PHYSICS Lecture – 04

THERMODYNAMICS

By – Brofessor Aayudh
1
BONUS
STREAK # 105
An ideal gas, undergoing adiabatic change, has which of the following pressure
temperature relationship?

1 P γ T1−γ = constant

2 P1−γ T γ = constant

3 P γ−1 T γ = constant

4 P γ T γ−1 = constant.
NEET SYLLABUS
Thermal equilibrium
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
The concept of temperature
Heat, work, and internal energy.
The first law of thermodynamics,
Isothermal and adiabatic processes.
The second law of thermodynamics
Reversible and Irreversible processes.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1

6
Second Law
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the
entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time. The
second law also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can
never be negative.
Kelvin-Planck statement

No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a

reservoir and the complete conversion of the heat into work.

Clausius statement

No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a

colder object to a hotter object.
Heat Engines
A heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into mechanical energy.

Efficiency of heat Engine

W Q −Q
η = Q = 1Q 2
1 1
Carnot Engine
Carnot devised an ideal engine which is based on a reversible cycle of four operations
in succession : isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression
and adiabatic compression.

No irreversible engine (I) can have efficiency greater

than Carnot reversible engine (R) working between
same hot and cold reservoirs.

Efficiency of Carnot Engine

W Q −Q T −T
η = Q = 1Q 2 = 1T 2
1 1 1
QUESTION-000 [NEET 2018]

The efficiency of an ideal heat engine working between the freezing point and
boiling point of water, is

1 26.8%

2 20%

3 6.25%

4 12.5%
QUESTION-000 [2001]

A scientist says that the efficiency of his heat engine which work at source
temperature 127∘ C and sink temperature 27∘ C is 26%, then

1 it is impossible

2 it is possible but less probable

3 it is quite probable

4 data are incomplete.

QUESTION-000 [2000]

The (𝑊/𝑄) of a Carnot engine is 1/6, now the temperature of sink is reduced by
62∘ C, then this ratio becomes twice, therefore the initial temperature of the sink
and source are respectively

1 33 °C, 67 °C

2 37 °C, 99 °C

3 67 °C, 33 °C

4 97 K, 37 K
QUESTION-000 [1997]

The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating with reservoir temperature of 100∘ C

and −23∘ C will be

373 + 250 2 373 − 250

1
373 373
100 + 23 100 − 23
3 4
100 100
QUESTION-000 [1995]

An ideal Carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%, receives heat at 500 K. If its
efficiency is 50%, then the intake temperature for the same exhaust temperature is

1 800 K

2 900 K

3 600 K

4 700 K
QUESTION-000 [2007]

An engine has an efficiency of 1/6. When the temperature of sink is reduced by

62∘ C, its efficiency is doubled. Temperatures of the source is

1 37° C

2 62° C

3 99° C

4 124° C
QUESTION-000 [Karnataka NEET 2013]

Two Carnot engines 𝐴 and 𝐵 are operated in series. The engine 𝐴 receives heat
from the source at temperature 𝑇1 and rejects the heat to the sink at temperature
𝑇. The second engine 𝐵 receives the heat at temperature 𝑇 and rejects to its sink at
temperature 𝑇2 . For what value of 𝑇 the efficiencies of the two engines are equal
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
1
2

2 𝑇1 𝑇2

3 𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑇1 + 𝑇2
4
2
QUESTION-000 [2006]

A Carnot engine whose sink is at 300 K has an efficiency of 40%. By how much
should the temperature of source be increased so as to increase its efficiency by
50% of original efficiency?

1 380 K

2 275 K

3 325 K

4 250 K
QUESTION-000 [2005]

An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot cycle between 227∘ C and 127∘ C.
It absorbs 6 × 104 cal of heat at higher temperature. Amount of heat converted to
work is

1 4.8 × 104 cal

2 6 × 104 cal

3 2.4 × 104 cal

4 1.2 × 104 cal

QUESTION-000 [2003]

An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot cycle between 227∘ C and 127∘ C.
It absorbs 6 kcal at the higher temperature. The amount of heat (in kcal) converted
into work is equal to

1 4.8

2 3.5

3 1.6

4 1.2
QUESTION-000 [2002]

The efficiency of Carnot engine is 50% and temperature of sink is 500 K .

