CONTROL AND COORDINATION

PREVIO US YEARS' QUESTIONS

( 2019 )
Short Answer Type (II] Questions [3 Marks]
1. \Vhat are plant hormones? Name the plant hormones responsible for the following:
(i)Growth of stem
Promotion of cell division
(ii )
(iii)Inhibition of growth
(iv) Elongation of cells [Delhi]
Ans. Plant hormones are chemical substances produced naturally in plants and regulate one
or more physiological processes when present in low concentration. Plant hormones
have to coordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.
The plant hormones responsible for:
(i) Growth of stem - Auxins and Gibberellin
(ii) Promotion of cell division - Cytokinins
(iii) Inhibition of growth - Abscisic acid
(iv) Elongation of cells - Auxins
at is feedback mechanism of harmonic regulation. Take the example of insulin to
. // explain this phenomenon. [Delhi]
~ Ans. Hormones need to be secreted in precise quantities. The timing and amount are
regulated by feedback mechanism. Feedback mechanism is a loop in which a product
feeds back to control its own production.
For example, if sugar level in blood rises, they are detected by the cells of the pancreas
which respond by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin feedback
to lower its own production and the production stops. This process of increasing and
decreasing production of insulin continues through feedback mechanism.
3. Nervous and hormonal systems together perlorm the function of control and coordination
in human beings. Justify this statement with the help of an example. [Delhi]
Ans. The nervous system controls and coordinates all the functions in human body. The
nervous system carries out its functions m close coordination with the hormonal system.
 (ontrol and ( oordm,1t1on 177

Nerves of the hody do not reach each and every corner of the body and hen c n cd
assistance from the hormones to control all the parts of the body. 1 he control from
nervous system h,, much fastc, than the hormonal control. I lormonal control I mamly
based on fcc<lhack mechanism and tells the body to either speed up a part1cul,1r
secretion or to reduce the secretion of a particular hormone ac, per the ~1tuat10n.
Ncnous control, on the other hand, is more of a direct control. Both 1w1Vouc, y tern
and hormonal system complement each other. Thus. it can he ~aid that ncrvouc, and
hormonal systems togcl11cr perform the function of control and coordination m human
beings.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

4. (a) Why is the use of iodised salt advisable'! Name the disease caused due to deficiency
of iodine in our diet and state its one symptom. [Al AllahnbadJ
(b) How do nerve impulses travel in the body'! Explain.
Ans. (a) Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone. Thyroxine
regulates metabolism of carhohydratcs, fats and proteins in the hody to provide
the best balance for growth. Deficiency of iodine in our diet causes goiter. One
symptom of goiter is swelling of neck.
(b) The information acquired at the end of the dendrite tip of a neuron sets off a
chemical reaction which creates an electrical impulse. The impube travels from
the dendrite to the cyton along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon, the
electrical im~u~se sets o~f th~ release of some chemicals, which cross the synapse
and start a similar clectncal impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. In this way,
nerve impulse travels in the hody.

( 2018]

Short Answer Type [I] Questions [2 Marks]

·
· human bemgs.
5. (a) Name one gustatory receptor a n d one o 1~1actory receptor present m
· · fnn:efs
· mformntion
(b) Write a and b in the given flow ch a rt o f neuron through which
as an electrical impulse. ~ JSf'I
I< J • ~
I Dendrite I~ 0 - ► ~ --)- End point of Neuron
Ans. (a) Gustatory receptor-Tongue
Olfactory receptor-Nose
(b) (i) Cell body/Cyton (ii) Axon
So, electric impulse flow chart will he as follows:
I Dendrite I--{ Cell body/Cyton ➔[ Axoii] ➔ l•nJ P'""' of n;;;;r~J
178 (h.ipttr"''"c<BSI l')<J (S<1u1cc) 10

