Visit https://testbankdeal.

com to download the full version and

explore more testbank or solutions manual

New Society 7th Edition Brym Test Bank

_____ Click the link below to download _____

https://testbankdeal.com/product/new-society-7th-edition-
brym-test-bank/

Explore and download more testbank or solutions manual at testbankdeal.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

New Society 8th Edition Brym Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/new-society-8th-edition-brym-test-
bank/

Sociology Your Compass for a New World 3rd Edition Brym

Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/sociology-your-compass-for-a-new-
world-3rd-edition-brym-test-bank/

Sociology Your Compass for a New World Canadian 5th

Edition Brym Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/sociology-your-compass-for-a-new-
world-canadian-5th-edition-brym-test-bank/

Algebra and Trigonometry with Modeling and Visualization

6th Edition Rockswold Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/algebra-and-trigonometry-with-
modeling-and-visualization-6th-edition-rockswold-test-bank/
International Economics 16th Edition Thomas Pugel Test
Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/international-economics-16th-edition-
thomas-pugel-test-bank/

Effective Management 7th Edition Chuck Williams Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/effective-management-7th-edition-
chuck-williams-test-bank/

BCOM 5th Edition Lehman Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/bcom-5th-edition-lehman-test-bank/

Principles and Labs for Fitness and Wellness 12th Edition

Hoeger Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/principles-and-labs-for-fitness-and-
wellness-12th-edition-hoeger-test-bank/

Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory

Disease 7th Edition Jardins Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/clinical-manifestations-and-
assessment-of-respiratory-disease-7th-edition-jardins-test-bank/
Economics 1st Edition Acemoglu Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/economics-1st-edition-acemoglu-test-
bank/
Chapter 7-Gender Inequality: Economic and Political Aspects

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What are social roles?

a. They are the ways people behave that violate social norms.
b. They are behaviours defined by people’s sex, biology, and genetics.
c. They are roles distinctly and solely defined by gender stereotypes.
d. They are behaviours expected of people in particular social positions.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 157 BLM: Remember

2. When Anita was born, her parents looked at her and said, “There is the face of a future prime
minister.” Fifty years ago people may have been surprised by that statement. Today, however,
the fact that a baby girl might be considered a future leader of the country reflects a
development in our society. What is it?
a. increasing gendered optimism
b. changing gender roles
c. changing professional profiles
d. increasing political feminism
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 157 BLM: Higher Order

3. A young woman working at a minimum-wage job has trouble paying her rent, and sells some
of her possessions; later her power is shut off, and eventually she gets evicted and lives on the
street. What component of her life is the core of her disadvantage?
a. resource deprivation
b. social inequality
c. material well-being
d. worker exploitation
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order

4. Many magazine photographs and advertisements show teenage girls grooming

themselves—such as putting on makeup, trying on half a dozen outfits—and generally
worrying about their appearance, but very few show teenage boys doing these things. What
term is given to this depiction of female and male behaviour?
a. role expectations
b. gender stereotypes
c. primary sex characteristics
d. biological values
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-1

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

5. Broverman et al. (1972) report that images of masculinity and femininity were often
polarized, emphasizing opposites. Which of the following was a trait associated with women?
a. Women are very competitive.
b. Women are very illogical.
c. Women are very independent.
d. Women are very aggressive.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Remember

6. Which term matches the following definition: “an internalized sense of being a man or a
woman”?
a. It is a person’s biological sex.
b. It is a person’s sexual identity.
c. It is a person’s self-concept.
d. It is a person’s gender identity.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 BLM: Remember

7. The television show “The Simpsons” features Lisa (the intelligent and well-behaved daughter)
and Bart (the naughty and playful son) as children of Marge the homemaker and Homer the
breadwinner. What is this television show reinforcing?
a. traditional family values
b. gender equity
c. biological determinism
d. gender-based stereotypes
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order

8. Ana is a stay-at-home mother and is very embarrassed in social settings when the inevitable
“What do you do?” question arises. What reason could be given to explain her distress?
a. Ana has forgotten how to socialize with adults.
b. Ana is feeling guilty for enjoying herself while the children are at home with a
babysitter.
c. Ana knows that her job as a stay-at-home mom is awarded little prestige by
society.
d. Ana is more comfortable asking questions then answering them.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Higher Order

9. A young woman becomes emotionally distraught upon being told the family pet has died. She
gets teary-eyed and her boyfriend defends her emotionality to his teasing male friends as “part
of being a woman.” Which of the following terms best characterizes his statement?
a. male chivalry
b. gender socialization
c. gender stereotyping
d. polar opposites
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-2

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

10. According to sociologists, which of the following statements explains the fact that women in
our culture, on average, have long hair, wear makeup, wear skirts, and adorn themselves with
jewellery?
a. These things naturally make women more attractive to men.
b. Most women are mindful of what it is to appear feminine in our culture.
c. Innate tendencies produce natural differences in appearance.
d. These differences are socially constructed notions of femininity.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 BLM: Higher Order

11. Gail, a female public school teacher, has the same experience and credentials as a male
counterpart and the two compete for a principal’s job. The male teacher gets the job, and Gail
notices that most of the schools in her district have male principals, whereas most of the
school board’s employees are female. According to sociologists, what does this indicate?
a. prejudice
b. systemic discrimination
c. sexism
d. gender inequalities
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 158-159 BLM: Higher Order

12. According to the text, which of the following is an important source of material well-being?
a. work-related earnings/wealth
b. prestige or social standing
c. being in line for an inheritance
d. power or control of others
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Remember

13. A high-school class is debating social inequality, and a female student declares herself a
feminist and states, “The root of inequality between men and women is male domination.”
Which feminist perspective does this statement echo?
a. radical feminism
b. liberal feminism
c. multiracial feminism
d. socialist feminism
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Higher Order

14. A stylish feminist on a blind date is told that she is very feminine and delicate, and her date
couldn’t imagine her in a male-dominated occupation. On their next date, he is humbled when
she shows up in her police uniform, and she tells him, “It’s those kinds of misconceptions that
keep women down.” What kind of feminist is the policewoman?
a. radical feminist
b. Marxist feminist
c. multiracial feminist
d. liberal feminist
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 159-160 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-3

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

15. When measuring social inequality between groups, one must take into account the
asymmetrical distribution of one of the following factors. Which one is it?
a. prestige
b. numbers
c. ethnicity
d. intelligence
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Remember

16. Mark identifies as a feminist and believes that women are disadvantaged in the public sphere.
He is very involved with rally groups aimed at pressuring the government to fund more
subsidized daycare centres. Which feminist perspective has Mark adopted?
a. multiracial feminist
b. socialist feminist
c. radical feminist
d. liberal feminist
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Higher Order

17. What term is used to refer to the cause and nature of women’s disadvantages and
subordination in society?
a. socialism
b. feminism
c. patriarchy
d. liberalism
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Remember

18. Mathew came home stressed and exhausted after a long day at the office. His wife cooked him
dinner and helped him reduce his stress so he could get a good night’s sleep. The next
morning he was ready to face the day. What feminist theory could use this example as the
basis to argue women’s unequal position in our society?
a. Marxist feminism
b. liberal feminism
c. conservative feminism
d. democratic feminism
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Higher Order

19. What view of society is reflected in the statement, “Women should be home raising the
children”?
a. a humanist view
b. a patriarchal view
c. a domestic view
d. a womanist view
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-4

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

20. According to the text, which of the following is listed as a dimension of inequality?
a. power
b. intelligence
c. egalitarianism
d. equality
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Remember

21. According to the text, which of the following is an explanation of gender inequality in
earnings for women?
a. It is a result of our society’s higher valuation of men and men’s roles.
b. There are differences in the types of work performed by each gender.
c. Earnings reflect the productivity of male versus female workers.
d. It reflects biological determinants such as muscle mass, height, and weight.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 168-170 BLM: Remember

22. According to the text, which of the following is a factor relating to sexual harassment?
a. It involves equalizing the balance of power between men and women.
b. It is usually employed women making sexual overtures toward men.
c. It results from a general societal belief that men are superior to women.
d. It has become more accepted in society based on biological differences.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 161 BLM: Remember

23. For women who are members of minority groups and foreign-born women, inequality issues
also include gender, race, and immigrant status—something that has been referred to as a
“matrix of domination.” Which concept are these concerns are consistent with?
a. total discrimination
b. Aboriginal exploitation
c. multiracial feminism
d. visible minority feminism
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Higher Order

