Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Minor tropical fruits as a potential source of

bioactive and functional foods

Tanmay Sarkar, Molla Salauddin, Arpita Roy, Nikita Sharma, Apoorva

Sharma, Saanya Yadav, Vaishnavi Jha, Maksim Rebezov, Mars Khayrullin,
Muthu Thiruvengadam, Ill-Min Chung, Mohammad Ali Shariati & Jesus
Simal-Gandara

To cite this article: Tanmay Sarkar, Molla Salauddin, Arpita Roy, Nikita Sharma, Apoorva Sharma,
Saanya Yadav, Vaishnavi Jha, Maksim Rebezov, Mars Khayrullin, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Ill-Min
Chung, Mohammad Ali Shariati & Jesus Simal-Gandara (2022): Minor tropical fruits as a potential
source of bioactive and functional foods, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, DOI:
10.1080/10408398.2022.2033953

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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2033953

Review

Minor tropical fruits as a potential source of bioactive and functional foods

Tanmay Sarkara* , Molla Salauddinb*, Arpita Royc*, Nikita Sharmad, Apoorva Sharmad, Saanya Yadavd,
Vaishnavi Jhad, Maksim Rebezove,f,g , Mars Khayrulling, Muthu Thiruvengadamh, Ill-Min Chungh ,
Mohammad Ali Shariatie,g and Jesus Simal-Gandarai
a
Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India;
b
Department of Food Processing Technology, Mir Madan Mohanlal Govt. Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education,
Nadia, India; cDepartment of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; dDepartment of
Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India; eLiaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China; fV. M. Gorbatov Federal
Research Center for Food Systems, Moscow, Russian Federation; gK.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies, and
Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation; hDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science,
Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; iDepartment of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de
Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
Tropical fruits are defined as fruits that are grown in hot and humid regions within the Tropic of Phytochemicals;
Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, covering most of the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, medicinal properties;
Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Oceania. Depending on the cultivation area nutritional composition;
covered, economic value and popularity these tropical fruits are divided into major and minor food fortification
tropical fruits. There is an annual increment of 3.8% in terms of commercialization of the tropical
fruits. In total 26 minor tropical fruits (Kiwifruit, Lutqua, Carambola, Tree Tomato, Elephant apple,
Rambutan, Bay berry, Mangosteen, Bhawa, Loquat, Silver berry, Durian, Persimon, Longan, Passion
fruit, Water apple, Pulasan, Indian gooseberry, Guava, Lychee, Annona, Pitaya, Sapodilla, Pepino,
Jaboticaba, Jackfruit) have been covered in this work. The nutritional composition, phytochemical
composition, health benefits, traditional use of these minor tropical fruits and their role in food
fortification have been portrayed.

Introduction characteristics, ease of adaptability and cultivation, ease of

distribution and propagation of the fruiting plants. While
In recent years concern over healthy diet and nutrition has the MTFs are not traded, cultivated and consumed exten-
become a major concern in our food habits and a rapid sively in comparison to the major tropical fruits (Saúco
inclination has been observed toward nature originated 2013). Their cultivation and consumption are confined
healthy foods such as various vegetables, fruits for their rich within the specific geographical condition, but MTFs are
nutritional profile consists anti-oxidants, minerals, vitamins still economically significant in their particular regional
etc. Fruits are always considered a rich source of nutrient markets (Altendorf 2018). Due to healthy dietary prefer-
which is beneficial for our health. With rapid globalization, ences, the market opportunities for MTFs in the
fruits are nowadays used not only as a diet but also in consumer-driven fruit market is expedited rapidly (Saúco
different food product development, cosmetic application, 2013). Pineapple, mango and so on, are major tropical fruits
drug development. Tropical fruits are one of the major fruit whereas, in minor tropical fruits along with Kiwi-fruit
classes in the fruit kingdom and in a tropical country like (Actinidia chinesis), Lychee (Litchi chinensis), Jackfruit
India, there is a huge demand for different tropical fruits (Artocarpus heterophylus), Guava (Psidium guajava), the
for various purposes. lesser-known names are Lutqua (Baccaurea sapida),
Tropical fruits broadly can be classified into two groups Carambola (Averrhoa carambola), Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra
– Major tropical fruit and minor tropical fruits. Most trop- betacea), Elephant apple (Dilenia indica), Rambutan
ical and, if climatic limitations allow, subtropical countries (Nephelium lappaceum), Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Pepino
produce major tropical fruits, which are generally well (Solanum Muricatum), Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana),
known in both local and worldwide markets, and possesses Bhawa (Garcinia cowa), Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica),
distinct export and production statistics in the global mar- Silverberry (Elaeagnus latifolia), Durian (Durio zibethinus),
ket. The major tropical fruits are characterized by their Persimon (Diospyros kaki), Longan (Dimocarpus longan),
regular and early production, better shelf life and shipping Passion (Passiflora edulis), Water apple (Syzygium aqueum),

CONTACT Jesus Simal-Gandara [email protected]

*Marked author contributed equally.
© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 T. SARKAR ET AL.

Pulsan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh), Indian flesh is bright white (Aizat, Ahmad-Hashim, and Syed Jaafar
gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), Annona (Annona cheri- 2019). Garcinia cowa/Bhawa is a cousin species of the man-
mola), Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus), Jaboticaba (Myrciaria gosteen and also bears edible sour fruits (Wahyuni et al.
jaboticaba), Bay berry (Myrica rubra). 2017). Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) fruits, also known as
Kiwi-fruit (Actinidia chinesis) is a true berry and has Japanese plums, are bright orange ovals. The fruits are about
furry brownish-green skin. The firm translucent green flesh 1-2 inches long and contain large brown seeds. Many people
has numerous edible purple-black seeds embedded around love loquat fruits for their unique tart and sweet flavor (Rai
a white center. It is mostly grown in Jammu Kashmir, et al. 2020). Silverberries (Elaeagnus latifolia) are small fruits
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, that resemble elongated olives. They grow on small shrubs
Uttar Pradesh, and Kerala (Sanz et al. 2021). Grown in the and have smooth, burnt orange-coloured skin covered in
states of Bihar, Tripura, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, small white lenticels or pores. Beneath the thin skin of the
and Haryana, lychee (Litchi chinensis) is one of the Silverberry lies a very juicy inner flesh surrounding a center
well-known tropical fruits across India. Lychee is oval to seed, with a flavor that can be rather tart or acidic. When
round, strawberry red in color, and about 25 mm (1 inch) Silverberries are perfectly ripe, the fruit can be much
in diameter. The brittle outer covering encloses a translucent sweeter. It’s popular in Southeast Asia, where it’s nicknamed
white fleshy aril and one large seed (Sarkar, Nayak, and “the king of fruits” (Kar et al. 2019). Durian is very high
Chakraborty 2018). The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylus) in nutrients, containing more than most other fruits.
is the national fruit of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and the However, it also gets a bad rap due to its strong smell.
state fruit of the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Their orange-coloured fruits called persimmons are known
Tamil Nadu. Guavas (Psidium guajava) are incredibly deli- for their sweet, honey-like flavor. The heart-shaped persim-
cious and packed with nutrients (Mondal et al. 2013). Guava mons are astringent, meaning they are very high in plant
is low in calories, loaded with fiber, and an excellent addi- chemicals called tannins that give the unripe fruit a dry,
tion is that it is the richest food source of vitamin C bitter taste (Conesa et al. 2020). Longan is very round and
(Casarotti et al. 2018). Lutqua (Baccaurea sapida) is native about the size of a large grape. Beneath the tough, tan shell,
to the Southeast Asian region and found growing wild as you’ll find the white flesh of the fruit surrounding a dark
well as under cultivation in Nepal, India, Myanmar, South seed. This structure is the source of its nickname, dragon’s
China, Indo China, Thailand, the Andaman Islands, and eye. The flesh of the longan fruit resembles that of a grape
Peninsular Malaysia. It is an underutilized fruit species in taste and texture, but longan has a hint of musk in the
locally known as Kusum (Kermasha et al. 1987). Star fruit flavor (Zhang et al. 2020). Passion fruit is a flowering trop-
– or carambola (Averrhoa carambola) is a sweet and sour ical vine, known as Passiflora, that grows in warm climates,
fruit that has the shape of a five-point star. The skin is including South America, Australia, South Africa, and India.
edible and the flesh has a mild, sour flavor that makes it Passion fruit contains a soft pulp and lots of seeds inside
popular in several dishes. The star fruit is yellow or green a hard rind. People can eat the seeds and pulp, juice them,
in color. It comes in two main types: a smaller, sour variety or add it to other juices. Passion fruit has recently gained
and a larger, sweeter one. The star fruit is a decent source a lot of attention because it is a rich source of powerful
of several nutrients – especially fiber and vitamin C (Luan antioxidants and may also have other health benefits (He
et al. 2021). Cyphomandra betacea, commonly known as et al. 2020). Water apples are not apples – they are a species
tamarillo or tree tomato, is a semi-woody, shallow-rooted, of tropical fruit with the botanical name Syzygium aqueum
sub-tropical evergreen shrub with a treelike form and fea- (Sobeh et al. 2018). The Pulasan, Nephelium mutabile Blume
tures large edible tomato-like fruit on plants clothed with (family Sapindaceae), is a tropical fruit closely allied to the
large ovate green leaves (Ordóñez et al. 2009). Chalta being rambutan and sometimes confused with it. Usually eaten
its Hindi name, it is commonly called Elephant Apple fresh, it is sweeter than the rambutan and lychee, but very
(Dilenia indica), since the delicious chalta fruit is hugely rare outside Southeast Asia (Mahmood et al. 2018). Indian
popular amongst the local wild elephants, being widely con- gooseberry, or amla, is a fruit tree that grows natively in
sumed by them. Its scientific name is Dillenia indica. The parts of Asia (Sarkar, Mukherjee, and Chatterjee 2021). It
fruit that is large, oblong and greenish-yellow in color, devel- has several culinary and herbal medicine uses, particularly
ops in the autumn and winter seasons (Kamboj, Talukdar, in its native India. The fruit is rich in vitamin C and often
and Banerjee 2019). Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) is a purported to have potential antioxidant and heart-health
fruit native to Southeast Asia. The fruit is related to the benefits (Rose et al. 2018, Mukherjee, Sarkar, and Chatterjee
lychee and longan fruits and has a similar appearance when 2021, Mukherjee, Chatterjee, and Sarkar 2022). Annona
peeled. Its translucent white flesh has a sweet yet creamy fruits are heart-shaped or round. The fruits have a thick
taste and contains a seed in its middle (Mahmood et al. brown stem and have an appearance like a pine cone. They
2018). Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is an exotic, trop- are compound fruits, like pineapples, with knobby segments
ical fruit with a slightly sweet and sour flavor. It’s originally covered in a thin, deep pink or purple skin, most often
from Southeast Asia but can be found in various tropical covered in a light, silvery bloom (Jamkhande, Ajgunde, and
regions around the world. The fruit is sometimes referred Jadge 2017). Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) fruit is cultivated
to as purple mangosteen because of the deep purple color on a large scale in Malaysia. This tropical fruit is a rich
its rind develops when ripe. In contrast, the juicy inner source of nutrients as it contains a substantial amount of
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 3