Short Answer Type [II) Questions [3 Marks]

t». !'ilmlll' Uw hoa 111011,•:, M'Ct t•lt•d hy (he followin~ cudoc, Inc glaruls aud bpccify one
fu,H tion ol cuda: (( B~J I
(a) 'lhJ1oid 1/,) Pituitary (,) l'aucn•as
\n,. (a) I hy1 ox111c
It H.:g11l.1k8 till: 111~1aholis111 ol <:,11hohydia11.:..,, 1~1ls and protein
(h) G1owth hrn 111011~
It 1cg11laks g1ow1h and dcvcloprm:111 ol the body.
(<) l ni.,ul111
It I cgulatc!-. I he lcvd ol blood sugar,

2018 ((;01npartn1cnt)

Short Answer Type [I) Questions [2 Marks]

7. Difh•n·nt parts of hram an• a!-isodatc.·d with sptidfk f'um·tions. Nam<· the part of human
hrain which pcl'form tl1t· following functiou: fCBS.1',J
(a) S<·n sation of ft•l'liug full
(/,) VotU iting
(c) Pil'k ing 111, a pcn<'il
fr/) Ridiug a hk}dt.•
Ans. (a) hHdna in (a centre for hungc1)
(h) Hindbrai11 (111 cdulla)
(c) Hindbrain (ccrl•hcll11rn)
(d) llindhrain (cerebellum)

Short Answer Type (II] Questions [3 Marks]

8. What i:,, gcotropism'! Draw a labelled diagrnm of a
poth.•d plant showing positive
geotropi~m and nc~atin· gcotrophm.
rcBSI:.)
Ans. Gcol1op1sm refers lo th e growth movement<; of plant<.; in response to the gravity or
pull of earth.

Ji t Negtihvely
W geotrop,c
t ~ .:,;
... ~

Pos1t1vr ly
geotrop1c
Potted phmt showing positive and m·~at ivc gcotropism,
 Control and Coordination 179

l 2016 )
Very Short Answ er Type Ques tion [1 Mark]
9. Name two compo nents of centra l nen·ou s s)·stem in Huma ns. [CBSE ]
Ans. The two compo nent" of centra l nervou s S)stem arc brain and spinal
cord.
Short Answ er Type [II] Ques tions [3 Marks ]
10. Name the hormo ne which regula tes carboh ) drate. protei n and fat
metab olism in our
body. Which gland secret es this hormo ne? \Vhy is it impor tant for us to
ha, e iodise d
salt in our diet?
[CBSE J
Ans. Thyroxine regula t es carboh ydrate s. protei n and fat metab oslism in
our bodv.
Thyroxine is secr$te d from thyroid gland. Iodine is requir ed for the prope r
functi oning
of thyroid gland \\ hich secret es fhyrox me hormo ne. Deficiency of iodine
in our food
causes goitre in wh ich the thyroid gland to enlarg es as it needs to absorb s more
amoun t
of iocffne. rlleref ore, iodine is added to salt to supple ment iodme reqmr
ement .
11. Name the hormo ne requir ed for the follo\\ing. Also mentio n the name
of endoc rine
gland from which that hormone is secrete d:
(i) Lowering of blood glucose.
(ii) Development of moust ache and beard in human males.
(iii) Metab olism of carbohydrates. fats and proteins.
(CBSE]
Ans. Hormone Endocrine Gland s
(i) Lowering of blood glucose - Insulinc Pancre as
(ii) Devel opmen t of mustache and beard in
human male s- Testos terone Te-.tis
(iii) Metab olism of carboh ydrate fat s and
prote in- Th) roxine Th)ro id
(}otS ]
Very Short Answ er Type Ques tion (1 Mark]
12. Why is it advised to use iodised salt in our diet?
IC'BSEl
Ans. Iodine stimul ates the thyroid gland to produc e thyroxin hormo ne. Deficie
nC\ of this
hormo ne results in the enlarg ement of the th) mid gland. This can lead to
goitre.
Short Answ er Type (II] Ques tions (3 Marks]
13. State how concentration of auxin stimulates the cell~ to gnm
longer on the ~ide of
the shoot which is away from light?
( CHSI )
Ans. When a growing plant detects light. auxin synthesises at th e -,hoot tip
tll help the cell-,
to grow longer. When light comes from one side, auxin diflu'>C'> t<.l\\ard ,; the -,h,H.h
side
180 C'ha pten \ise CBS E PYQ s (Sci enc e)-1 0
of the shoo t. This conc entr ation of auxi n ::,,tim
ulates the cells to grow long er on the
:-side of the ~hoot whic h is away from light and the
plan t appe ars to bend towa rds light .