24. Consider the gendered experience of social stratification. For example, a lower-class black
woman, a member of the working poor, experiences racial taunts and harassment at work.
According to sociologists, what is the term that most aptly describes her position?
a. taunts with prejudice
b. multiple discrimination
c. racial discrimination
d. matrix of domination
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-5

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

25. A female junior executive in a company, working closely with a male vice-president, receives
a quid-pro-quo proposition: you do sexual favours for me and I’ll see to it that one day you
get my job. Which term best identifies this woman’s experience?
a. workplace harassment
b. sexual discrimination
c. sexual harassment
d. abuse of authority
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 161 BLM: Higher Order

26. In a traditional division of labour, with the separation of the public sphere for men and the
private sphere for women, what can be concluded about the roles of women?
a. They are not widely noticed and are unpaid.
b. They are highly valued and widely recognized.
c. They require little effort, skill, or energy.
d. They are done in the presence of others.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 162 BLM: Remember

27. Sara is an excellent mother because she knows how to comfort her children when they are in
distress using hugs, smiles, and stories to distract them from whatever problem made them cry
in the first place. However, she receives no rewards or accolades for her efforts. Why does
this situation exist in our society?
a. Her actions are seen as a biological trait.
b. Her skills are recognized as valuable only in certain spheres.
c. Her family duties do not deserve recognition.
d. She became a mother, so she chose this life.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 162 BLM: Higher Order

28. If Janine stays home to raise her children and her husband works, Janine will have limited
power outside the home. What is the primary reason behind this situation?
a. Housework has value only in the private sphere.
b. Power is located only in the public sphere.
c. As a mother, she lets her husband speak on her behalf.
d. Economic dependency reduces her power.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 162 BLM: Higher Order

29. Milena just started a new job at a prestigious law firm as lead council of the immigration
division. However, her family still expects her to come home and fix dinner every night. With
all of the success that the women’s movement has achieved, which of the following explains
this situation?
a. Women still have to meet their mothering responsibilities.
b. The double day is the price women have to pay for liberation.
c. The right to paid work does not mean liberation from unpaid work.
d. Women will always put their children’s needs first.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 162 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-6

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

30. Prior to World War II, many school districts banned women from teaching if they were
married. But in the years following the war, school districts eliminated their policies
restricting the employment of married women teachers. What would explain this reversal of
policy?
a. School boards came to believe that married women were better teachers than
single women.
b. The government enacted antidiscrimination legislation.
c. The baby boom following the war necessitated a greater need for teachers due to
the increased number of students.
d. School boards took the view that “spinster” school teachers were highly likely to
be lesbians.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 BLM: Higher Order

31. Yvonne decided to work outside the home just after World War II ended. Which of the
following factors did NOT play a role in her ability to be accepted into the workforce?
a. the reduction of the preferred source of labour
b. the rise of a new service-based economy
c. the level of education of women
d. the desire to minimize wage costs
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 BLM: Higher Order

32. According to the text, which of the following has been a factor in female workforce
participation?
a. More men were attending postsecondary schools which opened up positions for
women in the workforce.
b. After World War II, women’s paid labour became a needed source of family
income.
c. Female labour force participation rates for women with very young children
declined.
d. Female workers, as part of the war effort, changed the perception and expectations
of women.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 BLM: Remember

33. According to the text, which of the following factors has affected the labour force
participation rate of Canadian women?
a. There is less demand for service workers.
b. There is a rising number of out-of-wedlock single mothers.
c. There is an economic need for increased family income.
d. There is a rising rate of female fertility.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 BLM: Remember

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-7

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

34. Judith is a 45-year old-woman with three teenaged children and an ailing 75-year-old mother.
Her days are filled with her full-time job, and chauffeuring her mom to doctor appointments
and the grocery store and her kids to sports activities and social functions. Consequently, she
is experiencing insomnia, chronic fatigue, and a number of other health issues. Which of the
following most aptly explains Judith’s situation?
a. Judith is a member of the boomerang generation.
b. Judith has failed to set proper boundaries for herself.
c. Judith is a member of the sandwich generation.
d. Judith is experiencing a midlife crisis.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 BLM: Higher Order

35. Which of the following is an activity that women spend less time doing than men?
a. eldercare
b. watching TV
c. housecare
d. childcare
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 BLM: Remember

36. Which of the following do women working full-time at paid work still spend more time on
than men?
a. commuting
b. recreating
c. volunteering
d. housework
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 BLM: Remember

37. Which of the following terms refers to an occupational structure where men and women are
numerically concentrated in different occupations?
a. sex segregated
b. nonstandardized
c. sexually standardized
d. sex typed
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Remember

38. In which of the following occupations does the predominance of women exemplify sex
typing?
a. blue-collar work
b. caregiver jobs
c. self-employment
d. supervisory positions
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Remember

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-8

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

39. Which term is often used to describe the concentration of men in some occupations and
women in others?
a. sex typing of men and women
b. sex segregation of occupations
c. sex labelling of men and women
d. sex-based, work reservations
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Remember

40. Which phrase describes the greater amount of time women spend doing unpaid work?
a. double employment
b. extra duty day
c. the double day
d. double jeopardy
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 BLM: Remember

41. What is the alternate term for sex labelling?

a. sex segregation
b. occupational bias
c. sex stereotyping
d. sex typing
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Remember

42. A young mother works all day as a schoolteacher, and comes home to assume the bulk of
chores related to child care and housework, with occasional help from her husband. What
term is used by sociologists to describe this woman’s workday?
a. double shift
b. woman’s work
c. double day
d. domestic overtime
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 BLM: Higher Order

43. A woman who is a nurse has three daughters, and her daughters are, respectively, a social
worker, a schoolteacher, and a hair-salon manager. Which term from the text best identifies
the type of work performed by all four women?
a. sex-based occupations
b. gender-typed occupations
c. female-dominated occupations
d. sex-segregated occupations
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-9

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

44. A father is advising his teenaged daughter as to which kind of career path to seek, with the
following “appropriate” recommendations: nurse, teacher, social worker. What is this father
doing by framing these as appropriate occupations for his daughter?
a. feminine typing
b. sex typing
c. female typing
d. gender typing
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Higher Order

45. Jason met with his high school guidance counsellor to discuss what courses he should be
taking in order to be accepted into the nursing program at university. His counsellor told him
that if he wanted to go into the medical profession he should be a doctor. What is the
sociological term for the assumptions made in this statement?
a. job segregation
b. sex segregation
c. occupational patriarchy
d. opportunistic patriarchy
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Higher Order

46. In addition to looking after her two young children and working full time, every evening
Olimpia has to stop by her father’s apartment to make him dinner, clean, and make sure he
takes his medication. What group in our society is Olimpia part of?
a. the caretaking generation
b. the sandwich generation
c. the working generation
d. the senior generation
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 BLM: Higher Order

47. Danielle and her twin brother both graduated the same year. One got a job as a secretary and
the other as a mechanic. The entire family assumed that Danielle was the secretary and her
brother was the mechanic. What is the sociological term for the assumptions made in this
situation?
a. occupational hierarchy
b. presumptive gender
c. sex typing
d. sex casting
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-10

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

48. Zelda is a doctor, but she is often mistaken for a nurse by patients in the hospital. This makes
her angry, because such an assumption not only ignores her education, but also ties her to
feminist problems still being fought against today. Which of the following is the assumption
tied to?
a. Women’s professions are still sex typed.
b. Women can’t be doctors.
c. Women are mothers first, and their careers come second.
d. Women lack the intelligence to be doctors.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 BLM: Higher Order

49. Sarah Mitchell has worked for the ABC Corporation for more than 20 years. She has
continuously received glowing work reviews and for the past 10 years has been the manager
of the accounting department. When a new VP of finance was selected last week, ABC
executives announced that John Martin, a 12-year employee from the public relations
department, was given the position. In view of this, what was Sally Jones a victim of?
a. the double shift
b. sexual harassment
c. the glass ceiling
d. sexual discrimination
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 166 BLM: Higher Order

50. Which term describes the invisible barriers women face to attaining high-level organizational
roles?
a. mommy-track syndrome
b. invisible sexism
c. skill-evaluation bias
d. glass-ceiling effect
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 166 BLM: Remember