polyphenols, betacyanins, four dietary fibers, ascorbic acid, fiber content. In MTF next to carbohydrate content, fibers
vitamin A, vitamin E, and lycopene (Nurul and Asmah content is maximum both in major and minor tropical fruits
2014). Jabuticaba is an exotic fruit overpowered with a trea- (Gupta and Pradheep 2020). Fibers are classified into –
sure trove of nutrients that delivers indispensable health soluble fibers and insoluble fibers. Fibers have an important
benefits. It is also known as the Brazilian grape tree that role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, lowering blood
belongs to the Myrtaceae family (Benvenutti, Zielinski, and cholesterol, proper gut function as well as it also helps to
Ferreira 2021). The bayberry is best known for its berries, cures the constipation problem (Carasek and Pawliszyn
from which wax is derived to make fragrant bayberry can- 2006). The fiber content of various MTF is reported in the
dles (Joyce and Sanewski 2010). Table 1 and maximum fiber content is reported in Jaboticaba
(98.2%) while the minimum is found in pulasaan (0.14%).

Nutritive factors of minor tropical fruits

Minerals
Fruits have been consistently reported in epidemiological
surveys as naturally rich sources of antioxidants, vitamins, Minerals are defined as micro-nutrients which has a vital
minerals that help us to keep our bodies healthy and fit. role in our body metabolism and immunity system. Fruits
Consumption of minor tropical fruit (MTF) is clearly and vegetables are considered rich sources of minerals.
increasingly gaining importance due to their sensorial attrac- The MTF are rich in various minerals such as Calcium,
tiveness and growing recognition of their nutritional and magnesium, potassium, sodium etc. which has a very sig-
therapeutic values (Pereira-Netto 2018). The MTF is mainly nificant role in our body system (Sajib et al. 2014). Mineral
composed of carbohydrates, macro minerals, proteins, and deficiency in the human body can be caused due to two
fibers along with vitamins and other bioactive compounds reasons – (1) Insufficient intake, (2) Poor absorbance by
(Table 1). the body system and thus deficiency resulted in various
problems in the human body starting from improper pro-
tein synthesis, poor defence against free radicals to enzyme
malfunctioning. For proper functioning and activity
Carbohydrate
enzymes needed various minerals as co-factor, in absence
The major component in any tropical fruit is a carbohydrate of which enzymes got deactivated (Wagner and Elmadfa
which is composed of soluble sugars, mainly sucrose, glu- 2003). Anti-oxidants also needed several minerals for their
cose, and fructose along with starch content. As the fruits defence mechanism against free radicals. Malnutrition is
ripened more the starch content also lowered and it converts a serious problem due to insufficient intake of mineral
into different sugars (Hanhineva et al. 2010). In most of enriched foods among a larger section of economically
the MTF, sucrose was the major sugar, while in a few of back warded people.
them fructose and glucose were the major sugars. Ripening Most MTF are good sources of iron (Table 2) which
induces starch degradation and accumulation of soluble sug- has a vital role in protein synthesis and to cure anemia
ars, mainly sucrose, glucose, and fructose. The carbohydrate which is a very common problem in a larger section of
content varies in different MTF. The presence of resistant females. Zinc is another most important mineral which
starch in MTF induces a slow degradation of starch. Resistant has been found in bones, muscular structures, cellular
starch is a favorable factor to limit non-communicable dis- components and also as a co-factor of several enzymes
orders, mainly obesity and diabetes (Reyniers et al. 2020). that are involved in the metabolism of lipid, carbohydrates
It should be taken into account when rating starchy fruit, and nucleic acids (Pereira-Netto 2018). Magnesium has
root, and tuber crops for their nutritional benefits. The its role in muscle relaxation and contraction, bone and
amount of carbohydrates in fruits is directly proportional teeth development. Phosphorus is responsible for cell
to the amount of energy-providing by the fruits. The car- division, formation of linkage bonds in DNA and RNA
bohydrate content of various MTF is reported in the Table chains, ADP and ATP synthesis the main source of body
1 and maximum carbohydrate content is reported in energy (Kumoro, Alhanif, and Wardhani 2020). Calcium
Jaboticaba (90.1%) while the minimum is found in pepino is an inevitable part of bone growth and development.
(0.221%). Potassium acts as a principal base in blood tissues and
acts as a regulator in acid-base balance inside the body
system. Sodium has its role in controlling the osmotic
Fiber pressure of plasma. Selenium deficiency caused higher
chances of suffering from cardiovascular diseases (Sajib
Fibers refer to a group of compounds like non-starch poly-
et al. 2014).
saccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and mucilage),
lignin, polyphenol propane present in fruit or any plant
which the human digestive system cannot be hydrolyzed Proteins
(Garcia-Amezquita et al. 2018). Compounds like polydex-
trose, oligosaccharides, resistant starch are also cannot be The MTF contains a small amount of protein ranging from
digested by the human digestive system and though some- 3% to 4% of the whole nutrition profile (Pereira-Netto 2018).
times they act as dietary fiber they are not considered as Such a low amount of protein content of fruits is inadequate
4 T. SARKAR ET AL.

Table 1. Nutritional composition of the minor tropical fruits.

Carbohydrate Protein Energy
Fruits (%) (%) Fat (%) Sugar (%) (kcal/100 g) Fiber (%) References
Kiwifruit 14.23 1.23 0.56 10.98 66.88 2 (Drummond
Actinidia chinensis 2013)

Lutqua 81.17 5.43 1.24 – 357.56 3.6 (Pandey, Singh,

Baccaurea sapida et al. 2018)

Carambola 5.6 0.45 0.32 5.04 27.08 0.96 (Tres et al. 2001)
Averrhoa Carambo

TreeTomato 87.5 2.5 1.09 3.3 369.81 5.8 (Prohens and

Cyphomandra betacea Nuez 2011)

Elephant apple 9.05 0.72 0.592 5 44.408 2.04 (Basumatary

Dillenia indica et al.)

Rambutan 23.78 2.04 0.23 – 105.35 0.7 (Mahmood et al.

Nephelium lappaceum 2018)

Bay berry – 27.64 68.18 2.01 – – (Cheng et al.)

Myrica rubra

Mangosteen 17.91 0.41 0.58 – 78.5 1.8 (EL-Meghawry

Garcinia mangostana et al. 2019)

Bhawa 15.72 4.93 0.49 1.28 87.01 – (Angami et al.