If temperature of source is kept constant and its efficiency raised to 60%, then the
required temperature of sink will be

1 100 K

2 600 K

3 400 K

4 500 K
Refrigeration
Refrigerator or heat pump is a heat engine running in
backward direction i.e. working substance (a gas) takes
heat from a cold body and gives out to a hotter body
with the use of external energy i.e. electrical energy.

A heat pump is the same as a refrigerator.

The coefficient of performance of refrigerator or heat pump is

Q2 T2
β= = =
Q1 −Q2 T1 − T2

where T2 is temperature of cold body and T1 is temperature of hot body.

QUESTION-000 [NEET-II 2016]

The temperature inside a refrigerator is 𝑡2∘ C and the room temperature is 𝑡1 ∘ C.

The amount of heat delivered to the room for each joule of electrical energy
consumed ideally will be
𝑡1 𝑡1 + 273
1 2
𝑡1 − 𝑡2 𝑡1 − 𝑡2

𝑡2 + 273 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
3 4
𝑡1 − 𝑡2 𝑡1 + 273
QUESTION-000 [NEET-I 2016]

A refrigerator works between 4∘ C and 30∘ C. It is required to remove 600 calories of

heat every second in order to keep the temperature of the refrigerated space
constant. The power required is (Take 1cal = 4.2 Joules)

1 236.5 W

2 2365 W

3 2.365 W

4 23.65 W
QUESTION-000 [2015]

The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is 5. If the temperature inside

freezer is −20∘ C, the temperature of the surroundings to which it rejects heat is

1 11°C

2 21°C

3 31°C

4 47°C
QUESTION-000 [NEET 2017, 2015 cancelled]

A carnot engine having an efficiency of 1/10 as heat engine, is used as a

refrigerator. If the work done on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy absorbed
from the reservoir at lower temperature is

1 90 J

2 99 J

3 100 J

4 1J
Reversible Process
A process which can proceed in opposite direction in such a way that the
system passes through the same states as in direct process and finally the
system and the surroundings acquire the initial conditions.

CONDITIONS FOR A PROCESS TO BE REVERSIBLE

•The process must be extremely slow.
•There should no loss of energy due to conduction, or radiation. The dissipating
forces should not be in the system.
•The system must always be in thermal and chemical equilibrium with the
surroundings.
•Graphs can be drawn for reversible process only
Examples : Fusion of ice, vaporization of water, etc.
Reversible vs Irreversible Process
IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
The process which cannot be traced back in the opposite direction is defined as
irreversible process.
Examples : Work done against friction, magnetic hysteresis.
In nature all process are irreversible, because no natural process can fulfil the
requirement of a reversible process.
QUESTION-000 [2005]

Which of the following processes is reversible?

1 Transfer of heat by conduction

2 Transfer of heat by radiation

3 Isothermal compression

4 Electrical heating of a nichrome wire

Third Law
Perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy.
QUESTION-000 [2011]

During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal gas does −150 J of work

against its surroundings. This implies that

1 150 J of heat has been removed from the gas

2 300 J of heat has been added to the gas

3 no heat is transferred because the process is isothermal

4 150 J of heat has been added to the gas.

QUESTION-000 [NEET 2011]

A mass of diatomic gas (γ = 1.4) at a pressure of 2 atmospheres is compressed

adiabatically so that its temperature rises from 27∘ C to 927∘ C. The pressure of the
gas in the final state is

1 8 atm

2 28 atm

3 68.7 atm

4 256 atm
QUESTION-000 [2011]

If Δ𝑈 and Δ𝑊 represent the increase in internal energy and work done by the
system respectively in a thermodynamical process, which of the following is true?