51. A competent female lawyer is passed over for a promotion that is given to an underperforming
male. She notices that most of the law firm’s senior partners are male, despite the fact that 30
percent of the firm’s lawyers are women. What term do sociologists use to describe this
circumstance?
a. only boys allowed
b. men only syndrome
c. glass ceiling effect
d. old boys’ network
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 166 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-11

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

52. Justin has recently graduated with a PhD in sociology and has spent the past several months
looking for an academic position. He has managed to secure teaching employment in
sociology classes on three different university campuses. According to the text, what is
Justin’s employment situation called?
a. non-standard
b. flexible labour
c. standard
d. independent contract
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Higher Order

53. According to the text, which of the following accounts for why women earn less than men?
a. Skills in jobs where women predominate are undervalued.
b. Women are included in male-dominated networks.
c. Unions have valued the interests of their female workers.
d. Many women are primary income earners for their families.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 167 BLM: Remember

54. According to the text, which of the following is an alternate term for the concept of
nonstandard work?
a. permanent employment
b. precarious employment
c. commissioned employment
d. full-time employment
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Remember

55. What does standard work include?

a. full-time work
b. part-time work
c. multiple job holding
d. self-employment
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Remember

56. According to the text, which of the following is considered an employment ghetto for women?
a. part-time work
b. home work/housekeeping
c. self-employment
d. service sector jobs
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Remember

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-12

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

57. Fernanda could not find a job, so she set up her own cleaning business. She has eight clients
who call on her; some call regularly, others only call occasionally. She has little security and
no benefits, but she is happy that she has at least some work. What kind of employment
situation does she have?
a. creative work
b. nonstandard work
c. anti-welfare employment
d. earnings employment
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Higher Order

58. According to the text, overall, what is concluded about nonstandard work?
a. It generally provides less job security, lower pay, and fewer fringe benefits.
b. It employs more men because there are, overall, more men in the workforce.
c. It is largely composed of under-the-table activity and a bartering economy.
d. It is becoming less common as more conscientious employers hire full-time
workers.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Remember

59. Which of the following do most sociologists believe is reflected in the gender gap in earnings?
a. It reflects a process of self-selection by women to aspire to jobs that feature lower
pay.
b. It reflects a lack of initiative by women to work in traditionally male-dominated
jobs.
c. It reflects lower productivity levels by women resulting from less skills and
education.
d. It reflects the existence of discrimination and the devaluation of work performed
by women.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Remember

60. According to the text, which of the following is NOT true in regards to nonstandard work?
a. Nonstandard jobs generally provide greater pay, benefits and job security.
b. Women in the labour force are much more likely than men to be nonstandard
workers.
c. Nonstandard work is becoming more common, especially among younger people.
d. Nonstandard employment implies a marginalized workforce.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Remember

61. What trend is evident in the ratio of Canadian women’s earnings to Canadian men’s earnings?
a. The ratio measure shows no emerging trend.
b. The ratio difference has been improving.
c. The ratio has remained about the same.
d. The ratio difference has been worsening.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 168-169 BLM: Remember

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-13

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

62. According to the text, what explains the wage gap between men and women?
a. Women are genetically endowed with less physical strength.
b. Women have less interest in occupations that pay more.
c. Women are discriminated against, and their work is devalued.
d. Women have lower levels of educational attainment.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 BLM: Remember

63. In 2008 women earned, on average, about 65 cents for every dollar earned by men. Henry
argues that the lower wages of women is due to their lower educational attainment and the
numerous labour-force interruptions due to their maternity leaves. In essence, what is Henry
saying?
a. Women’s lower earnings are a reflection of their productivity.
b. Women’s lower wages are a result of their concentration in occupations that are
low paying.
c. The gender earnings gap reflects the general devaluation of “women’s work.”
d. Employers statistically discriminate against women.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 BLM: Higher Order

64. According to the text, which of the following is a justification used for paying women less
than men?
a. Women are paid according to how many children they have, or for being single
moms.
b. Women are paid less on the basis of special gendered skill requirements.
c. Women are paid less on the assumption they already have a male breadwinner at
home.
d. Women are considered unsuitable in emerging service sector jobs due to lack of
education.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 BLM: Remember

65. A busy, profit-focused accounting firm interviews many qualified female accountants;
however, senior managers favour hiring males, as they are less likely to be absent from work
for things such as child-care issues. What term is best applied to this kind of hiring practice?
a. statistical discrimination
b. gender discrimination
c. sexual discrimination
d. familial discrimination
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 | p. 181
BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-14

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

66. After graduating from university, Mary took a job at a daycare centre, while her friend Paul
took a job as a landscaper. Mary was shocked at how much more Paul was paid, given their
similar education level. According to the text, what is one explanation for this pay difference
in our society?
a. Women encounter the glass ceiling immediately after university.
b. Men are better at negotiating a high salary.
c. Paul needed more skills and this was reflected in his salary.
d. The skill set commonly associated with women (e.g., nurturing) is undervalued.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 BLM: Higher Order

67. Alyssa is very proud of the fact that her great-grandmother took part in a social movement
that resulted in women being granted the right to vote in Canada. Which social movement is
Alyssa referring to?
a. the suffrage movement
b. the temperance movement
c. the emancipation movement
d. the civil rights movement
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 172 BLM: Higher Order

68. According to the text, which of the following has a limiting effect on women’s groups in
politics?
a. a reliance on a consensus-building approach
b. a lack of diversity between women’s groups
c. a reliance on private funding sources
d. an inability of women to mobilize politically
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 BLM: Remember

69. According to the text, what was the focus of the women’s movement immediately after
women were granted the right to vote?
a. legislation addressing spousal and child abuse
b. addressing the rights of Aboriginal and visible minority women
c. gender equality in employment opportunities and earnings
d. improving the quality of life for women and children in the home
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 171 BLM: Remember

70. Which of the following were the last to be given the right to vote in Canada?
a. male and female Inuit and registered Indians living on reserves
b. people documented to be mentally challenged or insane
c. women who were British subjects and served in the military
d. people of Chinese, East Indian, and Japanese ancestry
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 172 BLM: Remember

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-15

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

71. In Canada today, what proportion of women vote in elections, compared to men?
a. a lower proportion of women vote than men
b. approximately the same proportion as men
c. about seven women vote for every three men
d. a higher proportion of women vote than men
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 173 BLM: Remember

72. Which of the following groups was given the right to vote in 1960?
a. visible minority women
b. registered, reserve Indians
c. Inuit men and women
d. landed immigrants
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 172 BLM: Remember

73. According to McCormack, in political matters, women are most likely to focus on which of
the following?
a. moral and community-based social/political issues
b. issues pertaining to the acquisition or exercise of power
c. policies that reduce their isolation because of home-based work
d. trivial issues because of their political naiveté
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 173 BLM: Remember

74. Which of the following has been the only woman to hold the office of prime minister in
Canada?
a. Belinda Stronach
b. Condoleezza Rice
c. Kim Campbell
d. Agnes Macphail
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 173-174 BLM: Remember

75. A female politician was dating a man 10 years younger than her, and the media portrayed her
as a “sex-starved cougar on the prowl.” A male politician was photographed with his date,
who was 12 years younger than him, and no similar comment was made about his sex life. In
this example, the media contributed to which explanation for the underrepresentation of
women in politics?
a. They were acting as gatekeepers of political culture.
b. They were reinforcing sex-role stereotypes of who should participate in political
culture.
c. They were creating hostility toward women in political culture.
d. They were belittling the skills necessary to participate in political culture.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 175-176 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-16

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

76. According to the text, which of the following stands as an explanation of the
underrepresentation of women in Canadian politics?
a. Women’s child-rearing responsibilities keep them at home rather than in politics.
b. There are fiscal advantages for political women with wealthy husbands to support
them.
c. Political parties control gender composition through the nomination process.
d. The culture of politics is supportive to the participation of women.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 176 BLM: Remember

77. By which of the following actions do the media fail to evaluate women’s political competence
fairly?
a. by emphasizing women’s records of community involvement
b. by recognizing women’s past political activities/contributions
c. by using the term feminist as a negative personal characteristic
d. by associating female politicians with broad social issues/concerns
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 175 BLM: Remember

