4TH QUARTER: LESSON 1-3

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND

NETWORKS AND
CRITICAL THINKING IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
 WHAT THE
CONNECTION?
 WHAT THE
CONNECTION?
 WHAT THE
CONNECTION?
 WHAT THE
CONNECTION?
 WHAT THE
CONNECTION?
 WHAT THE
CONNECTION?
 4TH QUARTER: LESSON 1-3

DEMOCRATIC
INTERVENTIONS
IDEOLOGY
ideology
“Ideology” has come to refer to a set of ideas
that tries to link thought with action.
Ideologies attempt to shape how people think and
therefore how they act.
A fairly coherent and comprehensive set of ideas
that explains and evaluates social conditions, helps
people understand their place in society, and
provides a program for social and political action.
Four Functions of Ideology

Explanatory Evaluative

Orientative Programmatic
 Explanatory Evaluative

An ideology offers an explanation of why social, political, and

economic conditions are as they are, particularly in times of crisis.
At such times people will search, sometimes frantically, for some
explanation of what is happening.
 Evaluative Orientative

The second function of ideologies is to supply standards for

evaluating social conditions. There is difference, after all, between
explaining why certain things are happening and deciding whether
those things are good or bad.
 Orientative Programmatic

An ideology supplies its adherent with an orientation and a sense

of identity of who he or she is, the group (race, nation, sex, and
so on) to which he or she belongs, and how he or she is related to
the rest of the world.
Programmatic

An ideology, finally, tells its followers what to do and how to do it.

It performs a programmatic or prescriptive function by setting
out a general program of social and political action.
FREEDOM

The person or group The obstacle The aim of the

that is or should be blocking or hindering agent.
free. the agent.

Note: An agent is not simply free; to be free, an agent must be free to pursue a
goal, whether it is speaking one’s mind, practicing one’s religion, or merely going
for a stroll in the park.
 CRITICISMS
OF ATHENIAN
DEMOCRACY
Athenian
Democracy
Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century B.C.E. The
Greek idea of democracy was different from present-day democracy
because, in Athens, all adult citizens were required to take an active part in
the government. The Athenian definition of “citizens” was also different
from modern-day citizens: only free men were considered citizens in Athens.
Women, children, and slaves were not considered citizens and therefore
could not vote.
This argument against democracy found favor with a
number of political thinkers, including Plato’s student
Aristotle.
Governing power, he said may be in the hands of one
person, a few people, or many; and this power may be
exercised either for the good of the whole community
in which case it is good or true or solely for the good
of the rulers in which case it is bad or perverted.
The right to speak and worship
freely, the right to run for
Liberal
public office, the right to own Democracy
property these is among the Social
rights and liberties that liberals Democracy
have generally taken to be
necessary to realize the People’s
Democracy
demographic ideal as they
interpret it (Ball et al., 2014)
This view is linked to the ideology
of socialism. From a “social Liberal
Democracy
democratic” or “democratic
socialist” perspective, the key to Social
Democracy
democracy is equality, especially
equal power in society and People’s
government. Democracy
Refers to a political system
where the government claims to Liberal
represent the people, but in Democracy
reality, it may be a one-party Social
dictatorship or have limitations Democracy
on the participation of certain
People’s
segments of the population, as Democracy
seen in historical examples.
CORE DEMOCRATIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Democracy is government in which power
and civic responsibility are exercised by all
adult citizens, directly, or through their
freely elected representatives.
Democracy rests upon the principles of
majority rule and individual right.
Democracies guard against all-powerful
central governments and decentralized
government to regional and local levels,
understanding that all levels of government
must be accessible and responsive to the
people as possible.
Democracies understand that one of their
prime functions is to protect such basic
human rights as freedom of speech and
religion; the right to equal protection under
law; and the opportunity to organize and
participate fully in the political, economic,
and cultural life of society.
Democracies conduct regular free and fair
elections open to citizens of voting age.
Citizens in a democracy have not only
rights, but also the responsibility to
participate in the political system that, in
turn, protects the rights and freedoms.
 Democratic societies are committed to the
values of tolerance, cooperation, and compromise.
In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, in tolerance
itself, a form of violence and an obstacle to the
growth of a true democratic spirit.
 Democratic Practices
MAJORITY RULE AND MINORITY RIGHTS
Majority rule must be coupled by
guarantees of individual human rights that,
in turn, serve to protect the rights of
minorities and dissenters whether ethnic,
religious, or simply the losers in political
debate. The rights of minorities do not
depend upon the good will of the majority
and cannot be eliminated by majority vote.
 Democratic Practices
PLURALISM AND DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
In a democracy, government is only one
thread in the social fabric of many and varied
public and private institutions, legal forums,
political parties, organizations, and
associations. This diversity is called pluralism,
and it assumes that the many organized
groups and institutions in a democratic
society do not depend upon government for
their existence, legitimacy, or authority.
 Democratic Practices
SPEECH, ASSEMBLY, AND PROTEST
Freedom of speech and expression,
especially about political and social issues, is
the lifeblood of any democracy.
Democratic governments do not control
the content of most written and verbal
speech. Thus, democracies are usually filled
with many voices expressing different or
even contrary ideas and opinions.
 Democratic Practices
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND TOLERANCE
All citizens should be free to follow their
conscience in matters of religious faith.
Freedom of religion includes the right to
worship alone or with others, in public or
private, or not to worship at all, and to
participate in religious, observance,
practice, and teaching without fear of
persecution from government or other
group
 Democratic Practices
CITIZENSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES
Citizenship in a democracy requires
participation, civility, patience – rights
as well as responsibilities. For
democracy to succeed, citizens must
be active, not passive, because they
know that the success or failure of
the government in their responsibility,
and no one else’s.
 Democratic Practices
EQUAL ADHERANCE TO THE LAW
The rule of law protects fundamental
political, social, and economic rights
and defends citizens from the threats
of both tyranny and lawlessness. Rule
of law means that no individual,
whether president or private citizens,
stands above the law.
 Democratic Practices
ELECTION
Free and fair elections are essential
in assuring the consent of the
governed, which is the bedrock of
democratic politics. Election serves as
the principal mechanism for
translating that concept into
governmental authority.
 Democratic Practices
DUE PROCESS
Every state must have the power to
maintain order and punish criminal
acts, but the rules and procedures by
which the state enforces its law must
be public and explicit, not secret,
arbitrary, or subject to political
manipulation and they must be the
same for all.
IMPORTANCE OF DEMOCRATIC
PARTICIPATION

