QUESTION 1.

1 A declarative language is used to represent the following facts and rules about animals.

01 feature(dog, drinks_milk).

02 feature(dog, has_lungs).

03 feature(horse, has_lungs).

04 feature(tuna, lives_in_water).

05 feature(tuna, has_gills).

06 feature(crab, lives_in_water).

07 mammal(drinks_milk).

08 mammal(has_lungs).

09 fish(lives_in_water).

10 fish(has_gills).

11 is_a_mammal(X) IF (feature(X, Y) AND mammal(Y)) AND (feature(X, Z)

AND mammal(Z)).

These clauses are explained in the following table.

Clause Explanation
01 A dog has the feature, drinks milk
07 A mammal drinks milk
11 X is a mammal, if:
• X has the feature Y and a mammal has a feature Y, and
• X has the feature Z and a mammal has the feature Z

(a) More facts are to be included.

(i) A bird has wings, and a bird lays eggs.

Write the additional clauses to record these facts.

12 ......................................................................................................................................

13 ......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) An eagle has all the features of a bird.

Write the additional clauses to record this fact.

14 ......................................................................................................................................

15 ......................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) (i) Using the variable B, the goal

feature(B, drinks_milk)

returns

B = dog

Write the result returned by the goal

feature(B, lives_in_water)

B = .............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Write a goal, using the variable C, to find the feature(s) of tuna.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) An animal is a bird if it lays eggs and it has wings.

Complete the following rule.

is_a_bird(X) IF .................................................................................................................

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(d) Declarative programming and object-oriented programming are two examples of programming
paradigms.

(i) Define the term programming paradigm.

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(ii) Give two examples of programming paradigms, other than declarative and object-oriented
programming.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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QUESTION 2. 4

2 A computer games club wants to run a competition. The club needs a system to store the scores
achieved in the competition.

A selection of score data is as follows:

99, 125, 121, 97, 109, 95, 135, 149

(a) A linked list of nodes will be used to store the data. Each node consists of the data, a left
pointer and a right pointer. The linked list will be organised as a binary tree.

(i) Complete the binary tree to show how the score data above will be organised.

RootPointer
The symbol ∅ represents a null pointer.

LeftPointer RightPointer

99

97 ∅ 125

121

[5]
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(ii) The following diagram shows a 2D array that stores the nodes of the binary tree’s linked
list.

Add the correct pointer values to complete the diagram, using your answer from
part (a)(i).

RootPointer Index LeftPointer Data RightPointer

0 0 99

1 125

2 121

3 97
FreePointer
4 109

5 95

6 135

7 149

[6]

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(b) The club also considers storing the data in the order in which it receives the scores as a
linked list in a 1D array of records.

The following pseudocode algorithm searches for an element in the linked list.

Complete the six missing sections in the algorithm.

FUNCTION FindElement(Item : INTEGER) RETURNS …………………………………………

…………………………………………… ← RootPointer

WHILE CurrentPointer …………………………………………… NullPointer

IF List[CurrentPointer].Data <> ……………………………………………

THEN

CurrentPointer ← List[……………………………………………].Pointer

ELSE

RETURN CurrentPointer

ENDIF

ENDWHILE

CurrentPointer ← NullPointer

………………………………………… CurrentPointer

ENDFUNCTION

[6]

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(c) The games club is looking at two programming paradigms: imperative and object-oriented
programming paradigms.

Describe what is meant by the imperative programming paradigm and the object-oriented
programming paradigm.

(i) Imperative ..........................................................................................................................

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(ii) Object-oriented ..................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(d) Players complete one game to place them into a category for the competition. The games club
wants to implement a program to place players into the correct category. The programmer
has decided to use object-oriented programming (OOP).

The highest score that can be achieved in the game is 150. Any score less than 50 will not
qualify for the competition. Players will be placed in a category based on their score.

The following diagram shows the design for the class Player. This includes the properties
and methods.