78. According to the text, which of the following is NOT a criticism launched against the
Employment Equity Act of 1995?
a. The act covers only public service, federally regulated employers and companies
with 100 or more employees that are doing business with the government.
b. Failure to comply with the legislation carries very light penalties.
c. Public service workers cannot access the court system to obtain settlements in
pay-equity cases.
d. Employment equity puts an unfair burden on taxpayers.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 177-178 BLM: Remember

79. In the Correctional Service of Canada, male correctional officers make up the bulk of
membership on institutional emergency response teams. However, female correctional
officers still get the same compensation as males. What principle is reflected in this division
of labour at the same time as overall parity in pay for the classification of correctional
officers?
a. equal opportunity employment
b. gender-blind division of labour
c. pay equity regardless of function
d. equal pay for work of equal value
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 177 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-17

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

80. For many years, Jocelyn has been a member of Canada’s Royal Canadian Mounted Police,
where there are many more males than females. When a deputy commissioner position
became open, she applied and was awarded the job, even though there were many other
equally qualified male applicants. What kind of practice does this represent?
a. gender equity
b. affirmative action
c. gender balance
d. job equity
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 177 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order

81. A progressive company’s directors instruct the human resources department to make every
reasonable effort to hire socially representative numbers of women, ethnic minorities, and
people with mental and physical disabilities. What term best describes these hiring policies?
a. equal employment
b. unbiased hiring
c. pay equity
d. employment equity
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 177 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order

82. What have many feminists said about current forms of employment and pay equity?
a. The legislation to address this issue does not apply to a large part of the
population.
b. The legislation has solved most of women’s problems of pay equity in the labour
market.
c. The legislation has repaired all of the wrongs from past decades around paid labour
issues.
d. The legislation is dealing unfairly with men’s paid labour market conditions and
equity issues.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 178 BLM: Remember

83. Claudia works for a company where only women are employed. She realizes that they are all
underpaid, considering the numerous skills they bring to their jobs. Why is it UNLIKELY that
the equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value policies can help her and her fellow workers get their
wages raised?
a. Women’s skills are undervalued regardless of policies.
b. Policies compare men and women within the same firm.
c. Cross-industry analysis won’t change gender bias in pay scale.
d. The owners are men and won’t respect the policies.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 178 BLM: Higher Order

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-18

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

84. Samantha has worked for over 10 years with four coworkers in a video game development
company. She recently discovered that she and her coworker Jessica were making less than
Tom, Justin, and Anthony. Why is it UNLIKELY that the equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value
policies can help her and Jessica to get their wages raised to match those of Tom, Justin, and
Anthony?
a. Equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value policies apply to only government jobs.
b. Video game development is a male-dominated industry, with males setting the
rules.
c. Many equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value policies do not apply to small firms.
d. It can be demonstrated that males are more proficient in video game design.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 178 BLM: Higher Order

85. In which type of electoral system are attempts to increase the number of women holding
office the most effective?
a. in electoral systems where the emphasis is on gender parity and woman
empowerment
b. in electoral systems where decision making about nominations and party
representation occurs at levels higher than the local riding
c. in electoral systems where nominations occur within the local riding
d. in electoral systems found in larger cities as opposed to small towns
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 179 BLM: Remember

TRUE/FALSE

1. Social scientists usually refer to inequalities between men and women as gender inequalities
since the term refers to the social meanings associated with being a man or a woman.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 158

2. Gender identities are congruent with the sex assigned to individuals at birth.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 158

3. In its analysis of gender inequality the liberal feminist perspective combines the exploitation
of women by capitalism with patriarchy in the home.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 159-160

4. Even when they are in the paid labour force, married women continue to spend more time
than married men do on housework and child care.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 164

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-19

 Chapter 7 Gender Inequality

5. The sandwich generation refers to a generation of men and women who care for their aging
parents while supporting their own children.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 164

6. The concentration of men in some occupations and women in others is called “occupational
inequality.”

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 165

7. The notion that a given occupation is more appropriate for one sex than the other is referred to
as the “sex typing of occupations.”

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 165

8. By 1925, all women in Canada had been granted the right to vote.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 172

9. Research shows that women are just as likely as men are to oppose free markets and military
spending.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 173

10. The media uses the term feminism or feminist to connote positive personal characteristics of
female politicians.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 175

11. Men who enter politics tend to come from a law or business background and women
candidates tend to come from a career in social work or education.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 176

12. There is no government policy in Canada that targets gender inequality in politics.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 178

13. Systemic barriers refers to deliberate and conscious decisions to discriminate.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 177

14. Public policy refers to the statements made and the actions taken (or not taken) by
governments with respect to a given problem or set of problems.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 177

Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-20

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
face as pillage of Buddhism. But the funeral rite which I saw and
took part in, on the anniversary of the death of Prince Sanjō, struck
me as immemorially primitive. The weird simplicity of it—the
banquet to the ghost, the covering of the faces with white paper, the
moaning song, the barbarian music, all seemed to me traditions and
echoes of the very childhood of the race. I shall try to discover the
genesis of the book you speak of as dubious in character. The Shintō
christening ceremony is strictly observed here, and there are curious
facts about the funeral ceremonies—totally at variance with and
hostile to Buddhism.
By the way, when I visited a tera in Mionoseki after having bought o
fuda at the Miojinja, I was told I must not carry the o fuda into the
court of the tera. The Kami would be displeased.
For the moment, good-bye.
Ever faithfully,
Lafcadio Hearn.

TO ELLWOOD HENDRICK
Matsue, 1891.

Dear Hendrick,— ... My household relations have turned out to be

extremely happy, and to bind me very fast here at the very time that
I was beginning to feel like going away. It does not now seem
possible for me ever to go away. To take the little woman to another
country would be to make her extremely unhappy; for no kindness
or comfort could compensate for the loss of her own social
atmosphere—in which all thoughts and feelings are so totally
different from our own.
I find literary work extremely difficult here. The mental air about one
has a totally disintegrating effect upon Western habits of thinking;—
no strong emotion, no thrills or inspirations ever come to me, so I
am still in doubt how to work. Whether I shall ever be able to make
a really good book on Japan is still a question; but if I do, it will
require years of steady dry work, without one real flash in it. The
least fact in this Oriental life is so different from ours, and so
complex in its relationship to other facts, that to explain it requires
enormous time and patience.
I was made a little homesick by your letter about New Orleans,
mentioning so many familiar names. It brought back many pleasant
memories.
Ah! you are in a dangerous world now. You will meet some
charming, unsophisticated Southern girl, so much nicer than most
Northern girls, that the South may fascinate you too much.
My correspondents have all dropped off except you. Sometimes a
letter wanders to me—six months old—announcing my nomination
as vice-president of some small literary society; but the outer world
is slowly and surely passing away. At the same time the harder side
of Japanese character is beginning to appear—in spots. The women
are certainly the sweetest beings I have ever seen, as a general
rule: all the good things of the race have been put into them. They
are just loving, joyous, simple-hearted children with infinite surprises
of pretty ways. About the men,—one never gets very close to them.
One’s best friends have a certain far-offness about them, even when
breaking their necks to please you. There is no such thing as
clapping a man on the back and saying, “Hello! old boy!” There is no
such thing as clapping a fellow on the knee, or chucking a fellow
under the ribs. All such familiarities are terribly vulgar in Japan. So
each one has to tickle his own soul and clap it on the back, and say
“Hello” to it. And the soul, being Western, says: “Do you expect me
always to stay in this extraordinary country? I want to go home, or
get back to the West Indies, at least. Hurry up and save some
money.” As it is, I have two hundred dollars saved up, even after
dressing my little wife like a queen.
And now I am about to journey to outrageous places, among very
strange gods. Good-bye for a while.
 Ever most affectionately,
Lafcadio Hearn.

TO ELLWOOD HENDRICK
Matsue, October, 1891.