Citizen’s participation is a process which

provides private individuals an opportunity to
influence public decisions and to be a component
of the democratic decision-making process.
 Enrich and renew democracy
Help promote sustainable political decisions, action and policy by recognizing
and communicating the needs and interests of all involved
Ensure and increase active members of political parties – which are vital
organizations in a strong democracy

IMPORTANCE OF DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION

Strengthen understanding and action for human rights, and have a positive
impact on efforts to eradicate poverty and hunger and to achieve
international development goals.
Empower and protect citizens, and realize the fundamental democratic
right of participation
 RIGHTS RESPONSIBILITIES
Say what you think (freedom of opinion and Concept 2
expression; legitimate restrictions on hate speech
and incitement to violence)
Join with other people (freedom of assembly;
development of civil society; increasing influence)
Express your preferences (vote in elections;
speak in public meetings and enquiries, at local or
national level)
Call for change (petition; propose; lobby; debate;
protest peacefully)
Become a representative (go further in your
political engagement; stand for election, set up a
group; campaign for a political candidate or
party)
ACTIVITY
TIME!
 INSTRUCTIONS
Through a POSTER, share your thoughts about the popular quote
of Abraham Lincoln about democracy.

“GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE

PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE”
 RUBRIC
Short Folder Creativity 5
(just the half will do) Relevance to the task 5
Coloring Materials Neatness 2
Pencil Originality 3
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ACTIVITY
TIME!
 INSTRUCTIONS
Watch the video about People Power and answer the questions
that follow in a 1/2 sheet pf pad paper.
(Minimum of 5 sentences each question)

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iUXxkjV56xw
 RUBRIC
1. What are the important factors Content 5
that contributed to the rise of Relevance to the task 2
People Power?
2. How will you relate your
Organization 5
learning to the video presented? Technicality 3
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