Resp onse of plant to direc tion of light

14. Wha t is syna pse? In a neur on cell how is
an elec trica l imp ulse crea ted and wha t is
the role of S)napse in this context?
[CBSE]
Ans. A Synapse 1s the gap betw een the two neur
ons Here the axon term inal of one neur on
is in close prox imity to the d£nd'iTie of the seco
nd neur on. When a nerv e fmpu lse
reac hes the knob like nerv e endin__g of an 8!_0n. a
tiny amo unt of a chem icaF su6s tanc e
i~ relea sed in the syna ps'M n.1s chem icaf subs tanc
e 1s calle d as the neur otra nsm itter .
At 5YTiapse the electncal'5ignals conv erted mto chem
icals, that can easily cros s over the
gap and pass on to the nex't neur ons whe re 1t agam
conv erted into elec tnca l signals.
Lon g Ans wer Type Que stio n [5 Mar ks]
15. What is meant by reflex-action? With the help
of a labelled diag ram trace the sequ ence
of even ts which occur when we touch a hot obje
ct. [CBSE]
Ans. Refl ex actio n is defm ed as an unconsc10us,
auto mati c and invo lunt ary resp onse ot
effec tor. i.e. musc le and glan d to a stim ulus whic
h is mon itore d thro ugh the spin al
cord .
Spmal cord
(CNS)

Sensory neuro n

Receptors = Heat/Pa,n
Receptors m skin

Effec tor = Musc le m arm

Reflex arc
Sequ ence of events when we touch a hot object
are:
(a) Rec epto r orga n skin rece ives the stim ulus
and activ ates a sens ory nerv e impu lse.
( b) Sens ory neur on carri es the mess age in the form
of sens ory impu lse to the spin al cord .
( c) The spin al cor_d acts as a mod ulato
r. The neur ons of spin al cord tran smit the
sensory nurv c impu lses to moto r neur on.
(d) Mot or nerv e cond ucts thes e impu lses to the
elfcc tor orga n hand whic h resp onds
by pull ing back the hand away from the hot ohJc
ct.
 Co ntr ol an d Co ord ina tio n 181

( 2014 )
Ve ry Sh ort An sw er Type Qu
es tio n [1 Mark]
16. Give an example of a pla nt hor
mo ne tha t pro mo tes its gro wth . Wh
ere it is syn the siz ed?
Ans. Pla nt hor mo ne tha t pro mo tes gro [CB SE]
wth is auxin. It is synthesized at the
stem. tip of the pla nt

Sh ort An sw er Ty pe (I] Qu es
tio n [2 Ma rks ]
17. (i) Name the hor mo nes tha
t are rel eas ed in hu ma n ma les and
reach pub ert y. fem ale s wh en the y
(ii) Na me a gla nd ass oci ate
d wit h bra in. Wh ich pro ble m is
deficiency of the hor mo ne rel eas cau sed du e to the
ed by thi s gla nd?
Ans. (i) Testes in males pro duc es [CB SEJ
hor mo ne tes tos ter one .
Ov ari es in fem ales pro duc es hor mo
ne oestrogen.
(ii) Pit uit ary gla nd is ass oci
ate d wit h bra in. It rel eas es gro wth
stim ula tes growth in all organs. A ho rm on e wh ich
per son having deficiency of gro wth
suf fer s fro m dw arfism wh ere as ho rm on e
a per son having too mu ch gro wth
bec om es very tall. ho rm on e
Sh ort An sw er Ty pe [II ] Qu es
tio ns [3 Ma rks ]
18. Dr aw nea t dia gra m of hu ma
n bra in and lab el on it the follow
ing par ts:
(i) Midbrain (ii) Pit uit ary gla nd
Ans. {CBSE]