Dear devilishly delightful old fellow,—I have been dancing an Indian

war-dance of exultation in my Japanese robes, to the unspeakable
astonishment of my placid household. After which I passed two
hours in a discourse in what my Japanese friends ironically term
“The Hearnian Dialect.” Subject of exultation and discourse,—the
marriage of Miss Elizabeth Bisland. If she only knew how often I
have written her name upon the blackboard for the eyes of the
students of the Normal School to look upon when they asked me to
tell them about English names! And they pronounce it after me with
a pretty Japanese accent and lisp: “Aileesabbet Beeslan!” Well, well,
well!—you most d—nably jolly fellow!!
... Civilization is full of deadly perils in small things,—isn’t it? and
horrors in large things—railroad collisions, steamboat explosions,
elevator accidents,—all nightmares of machinery. How funny the
quiet of this Oriental life. The other day a man brought a skin to the
house to sell,—a foreign skin. Very beautiful the animal must have
been, and the price was cheap. But the idea of murder the thing
conveyed was horrible to me, and I was glad to find my folks of the
same mind. “No, no!—we don’t like to see it,” they said. And the
man departed, and in his heart pain was lord.
Oh! as for vacation, I always get two months, or nearly two months,
—the greater part of July and all of August. This time I have been
travelling alone with my little wife, who translates my “Hearnian
dialect” into Japanese,—eating little dishes of seaweed, and
swimming across all the bays I could find on the Izumo coast. They
take me to be a good swimmer out here; but I am a little afraid to
face really rough water at a distance from shore.—About getting to
you, I don’t really see my way clear to do it for another year or two
—must wait till I feel very strong with the Japanese. Just now friend
Chamberlain is trying to get me south, to teach Latin and English, at
$200 per month, in a beautiful climate. I would like it—but the Latin
—“hic sunt leones!” I am awfully rusty. Should I be offered the place
and dare to take it, you would find me at Kumamoto, in Kyūshū,—
much more accessible than Matsue. I think I have a better chance of
seeing you here than you of seeing me. But what a dear glorious
chap you are to offer me the ways and means;—I’ll never forget it,
old boy—never!
Pretty to talk of “my pen of fire.” I’ve lost it. Well, the fact is, it is no
use here. There isn’t any fire here. It is all soft, dreamy, quiet, pale,
faint, gentle, hazy, vapoury, visionary,—a land where lotus is a
common article of diet,—and where there is scarcely any real
summer. Even the seasons are feeble ghostly things. Don’t please
imagine there are any tropics here. Ah! the tropics—they still pull at
my heart-strings. Goodness! my real field was there—in the Latin
countries, in the West Indies and Spanish-America; and my dream
was to haunt the old crumbling Portuguese and Spanish cities, and
steam up the Amazon and Orinoco, and get romances nobody else
could find. And I could have done it, and made books that would sell
for twenty years yet. Perhaps, however, it’s all for the best: I might
have been killed in that Martinique hurricane. And then, I think I
may see the tropics on this side of the world yet,—the Philippines,
the Straits Settlements,—perhaps Reunion or Madagascar. (When I
get rich!)
Besides, I must finish my work on Japan, and that will take a couple
of years more. It is the hardest country to learn—except China—in
the world. I am the only man who ever attempted to learn the
people seriously; and I think I shall succeed. But there is work
ahead—phew! I have sent away about 1500 pp. MSS., and I have
scarcely touched the subject—merely broken ground.
... Fact is, there is only one way to really marry a Japanese legally,—
to be adopted into a Japanese family after marrying the daughter,
and so become a Japanese citizen. Otherwise the wife loses her
citizenship—a terrible calamity to a good girl. She would have to live
in the open ports, unless I could always live in the interior. And the
children—the children would have no rights or prospects in Japan. I
don’t see any way out of it except to abandon my English
citizenship, and change my name to Koi zumi,—my wife’s name. I
am still hesitating a little—because of the Japanese. Would they try
to take advantage, and cut down my salary? I am thinking, and
waiting. But meantime, I am morally, and according to public
opinion, fast married.
By the way, she would very much like to see E. B. If E. has a yacht,
make her “sail the seas over” and come to this place; and she will be
much pleased and humbly served and somewhat amused.
Well, so long, with best heart-wishes and thanks,
Lafcadio Hearn.

I have accepted a new position, in Southern Japan.

Oh! read Zola’s “L’Argent”—you will appreciate it. There are delicious
financial characters in it. For goodness’ sake, don’t read a
translation.

TO SENTARŌ NISHIDA
Kumamoto, 1891.

Dear Friend Nishida,—Your very welcome letter came to-day. I was

beginning to be anxious about you, as my cook, who arrived here
only yesterday, said that it was extremely cold in Matsue; and I was
afraid the bitter weather might have given you cold. I am very glad
you are taking care of yourself....
I am now a little more reconciled to Kumamoto; but it is the most
uninteresting city I was ever in, in Japan. The famous shrines of
Katō Kiyomasa (the Katō-sha and the Hommyōji) are worth visiting;
they are at Akitagun, a little outside the town. The city is packed
with soldiers. Things are dear and ugly here—except silks. This is
quite a place for pretty silks, and they are cheaper than in Matsue:
but there is nothing pretty in the shape of lacquer-ware, porcelain,
or bronze. There is no art, and there are no kakemonos, and no
curio-shops.
The weather here is queer—something like that of the Pacific slope,
a few hundred miles north of San Francisco. The nights and the
mornings are cold; and at sunrise, you see the ground covered with
white frost, and mists all over the hills. But by noon it gets warm,
and in the afternoon even hot; then after sundown it turns cold
again.
Mr. Kano was too modest when he told me there were other
teachers who spoke English better than he. There are not. He
speaks and writes better English than any Japanese I know.
However, there is a Mr. Sakuma here, from Kyōto, who has a very
uncommon knowledge of literary English: he has read a great deal,
has a good library, and has made a special study of Old English and
Middle English. He teaches literature (English) and grammar, etc. Mr.
Ōzawa (I think) is the second English teacher: I like him the best
personally. He has that fine consideration for others which you have,
—and which is not a common quality of men anywhere. He speaks
French. The Head-master, Mr. Sakurai, a young and very silent man,
also speaks French. Nearly all the teachers speak English,—except
the delightful old teacher of Chinese, who has a great beard and a
head like Socrates. I liked him at once,—just as I liked Mr. Katayama
at first sight. I wonder if there is anything in the learning of Chinese
which makes men amiable. Perhaps it is the constant need of
patience and the æsthetic sentiment also involved by such studies,
that changes or modifies character so agreeably. I don’t know much,
however, about the teachers yet. I say good-morning and good-
evening, and sit in my corner, and smoke my pipe. So far they all
seem very gentle and courteous. I think I shall be able to get along
pleasantly with them; but I don’t think I shall become as friendly
with any of them as I was with you. Indeed there is nobody like you
here—no chats in the ten minutes,—no curious information,—no
projects and discoveries. I often look at your pretty little tea-tray,
with the semi and the dragonflies upon it,—and wish I could hear
your voice at the door....
Lafcadio Hearn.
I have become very strong, and weigh about 20 lbs. more than I did
last summer. But I can’t tell just why. Perhaps because I am eating
three full meals a day instead of two. My house is not quite so large
as the one I had in Matsue. We are five here now—myself and wife,
the cook, the kurumaya, and O-Yone. It was very funny about O-
Yone when she first came. Nobody could understand her Izumo
dialect (she is from Imaichi); but both she and the kurumaya can
now get along. The hotels here are outrageously expensive: at least
some of them. I cannot recommend the Shirakuin for cheapness. I
paid, including tea-money, 24 yen for 6-1/2 days. No more of that!
About the boys? Yes, Ōtani writes to me, and Azukizawa,—and I got
a charming letter from Tanabe, late of the 5th Class.
I was surprised to hear of the decision of the Council. But I cannot
help thinking this is much better than that the boys should be taught
by a missionary; 99 out of 100 will not teach conscientiously and
painstakingly. And a clever Japanese teacher can do so much. I have
now no one to prepare some of my classes for the English lesson;
and I know what it means. The main use of a foreign teacher is to
teach accent and conversational habits. But I suspect that within
another generation few foreign teachers will be employed for English
—except in higher schools and for special purposes. There will be
thousands of Japanese teachers, speaking English perfectly well. I
hope you will be the new Director. Please kindly remember me to Mr.
Sato, Mr. Katayama, Mr. Nakamura (I wish I could hear him laugh
now), and all friends.

P. S. Setsu insists that I shall tell you that the kurumaya of this town
are oni, and that one must be careful in hiring them;—so that if you
should come down here when the weather is better, you must be as
careful as in Tōkyō,—where they are also oni. Also that rent is high:
my house is eleven yen. But with any Izumo cook, living is just as
cheap as in Matsue; and there is much good bread and meat and
sake and food of all kinds.
I am sorry about that Tamatsukuri affair; for I wrote, as you will see,
words of extreme praise,— never suspecting such possibilities. Why,
the first duty of gentlemen is to face death like soldiers,—not like
sailors on a sinking ship, who stave in the casks—sometimes.
However, don’t such things make you wish for the chance to do the
same duty better? They do me. That is one good effect of a human
weakness: it makes others wish to be strong and to do strong
things.

