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notes-interpenetration-and-developments

The document discusses the interpenetration of solids, highlighting the importance of curves of intersection for achieving maximum surface contact in engineering applications. It outlines the development process for various shapes, including cylinders and frustums, detailing steps for creating accurate representations of these solids. The document emphasizes the significance of these developments in producing components for engineering purposes.

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kipkorirp108
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7 views

notes-interpenetration-and-developments

The document discusses the interpenetration of solids, highlighting the importance of curves of intersection for achieving maximum surface contact in engineering applications. It outlines the development process for various shapes, including cylinders and frustums, detailing steps for creating accurate representations of these solids. The document emphasizes the significance of these developments in producing components for engineering purposes.

Uploaded by

kipkorirp108
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTERPENETRATION OF SOLIDS

• When one solid penetrates another solid then their surfaces intersect and at the
junction of intersection a typical curve is formed, which remains common to both
solids.

• This curve is called curve of intersection and it is a result of interpenetration of


solids.

PURPOSE OF DRAWING THESE CURVES


• When two objects are to be joined together, maximum surface contact between
both becomes a basic requirement for strongest and leak-proof joint.

• Curves of intersections being common to both intersecting solids, show exact and
maximum surface contact of both solids.

LINES AND CURVES OF INTERSECTIONS


• Lines of intersection are a common feature in engineering applications or
products.

• Curves of intersections are important from the point of view of production of


components for engineering applications
DEVELOPMENTS

• The process of unfolding the three-


dimensional solid is called development.

• The shapes of most engineering components


are whole, or parts of, prisms, pyramids,
cylinders or cones.
TO DEVELOP A CYLINDER WITH AN OBLIQUE TOP

STEPS
•A plan and elevation of the cylinder is drawn.
•The plan is divided into 12 equal sectors which are numbered. These numbers are also
marked on the elevation.
•The circumference of the cylinder is calculated and is marked out alongside the
elevation.
•This circumference π D is divided into 12 equal parts and these parts are numbered 1 to
•12 to correspond with the 12 equal sectors.
•The height of the cylinder at sector 1 is projected across to the development and a line
is drawn up from point 1 on the development to meet the projector.
•The height of the cylinder at sectors 2 and 12 is projected across to the development
and lines are drawn up from points 2 and 12 on the development to meet the projector.
•This process is repeated for all 12 points and the intersections are joined with a neat
curve.
TO DEVELOP A CYLINDER WITH AN OBLIQUE TOP
TO DEVELOP A CYLINDER THAT, IN ELEVATION, HAS A CIRCULAR PIECE CUT-OUT

• The method is identical to that used for the last example.


However, the following points should be noted.

• The projectors from the elevation that show the heights


of points 1 to 12 are projected at 90 ° to the of the
cylinder being developed.

• Only half a circle is necessary to divide the cylinder into


12 equal sectors and this must be projected so that the
base of the semi-circle is at 90 ° to the of the cylinder.
TO DEVELOP A CYLINDER THAT, IN ELEVATION, HAS A
CIRCULAR PIECE CUT-OUT
TO DEVELOP THE SIDES OF THE FRUSTUM OF A SQUARE PYRAMID

• The true length of a corner of the pyramid can be


seen in the front elevation.
• An arc is drawn, radius equal to this true length,
centre the apex of the pyramid.
• A second arc is drawn, radius equal to the distance
from the apex of the cone to the beginning of the
frustum, centre the apex of the cone.
• The width of one side of the pyramid, measured at
the base, is measured on the plan and this is
stepped round the larger arc four times.
TO DEVELOP THE SIDES OF THE FRUSTUM
OF A SQUARE PYRAMID
TO DEVELOP THE FRUSTUM OF A CONE
• The plan and elevation of the cone is drawn

• The plan is divided into 12 equal sectors.

• With centre at the apex of the cone draw two arcs, one with a radius
equal to the distance from the apex to the top of the frustum
(measured along the side of the cone) and the other equal to the
slant height of the cone.

• With dividers measure distance and step this dimension around the
larger arc 12 times.

• (This will not give an exact measurement of the circumference at the


base of the cone but it is a good approximation.)
TO DEVELOP THE FRUSTUM OF A CONE
TO DEVELOP THE SIDES OF A HEXAGONAL FRUSTUM IF
THE TOP HAS BEEN CUT OBLIQUELY
TO DEVELOP A CONE THAT HAS A CYLINDRICAL HOLE CUT RIGHT THROUGH

STEPS
•Divide the plan into 12 sectors, number them and project them up to the front
elevation.
•Draw the basic development and mark and number the sectors on this
development.
•The points where the lines joining the apex to numbers 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 11 cross
the hole are projected horizontally to the side of the cone.
•They are then swung round to meet their respective sectors on the development.
•There are four more points that need to be plotted. These are found by drawing
tangents to the hole from the apex to meet the base in 6 _ 8 _ and 2 _ 12 _ .
•Project these points down to the plan so that their distances from the nearest
sector line can be measured with dividers and transferred
•to the development.
•The point of tangency is then projected onto the development from the front
elevation in the usual way.
TO DEVELOP A CONE THAT HAS A CYLINDRICAL
HOLE CUT RIGHT THROUGH

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