1 Δ𝑈 = −Δ𝑊, in an adiabatic process

2 Δ𝑈 = Δ𝑊, in an isothermal process

3 Δ𝑈 = Δ𝑊, in an adiabatic process

4 Δ𝑈 = −Δ𝑊, in an isothermal process

QUESTION-000 [Mains 2010]

A monatomic gas at pressure 𝑃1 and volume 𝑉1 is compressed adiabatically to

1/8th of its original volume. What is the final pressure of the gas?

1 64 P1

2 P1

3 16 P1

4 32 P1
QUESTION-000 [2009]

In thermodynamic processes which of the following statements is not true?

1 In an isochoric process pressure remains constant.

2 In an isothermal process the temperature remains constant.

3 In an adiabatic process PVγ= constant.

4 In an adiabatic process the system is insulated from the surroundings.

QUESTION-000 [2008]

If 𝑄, 𝐸 and 𝑊 denote respectively the heat added, change in internal energy and the
work done in a closed cyclic process, then

1 E=0

2 Q=0

3 W=0

4 Q=W=0
QUESTION-000 [2004]

One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of 𝑇 K does 6𝑅 joule of work

adiabatically. If the ratio of specific heats of this gas at constant pressure and at
constant volume is 5/3, the final temperature of gas will be

1 (𝑇 + 2.4)K

2 (𝑇 − 2.4)K

3 (𝑇 + 4)K

4 (𝑇 − 4)K
QUESTION-000 [1999]

An ideal gas at 27∘ C is compressed adiabatically to 8/27 of its original volume.

The rise in temperature is (Take γ = 5/3)

1 275 K

2 375 K

3 475 K

4 175 K
QUESTION-000 [1998]

We consider a thermodynamic system. If Δ𝑈 represents the increase in its internal

energy and 𝑊 the work done by the system, which of the following statements is
true?

1 Δ𝑈 = −𝑊 in an isothermal process

2 Δ𝑈 = 𝑊 in an isothermal process

3 Δ𝑈 = −𝑊 in an adiabatic process

4 Δ𝑈 = 𝑊 in an adiabatic process
QUESTION-000 [1997]

A sample of gas expands from volume 𝑉1 to 𝑉2 . The amount of work done by the gas
is greatest, when the expansion is

1 adiabatic

2 equal in all cases

3 isothermal

4 isobaric.
QUESTION-000 [1996]

A diatomic gas initially at 18∘ C is compressed adiabatically to one eighth of its

original volume. The temperature after compression will be

1 395.4∘ C

2 144∘ C

3 18∘ C

4 887.4∘ C
QUESTION-000 [1994]

In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of a monatomic gas are

related as 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 𝐶 , where 𝐶 equals

1 3/5

2 5/3

3 2/5

4 5/3
QUESTION-000 [1993]

An ideal gas 𝐴 and a real gas 𝐵 have their volumes increased from 𝑉 to 2𝑉 under
isothermal conditions. The increase in internal energy

1 will be same in both 𝐴 and 𝐵

2 will be zero in both the gases

3 of 𝐵 will be more than that of 𝐴

4 of 𝐴 will be more than that of 𝐵.

QUESTION-000 [1992]

A thermodynamic system is taken from state 𝐴 to 𝐵 along 𝐴𝐶𝐵 and is brought back
to 𝐴 along 𝐵𝐷𝐴 as shown in the 𝑃𝑉 diagram. The net work done during the
complete cycle is given by the area

1 𝑃1 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝑃2 𝑃1

2 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐵′ 𝐴′ 𝐴

3 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷𝐴

4 𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐵′ 𝐴′ 𝐴
QUESTION-000 [1991]

A thermodynamic process is shown in the figure. The pressure and volumes

corresponding to some points in the figure are 𝑃𝐴 = 3 × 104 𝑃𝑎; 𝑉𝐴 = 2 × 10−3 m3
𝑃𝐵 = 8 × 104 𝑃𝑎; 𝑉𝐷 = 5 × 10−3 m3 . In the process 𝐴𝐵, 600 J of heat is added to the
system and in process 𝐵𝐶, 200 J of heat is added to the system. The change in
internal energy of the system is process 𝐴𝐶 would be

1 560 J

2 800 J

3 600 J

4 640 J
STREAK # 104
HOMEWORK