Garcinia cowa 2020)

Loquat 43.3 1.4 0.7 – 185.1 1.7 (Pareek 2016)

Eriobotrya japonica
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 5

Table 1. (Continued).
Carbohydrate Protein Energy
Fruits (%) (%) Fat (%) Sugar (%) (kcal/100 g) Fiber (%) References
Silver berry 74.34 14.82 1.51 – 370.23 0.7 (Seal 2011)
Elaeagnus latifolia

Durian 27.09 1.47 5.33 – 162.21 3.2 (Ho and Bhat

Durio zibethinus 2015)

Persimon 55 1.37 – – – 2.72 (Kim et al. 2015)

Diospyros kaki

Longan 15.14 1.31 0.1 – 66.7 1.1 (Zhang, Guo, C.T.

Dimocarpus longan Ho, et al.
2020)

Passion fruit 23.38 2.2 0.7 – 108.62 – (Kawasoe et al.

Passiflora edulis 2021)

Water apple 8.65 0.43 0.24 – 38.48 1.81 (Lim and Rabeta
Syzygium aqueum 2013)

Pulasan 12.86 0.82 0.55 – 59.67 0.14 (Lim 2013)

Nephelium ramboutan-ake
(Labill.) Leenh

Indian gooseberry 81.93 4.51 0.46 – 349.9 15.98 (Tewari, Kumar,

Phyllanthus emblica and Sharma
2019)

Guava 17 0.5 0.7 – 76.3 1 (Priya and

Psidium Guajava Joseph)

Lychee 15 0.7 0.1 – 63.7 – (Pareek 2016)

Litchi chinensis
6 T. SARKAR ET AL.

Table 1. (Continued).
Carbohydrate Protein Energy
Fruits (%) (%) Fat (%) Sugar (%) (kcal/100 g) Fiber (%) References
Annona 21.1 1.96 0.176 – 93.824 5.32 (Gonçalves
Annona cherimola Albuquerque
et al. 2016)

Pitaya 12.97 1.45 – – 15.05 2.65 (Nurul and

Hylocereus polyrhizus Asmah 2014)

Sapodilla 24.3 0.6 1 – 108.6 2.6 (Mohd Salleh

Manilkara zapota et al.)

Pepino 0.221 0.13 0.002 4.9 1.422 – (Redgwell and

Solanum muricatum Turner 1986)

Jaboticaba 90.1 5 1.8 – 396.6 38.2 (Inada et al.

Myrciaria jaboticaba 2015)

Jackfruit 25.4 1.9 0.4 20.6 112.8 1.5 (Goswami and

Artocarpus heterophylus Chacrabati
2016)

to support growth and development. Guava is the highest (0.38 mg/100 g), pantothenic acid/vitamin B5 (0.84 mg/100 g),
protein rich among all other fruits and contains about pyridoxine/vitamin B6 (1.033 mg/100 g), folic acid/vitamin
4.2 g/100 g fresh weight. B9 (2.56 mg/100 g) (Seal et al. 2017). Rambutan, longan and
lychee are also very good sources of vitamin C and contain
47.83 mg/100 g, 79.23 mg/100 g, 36 mg/100 g of Ascorbic acid
respectively (Wall 2006). Total vitamin E content in lychee
Vitamins
is 117 μg/100 g (Cabral, Cardoso L de, and Pinheiro-Sant’Ana
Like other micro-nutrients vitamins are also present in a 2014). Besides vitamin c and vitamin B complex, folate is
very small amount in minor tropical fruits. Kiwifruits are also an important vitamin that is found in a good amount
highly enriched in vitamin c (130.7 mg/100 g) followed by in minor tropical fruits such as passion (271 μg/100 g), guava
Folate (25 mg/100 g), vitamin A (23 IU) along with Niacin, (91 μg/100 g), jackfruit (192 μg/100 g), longan (67.8 μg/100 g)
Riboflavin in very low amounts (He et al. 2019). Lutqua is (Striegel et al. 2019).
also a good source of vitamin c (Mann, Satpathy, and Gupta MTFs are a rich source of macro and micronutrients but
2016). High amount of vitamin C and vitamin A in caram- the detailed composition of the mineral present and the
bola contributes to its high anti-oxidant activity which effi- compositional analysis for vitamins are still need to be
ciently scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other explored. The free amino acid composition is one of the
free radicals (Lakmal et al. 2021). Elephant apple vitamin determining factor for characteristic organoleptic properties
profile composed of thiamine/vitamin B1 (0.015 mg/100 g), of the MTFs, which need to be studied. The other distin-
riboflavin/vitamin B2 (0.525 mg/100 g), niacin/vitamin B3 guishing characteristics of the MTFs are the lower fat
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 7

Table 2. Mineral composition (mg/100g) of the minor tropical fruits.

Fruits Ca K Na P Mg Zn Cu Mn Se Fe References
Kiwifruit 20 316 3 29 14 0.1 0.147 0.058 0.0031 0.29 (Drummond 2013)
Actinidia
chinensis
Lutqua 23.77 375.37 7.99 – 21.67 0.97 14.33 37.29 – 29.55 (Pandey, Singh,
Baccaurea et al. 2018)
sapida
Carambola 6.37 167.13 3.8 17.88 12.05 0.49 0.41 0.51 – 0.45 (Muthu et al.
Averrhoa 2016)
Carambola
Tree Tomato 10.3 313 7.1 57.3 21.8 0.2 0.19 0.2 – 0.67 (Prohens and
Cyphomandra Nuez 2011)
betacea
Elephant apple 122 2.64 0.05 110 37.85 0.5 0.25 0.24 – 0.38 (Goswami and
Dillenia Indica Chacrabati
2016)
Rambutan 8.7 249.4 8.2 18.8 17.2 0.26 0.2 0.38 – 0.56 (Wall 2006)
Nephelium
lappaceum
Bay berry 245.17 780.89 1.27 5.26 371.05 10.48 2.428 7.051 0.032 12.561 (Cheng et al.)
Myrica rubra
Mangosteen 12 48 7 9.21 13 0.21 0.069 0.10 – 0.3 (EL-Meghawry
Garcinia et al. 2019)
mangostana
Bhawa 1.436 – – – – – – – – 1.374 (Sagolsem, Rathi,
Garcinia cowa and Baishya
2021)
Loquat – 1216 1 126 13 – – – – – (Pareek et al.
Eriobotrya 2014)
japonica
Silver berry 586.04 1358 96.5 – – 24.8 0.6 2.1 – 17.2 (Seal 2011)
Elaeagnus
latifolia
Durian 199.8 159.42 220.2 – 691.2 4.92 4.92 8.26 – 6.71 (Ho and Bhat
Durio 2015)
zibethinus
Persimon 53.9 631.2 7.8 – 70.9 – – – 6.1 (Kim et al. 2015)
Diospyros kaki
Longan – 266 0 21 10 0.05 – – – – (Zhang, Guo, C.T.
Dimocarpus Ho, et al. 2020)
longan
Passion fruit 12 348 28 38 29 0.1 0.086 – – 1.6 (Corrêa et al.
Passiflora edulis 2016)
Water apple 63.6 – 19.6 – – 2.0 – 3.3 – 3.7 (Lim and Rabeta
Syzygium 2013)
aqueum
Pulasan 54 94 6 9 – – – – – 100 (Lim 2013)
Nephelium
ramboutan-ake
(Labill.) Leenh
Indian 28.06 163.10 1.07 – 78 0.07 0.01 0.03 – 0.68 (Sajib et al. 2014)
gooseberry
Phyllanthus
emblica
Guava 17 – – 0.7 – – – – – 0.4 (Priya and Joseph)
Psidium
Guajava
Lychee 4.9 172.4 6.8 31.1 16.2 0.28 0.23 0.11 0.43 – (Wall 2006)
Litchi chinensis
Annona 0.6 1.6 1.06 1.8 0.17 0.38 – – – – (Akomolafe and
Annona Ajayi 2015)
cherimola
Pitaya 6.72 437.55 35.63 – 26.4 0.4 – – – 0.3 (Nurul and Asmah
Hylocereus 2014)
polyrhizus
Sapodilla 180 632 182 – 182 2 0.66 4.96 – 9.49 (Mohd Salleh
Manilkara et al.)
zapota
Pepino 9.94 41.56 – 35.58 11.7 0.475 0.22 – – 0.249 (Herraiz et al.
Solanum 2016)
muricatum
Jaboticaba 27.1 700.7 23.3 75.7 72.3 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.0019 23.7 (Inada et al. 2015)
Myrciaria
jaboticaba
Jackfruit 37 407 41 38 27 – – – – 1.1 (Goswami and
Artocarpus Chacrabati
heterophylus 2016)
8 T. SARKAR ET AL.