Human brain
19. Write one example eac h of
the following tro pic movem ent s:
(i) Po siti ve phototropism
(ii) Negative ph oto tro pis m
(iii ) Positive geotroplsm
(iv) Negative geo tro pis m [CB SEJ
{v) Hy dro tro pls m
(vi) Ch em otr opi sm
82 Chaptcrw1sc CBS E PYQ s (Sc icnc c)-1 0

Ans . (i) l\)sitivc phot otlo p1sm : shoo ts grow mg towa rds
light.
(11) Neg ativ e phot otro p1sm : root s growing away
from ligh t tow ards grou nd.
(ti1) Po",itivc gcotrop1sm: grow th of root s towa rds
eart h due to the pull of the eart h.
(h·) Neg ativ e gcot ropi sm: shoo ts growing away from
the eart h duri ng the proc ess
of ferti lisat ion 111 a Hower.
(,·) Hyd rotro pism : root s growing towa rds the
sour ce of wate r.
(vi) Chc mot rop1 sm: grow th of poll en tube s
towa rds the ovul es duri ng the proc ess
oi fertilization in a flower.
ong Answer Type Que stio ns [5 Marks]
20. (a) Nam e the hormone which is rele ased
into the blood whe n its suga r level rise s. Nam
the organ which produces this horm one and e
its effect on bloo d suga r leve l. Also
men tion the digestive enzymes secreted by
this orga n with one func tion of each .
(b) Exp lain the need of Che mica l communicati
on in mul ticel lula r orga nism s. [CBSE]
Ans. (a) Im,ulin 1s the horm one which is rele
ased into the bloo d whe n its suga r level rises
Pan crea s secr etes the horm ones calle d insuhn. .
Insu lin lowers the bloo d suga r level.
Pan crea s secr etes panc reat ic juic e into small
inte stin e whic h cont ains enzy mes
like trypsin for digesting prot eins and lipase
for brea king dow n emu lsifi ed fat.
(b) Mul tice llula r orga nism s need chem ical
com mun icat ion beca use the elec trica l
imp ulse s gen erat ed in the nerv e cell will reac
h only to thos e cells whi ch are
conn ecte d to nerv ous tissues. Mor eove r, once
the elec trica l imp ulse is gen erat ed
in a cell and tran smit ted. it take s time to rese
t the mec hani sm befo re it can crea te
gene rate and tran smit a new impulse.
21. Stat e the stru ctur al and the func
tional unit of the nerv ous syst em. Dra w its
labelled diagram and \\-Tite two functions. nea t
[CBS El
Ans. The stru ctural and functional umt
of the nerv ous syst em is the neur on.
Cyton
(cell body)
Axon
Dendrite
Axon Terminal

0
0
0
0
0
Dendron 0

Schwann cell 1°
Myelin
seath
Cyto beasm Lymoptic bulbs
(stores neuron transmitter)
Neuron
Fun ctio ns of a neur on are:
(a) Neu rons carry mes sage s in the torm
ot dcct rica l '->ignab calle d elec trica l imp ulse
s.
(h) Neu ron s help s in regu latin g con trol and
coo rdm atio n in animal-..
 18 3

