Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)
Course Comparative Models in Policing (Lea 2)
Sem/AY First Semester/2024-2025
Module No. 1
Lesson Title General Concerns in Comparative Police System
Week
3 Weeks (Week 2, 3 & 4)
Duration
Date August 19- 23, 2024
August 26-30, 2024
September 2-6, 2024
September 9-13, 2024
Description
of the This lesson will discuss the concept of comparative police system including the effects and challenges
Lesson of globalization to law enforcement. It will also discuss the theories, policy models, and systems used
in the comparative police system.
Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning ● Understand and explain the concept of Comparative Police System;
Outcomes ● Determine the impact of globalization in criminal justice;
● Evaluate and analyze the Systems of Criminal Justice around the World;
● Discuss the different police theories;
● Compare police and court system in the world;
● Compare the research methods in policing;
● Explain the concept of policing policy models; and
● Discuss the different models applied in policing policy.
Targets/
Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
● Define the different terminologies used in comparative police system;
● Understand and appreciate the significance of comparing the systems of policing across national
borders;
● Establish the effects/challenges of globalization in the law enforcement;
● Explain the concept of policing policy models; and
● Discuss the different theories and policy applied in policing.
Student Learning Strategies
Online Activities Comparative Models in Policing is a flexible learning course. Class discussions will be
(Synchronous/ conducted face to face and Online Teaching Methodologies and activities: You will be
Asynchronous) directed to attend a one-hour online class discussion via Google Meet once a week which
requires an active participation.
● Access Link will be:
● Assessment Tasks:
a.Class participation and/or online recitation;
b. Online quiz using google forms; and/or
c.Performance Task.
- All assessment task will be given deadlines, thus, take note and mark the deadline on your
calendars.
A.2. Asynchronous Learning via Google Classroom
● Mode of delivery: (will be uploaded at the Google classroom)
a.Recorded synchronous video lectures with Powerpoint Presentation/s: and/or
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
b. Video or other learning materials and/or activities
● Assessment Tasks:
a.Online quiz using google forms; and/or
b. Performance Task.
- All assessment task will be given deadlines, thus, take note and mark the deadline on your
calendars.
A.3. Offline learning
For Offline learning, it requires an independent reading and learning activity of the
Self-Paced Modules in LEA 2. The modules will serve as the main guide to the students for
the whole semester, thus, you will be studying on your own. Student must read and
understand every word from the modules provided.
A. Learning Guide Questions:
1. What are the terms used in comparing the different police systems?
2. Why do we need to compare the different policing systems implemented on various nations?
3. How does globalization affect and challenge the law enforcement agencies?
4. What are the different policy models applied policing? and
5. What are the different theories and how was it applied in policing?
Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- Lecture Guide
Paced) A. Reminders
● For Offline learning, it requires an independent reading and learning activity. This module
will serve as the main guide to the students for the whole semester, thus, you will be
studying on your own. Student must read and understand every word from the modules
provided.
● Students should read, understand and analyze the instructions, objectives and lecture
content of this module.
B. Lecture Content
GENERAL CONCERNS IN COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
1.1. GENERAL CONCERNS: AN INTRODUCTION
● Rationale:
Globalization goes with transnational crimes, thus, the need for bilateral and
international cooperation becomes imperative. It is also essential to study trends in policing
because the speed by which changes affect the lives of people disturbs traditional values and
social arrangements which are used to unite people in pursuing common goals in the past.
● Definition of Terms
✔ Globalization - can be defined as “the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of
peoples and countries.
✔ Globalization, roughly defined as the global integration of economies and societies.
✔ Transnational Crime - Transnational crimes are violations of law that involve more than
one country in their planning, execution, or impact.
✔ Comparative Police System – It is an art or science of investigating and comparing the
police systems of nations which covers the study of police organizations, training, and
methods of policing in various nations.
✔ International Criminal Justice - It involves the study and description of one country’s law,
criminal procedure, or justice process.
✔ Comparative Criminal Justice – It is a subfield of the study of the Criminal Justice that
compares the justice system worldwide.
✔ International Policing – It indicates to those types of policing that are formally directed by
institutions usually responsible for international affairs.
✔ Transnational Policing - It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
✔ Global Policing - Indicate those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.
✔ Centralized Policing System - police system wherein there is only one police force that is
recognized and operates entire a certain country.
✔ Decentralized Policing System - A police system wherein police administrations and
operations are independent of one state to another.
✔ Model System - is used to describe the countries being used as topics of discussion.
● Importance of Comparative System
Gaining the basic ideas, approaches, or methods and understanding the unique and
evolution of the policing system and CJ system in other countries, will enable a certain law
enforcement agency or the CJ to determine the best practices that will serve as a basis or
model to the improvement, development, and effectiveness of that agency.
According to Harry Damner, there are many reasons why we need to compare, but
the basic reasons include the following:
o To benefit from the experience of others;
o To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to problems; and
o To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world
today.