Figure 1. Nutritional and bioactive potential of minor tropical fruits.

content and high sucrose content along with the presence phenylalanine (Papuc et al. 2017). Polyphenols are found in
of an adequate amount of fiber (Figure 1). larger concentrations in fruit waste, particularly in fruit peel,
than in fruit pulp. Fruit peels have a higher antioxidant
capacity than fruit pulp, according to studies. Fruit peels
Bioactive compounds of minor tropical fruits of contain far more phenolic chemicals than pulp, including
the Indian subcontinent carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids
Fruit genetic diversity is abundant in the Indian subconti- (Safdar, Kausar, and Nadeem 2017). These include a broad
nent. India’s climate ranges from moderate to tropical, mak- category of bioactive phytochemicals that include flavonoids,
ing it ideal for a wide range of fruit varieties. There are 45 stilbenes, phenolic acids, and lignans, among others (Fraga
families, 106 genera, and 261 species of edible fruit that are et al. 2019). Phenolic substances can be identified using
underused and little known (Gupta and Pradheep 2020). paper chromatography, high-speed counter-current chroma-
Throughout the country, there are several modest and tography, and supercritical fluid chromatography (Khoddami,
underutilized wild edible tropical fruits (Laldinchhana, Ray, Wilkes, and Roberts 2013). Studies have suggested that a
and Pachuau 2020). Plant metabolism is divided into two low intake of polyphenolic compounds, which contains both
types: main and secondary metabolic forms (Lattanzio 2013). functional and health-promoting characteristics, may increase
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as the risk of certain illnesses (Swallah et al. 2020). Polyphenols
all necessary components for cell growth and development, can be extracted from guava’s bark (Naseer et al. 2018).
are among the main metabolites. Secondary metabolites are Litchi’s pulp is a great source of ingesting polyphenols.
chemicals found in particular cells that are only indirectly Phenolic can act as signaling agents or alter cellular signal-
required for simple respiratory photosynthesis or metabolism ing pathways during inflammation (Raiola et al. 2014).
but are crucial for a plant’s survival (Basheer and Kerem Polyphenols have an important function in the physical
2015). Bioactive natural compounds are phytochemicals gesture of litchis and are also important nutrients for
extracted from fruits/food-related products that have always humans. All sections of the litchi fruit (pericarp, pulp, &
played a key role as innovative therapeutical agents. They seed) contain high levels of phenolic compounds, however,
have a significant direct and indirect impact on human the polyphenol content of litchi pulp, which is the imme-
health, as well as extensive therapeutic characteristics diately edible element, plays a critical role in guaranteeing
(Karasawa and Mohan 2018). nutritional value in our body (Huang et al. 2019). Polyphenols
isolated from litchi seeds with 70% or 95% ethanol have
high antioxidant activity and can successfully cure diabetes
(Jing et al. 2014). Jackfruits’ woods can also be used to
Polyphenols
extract polyphenols (Ranasinghe, Maduwanthi, and Marapana
Polyphenols are a chemically varied category of secondary 2019). Polyphenols and actinidin, which are found in kiwi-
metabolites found in plants all over the world (Weber and fruit, Elaeagnus latifolia (Dutta et al. 2018), Diospyros kaki
Passon 2019). Polyphenols are essential components of plants (Direito et al. 2021) provide gastrointestinal advantages, such
that have a role in color, fragrance, and taste, among other as improved laxation and a reduction in stomach pain, in
things (Kelly, Kelly, and O’Mahony 2019). Polyphenols are those who have either constipation or irritable bowel syn-
compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups linked drome (Richardson, Ansell, and Drummond 2018). Peel
to a phenyl ring. Polyphenols play a critical part in plants’ content of rambutan, Cyphomandra betacea (Ali Hassan and
defensive mechanisms against a variety of pathogens as well Abu Bakar 2013), Passiflora edulis (He et al. 2020), Manilkara
as herbivores. They are made from tyrosine and zapota (Pravin and Shashikant 2018), Solanum muricatum
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 9

(Herraiz et al. 2016) and seed extract of rambutan have (Wang et al. 2017). Litchi is a sweet-tasting tropical or
plenty of polyphenols (Hernández-Hernández et al. 2019). subtropical fruit having a high concentration of flavonoids,
HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis of carambola extracts proanthocyanidin, and procyanidin in its pericarp (Lv et al.
supported the content of polyphenols and gives a unique 2015). Indian gooseberry is rich in bioactive compounds,
taste, color and flavor to the fruit (Khanam et al. 2015). especially flavonoids, which aids in various medicinal activ-
Leaf extract of elephant apple (Kumar Nayak and Rayaguru ities (Ikram et al. 2021). For some species of kiwifruit,
2016), Garcinia cowa (Ritthiwigrom, Laphookhieo, and Pyne Actinidia macrosperma has high flavonoid content, which
2013), Diospyros kaki, Dimocarpus longan (Zhang et al. is useful in the treatment of hypertension (Hettihewa,
2020), Syzygium aqueum (Itam et al. 2021), Nephelium Hemar, and Rupasinghe 2018). Spectrophotometer analysis
ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh (Putri et al. 2021), Phyllanthus of carambola shows the presence of flavonoids in the fruit,
emblica (Gaire and Subedi 2014), Psidium Guajava (Kumar and it protects the cell from degradation (Khanam et al.
et al. 2021), Annona cherimola (Albuquerque et al. 2016), 2015). The flesh and peel of Cyphomandra betacea,
Hylocereus polyrhizus (Ramil, Dc. Mendoza, and D. Ramil Elaeagnus latifolia (Dutta et al. 2018), Dimocarpus longan
2021) had a good amount of phenolic content. Chinese bay (Zhang et al. 2020) have a high amount of flavonoids (Ali
berry cultivators also have high phenolic content (Zhang, Hassan and Abu Bakar 2013). Elephant Apple’s sepal also
Zhao, et al. 2015). Xanthones are the major polyphenolic contains a good amount of flavonoids (Kumar Nayak and
compound available in mangosteen (Rizaldy et al. 2021). Rayaguru 2016). Innate pigmentation of rambutan, bay
Polyphenols in Eriobotrya japonica helps in stress conditions berry (Zhang, Zhao, et al. 2015) is only due to the presence
(Mogole, Omwoyo, and Mtunzi 2020). Phenols in Durio of flavonoids in their husk (Hernández et al. 2017). The
zibethinus have strong vasodilator properties (Saminathan pericarp of mangosteen has abundant flavonoids (Rizaldy
and Doraiswamy 2020). Table 3 represent the bioactive com- et al. 2021). 12 flavonoids can be extracted from Garcinia
ponents identified in the minor tropical fruits. cowa (Ritthiwigrom, Laphookhieo, and Pyne 2013). Total
flavonoid content for Eriobotrya japonica were shown as
quercetin equivalent (Mogole, Omwoyo, and Mtunzi 2020).
Flavonoids Fruit of Durio zibethinus (Saminathan and Doraiswamy
2020), Diospyros kaki (Direito et al. 2021), Passiflora edulis
Polyphenols are divided into two groups: flavonoids and (He et al. 2020), Syzygium aqueum (Itam et al. 2021),
polyphenols. Flavonoids are the most common type of poly- Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh (Putri et al. 2021),
phenol. These compounds have a diphenylpropanes struc- Phyllanthus emblica (Gaire and Subedi 2014), Annona cher-
ture, which consists of two aromatic rings connected by 3 imola (Albuquerque et al. 2016), Hylocereus polyrhizus
carbon atoms. Flavonoids have become an essential compo- (Ramil, Dc. Mendoza, and D. Ramil 2021), Solanum muri-
nent in a wide range of nutraceutical, pharmacological, catum (Herraiz et al. 2016) have antioxidant properties
therapeutic, and cosmetic applications. This is due to their due to presence of flavonoids. Leaf extracts of Psidium
ability to control critical cellular enzyme activity as well as Guajava give the fruit antibacterial activity (Kumar
their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and et al. 2021).
anti-carcinogenic capabilities (Panche, Diwan, and Chandra
2016). Flavonoid structures, which include over 8000 sec-
ondary metabolite chemicals, are found all over the place
Pigments
in plants and plant tissues (Kennedy 2014). Based on the
number of carbon atoms present and their arrangements, Pigments are substances that humans interpret as having
flavonoids can be divided into flavones, flavonols, flavo- color. Natural pigments are responsible for the colors yellow,
nones, isoflavonoids, neoflavonoids, flavanols, anthocyanins orange, red, blue, and purple (Choo, Dufossé, and
and chalcones, etc (Panche, Diwan, and Chandra 2016). Morales-Oyervides 2021). Chlorophyll, anthocyanins, carot-
Flavones are found as glucosides in fruits. This group of enoids, and betalains are the most frequent plant pigments
flavonoids includes luteolin, apigenin, and tangeritin. The found in nature (Choo 2018). Alteration in the color and
polymethoxylated flavones tageretin, nobiletin, and sinense- texture of the fruit skin and flesh indicates the fruit’s mat-
tin are abundant in citrus fruit peels. Flavonoids with a uration stage. Natural pigments, in addition to their color,
ketone group are known as flavonols. Isoflavones are flavo- have other capabilities and are thus termed bioactive com-
noids in which the B ring is connected in position 3 of the ponents. One of the most extensively utilized natural colo-
C ring (Matthies et al. 2008). rants in the food business is red. The study of these
Tropical fruits are hub of flavonoids. Flavonoids, notably pigments is motivated by the desire to improve the diet’s
anthocyanins, and flavanones are the primary bioactive health benefits (Fernández-López, Fernández-Lledó, and
elements of açai fruits. Pro-anthocyanidin groups and tri- Angosto 2020). Pigments in elephant apple give it a pleasant
mers, eriodyctiol, taxifoline, and naringenin are the poly- smell and a colorful appearance (Kumar Nayak and
phenols found in the most abundance in tamarind Rayaguru 2016).
(Bressiani et al. 2021). In coconut, 28 phenolic compounds, Anthocyanins, β-carotene and lycopene are the three
that includes 12 flavonoids and the rest non-flavonoids abundantly present plant pigments in strawberries, enhanc-
have been found (Arivalagan et al. 2018). Five flavones ing the antioxidant property of the plant (Šic Žlabur et al.
were discovered in the leaves of Jackfruit by Wang et al. 2020). A mixture of various carotenoids, or carotenoids
10 T. SARKAR ET AL.