2013
Sh or t An sw er "f yp e Q ue
sti on (1 M ark ]
22. Stale die r- m o. of!
(i) ps ta to ry ~
an d
(ii ) olf ac tor y ret tpt or s.
,GustatO'[) rec ep tor s - the ) CB SE
dt ~~ ,
u Ol fac tor y rec ep tor ; - th t)
de :ec t , ...
An sw er Type [IQ Q ue sti
o ns [3 1M ar ks ]
23 . (a) Ex pla iB any thr
ee dir ec tio na l mm em en ts
(6) Bo w brain aad sp ina l in pla nts .
co rd are pro tec ted in hu ma
(c) Na me tbe aa st a' gla nd n?
pr es en t in the br ain .
(a) Th e three dir ec tio na mm CB S£
em en.. . ., m p an ts are ·
Ph oto tro pis m: IDO \ em en t
of p an t to ~, ; r ~ fro m t e slit
Geotropism: mo ve m . . nt of
p an t pa ns t ard s th .. ea
Hy dro tro pis m: mo ,emem nh r ) fr m t
of p nt p~ , t \\ ard-... or a,.,
(b ) Brain is pr ote cte d b) ) fr m ~ ~~ ..: e ...
a P .m~ ho'i: m the ,k."ll
pr ote cte d by a bo ny ca ge ca ed cra niu m. Sp m
ca l.-. d , crt eh ral t..'O um n.
(c) Pituitary gland pr es en
t m the Pr am ·, kn ow n~ t
24. Li st i1a tal wl ar lD na m~ ter -= an d.
lif t dif fet m. tts be rn ee n ne n
ou s co ntr ol an d ch em ica
l co ntr ol.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - --...----- {C"BSE
En do cri ne S~ ste m
(i) Formed of a oollection
of ne uro n cell~ F rm ed o
(u) Electrochemical pulses
of signal 1Tal'L1ffl!WOD.
are the me an s ( .
(m ) Signal tntn.qpissio-\
m • hil t the
functions arc no t prolonged. bu t the
(iv ) The cd k arc _ i n <,,
•
t e ~ and the (n To e rg.ill..., of the \\ h e '-)
w h o le ~ IS a>l ltin UO US . 'te rn re
n t p ~' ~a I) co nn ec teJ ~---
t th ~ are
(v) Us e the ae ur om to tnm - dL"-~ ete
sa ut the sig na l ( Us e tht: crru.1 ...to~ S\ ,k m
t, tra n t
the Sl.::- a
----
( 2012 1
Short . . . . . t,p e - - ~
25. N w tlae ,- t fll die
[1 llm t.]
ka la wWdl .. .. .. ,a1 tw 1: w t lla lan ce of the bo
A -. O: n:l ,el laa a • biad-luain- d). en ,£
am tro ls tll c p0 6tm c and ba
26. If ,r □ 6e,-t.r. .W Jaocc of t c lxl d).
',, AI I re ■ 1 f IJ ... . .., .,r
A -. G id ?S O IJ ... .., .. ~ ec q, ta rs ar eloc:ited. (lB
b,af.#1 m Ca eb ru m of fon ~1
OlfadorJ ~ are k,c ate d ID >.bnio..
Ol fac lol y lobe of bc -b ni L
184 Chapterwise CBSE PYQs (Science)-10
(II] Questions [3 Marks]
bas been advised by a doctor to reduce his sugar intake.
the disease he is suffering from and name the hormone whose deficiency

the gland that secretes it and mention the function of this hormone.
bow the time and amount of secretion of this hormone is regulated in
system. [CBSE]
ering from diabetes. Deficiency of insulin causes diabetes.
secretes insulin. Insulin helps in regulating blood sugar.
the sugar level in blood increases, it is detected by cells of the pancreas
responds by producing more insulin in blood. As the blood sugar level
ulin secretion is reduced.
· protected from injury and shock?
main parts of hind brain and state the functions of each. [CBSEJ
ed by a bony box in the skull called cranium. Inside the box, the
,in a fluid-filled balloon which provides further shock absorption.
· d-brain are - Medulla and Cerebellum. Their functions

involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation

le for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining

the body.
and label cell body and axon.

[CBSE)
els as an electrical impulse.