● Effects and Challenges of Globalization to Law Enforcement
The effects and challenges of globalization in every aspect are unaccountable. In the
field of law enforcement, it provides threat since international criminal networks have been
quick to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from the revolutionary changes in
world politics, business, technology, and communications that have sharing and pooling
intelligence to prevent and combat serious international organized crime.
Further, the effects of globalization to LE in the Philippines (V. Delos Santos) include
the following:
✔ the facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved;
✔ there is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the
world is vital;
✔ training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer
to prepare them as cybercops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber-crimes;
✔ development of new strategies to deal with international organized crime is a must;
✔ provisions of law enforcement with updated legislation related to the modernization theory
of crime.
However, opportunities for law enforcement may be carried out to include:
1. Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems;
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the
enforcement power of states;
3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes; and
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.
● Comparative Criminal Justice and global social change
There are major variations among the criminal justice systems of the nations of the
world. These national systems, moreover, have undergone important transformations
throughout history. Research has focused attention on such broad comparisons across the
world and over time.
These changes include the following and what below discuss their implications for
criminal justice:
✔ Civilization and Modernization Impact
Civilization take place if a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and
cultural development and organization. On the other hand, modernization is the process of
adapting something to modern needs or habits. Civilization is a shared understanding,
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
whereas modernization is what a civilization achieves.
In the field of criminal justice, Heiland, Shelley, and Katoh (1992) have successfully
introduced the concept of civilization and modernization to analyze long term changes in
criminal justice. The authors posit that a process of civilization is shown in a transformation
of criminal justice institutions towards decriminalization, greater tolerance, a reduction of
lengthy periods of imprisonment, and an expansion of prison alternatives. Societies
undergoing civilization processes also incorporated a relatively broad range of crime control
strategies, including punitive as well as rehabilitative and preventive measures.
✔ Law Enforcement in Global Perspective
A. Comparative Police Search
Comparative research of law enforcement organizations investigates a variety of
issues, including a function and organization of police in different parts of the world, police
practices, and the cross-cultural use of selected police strategies. This type of research has
revealed important similarities and differences that exist between national and regional
police systems across the globe.
B. Policing Across National Borders
In recent years, police research has been concerned, more than ever before, with
dimensions of law enforcement that traverse the borders of national-legal jurisdictions. This
research revealed that police officials often operate outside the borders of their countries,
although police institutions are by definition sanctioned by the government to fight crime
and maintain order within the borders of their country.
✔ The cross-cultural significance of Ethnicity, Age and Gender to Criminal Justice
A. Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities
Michael Tonry's (1997) findings that in every country that has been studied crime and
incarceration rates of the members of most minority groups greatly exceed those of the
majority population.
B. Juvenile Justice and Gender Discrepancies
The information available on cross-cultural comparisons of juvenile delinquency and
the proportion of men and women in the criminal justice system is very sparse indeed yet
limited attention has been given to these areas.
1.2. THEORIES, POLICY MODELS AND SYSTEMS IN POLICING
● Theories of Comparative Policing
Schneider (2001) summarizes the various theories that exist with empirical support:
1. Alertness to crime theory.
2. Economic or migration theory
3. Opportunity theory
4. Demographic theory
5. Deprivation theory
6. Modernization theory
7. Theory of anomie and synomie
● Societal Type and Police System
1. Folk-communal society
2. Urban-commercial society
3. Urban-industrial society
4. Bureaucratic society
● Types of Police Systems
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
a. Common law system (Anglo-American justice)
b. Civil law system (Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice)
c. Socialist system (Marxist-Leninist justice)
d. Islamic system (Muslim or Arabic justice)
● Comparative Court System
a. Adversarial system
b. Inquisitorial
● Comparative Research Methods
a. “Safari” or Collaborative” Method
b. Published works
c. Historical-comparative method
● Policing Policy Models
A. Expectation-Integration Model
The police role is the part that they are expected to play in a democratic society.
The expectations which are grouped into three include the following:
a.1. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPECTATIONS
a.2. ORGANIZATIONAL EXPECTATIONS (THE POLICE DEPARTMENT)
a.3. LEGAL EXPECTATION (THE LAW)
Also, as noted, the police do not enforce all laws; rather, they exercise discretion in deciding
what laws to enforce and how to enforce them.
Three types of Police-Community Relation
• Political model
• Legalistic model
• Community policing model
● Crime Fighter or Social-Service Worker
The question as to whether the police should only fight crime or also provide social
services influences the priority given to police activities, the type of personnel selected, the
way officers are trained, and the styles of officers.
● Proactive or Reactive Model
Proactive police work emphasizes police-initiated activities of the individual officers and the
department.
Reactive police work is more on a response to a problem by police when assistance is
specifically requested by citizens.