Table 3. Bioactive compounds from minor tropical fruits and their method of extraction.
Method of estimation
(Qualitative/UV-Vis
Spectrophotometry/ HPLC/
Fruits Extraction method Solvent used Phytochemical identified LCMS/ GCMS) References
Kiwifruit Dragendorff’s Reagent Ethyl acetate: Alkaloids TLC
Chloroform:
Methanol
(20:20:10)
Anisaldehyde Acetic acid: Terpenoids TLC
sulphuric acid Formic acid:
Water
(100:11:11:26)
15ml of 3% Ethyl Flavonoids TLC
Boric acid + acetate:
5ml of 10% Formic
Oxalic acid acid:
Water (8:1:1)
Guava Headspace Analysis – Volatile compound Gas Chromatography (Soares et al. 2007)
Mass Spectrometry Ammonium hydroxide solution Quercetin, Gallocatechin Yellow fluorescence (Sampath Kumar
(Flavonoids) et al. 2021)
Carambola Alkaline Reagent Test Sodium hydroxide solution Isovitexin, norathyriol DPPH (Soares et al. 2007)
(Flavonoids)
Tree Tomato DMF Methanol PolyPhenols UV-Vis (Ammar Altemimi
et al. 2017)
Elephant Apple Alkaline Reagent Test Sodium hydroxide solution Flavonoid DPPH (Bordoloi and Das
2019)
Rambutan Dragendorff’s Test Ethyl acetate, Alkaloids TLC (Kamalanathan and
Chloroform, George 2015)
Methanol
Shinoda Test Ethanol Flavonoids HPLC
BayBerry Rutin equivalents – Flavonoids HPLC (Zhang, Zhao, et al.
Trolox equivalent ABTS Anthocyanin ESI 2015)
Mangosteen Wagner’s Test Iodine and KI in water Alkaloid Mean of inhibition Zone (Goud, Prasad, and
Shinoda Test Ethanol Flavonoids Mean of inhibition Zone Kumar 2019)
Bhawa Lead Acetate Test Ethanol Flavonoids UV-Vis (Gulnaz and Savitha
Ethanol Hydroxide Anthocyanin UV-Vis 2013)
Loquat Dowd Method Methanolic solution aluminum Flavonoids UV-Vis (Mogole, Omwoyo,
chloride and Mtunzi 2020)
Folin Ciocalteu method Sodium carbonate Polyphenols Calibration curve
Silver Berry Folin–Ciocalteau method Sodium carbonate Polyphenols UV-Vis (Lachowicz et al.
2019)
Durian Amyl alcohol layer 0.1-gram Mg powder and Flavonoids red or yellow or orange (Romatua Aruan
1 mL of concentrated HCl color et al. 2019)
and 2 mL of amyl alcohol
Wagner, Dragendorff HCl Alkaloids Turbidity check
Test
Persimmon UPLC with MS Methanol Polyphenols UPLC-Q-TOF-MS (Direito et al. 2021)
Longan Catechin equivalents p-nitrophenyl-α-D- Epicatechin, Kaempferol, Liquid Chromatography (Li et al. 2015)
glucopyranoside Quercetin
(Flavonoids)
– Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, HPLC
Isoscopoletin
(Polyphenols)
Passion Fruit QuCHERS – Polyphenol UHPLS-MS-MS (He et al. 2020)
Quercetin equivalent – Flavonoid Colorimetric Assay
Dynamic Headspace – Volatile Compound GC-MS
Water apple – Methanol Polyphenols HPLC (Oszmiański et al.
2018)
Indian Headspace-solid phase – Volatile Compound Gas chromatography- (Yilmaztekin 2014)
Gooseberry microextraction mass spectrometry

iron (III) reduction and – Flavonoid RP-HPLC coupled (Poltanov et al.

1, with photodiode 2009)
1-diphenyl-2- array detection
picrylhydrazyl and
superoxide anion
radical scavenging
assays
Pulasan Extraction of Solvent Methanol, hexane, and ethyl Polyphenol Infrared Spectroscopy (Altemimi et al.
alcohol 2017)
Lychee Pressurized fluid n-butane Polyphenol DPPH (Paliga et al. 2017)
extraction
Folin–Ciocaulteu Sodium carbonate solution Flavonoid UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
method
Annona Quantitative 95% Ethanol Terpenoid, DPPH
Phytochemical Flavonoid (Ijaiya, Arzika,
Screening and Abdulkadir
2014)
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 11

Table 3. (Continued).
Method of estimation
(Qualitative/UV-Vis
Phytochemical Spectrophotometry/
Fruits Extraction method Solvent used identified HPLC/ LCMS/ GCMS) References
Pitaya Ultrasound-assisted Ethanol Flavonoid UV–vis Spectrophotometer (Bhagya Raj and
extraction Dash 2020)
Sapodilla Folin-Ciocalteu reagent Sodium carbonate solution Flavonoid UV-Vis (Woo et al. 2013)
Spectrophotometer
Ferric-reducing 10 mM tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ) Terpenoid UV-Vis
antioxidant power solution, Spectrophotometer
assay and 20 mM FeCl3 in a ratio
of 10:1:1
Jabuticaba Maceration Ethanol Polyphenol HPLC (Garcia et al. 2019)
Pepino Aqueous and ethanol 1:10 in sterile phosphate Flavonoid HPLC (Herraiz et al. 2016)
extracts buffered saline
Maceration Acetone Terpenoid HPLC (Lezoul et al. 2020)
Solid-liquid extraction MeOH containing NaF Polyphenol HPLC
Jackfruit Aqueous acetone, Dichloromethane:methanol::1:1 Flavonoid UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Sreeja Devi, Kumar,
aqueous methanol, extract and Sabu 2021)
and mix solvent
95% ethanol in the Dichloromethane:methanol::1:1 Terpenoid UV-VIS spectrophotometer
soxhlet apparatus extract
95% ethanol in the Dichloromethane: Alkaloids UV-VIS spectrophotometer
soxhlet apparatus methanol:
1:1 extract