TO MASANOBU ŌTANI
Kumamoto, November, 1891.

My dear Ōtani,—I have just received your most kind letter, for which
my sincerest thanks. But I don’t want to correct it, and send it back
to you: I would rather keep it always, as a pleasant remembrance.
It has been very cold in Kumamoto—a sharp frost came last night,
with an icy wind. Everybody says such cold is extraordinary here;
but I am not quite sure if this is really true, because they have told
me everywhere I have been during the last twenty years: “Really we
never saw such weather before.”
Kumamoto is not nearly so pretty a city as Matsue, although it is as
neat as Tenjin-machi. There are some very beautiful houses and
hotels, but the common houses are not so fine as those of Matsue.
Most of the old Shizoku houses were burned during the Satsuma
war, so that there are no streets like Kita-bori-machi, and it is very
hard to find a nice house. I have been fortunate enough to find one
nearly as nice as the one I had in Matsue, but the garden is not
nearly so pretty; and the rent is eleven dollars—nearly three times
more than what I paid in Matsue. There is, of course, no lake here,
and no beautiful scenery like that of Shinji-ko; but on clear days we
can see the smoke rising from the great volcano of Aso-san.
As for the Dai Go Kōtō-Chūgakkō, the magnificence of it greatly
surprised me. The buildings are enormous,—of brick for the most
part; and they reminded me at first sight of the Imperial University
of Tōkyō. Most of the students live in the school. There is a
handsome military uniform; but all the boys do not wear it,—some
wear Japanese clothes, and the rules about dress (except during
drilling-time, etc.) are not very strict. There is no bell. The classes
are called and dismissed by the sound of a bugle. There are ten
minutes between class-hours for rest; but the buildings are so long,
that it takes ten minutes to walk through them to the teacher’s
room, which is in a separate building. Two of the teachers speak
French, and six or seven English: there are 28 teachers. The
students are very nice,—and we became good friends at once. There
are three classes, corresponding with the three higher classes of the
Jinjō Chūgakkō,—and two higher classes. I do not now teach on
Saturdays. There are no stoves—only hibachi. The library is small,
and the English books are not good; but this year they are going to
get better books, and to enlarge the library. There is a building in
which jū-jutsu is taught by Mr. Kano; and separate buildings for
sleeping, eating, and bathing. The bath-room is a surprise. Thirty or
forty students can bathe at the same time; and four hundred can eat
at once in the great dining-hall. There is a separate building also for
the teaching of chemistry, natural history, etc.; and there is a small
museum.
You have been kind enough to offer to find out for me something
about Shintō. Well, if you have time, I will ask you to find out for me
as much as you can about the miya of the household,—the
household shrine and kamidana in Izumo. I would like to know what
way the kamidana should face—north, south, east, or west.
Also, what is the origin of the curious shape of the little
stoppers of the omiki-dokkuri?
Also, whether the ancestors are ever worshipped before the
kamidana in the same way as they are worshipped before
the butsudan.
Are the names of the dead ever written upon something to be
placed in the miya, in the same way, or nearly the same way, as the
kaimyō is written upon the ihai or Buddhist mortuary tablet.
In the Shintō worship of family ancestors (if there is any such
worship, which I doubt), what prayers are said?
Are any particular family-prayers said by Buddhists when praying
before the kaimyō, or do the common people utter only the ordinary
prayer of their sect—such as “Namu Amida Butsu,” or, “Namu Myōhō
Rengekyō?”
But do not give yourself too much trouble about these things, and
take your own time;—in a month, or two months, or even three
months will be quite time enough. And if you have no time, do not
trouble yourself about it at all; and write to me that you cannot, or
would rather not,—then I will ask some one who is less busy.
I shall be hoping really to see you in Kumamoto next year. You
would like the school very much. Perhaps you would not like the city
as well as Matsue; but the school is not in the city exactly; it is a
little outside of it, and you would live in the school, probably,—or
very near it. The students make excursions to Nagasaki and other
places, by railroad and steamer.
Now about your letter. It was very nice. You made a few mistakes in
using “will,”—and in saying “if I would have promote my school.” It
ought to have been “if I should go to a higher school.”
“This will be a bad letter” ought to have been “I fear this is ... etc.”
But you and I and everybody learn best by making mistakes.
With best remembrance from your old teacher, believe me
Ever truly yours,
Lafcadio Hearn.

TO SENTARŌ NISHIDA
Kumamoto, December, 1891.

Dear Friend Nishida,—Your letter has just reached me. I am more

sorry than I can express to hear of the death of Yokogi. Nature
seems strangely cruel in making such a life, and destroying it before
the time of ripeness. And the good hearts and the fine brains pass to
dust, while the coarse and the cunning survive all dangers....
The name of the delightful old Samurai who teaches Chinese here, I
think you know,—Akizuki. He was at Aizu, and made a great soldier’s
name; and he is just as gentle and quiet as Mr. Katayama,—and still
more paternally charming in his manner. He is sixty-three years
old....
I have made no friends among the teachers yet. I attended my first
Japanese dinner with them the night before last; and, because you
were not there, I think I made some queer mistakes about the
dishes—when to use chopsticks, etc. There were no geishas: the
former director had forbidden their employment at teachers’ dinners;
and I don’t think that Mr. Kano is going to revoke the order. The
reason for it was not prudery; but the opposition paper used to take
advantage of the presence of geishas at the teachers’ banquets to
print nasty things against the school. So it was determined not to
give the paper a chance to say anything more....
I have been very cautious in writing you about the climate, because
I wanted to be very sure that, in case you should come here, it
would be for the best. So far the climate is like this: every morning
and night cold, with white frost; afternoons so warm that one can go
out without an overcoat. Very little rain. No snow yet; but I am told
that it will come.
As for me, I have become stronger than I have been for years. All
my clothes, even my Japanese kimono, have become too small!! But
I cannot say whether this be the climate or the diet or what. Setsu
says it is because I have a good wife;—but she might be prejudiced,
you know! My lungs are sound as a bell; I never cough at all. This is
all that I can tell you at present.
No: O-Yone came with us. She took O-Yoshi’s place, when O-Yoshi
went back to live with her mother. I am sorry to say I had to send
the kurumaya away. He abandoned his wife in Matsue, and she went
to the house of the Inagaki, crying and telling a very pitiful story.
When I heard this, I told the man he must go back. But on the same
days later, I found he had been doing very wrong things,—trying to
make trouble among the other servants, and playing tricks upon us
by making secret arrangements with the shopkeepers. I had bought
him clothes, and given him altogether 14 yen and 50 sen, besides
his board and lodging—including 5 yen to go back with. But he had
squandered his little money and how he managed afterward I don’t
know. I could not help him any more; for his cunningness and
foolishness together made it impossible to keep him a day longer in
the house. The cook is from the Nisho-tei,—to which you first
introduced me. The kurumaya’s place would have been a nice place
for a good man. I shall be very careful about employing another
kurumaya by the month.
Now about the question you asked me. The words you underlined
are from the Jewish Bible. The ideas of value and of weight were
closely connected in the minds of the old Semites, as they are still,
to some extent, in our own. Everything was sold by weight, and
according to the weight was the value. The weighing was done with
the scales or balance, of which there were several kinds. The
balancing was done by suspending a weight at one end of the
“balance,” or scales, as in Japan, and the article to be sold in the
other. If too light, the article was “found wanting”—(i. e.: in weight).
So in such English expressions as “to make light of” (to ridicule, to
belittle, to speak contemptuously of)—the idea of weight thus
estimated survives. Now, in the mythology of the Jews God is
represented as one who weighs, in a scale or balance, the good that
is in a man—(his moral weight or value)—and sends him to hell if he
proves too light. Public opinion is now the God with the scales. If I
am an author, for example, I (that is, my work) will be weighed in the
balance (of public or of literary opinion) and found perhaps wanting.
Poor Ito was weighed many, many times, and found wanting—before
being expelled. I am afraid he will be found wanting also by the
world into which he must enter.
As for the phrase, “not a hair of their head,” the singular is often
used for the plural in the old English of the Bible, and other books.
(To-day, we should use only the plural,—as a general rule.)
Examples from the Bible:
1. “The fire had no power upon their bodies, nor
singular
was the hair of their HEAD singed.”