Three Methods Used to Define Police Role
1. VALUES
Fundamental assumptions that guide the department and the individual officer in the
exercise of discretion the values of the department determine police goals, how
resources are used, strategies, and the styles of officers.
Law Enforcement Oriented Values
Police authority is based on the law, and law enforcement is the primary objective of the
police.
Community - Oriented Values
The police will involve the community in all activities, including the development of policies
that affect the quality of community life.
2. GOALS
It is sometimes called purposes or objectives or aims. When the goals approach is used to
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
define the police role, several goals are usually listed for the police.
Some positive goals for the police
Prevention of crimes
Reduction of the fear of crime
Maintenance of peace and order
Protection of lives and properties
Enforcement of laws
Detection of crimes
Apprehension of offenders
Traffic control
Responsiveness to community needs
Management of intergroup conflict
Protection of individual rights
Provision of additional public service
3. STRATEGIES
It is broadly conceptualized police activities that are assumed to have an impact on the
attitudes and behavior of individuals.
• Basic police strategies:
o Law enforcement strategies- invoke the formal sanctions of government. Example:
making arrest, issuing citations, conducting investigations, stopping suspicious
persons, etc.
o Presence strategy- the police are visible, or identifiable in the community, that is,
wearing uniforms, patrolling in marked vehicles, etc.
o Education strategy- involves providing knowledge and skills that will reduce the likelihood
they will become victimized. For potential and convicted criminals, education involves
appeals for moral behavior and clarifying the possible consequences of criminal conduct not
only for themselves but also for the individuals they victimize
Engaging Activity
EA 1 (Week 2-4)
Pre-Test
Directions: Before the start of the lecture proper, a short quiz will be given based on the topic to be
discussed during the week to test the knowledge of the students.
Performance Tasks
PT 1 (Week 2)
Directions: Understand and answer the given questions.
1. In your own words, what is the distinction between a comparative police system with the comparative criminal justice
system?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List down at least 10 changes in the society that you observe as an effect of globalization, civilization, and
modernization then explain how do the changes you listed above affect and challenge the law enforcement agencies?
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
10 changes in the society challenge the law enforcement agencies
PT 2 (Week 3)
Direction: Read and understand the questions before answering.
1. Essay. Cite one theory on comparative policing then explain based on your own understanding. Give also
examples.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Based on your understanding on the different types of society, what type of society do Philippines have?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. After reading the different types of police system, based on your own perception, what type of police system do we
have here in the Philippines? __________________________________________________
4. Based on what you observed and learned from other subject, what type of court system do we have here in the
Philippines? __________________________________
5. What are your expectations towards a police officer? Cite at least five.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. If you will become a police officer someday, what do you think the community will also expect from you? Cite also at
least five.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
oCrime Fighter vs Social-Service Worker
Crime Fighter Worker Social-Service Worker
Your own understanding: Your own understanding:
Situational Example: Situational Example:
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
oProactive vs Reactive Model
Proactive Model Reactive Model
Your own understanding: Your own understanding:
Situational Example: Situational Example:
Understanding Directed Assess
Rubric for Essay (PT 1 and PT 2)
5 4 3 2 1
Ideas Outstanding Strong Adequate Limited Very limited
content, content, clear, content, content, content,
Full of focused usually clear, somewhat unclear, topic
intriguing focused unclear but not defined
details, clear, has
focused discernable
focus
Organizatio Compelling and Purposeful Predictable Weak and Awkward,
n seamless organization, organization, inconsistent disjointed,
organization, easy to follow generally easy organization, very hard to
easy to follow to follow hard to follow follow-no
flow
Adopted from: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/383791199466412848/
Learning Resources
Sources:
Delos Santos, V. (2011). Comparative police system reviewer. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Garcia, M. A. (2011). Comparative police system. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Miller, L. S. (2009). Community policing: Partnership for problem solving. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
University of the Cordilleras. (n.d.). Comparative police system compiled notes.
Electronic Sources:
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Comparative study of policing models. (2021, September 20). Law Teacher. https://www.lawteacher.net/free-
law-essays/administrative-law/comparative-study-of-policing-models-administrative-law-essay.php?
vref=1
Shinn, J., & Goggins, T. (2020). What is globalization? Definition, effects &
examples. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-globalization-definition-effects-examples.html
Comparative police system reviewer. (2014). Bigwas. https://www.bigwas.com/2014/10/comparative-police-
system-reviewer.html
Philippine National Police-National Capital Region Police Office. (n.d.). Vision, mission, core values and
functions. https://www.ncrpo.pnp.gov.ph/vision-mission-core-values-and-functions/
Intellectual Property
This module is for educational purposes only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293, which states,
“The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching including multiple
copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes is not an infringement of copyright.”
The unauthorized reproduction, use, and dissemination of this module, without joint consent of
the authors and LSPU is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including
appropriate administrative sanctions, civil, and criminal.
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Comparative Models in Policing (LEA 2)