combined with tocopherol or phenolic acid, has simultane- Volatile compounds

ous effects on preventing pathogenic events that produce
free radicals that might damage DNA (Bhowmik et al. 2012). Many fruits are found to emit a component that generally
Carotenoids, flavonoids, sterols, and tannins are among the vaporizes in thin air and usually leaves a flavor and aroma
phytochemicals found in jackfruit, with amounts changing behind the evaporation. Esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,
according to the type. Carotenoids have provitamin A action lactones, terpenoids and apocarotenoids are a few of many
and are known to help with cancer, inflammation, CVDs, volatile compounds that are found in the fruits (El Hadi
cataracts, and age-related vision problems, among other et al. 2013). There are various methods of profiling done
chronic degenerative disorders. Zeacarotene, carotene-5,6 to detect the volatile compounds but many are left unde-
epoxide, a dicarboxylic carotenoid, and crocetin have been tected as they are produced in trace amounts but the human
found in jackfruit kernels. According to current studies, olfactory response can still counter them. Among the dis-
all-trans-lutein, all-trans-carotene, all-transneoxanthin, covery made regarding VCs, the flavor property of its in
9-cis-neoxanthin, and 9-cis-vio-laxanthin are the main carot- fruit was discovered first (Maarse 2017). Volatile compounds
enoids found in jackfruit (Ranasinghe, Maduwanthi, and abundantly found in the fruit include 3-carene, hexanal,
Marapana 2019). Red pigment can be extracted from the trans-2-hexenal, cis-3-hexanol, limonene, α-terpinene and
rambutan peel, resulting in a bio-flavonoid complex with a α-terpineol (Swamy Mallappa 2020).
reasonably high purity and good bioactivity Guava has approximately 34 VCs that were identified
(Hernández-Hernández et al. 2019). Various species of from both mature and ripe guava (Pino, Gutierrez, and
Annona plant are known to produce pigments as their bio- Rosado 1990). A few years back a research study was con-
active phytochemicals (Bhardwaj et al. 2019). Major pig- ducted where the presence of the volatile compounds was
ments present in kiwi fruit include carotenoid and chlorophyll noted at the immature stage, mature and ripped stage by
and it is known that chloroplasts of this plant don’t get utilizing headspace technique with gas chromatography.
changed to chromoplasts, which is usual in the case of fruit Through this, it was found that at the immature stage and
ripening (McGhie and Ainge 2002). Some amount of carot- a time period before the onset of full maturation generally
enoid is also found in carambola (Khoo et al. 2011), there predominantly the aldehydes such as (E)-2-hexenal
Cyphomandra betacea (Ali Hassan and Abu Bakar 2013), and (Z)-3-hexenal whereas at the mature stage, esters like
Diospyros kaki (Direito et al. 2021) and Nephelium Z-3-hexenyl acetate and E-3-hexenyl acetate and sesquiter-
ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh (Putri et al. 2021), Solanum penes caryophyllene, α-humulene and β-bisabollene were
muricatum (Herraiz et al. 2016) give a unique color to the present (Soares et al. 2007). Various studies have been
fruit. Fruit extract of bay berry possesses a high amount of conducted to check what happens to VCs if guava is stored
anthocyanin (Zhang, Zhao, et al. 2015). Mangosteen (Rizaldy under high pressure or are oven-dried. It was found that
et al. 2021), Durio zibethinus (Saminathan and Doraiswamy fresh guava losses its volatile characteristic when dried
2020), Dimocarpus longan (Zhang et al. 2020), Passiflora (Nunes et al. 2016). In lychee few of the predominantly
edulis (He et al. 2020), Psidium Guajava (Kumar et al. 2021), found VCs in lychee are this Hexanoic acid, Octanoic acid,
Manilkara zapota (Pravin and Shashikant 2018) possess a Isobutyl alcohol, 1-Butanol, Ethyl octanoate, Ethyl deca-
good quantity of anthocyanins. noate, Citronellyl acetate, Citronellol Linalool, Geraniol
12 T. SARKAR ET AL.

cis-Rose oxid etc (Sun et al. 2021). In a study done on free distilled fraction from loquat fruit and this may be respon-
and glycosidically bound VCs, it was concluded that the sible for the fruity-floral flavor of the fruit (Shaw and
free one’s emitted fresh lychee like aroma whereas the Wilson 1982). In the durian, 108 volatile compounds were
bound ones were odorless (Chyau et al. 2003). Generally, extracted by dichloromethane and analyzed by GC-MS anal-
it is said that after fermentation, there is no effect or change ysis and are responsible for strong fruity smell (Jiang et al.
occurs in the volatile compounds. However, a study con- 1998). VCs are mostly present in the mesocarp of the per-
ducted on lychee wine after fermentation by Saccharomyces mission and are responsible for its characteristic aroma
upon addition of aromatic amino acid does not affect it (Horvat et al. 1991). There are VCs in longan known to
much but helped intensify the flavor and aroma of lychee heighten the antioxidant properties of the wine (Tandee,
(Chen, Chia, and Liu 2014). In BayBerry about 46 VCs are Kittiwachana, and Mahatheeranont 2021). The VCs are
found in bayberry upon fermenting the bayberry and com- extracted by the Headspace method and on analysis showed
paring different wines of it by Gas Chromatography and that different VCs helped in different things as some were
Mass Chromatography. In general terpenes, alcohol, ester, responsible for the antioxidant activity and some for-odor
aldehyde, ketones etc volatile compounds were extracted intensity (Janzantti et al. 2012). Pulasan is generally disre-
(Cao, Wu, and Weng 2020) A study was conducted to garded but on heating, it was found that most of the fatty
improve the quality of berry juice extracted from the fruit acid compounds changed into volatile compounds making
by analyzing the harmful effects of the heat treatment; raw it a nutritional snack (Hamid, Yahya, and See 2021). Aroma
materials addition and long storage time all this was mon- of the sapodilla fruits is due to VCs but are comparatively
itored by headspace solid-phase micro extraction coupled less in number than any other fruits (MacLeod and Gonzales
with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Xu et al. de Troconis 1982).Volatile aroma constituents of Pepino
2014). In Jackfruit with the help of solid-phase micro fruit were separated by simultaneous distillation and
extraction following gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass extraction (SDE). They were analyzed by gas chromatog-
spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) following volatile compounds raphy and mass spectrometry (Shiota et al. 1988). By
were extracted ethyl isovalerate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, liquid-liquid extraction of the jaboticaba fruit and analysis
1-butanol, propyl isovalerate, isobutyl isovalerate, by GC many VCs were isolated and they were alcohols,
2-methylbutanol, and butyl isovalerate (Ong et al. 2008). terpenes, etc. Mostly terpenes were responsible for the fla-
With the help of the adsorption quality of VOCs and the vor of the fruit (Plagemann et al. 2012).
present phosphorene sheet in it, we can easily detect and
estimate which jackfruit is of the best quality (Nagarajan,
Bhavadharani, and Chandiramouli 2020). A study came Alkaloids
suggesting after harvesting of the fruit approximately it
took 5 days to start the ripening process and following it Nitrogen-containing compounds are known as alkaloids. It
23 VCs were extracted by GS-MS in the same (Ong et al. has different types just because of the difference in the
2006). In Kiwi-fruit approx. 48 components were discovered position of nitrogen. It could be heterocyclic, non-heterocyclic
where 27 were unique to Kiwifruit only. This was isolated or simple. Mainly depending upon their biosynthetic path-
by vacuum distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography way they could be classified into terpenoid indole alkaloids,
(Takeoka et al. 1986). For Lutqua volatile compounds are benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids, and purine
generally found in trace amounts in most of the fruits and alkaloids (Swamy Mallappa 2020). Since it is a biological
have been responsible for the flavor and aroma of the fruits. compound, its presence is encountered in fruits also, approx-
A type of fruit has many VCs in it more than 30 that are imately more than 300 species of plant have this. Namely
easily detectable and there are many which lie undetected in families such as Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae,
even with the headspace or distillation method. The fresh and Amaryllidaceae these are found in abundance
fruit of Carambola had been found to have 126 compounds (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). Some of the tropical fruits
in total and approximately 72 were unique to carambola with bioactive compounds (alkaloids) are listed below.
(Frohlich and Schreier 1989). By HS-SPME-GC-MS meth- Fruit of Morus Alba belonging to the family Moraceae
odology in the fruit of Tree Tomato, there were many types contains nearly 17 pyrrole alkaloid compounds and are most
of volatile compounds and since it has a high content of of them were found to show inhibition to pancreatic lipase
vitamins, low calories and iron show medicinal properties activity (Kim et al. 2014). A polysaccharide and an alkaloid
(Armando A. Durant, Rodreguez, and Santana 2012). related to increased macrophage activity were isolated from
During analysis of slices of elephant apple, there were vol- M. alba L. fruit extracts. M. alba L. fruit water extracts
atile compounds discovered that might be causing antiox- primarily induced the production of pro-inflammatory sub-
idant properties in the fruit (Smrutimayee Mishra 2021). stances, in model organisms, via TLR4 in immune cells.
In the fruit of rambutan after going through GC/MS over Water extracts are effective in pathogen defence and tumor
100 volatile compounds were found and among them, 60 suppression by enhancing macrophage activity. Based on
had maximum odor activity (Ong, Acree, and Lavin 1998). our literature review on the bioactivity of M. alba L. fruit
In mangosteen fruit when fermented with five different extracts, particularly in relation to their immunity enhance-
stains 36 volatile compounds in it were found by Gas chro- ment activity, we anticipate that M. alba-derived pharma-
matography (Xiao et al. 2015). Eighteen volatile compounds ceuticals will have excellent potential in future medical
have been identified in a methylene chloride extract of a research (Chang, Koo, and Kim 2021).
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 13

