrative Example:
2. Let p: Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher.
Let q: Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer.
Find:
Mr. Kakashi is not a LET passer
~q ~p
if and only if he is not a Math
Negation and teacher.
Biconditional
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Logical Operators i

Illustrative Example:
Let p: Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher.
Let q: Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer.
Find:
~p→q If Mr. Kakashi is not a Math
Negation and teacher, then he is a LET passer.
Conditional
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Logical Operators i

Illustrative Example:
Let p: Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher.
Let q: Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer.
Find:
It is not the case that Mr.
~ (p ᴧ q)
Kakashi is a Math teacher and he
Negation and is a LET passer.
Conjunction
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Logical Operators i

Illustrative Example:
2. Let p: Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher.
Let q: Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer.
Find:
~qᴠ~p Mr. Kakashi is not a LET passer
Negation and or he is not a Math teacher.
Disjunction
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or
Let’s Try
this!
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Example i

Write the following in symbols and then in words.

Let p: Robin can swim.
Let q: Tom plays the guitar.
Find: The conjunction of the negation p and q.
Symbol: In words: Robin cannot swim and
~pᴧ~q Tom does not play the guitar.
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Example i

Write the following in symbols and then in words.

Let p: Robin can swim.
Let q: Tom plays the guitar.
Find: The disjunction of the negation of p and q.
Symbol: In words: Either Robin cannot swim,
~ p ᴠ ~ q. or Tom does not play the guitar.
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Example i

Write the following in symbols and then in words.

Let p: Robin can swim.
Let q: Tom plays the guitar.
Find: The negation of the conjunction of p and q.
Symbol: In words: It is not the case that Robin
~ (p ᴧ q) can swim and Tom plays the guitar.
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Example i

Write the following in symbols and then in words.

Let p: Robin can swim.
Let q: Tom plays the guitar.
Find: The negation of the disjunction of p and q.
Symbol: In words: It is not the case that either
~ (p ᴠ q) Robin can swim or Tom plays the
guitar.
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Logical Operators i

Note:
Commas indicate which simple statements are
grouped together. Parentheses in symbolic
statements are used to tell what type of statements
are being considered. If there are no parentheses,
follow the dominance of connectives.
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Example: i

Convert each compound

proposition into symbols.
Arnold is working student (w) or
under 25 years old (u), and lives (w ᴠ u) ᴧ l
in Manila (l).

Arnold is working student

(w), or under 25 years old w ᴠ (u ᴧ l)
(u) and lives in Manila (l).
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Identify if it is conjunction, disjunction, implication, i

equivalence, or negation.
a. Tony is absent or Raquel is
absent, and it is Conjunction
examination day.

b. Either Jay passed the test, or

Lina passed the test and Jon Disjunction
failed.
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Identify if it is conjunction, disjunction, implication, i

equivalence, or negation.
c. It is false that if I go on vacation,
then I have received my 13th month
Negation
pay.

d. If my brother pays the rental

and I pay the electricity, then my Implication/
father pays the tuition fees.
conditional
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Identify if it is conjunction, disjunction,

implication, equivalence, or negation.
a. p ᴠ q r Equivalence/Biconditional
b. (p ᴧ q) ᴠ r Disjunction
c. ~ (p ᴠ q) Negation
d. ~p ᴧ q → r ᴠ s Implication/Conditional
e. ~(p → q ᴧ r ) Negation
f. p ᴧ (q → r) Conjunction
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Add parentheses to form the indicated compound
statement. If it is not needed, indicate so.
a. Conditional: p ᴧ ~ q → r (p ᴧ~q) → r
b. Negation: ~ p ᴠ q r ~ (p ᴠ q r)
c. Conjunction: p ᴧ q → r p ᴧ (q → r)
d. Disjunction: ~p ᴧ q ᴠ r (~p ᴧ q) ᴠ r
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Truth
Table
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Truth Table i

It is a table that shows the

truth values of a compound
statement for all possible truth
values of its simple statements.
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NEGATION i

𝒑 ¬𝒑
T F
F T

EXAMPLES:
1 1
is a rational number. is a not rational number.
2 2

6 is an odd number. 6 is not an odd number.

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CONJUCTION= “AND” i

p q pᴧq
T T T
T F F If both p and q are true, then the
F T F statement is true.
F F F
Example:
p: 9 is an even number. False p ᴧ q: 9 is an even
q: Ten is greater than 9. True number and ten is
greater than 9. False
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DISJUNCTION= “OR” i

p q pvq
T T T
T F T If one from p or q is true, the
F T T compound statement will be true.
F F F
Example:
p: 9 is an even number. False p ᴧ q: 9 is an even
q: Ten is greater than 9. True number or ten is greater
than 9. True
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CONDITIONAL/IMPLICATION= “If-then” i

p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example 1: (True implies TRUE is TRUE)
If p and q are both true, then the whole conditional statement is true.

If it is raining, then the ground is wet.

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CONDITIONAL/IMPLICATION= “If-then” i

p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example 2: (True can’t imply FALSE)
If p is true and q is false, then the statement is false.

If it is raining, then I am carrying an umbrella.

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CONDITIONAL/IMPLICATION= “If-then” i

p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example 3: (False implies anything.)
If p is false, then the statement is true, no matter whether q is true or not.

If the moon is made of green cheese, then I am the King of England.

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BICONDITIONAL/EQUIVALENCE= “If and only if”

p q p q
T T T If p and q are both
T F F true or both false,
then the statement is
F T F
true.
F F T
Example :
A triangle is equilateral if and only if the sides of the triangle are
equal.
RULES OF LOGIC
TYPE OF LOGICAL RULES
STATEMENT
Negation Change the truth values.

Conjunction True only if both are true.

Disjunction False only if both are false or true if at least

one is true.
Implication/ False only if true points to False.
Conditional
Equivalence/ True if the truth values are the same.
Biconditional
TAKE-HOME ACTIVITY: (60pts)
(recorded under PERFORMANCE)

Analyze the truth values of the following

logical statements. Provide explanations and
present at least 4 sentences to demonstrate
both its truth and falsity.
1. ~ (p ᴧ q)
p q pᴧq ~ (p ᴧ q)

T T T F
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
2. ~ (p → ~ q)
p q ~q p→ ~q ~(p→~q)
T T F F T
T F T T F
F T F T F
F F T T F
3. (p → q) ᴧ (q → p)
4. (p ᴧ q) (~ p → q)
Thank you!