—Daniel, 3d Chap. 27th verse.

plural singular
2. “But the very hairs of your HEAD are all numbered.”

—Luke 12. 7.
singular
3. “And he bowed the HEART of all the men of Judah”

—II Samuel 19. 14.

Poets to-day, or writers of poetical prose, may take similar liberties
with grammar as that in No. 3.
There are very many quotations in the Bible about the words
“weighed in the balance;” the most famous being that in the story of
Belshazzar, in the book of Daniel. The first poetical use of the phrase
is in the book of Job—supposed, you know, to have been written by
an Arab, not a Jew.
Now I hope and pray that you will take good care of yourself, and
not allow your Samurai-spirit of self-denial to urge you into taking
any risks on bitterly cold days. Many, many happy new years to you
and yours.
Lafcadio Hearn.

TO BASIL HALL CHAMBERLAIN

Kumamoto, November, 1891.

Dear Professor,—Your welcome postal to hand. One must travel out

of Izumo after a long residence to find out how utterly different the
place is from other places,—for instance, this country. Matsue is
incomparably prettier and better built and in every way more
interesting than Kumamoto. What Kumamoto is religiously, I have
not yet been able to find out. There are no shops here full of
household shrines of hinoki-wood for sale, no display of shimenawa
over doors, no charms in the fields, no o fuda pasted upon house-
doors, no profusion of Shintō emblems, no certainty of seeing a
kamidana or a butsudan in every house, and a strange scarcity of
temples and images. Religiously, the place seems to be
uninteresting; and to-day it is infernally cold. Everything is
atrociously dear, and the charming simplicity of the Izumo folk does
not here exist. My own people—four came with me—feel like fish out
of water. My little wife said the other morning, with an amusing
wonder in her eyes, that there was a mezurashii kedamono in the
next yard. We looked out, and the extraordinary animal was a goat.
Some geese were also a subject of wonder, and a pig. None of these
creatures are to be seen in Izumo.
About Inari. I may enquire again, but I think that the representation
of Inari as a man with a beard, riding upon a white fox, in the
pictures of Toyokuni, for instance, and in the sacred kakemono is
tolerably good evidence. Also the relief carving I have seen
representing him as a man. Also the general popular idea concerning
him, about which there is no mistake. Also the letter of Hideyoshi to
Inari Daimyōjin cited in Walter Dening’s Readers, under the heading:
“Hideyoshi’s Letter to Gods.”
As to Kwannon, it is true that in Buddhist history she figures both as
a man and woman (as also does the daughter of the Serpent-King in
the astounding sutra of the Lotus of the Good Law),—she is
identified with the Sanscrit Avalokitesvara,— about whose sex there
may be some doubt. I have a translation of her Japanese sutra, in
which she is female, however;—and in China and in Japan she has
come to be considered the ideal of all that is sweet in womanliness,
and her statues and the representations of her in the numerous
pictures of the Buddhist pantheon are of a woman,—maiden. And
after all, the people, not the scholars, make the gods, and the gods
they make are the best.
I cannot help thinking that the identification of the Japanese
Buddhas and Bodhisattvas with those of India is not sufficiently
specified by Eitel and others as an identification of origin only. They
have become totally transformed here,—they have undergone
perfect avatars, and are not now the same. Shaka, Amida, Yakushi,
Fudō, Dainichi, etc., may have been in India distinct personalities: in
Japan they are but forms of the One,—as indeed are the
innumerable Buddhas of the Lotus of the True Law. All are one. And
Kshitigarbha is not our Japanese Jizō,—and Kwannon is not
Avalokitesvara, and the Ni-ō are not the figures of Indra, and Emma-
O is not Yama. “They were and are not.” Don’t you agree with me
that the popular idea of a divinity is an element of weight in such
questions of doubt as we are chatting about?
With every wish that you may enjoy your journey in Shikoku, I
remain, most truly ever,
Lafcadio Hearn.
P. S.... I have been teaching three days, and find no difference in the
boys from those of Izumo, —they are gentle, polite, manly and
eager. But I am greatly hampered by the books. There are not books
enough, and the reading-books chosen are atrociously unsuited for
the students. Fancy “Silas Marner” and “John Halifax,” with the long
double-compound complex semiphilosophical sentences of George
Eliot, as text-books for boys who can scarcely speak in English! A
missionary’s choice! Ye gods of old Japan! I think the Mombushō is
economical in the wrong direction. Too much money cannot be spent
on good reading-books. Less money on buildings and more for
books would give better results. Buildings worth a quarter of a
million (as building costs in America), and “Lovell’s Library” and
“George Munro’s” piracies bought for text-books. I could scream!!

TO MASANOBU ŌTANI
Kumamoto, January, 1892.

Dear Ōtani,—Your long and most interesting letter gave me much

pleasure, as well as much information. I am very glad to have had
my questions so nicely answered; for I am writing an essay on
Shintō home-worship in Izumo,—all about the kamidana, etc. I know
a good deal about general forms and rules, but very little about the
reverence paid in the house to the family dead (forefathers, father,
mother, dead children, etc.)—in Shintō, which is very interesting to
know. I think much of the modern customs shows a Chinese origin,
though the spirit of pure Shintō seems to be wholly Japanese.
I think your first explanation of the form of the omiki dokkuri no
kuchi-sashi is the correct one,—so far as this is concerned. I am not
 sure, but the shape is strikingly like that of the mystic jewel
of Buddhist art. There is another form in brass, which I
have, that seems intended to represent a folded paper; but I
am not sure what it means.
Many thanks for your very valuable notes about the
January customs. You told me quite a number of things I did
not know before,—such as the rules about the twist of the
straw-rope, and the symbolism of the charcoal and many
other articles. But I would like to know why the pendent
straws should be 3-5-7: is there any mystic signification in those
numbers? I thought the Japanese mystic number was 8....
Take good care of your health.
Ever very truly yours,
Lafcadio Hearn.

TO ELLWOOD HENDRICK
Kumamoto, January, 1892.