From the fruit of the plant Daphniphyllaceae approxi- Terpenoids

mately 6 alkaloids were found by using the chemical trans-
formation method where two compounds were new (Toda Up until now, we have seen that fruits contain many
et al. 1974). The alkaloids derived from this is widely stud- anti-oxidant compounds that show medicinal properties
ied nowadays due to their unique biological pathway (Liang among them is Terpenoids. They are necessarily found in
et al. 2021). The following alkaloid was determined by using the form of monoterpenes (like limonene, carvone or car-
NDMR and mass spectroscopy both are spectroscopic anal- veol), diterpenes (including the retinoids), and tetraterpenes
yses. In green tomatoes, Glycoalkaloids are isolated some (which include all different carotenoids like α- and
of them are solanine, a-tomatine, and dehydrotomatine they β-carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthine and cryptoxanthine)
are very helpful as they protect the plant from any kind of (Wagner and Elmadfa 2003). Earlier terpenoids came into
fungal infection or bacteria attack (Kozukue et al. 2004). force to specify a name for the hydrocarbons occurring in
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline may appear in Turpentine (Dev 1989). These are secondary metabolite
tree-tomato and kiwi. Fruit-occurring tetrahydro-β-carboline found in plant however among all these has the most diverse
alkaloids acted as antioxidants and free radical scavengers function and structure (Kim et al. 2021) Bioinformatics tools
in the ABTS assay when compared with ascorbic acid and have been very helpful in the advancement or making the
Trolox. This suggests that tetrahydro-β-carboline alkaloids process of synthesis of terpenoids easy and flexible and
might act as antioxidants when absorbed and accumulated available to all (Zwenger and Basu 2008). In the fruits of
in the body, contributing to the antioxidant effect of fruit a tropical plant, Aphanamixis grandifolia with the combina-
products containing these compounds (Kozukue et al. 2004). tion of a bunch of methods that would be Single-crystal
In Kiwi-fruit alkaloids are found in roots and shows anti- X-ray diffraction studies, the Mosher ester method,
tumor, antioxidant, antiviral, detoxifying, antidiuretic, Mo2(OAc)4-induced electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data
anti-hepatitis and hemostatic activities (Olatunde Yycl and approximately 12 known and 5 unknown compounds were
Jianping 2019). Fruit of Carambola were reported to have isolated (Zhang et al. 2013). From the fruits of Vitex trifolia
two new types of alkaloids, that is, tetrahydroisoquinoline L. seven diterpenoids along with 2 new were isolated with
having antioxidant properties (Yang et al. 2014). The Tree the help of an extensive spectroscopic method (Wu et al.
Tomato has tropane alkaloids in it mostly found in most 2009). In passion fruit through a biological pathway, a vol-
of the solanaceous family (Bohs 1989). The bark of the atile terpenoid is formed via the precursor, that is, nonvol-
elephant apple is blessed with antioxidant activities which atile and is glycosidic. And was isolated by the method of
are due to the presence of phenolic compounds like alkaloids distillation extraction or capillary method (Wu et al. 2009).
in its bark (Pandey, Singh, et al. 2018). In the seed, pulp Plant antioxidants are composed of a broad variety of dif-
and rind of rambutan alkaloids were found using the grav- ferent substances like ascorbic acid and tocopherols, poly-
imetric method proving its consumption helps in maintain- phenolic compounds, or terpenoids. They perform several
ing a good lifestyle (Fila et al. 2012). Many of the phenolic important functions in plants and humans (e.g. carotenoids
content heightens the anti-oxidant properties of Bayberry function as accessory pigments for light-harvesting and pro-
and one of them is alkaloids and phytic acids (Bhatt, Rawat, vide photoprotection and pigmentation in plants).
and Rawal 2020). During metabolite profiling of the ger- Monoterpenes and diterpenes, which are the main compo-
minating seed of mangosteen, alkaloids were found and held nents of essential oils, act as allelopathic agents, attractants
responsible for carbon utilization, seed protection and the in plant–plant or plant–pathogen/herbivore interactions or
middle germination period was increased (Mazlan et al. repellents (Singh and Sharma 2015). A study upon mango
2019). There were 33 alkaloids in the leaves, roots and extracts showed that biosynthesis of Terpenoids was made
flowers of the loquat and are all contributing to as medicinal easy by utilizing co-factors such as Fe, Mn, Mg ions
ingredients of the fruit (Yunsheng Wang 2021). In silver (Vithana, Singh, and Johnson 2018). Flower of Kiwi-fruit
berry, a unique type of alkaloid is found, that is, has two volatile terpenes as of now discovered it showed
beta-carboline (Slywka and Locock 1969). In the durian, that the both terpenes were responsible for major floral
the bark had alkaloids that had anti-diabetic activity sesquiterpene volatiles observed in both male and female
(Romatua Aruan et al. 2019). The leaves of the permission (Nieuwenhuizen et al. 2009). In the leaves of Carambola
fruit have alkaloids that are responsible for its antimicrobial there are traces of Terpenoids which further is helps in
activities of it (Ji et al. 2006). The longan fruits by-product anti-ulcer activities (Pal et al. 2019). In species of tree
are alkaloids and polyphenols widely known to have anti- tomato mostly there are non-terpenoid alcoholic compounds
oxidant activities, nitrite scavenging activities in simulated in its fruits and are present in a good amount (Wong and
gastric fluid and anti-hyperglycemic activities in vitro (Tang, Wong 1997). The anti-leukemiatic potential of leaves, bark,
He, et al. 2019). Seed of Pulasan contain alkaloids and and fruit of elephant apple is due to flavonoids and ter-
steroids and shows antioxidant properties (Hairunisa et al. penoids (Khan 2017). When the phytochemical analysis was
2021). The fruit juice of pepino has alkaloids and has anti- done of 70% of rambutan seeds had terpenoids as their
ulcer activity (Nyi Mekar Saptarini 2011). The fruit of sap- major component due to which they have the lowest cyto-
odilla has alkaloids and no saponin and inhibits the growth toxic activity (Soeng et al. 2015). Bayberry shows anti-oxidant
of salmonella typhi (Nyi Mekar Saptarini 2011). Alkaloids properties as analyzed by genome sequencing of it and when
extracted from tropical fruits hold many antioxidants and sis the homology of genes terpenoids were one of the con-
medicinal properties. stituents responsible for the same (Ren et al. 2019). The
14 T. SARKAR ET AL.