Axon Terminals
 Co ntr ol and Co ord ina tio n 18 5
30. (a) \\fh ich plant hormone is pre sen
t in greater con cen tra tion in the are
as of rap id
ceU division'?
(b) Gh e one example of a pla nt
growth promoter and a pla nt growth · h"b
An~. (a) l."\ tokinin is pre sen t in gre m 1 "t1 or. (CBSF)
· J

ate r con cen trat ion in the are as of rap

id cell division.
l/J) An cxamp\c of a p\a nt gro
wth pro mo ter is gibbcrellins and exa
growth inhibitor is ab~c1~1c acid. mp le of a pla nt

l 2011 )
Sh ort An sw er Type [111 Qu est ion s
(3 Ma rks ]
31. Which organ secretes a hormo
ne when blood sugar rise s in our bod
hormone and name one enzyme rele y? Na me the
ased by this organ.
Ans. Pan cre as sec rete s a hor mo ne (CBSE]
wh en blo od sug ar rises in our bod y.
Ins ulin is the hor mo ne rele ase d by this
org an and the nam e of the enz ym e is
and lipa se (any one). tryp sin
32. (a) Explain how auxins help in
bending of plant stem towards light.
(b) Sta te the. objective of the experim
ent for which experimental set-up is
the given diagram. shown in
Ans. (a) In pla nt sho ots , the rol [CB SE}
e of aux in is to cau se a pos itiv e
i.e. to grow the pla nt tow ards the ligh pho tot rop ism ,
t. Wh en light is inc ide nt on a pla nt
one dire ctio n, it causes the aux.ins to fro m
red istr ibu te tow ard s the sha ded sid e
pla nt. On e function of auxin is to cau se of the
cell elo nga tion The red istr ibu tion cau
the cells on the sha ded side to elonga ses
te mo re tha n tho se on the sid e wit h
light shin ing on the m. Thi s cau ses the the
sho ot to ben d tow ard s the light.
(b) Th e objective of the exp erim ent
is to show pho totr opi c mo vem ent of
33. Wh at cau ses a ten dril to enc ircl pla nt.
e or coil aro und the obj ect in con tac
Explain the process involved. t wit h it is?
Ans. Thi gm otro pism is responsible for [CBSE}
a ten dril to c01l aro und a obj ect. Thigm
dire ctio nal response of pla nts to the otrop1sm is
tou ch of an ob1ect.
Wh en a ten dril comes in con tact with
any sup port, the par t of the ten dril in
wit h the object doe s not grow as rap con tac t
idly as the par t away of the ten dril awa
the object. Thi s cause the ten dril to circ y fro m
le aro und the obj ect and thu s. cling to
34. Name any three endocrine glands it.
in human body and briefly write the
each of them. function of
Ans. Thr ee end ocr ine glands with the (CB SEJ
ir function in hum an hody arc as follows
(i) Thyroid gland: It sec rete s a hor :
mo ne call ed thy roxine which reg ula
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and tes the
pro tein s in the hody and so provide the
bes t bal anc e for nut rien ts and mental
ability.
 Control and Coordinat1on 187

(1) A porous pot filled with \\ater is taken and inserted 111 a tub filled \\tth dry
~and.
(11) A freshl~ germinated pea 5,cedhng is ~owed in the s.rnd.
(iii) \, water 1s not available in sand, the root gro\\ ing will bend tm\ .11 d,;, the pornu"i
pot lillcd with ,,atcr.
(n·) A h)drotropic curvat ure of the root is ohsctvcd as it grm\l.., tcmar{b \\,.llCr
(1•) l lw, ht:ndmg of root shows the movement in response toward.., \hth:r
39. What are 'hormones'? State une function of each of the follm~ing hormones:
(i) Thyroxine (ii) Insulin (CBSEI
s. Hormones are the chemical ~ubstance5, which coordinate and control the act11vitic<:i of
living organisms and also th eir growth.
(i) Function of Thyroxine: This hormone regulates the metabolism of carbohydrate~
and fats.
(ii) Function of insulin: Thi~ hormone helps in regulating sugclf level in the blood.