Dear Hendrick,—Your jolly letter just came—Jan. 3rd,—to find me

celebrating the new year after the Japanese fashion. There is not
one New Year’s day here, but three. Over the gate, and all the
alcoves of each apartment, the straw rope (shimenawa), which is
the Shintō emblem of the gods, is festooned; upon the kamidana, or
“god-shelf,” lights are burning before the tablets of those deities who
have pledged themselves in Japanese ideographs to love and protect
this foreigner,—and I have given to them offerings of rice-cakes and
sake. For the guests are dishes of raw fish, and others which it
would take too long to describe, and hot sake. My little wife does the
honours. Before the gate are Japanese flags and pine-trees—
emblems of green old age and unflinching purpose.
—Well, here I am in Kyūshū, a thousand miles and more south of
Yokohama, at a salary of 200 yen a month. All my Izumo servants
came with me. Our house is not nearly so beautiful as that in
Matsue, and the city is devilishly ugly and commonplace,—an
enormous, half-Europeanized garrison-town, full of soldiers. I don’t
like it; but Lord! I must try to make money, for nothing is sure in
Japan, and I am now so tied down to the country that I can’t quit it,
except for a trip, whether the Government employs me or not. I
have nine lives depending on my work—wife, wife’s mother, wife’s
father, wife’s adopted mother, wife’s father’s father, and then
servants, and a Buddhist student. How would you like that? It
wouldn’t do in America. But it is nothing here—no appreciable
burden. The moral burden, however, is heavy enough. You can’t let a
little world grow up around you, to depend on you, and then break it
all up—not if you are a respectable person. And I indulge in the
luxury of “filial piety”—a virtue of which the good and evil results are
only known to us Orientals.
I translated into Hearnian dialect all you said. And my wife, whose
name is Setsu, or Chi-yo (alternative), knows you well by your
photograph, and said such nice things about that photograph that I
dare not tell you. Which is all the more extraordinary because when
I showed her some pictures of “distinguished foreigners” she and
the girls all said that if they should ever meet such people they
would “become Buddhas for fear”—i. e., die of fright. American and
English faces—their deep-set eyes—terrify unsophisticated Japanese.
Children cry with fear at the sight of a foreigner. So your photo must
reveal exceptional qualities to make such an impression....
Everybody gets drunk here to-day; but a cultivated Japanese is
never offensively drunk. To get properly, politely drunk upon sake is
the summum bonum.... Although a gentleman knows how to act,
however drunk, it is the custom, when your host makes you drunker
than usual (which delights him), to call at the house next morning,
and thank him for the entertainment—at the same time apologizing
for any possible mistakes. Of course, there are no ladies at men’s
dinners—only professional dancing-girls, maiko or geisha.
Work progresses; but the barrier of language is a serious one. My
project to study Buddhism must be indefinitely delayed on that
account. For the deeper mysteries of Buddhism cannot be explained
in the Hearnian dialect.
What some people say about Miss Bisland—ah! I mean Mrs.
Wetmore—being only beautiful when she wants to be is, I think,
perfectly true. She can change into seventeen different women. She
used to make me almost believe the stories about Circe and Lilith.
She laughed to scorn the terrible scientific test of the photograph—
of the science which reveals new nebulae and tells a man in advance
whether he is going to get the small-pox or not. No two photos of
her ever represented the same human being. In ordinary mortals the
sort of thing called Ego, which is not “I” but “They,” is worked up
into a recognizable composite photo. But in her case, ’tis quite
otherwise. The different dead that live in her, live quite separately
from each other, in different rooms, and receive upon different
afternoons. And yet—if even Rudyard Kipling were to write the truth
about that person—or rather that ghostly congregation of persons
called Elizabeth Bisland,—who but a crazy man would believe that
truth? Assuredly Mr. W. ought to think himself lucky. Ever to get tired
of Elizabeth is out of human possibility. There are too many different
Elizabeths, belonging to different historical epochs, countries, and
conditions. If he should tire of one Elizabeth,—lo! there will appear
another. And there is one very terrible Elizabeth, whom I had a
momentary glimpse of once, and whom it will not be well for Mr. W.
or anybody else to summon from her retirement. But I am glad for
the compound Elizabeth that she has this Protector in reserve.—
Lord! how irreverently I have been talking! But that is because you
can read under the irreverence....
What can’t be insured against is earthquake. I have become afraid.
Do you know that the earthquake the other day in Gifu, Aichi, etc.,
destroyed nearly 200,000 houses and nearly 10,000 lives? My house
in far-off Matsue rocked and groaned like a steamer in a typhoon. It
isn’t the quake one’s afraid of: it is being held down under a ton of
timber and slowly burned alive. That is what happened to most of
the dead. Five millions of dollars will scarcely relieve the distress....
Well, here’s a thousand happy New Years to you and yours,—all luck,
all blessings, all glorious sensations.
Ever from your old disoccidentalized chum,
Lafcadio Hearn.

TO ELLWOOD HENDRICK
Kumamoto, April, 1892.

Dear Hendrick,—Just had a long and delightful letter from you, and
Mallock’s book. I hate the Jesuit; but he has a particular cleverness
of his own indeed. I hate him first because he is insincere, as you
suggest; then I hate him because he is morbid, with a priestly
morbidness—sickly, cynical, unhealthy. I like Kipling’s morbidness,
which is manly and full of enormous resolve and defiance in the
teeth of God and hell and nature,—but the other—no! This book is
not free from the usual faults. It is like Paul Bourget boiled into thin
soup, and flavoured with a dash of M. de Camors. The Markham girl
was certainly Feuillet’s imagination; but she is excellently done.
Really, I don’t know;—I asked myself: “If it was I?” ... And
conscience answered: “If it was you, in spite of love and duty and
honour and hellfire staring you in the face you would have gone
after her,—and tried to console yourself by considering the Law of
Attraction of Bodies and Souls in the incomprehensible cosmical
order of things, which is older than the gods.” And I was very much
inclined to demur; but conscience repeated: “Oh! don’t be such a liar
and quibbler;—you know you would! That was the only part of the
book you really liked. Your ancestors were not religious people: you
lack constitutional morality. That’s why you are poor, and
unsuccessful, and void of mental balance, and an exile in Japan. You
know you cannot be happy in an English moral community. You are a
fraud—a vile Latin—a vicious French-hearted scalawag.”
And I could not say anything, because what conscience observed
was true—to a considerable extent. “Vive le monde antique!” ...
I have been thinking a heap, because of being much alone. (The
Japanese do not understand Western thought at all—at least not its
emotional side. Therefore devour time and devour thought even
while they stimulate it.) ...
Now about these Shadows. Yes, there are forces about one,—vague,
working soundlessly, imperceptibly, softening one as the action of air
softens certain surfaces of rock while hardening others. The
magnetism of another faith about you necessarily polarizes that
loose-quivering needle of desire in a man that seeks source of
attraction in spite of synthetic philosophy. The general belief in an
infinite past and future interpenetrates one some how. When you
find children who do wrong are always warned, “Ah! your future
birth will be unhappy;” when you find two lovers drinking death
together, and leaving behind them letters saying, “This is the
influence of our last birth, when we broke our promise to become
husband and wife;” and last, but not least, when some loving
woman murmurs, laughingly: “In the last life thou wert a woman
and I a man, and I loved thee much; but thou didst not love me at
all,”—you begin to doubt if you do not really believe like everybody
else.
About the training of the senses. The idea is admirable, but alas!—a
very clever Frenchman five years ago, in the Revue Politique et
Littéraire, almost exhausted it. He represented a man who had
cultivated his eye so that he could see the bacteria in the air, and the
grain of metals,—also being able to adjust his eyes to distance. He
had trained his ear so as to hear all sounds of growth and
decomposition. He had trained his nose to smell all substances
supposed to have no smell. He made a diagram of the five senses
thus:—
The way impressions come to—

YOU ME

I translated it for the T.-D.

For a little while, good-bye and best happiness.
Lafcadio Hearn.

TO ELLWOOD HENDRICK
Kumamoto, 1892.

Dear E. H.,— ... Your thoughts about the Shadows of the East are
touching. You ought to be able to write something beautiful and
quite new if you had time....
You have been seized by the fascination of monstrous cities built up
to heaven, and eternally sending their thunder to the smoke-blacked
sky,—cities where we live by machinery. I can shudder now only to
think of walking down a street between miles of houses two hundred
feet high, with a roaring of traffic through them as of a torrent in a
cañon. And that fascination means elegance, fashion, social duties....
I have been trying to deal with these two problems: “What has been
the moral value of Christianity to mankind?” and The answer to the
former seems to be that without the brutal denial of the value of life
and pleasure by Christianity, we could never have learned that the
highest enjoyments are, after all, intellectual, and that progress can
be effected only by self-sacrifice to interest and indifference to
physical gratifications. And the latter question, though I have not yet
solved it, seems to suggest that the hypocrisy itself may have large
hidden value,—may be in process of transmutation into a truth.
Yes, Japanese women are all that your question implies you would
wish them to be. They are children, of course. They perceive every
possible shade of thought,—vexation, doubt, or pleasure,—as it
passes over the face; and they know all you do not tell them. If you
are unhappy about anything, then they say: mdash;and they light a
little lamp, and clap their hands and pray. And the ancient gods
hearken unto them; and the heart of the foreign barbarian is
therewith lightened and made luminous with sunshine. And he
orders the merchants of curious textures to bring their goods to the
house, which they do—piling them up like mountains; and there is
such choice that the pleasure of the purchase is dampened by the
sense of inability to buy everything in this world. And the merchants,
departing, leave behind them dreams in little Japanese brains of
beautiful things to be bought next year.
Also Japanese women have curious Souls. The other day in Nagano,
a politician told a treacherous lie. Whereupon his wife robed herself
all in white as those are robed who are about to journey to the
world of ghosts, and purified her lips according to the holy rite, and,
taking from the storeroom an ancient family sword, thereupon slew
herself. And she left a letter, regretting that she had but one life to
give in expiation of the shame and the wrong of that lie. And the
people do now worship at her grave, and strew flowers thereupon,
and pray for daughters with hearts as brave.... But the worms are
eating her.
Because you sent me that horrid book, I revenge myself. I send you
a much more horrid book. But if you do not enjoy it, I shall commit
hara kiri, or seppuku, which is the polite name. And a woman wrote
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

testbankdeal.com