Player
Score : INTEGER // initialised to 0
Category : STRING // "Beginner", "Intermediate",
// "Advanced" or "Not Qualified", initialised
// to "Not Qualified"
PlayerID : STRING // initialised with the parameter InputPlayerID

Create() // method to create and initialise an object using

// language-appropriate constructor
SetScore() // checks that the Score parameter has a valid value
// if so, assigns it to Score
SetCategory() // sets Category based on player’s Score
SetPlayerID() // allows a player to change their PlayerID
// validates the new PlayerID
GetScore() // returns Score
GetCategory() // returns Category
GetPlayerID() // returns PlayerID

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(i) The constructor receives the parameter InputPlayerID to create the PlayerID.
Other properties are initialised as instructed in the class diagram.

Write program code for the Create() constructor method.

Programming language .....................................................................................................

Program code

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(ii) Write program code for the following three get methods.

Programming language .....................................................................................................

GetScore()

Program code

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GetCategory()

Program code

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GetPlayerID()

Program code

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[4]

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(iii) The method SetPlayerID()asks the user to input the new player ID and reads in this
value.

It checks that the length of the PlayerID is less than or equal to 15 characters and
greater than or equal to 4 characters. If the input is valid, it sets this as the PlayerID,
otherwise it loops until the player inputs a valid PlayerID.

Use suitable input and output messages.

Write program code for SetPlayerID().

Programming language .....................................................................................................

Program code

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(iv) The method SetScore()checks that its INTEGER parameter ScoreInput is valid. If
it is valid, it is then set as Score. A valid ScoreInput is greater than or equal to 0 and
less than or equal to 150.

If the ScoreInput is valid, the method sets Score and returns TRUE.

If the ScoreInput is not valid, the method does not set Score, displays an error
message, and it returns FALSE.

Write program code for SetScore(ScoreInput : INTEGER).

Programming language .....................................................................................................

Program code

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(v) Write program code for the method SetCategory(). Use the properties and methods
in the original class definition.

Players will be placed in one of the following categories.

Category Criteria

Advanced Score is greater than 120

Intermediate Score is greater than 80 and less than or equal to 120
Beginner Score is greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80
Not Qualified Score is less than 50

Programming language .....................................................................................................

Program code

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(vi) Joanne has played the first game to place her in a category for the competition.

The procedure CreatePlayer()performs the following tasks.

• allows the player ID and score to be input with suitable prompts

• creates an instance of Player with the identifier JoannePlayer
• sets the score for the object
• sets the category for the object
• outputs the category for the object

Write program code for the CreatePlayer()procedure.

Programming language .....................................................................................................

Program code

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(e) The programmer wants to test that the correct category is set for a player’s score.

As stated in part (d)(v), players will be placed in one of the following categories.

Category Criteria

Advanced Score is greater than 120

Intermediate Score is greater than 80 and less than or equal to 120
Beginner Score is greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80
Not Qualified Score is less than 50

Complete the table to provide test data for each category.

Category Type of test data Example test data

Normal

Beginner Abnormal

Boundary

Normal

Intermediate Abnormal

Boundary

Normal

Advanced Abnormal

Boundary
[3]

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(f) In part (b), the club stored scores in a 1D array. This allows the club to sort the scores.

The following is a sorting algorithm in pseudocode.

NumberOfScores ← 5

FOR Item ← 1 TO NumberOfScores – 1

InsertScore ← ArrayData[Item]

Index ← Item – 1

WHILE (ArrayData[Index] > InsertScore) AND (Index >= 0)

ArrayData[Index + 1] ← ArrayData[Index]

Index ← Index – 1

ENDWHILE

ArrayData[Index + 1] ← InsertScore

ENDFOR

(i) Give the name of this algorithm.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of one other sorting algorithm.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iii) Complete a dry run of the algorithm using the following trace table.

ArrayData
Item NumberOfScores InsertScore Index
0 1 2 3 4
99 125 121 109 115

[7]

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