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ENG. Commu

The document outlines key aspects of grammar, including parts of speech like adjectives and adverbs, noun clauses, and the structure of passive voice. It also explains the use of infinitives, indirect questions, and the differences between 'say' and 'tell' in reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate each grammatical concept.

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Zachary K.
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7 views2 pages

ENG. Commu

The document outlines key aspects of grammar, including parts of speech like adjectives and adverbs, noun clauses, and the structure of passive voice. It also explains the use of infinitives, indirect questions, and the differences between 'say' and 'tell' in reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate each grammatical concept.

Uploaded by

Zachary K.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Parts of speech

Adjective - modifies a noun or a person


Adverb - modifies a verb

*MOST adverb end in -ly, but some adverb are irregular.


** these three irregular adv.
adj. fast - fast
adj. good - well
adj. hard - hard

Noun clauses
(a group of words that was a s. and a verb)

Sometimes a noun clause is used as the object of a sentence = object clause

Structure
Introductory clause + object clause
Ex. Emily realizes that she has a good brain.
I think that people love cats more than dogs?
Do you feel that you’re pretty annoying?
(Introductory clause) (object clause)

So and that
Use so after certain verb :
think, hope, believe, guess.
When you don’t want to repeat the obj. clause

Ex.
Question: Do you think that we’re going to lose this game?
Answers: Yes, I think so / No, I don’t think so
(I think that we’re going to lose this game)

Present passive
Structure
Object + verb to be + v.3

Ex.
Active: The protesters kill Prayut.
Passive: Prayut is killed (by the protesters).

V. 3 (most v.3 end in -ed) :


administer - administered (to manage)
require - required
*hold - held
offer - offered
provide - provided

Infinitive after the passive


Structure
Verb to be + v.3 + to infinitive

Ex.
Students are told to arrive…
I am expected to meet…
Are you allowed to come…

verbs often followed by infinitives


advise - expect
allow - require
encourage - tell

Indirect Wh-questions
(for politely asking questions)

Structure
Introductory clause + Wh-question + statement

Ex.
Direct: Why is she so rude?
Indirect: I wonder why she is so rude.

Indirect YES-NO questions (with IF)


(for politely asking questions)
(for the questions that answer with yes or no)
(Do not the auxiliary do, does or did with indirect questions)

Structure
Introductory clause + if + statement

Ex.
Direct: Is her mother strict?
Indirect: I wonder if her mother is strict.

Say and tell with reported speech


(Use tell with an object)
(Use say when there is no object)

Structure
Subject + v.3 + the speech

Ex.
Direct speech: I have a cat.
Reported speech:
- Zac said that he has a cat.
- He told me that he has a cat.
- He told Benny that he has a cat.

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