l 2010)
ery Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
40. How is the spinal cord protected in the human bodJ? (CBSI]
Ans. Spinal cord is enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column.
41. A potted plant ia made to lie horizontally on the ground. \\ltich part of the plant
will show
(i) positive I (ii) negative gcotropism? (CUSI:]
Ans. (i) Root (Ii) Shoot.
42. Mention the function of eke ldnd-brain in human~. ICBSI J
Ans. Hind brain controls respiration, c.ardio-va\cula, reflexe, and ga\tric ..,ccretmn,;,. It also
modulates the motor commands initiated h1 the cerebrum
43. Mention the function of adreaallae hormone. l( USEl
Ans. Adrenaline hormone is released into the blood f mm t ht. .1llr1.. nal •1.md llur mg ~ t, mu l.t t ,on
of the nervous system on seeing any ad\lerse ..,,tu.it1on ot f, 1 ht or tnght. tt:
(i) increases the blood pressure.
(ii) increases heart beat rate.
(iii) increases breathing rate.
(iv) diverts blood to essential orpns tf'cluding the hl:.irt. hr,Hn .tnd ,;,kt let.ii musdc,
by dilating their blood vessels and constrictmg tho..,c of 1c..,, c,-. . . nt1.1I org.ins.
such as the skin and digestive system.
Short Answer Type [IJ Qu...._ [2 Marts)
44. Nameae_,mala01p11 Selearc,eat,al ..,....,..._. \\ hich one of them J>la)S n
~ rele kl MWrUag.cowq_. to lllUldel ID act •tha• lnvol, ing thinking procc~., '!
Name the pbeaoaenoll lnfthed. (l B~I I
188 Chapterwisc CBSE PYQs (Science )-10

Ans.The t\\'O main organs of CNS are brain and spinal cord. _ . _
Spinal cord plays a major role m sending comman d to muscles to act without mvolvmg
thinking process. This phenom enon is called reflex action.
45. Name the hormone secreted by human testes. State its func t ions.. [CBSE]
Ans. Te..,tes secrete male sex hormone called testoster one.
The functi on of testoster one is to regulate male accessory sex organs and seconda ry
sexual characte rs hke moustac he, beard and voice.
46. Name and explain the function of the hormon e secreted by the pituitar y gland in
humans . [All India]
Ans. Hormon es secreted by pituitary gland alongwith their function s are:
(i) Growth hormone: It regulate s growth and develop ment of bones and muscles.
(ii) Trophic hormone: It regulates secretion of hormone s from other endocrin e glands.
(iii) Prolacti n hormone: It regulate s the function of mamma ry glands in females.
(iv) Vasopre ssin hormone: It regulate s water and electroly te balance in the body.
(v) Oxytocin hormone: It regulate s ejection of milk during lactation .

Short Answe r Type (II] Questio ns [3 Marks]

47. What is a reflex action? Describe the steps involved in a reflex action.
[Delhi; Foreign 2009]
Ans. Reflex action: It is defined as an unconsc ious, automat ic and involunt ary respons e of
effectors, i.e. muscles and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitor ed through the spinal cord.
Mechan ism of reflex action: It involves the following steps:
(i) Recepto r organ like skin perceives the stimulus and activates a sensory nerve impulse.
(ii) Sensory organ carries message in the form of sensory impulse to the spinal cord.
(iii) The spinal cord acts as modulat or. The neurons of spinal cord transmi t the
sensory nerve impulse to motor neuron.
(iv) Motor nerve conducts these impulses to the effectors like leg muscles which
responds by pulling back the organ away from the harmful stimulus .
48. List the compone nts of reflex arc in correct sequenc e. State in brief the role of brain
in reflex action.
[Foreign]
Ans. The reflex arc pathway is shown in the flow chart as follows:
The Reflex arc does not involve brain. It minimis es the overload ing of brain.
I Reflex Arc I
Integration in the CNS (brain
or spinal cord)

Afferent neuron Efferent neuron

Sensory receptor Effector

Stimulu s (light. pain. touch Response contraction. secretion

pressure etc.) relaxatio n, etc.