fruit of mangosteen has terpenoids in the outer part of it, well as absorb the free radicals present (Amudha). Carambola
pericarp along with the yellow latex of stem bark (Dorly, is a wild native fruit grown in the Asian subregion specially
Tjitrosemito, and Poerwanto 2008). Cell suspension of loquat India which shows a phenolic content related antioxidant
has pentacyclic terpenoids in a great number and is a pos- capacity (R2 = 0.960 positive correlation) (Sharma, Handique,
sible candidate for pharmaceutical value (Liu et al. 2016). and Devi 2015). The carambola fruit has been isolated and
Leaves of permission have terpenoids and flavonoids that crude extracted to produce sterols and flavone glycosides,
contribute to the treatment of ischemia stroke, angina, inter- whose antioxidant capacity is measured using the DPPH,
nal hemorrhage, hypertension, atherosclerosis and some FRAP assays. It has ethyl acetate and n butanol which show
infectious diseases, and so on (Xie et al. 2015) Peel of lon- a great result with IC50 values being 90.92 and 124.48 µg/
gan has terpenoids which has anti-cancerous and mL, respectively. FRAP showed an ascorbic acid equivalent
anti-bacterial properties against prostate cancer (He et al. of 135.64 and 125.12 as well as a positive correlation with
2016). The growth and maturation of jabuticaba are done phenol and flavonoid content (Cabrini et al. 2011). Tree
with the help of terpenoid compounds (Fortes et al. 2011). tomato has a high Vitamin C content occurring in the range
The predominant aroma volatiles is 3-methyl-3-butenyl ace- of 25–30 mg/100g FW. Vitamin C is a water-soluble, oxygen
tate and 3-methyl-2-butenyl acetate from the terpenoid path- scavenging, reducing agent. The total oxygen scavenging
way in pepino (Contreras et al. 2019). In sapodilla fruit capacity of tree tomato is multi-fold due to the additional
extractant has terpenoid which shows antibacterial properties presence of anthocyanins in it (Mutalib et al. 2017). The
(Idrus et al. 2019). Terpenoids whenever associated with water and ethanol extract of tree tomato has high antioxi-
any fruits have shown a medicinal property. dant, scavenging, phenolic and ferric reducing capability
Researchers have explored the bioactive potential of the with flavonoid concentrations as well. These studies showed
MTFs with the aid of different conventional and novel a positive correlation between the properties and the chem-
extraction techniques with the different solvent systems, ical constituency (Atiqah, Maisarah, and Asmah 2014).
further, the bioactives are quantified with various chromato- Elephant apple is a fruit found in the northeastern regions
graphic techniques. Though limited evidence is available for of India, with rich nutrient properties and uses as an anti-
the application of different emerging extraction techniques microbial, antimutagenic and antioxidant activity (Nayak,
(e.g. ultrasound, microwave, supercritical, pressurized liquid Rayaguru, and Mishra 2016). It has proanthocyanidin with
assisted methods) and novel solvent (e.g. deep eutectic sol- bioactive traits, assays proved its capability to be antioxidant
vents) on the bioactive exploration of MTFs. Limited studies with high values of oxygen scavenging and FRAP (Fu et al.
are available on the phytochemical potential of the waste 2015). The epicarp of Rambutan has an antioxidant effect
part (peel, seeds and non-edible portions) of the MTFs. due to the radical scavenging capacity of phenolic com-
pounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins
(Chingsuwanrote et al. 2016). Phenols are antioxidants due
Health benefits and medicinal properties of minor to the redox potentials and can adsorb as well as neutralize
tropical fruits of Indian subcontinents the adsorbed nutrients like singlet, triplet oxygen or even
Maybe due to the presence of the beneficial bioactive com- peroxide decomposition. The DPPH oxygen scavenging
pounds the minor tropical fruits exhibit immense health activity was linearly correlated with the increasing concen-
benefits (Figure 2). tration of the extract of the fruit (Nethaji et al. 2015).
Bayberry has many different cultivars out of which five were
studied by and revealed the presence of anthocyanin, fla-
Anti-oxidants vonols like quercetin and myricetin, phenols like gallic acid
and protocatechuic acid, other phenolic acids like vanillic,
Kiwifruit is rich in Vitamin C, which is the primary cellular caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid. There
antioxidant and cytoprotector. Compounds like polyphenols was a positive relationship between the antioxidant activity
which are electron-donating in nature, aromatic in structure and total phenolic, anthocyanins content (Zhou et al. 2009).
cause the antioxidant nature and can be assayed through Its main organic acid is Citric acid positive correlated with
FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) (Hunter et al. the assays (Zhang, Zhao, et al. 2015). Results revealed sig-
2011). It has bioactive compounds like tannins, flavonols nificant variation in total phenolic and flavonoid contents
and polyphenols that have radical degradation and scaveng- across populations (Rawat et al. 2011). Mangosteen can
ing abilities (Kim et al. 2020; Hunter et al. 2011). Researchers control oxidative reactions under in-vitro conditions and
studied that consumption of kiwifruit juice has the scav- comparability with commercially present antioxidants. The
enging capability for reactive oxygen species in human oligomeric proanthocyanins are excellent scavengers of reac-
plasma and a larger serving linearly correlated with increased tive oxygen with high ORAC values (Suttirak and
plasma antioxidant capability, accompanied with the fact Manurakchinakorn 2014). Experiments have shown that
that kiwi fruit can prevent oxidative stress, Lutqua also has extracts of mangosteen have antioxidant characteristics. The
antioxidant properties due to the presence of natural com- pericarp is a source of xanthones and other bioactive sub-
pounds like ascorbic acid, curcumin, mannitol, gallic acid, stances (Pedraza-Chaverri et al. 2008). The biological activ-
and lipoic acid. This activity can be most favorably be ities of the purified compounds from various parts of Bhawa
assayed by the DPPH method (Goyal, Middha, and Usha have shown antioxidant properties. The
2020).The phenols present in lutqua help to neutralize as β-carotene-linoleate-model system showed antioxidant
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 15

Figure 2. Health benefits of minor tropical fruits.

activity, respectively, however, at lower concentrations, the and antioxidant properties in vitro by protecting human
radical scavenging activity was measured through the DPPH keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) against UVA damage, good pro-
method (Negi, Jayaprakasha, and Jena 2010). Loquats have tection against oxidative stress, free radicals, and could be
various phenolic compounds identified in the pulp and peel a good candidate for treating oxidative stress-related diseases
of the fruit, antioxidant activity being tested by DPPH, (Sobeh et al. 2018). The peels, seeds and leaves of the pulsan
FRAP and ABTS assays. The peel is a better antioxidant in have antioxidant nature, positively depicted by DPPH assay
nature and co-related with the high phenolic content (Zhang, with the ethanol extract of leaves having the highest anti-
Zhao, et al. 2015). Silver berry has phytochemicals that are oxidant activity with the value 20.99 µg/mL (very strong
antioxidant with high concentrations of polyphenolic con- antioxidant), indicating its potential as a source of natural
tents, sugars, and vitamin C, as well as linoleic acids. It antioxidants (Hairunisa et al. 2021). Indian gooseberry
showed antioxidant nature with better scavenging ability as extracts showed 86.4% antioxidant activities when evaluated
compared to ascorbic acid at lower as well as higher con- by the β-carotene bleaching method (Mayachiew and
centration as well as its ethanol extract showing high super- Devahastin 2008). Its actions are a result of its high ascorbic
oxide dismutase like activity (Shin, Hong, and Yoon 2008). acid content, which acts as a redox buffer reducing and
Durian is an exotic fruit of south-eastern Asia with studied neutralizing reactive oxygen species (Goel and Agarwal
antioxidant activities as well as displayed antioxidant activ- 2020). Guava fruit extracts have high amounts of antioxi-
ities against undifferentiated U937 monocyte like cells dants with non-peeled fruits having higher total phenol and
induced by hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress. It had a ascorbic acid content testes successfully by DPPH and FRAP
suppressive effect on reactive oxygen species formation assays (Lim and Tee 2006). In lychee, the presence of com-
(Shin, Hong, and Yoon 2008). The leaves and extracts of pounds like phenols flavonoids and condensed tannins con-
persimmon are antioxidants with the individual steps of the tribute to the antioxidant nature of lychee estimated with
process affecting the final product (Martínez-Las Heras et al. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and (DPPH)
2014). Methods such as beta carotene bleaching method, radical-scavenging assay (Liu et al. 2009). Annona cherimola
superoxide anion radicals by methanol extract, DPPH radical is an exotic fruit from the Andean highlands in western
scavenging confirm the antioxidant capacity of natural South America. The fruit skin, flesh and juice have antiox-
source persimmon fruits (Sakanaka, Tachibana, and Okada idant capacity confirmed using the oxygen radical absor-
2005). The extracts of Longan were studied under DPPH bance capacity (ORAC) assay, HT-29 (colon cancer) cell line
radical scavenging methods, hydroxyl assays and reducing antioxidant uptake in presence of Annona juice (Gupta-Elera
power and showed superior results in the study as compared et al. 2011). Organic extracts from its pulp have powerful
to synthetic antioxidants (Pan et al. 2008). The logan peri- antioxidant and ferric reducing power activities as well as
carp also showed reducing activity (Huang et al. 2012). a great decrease in lipid peroxidation and cytoprotective
Water apple was studied for its antioxidant activity using effects against strong oxidants (Barreca et al. 2011). Pitaya
β-carotene bleaching and the ABTS radical cation assay peel is rich in betalains, a phenolic compound with anti-
resulting in high percentage assays and high antioxidant oxidant activity (Mello et al. 2014). Sapodilla pulp and peel
activity, positively correlated with the bleaching assay. Its has antioxidant activity (Woo et al. 2013), evaluated anti-
leaf extract shows various other pharmacological properties oxidant capacity using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
16 T. SARKAR ET AL.

(FRAP) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays anticarcinogenic potential in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 can-
(Murnisyazwani and Rabeta 2019). Pepinos either ripe or cer cell line. They concluded that guava pulp extracts atten-
unripe have antioxidant activity and are abundant in phe- uate the cell viability of cancer cell lines, causing a reduction
nols, flavonoid content. The antioxidant potency is being in cell count at G1 phase of the cell cycle and increased
positively investigated by (DPPH), ABTS, hydroxyl radical apoptosis (Correa et al. 2020). Sapota exhibits anticancer
scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and properties due to the presence of phenolic compounds.
lipid peroxidation tests (Sudha et al. 2012). The antioxidant Methyol 4-o-galloylchlorogenate extracted from sapota plant
capacity of Jaboticaba is studied in vitro and in vivo models. is used for examination of cytotoxicity of human colon
Phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, flavonoids and cancer cells (Alrashood et al. 2020). Methanolic extract of
antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and ORAC sapota fruit has the potential of inducing apoptosis in B
assays) (Lenquiste et al. 2015). The jackfruit seed extracts cell leukemia NALM6 and mylogenous leukemia K562 cells
show the percentage inhibition of DPPH radicals (Jagtap (Srivastava et al. 2015). Kiwifruit is highly efficient against
et al. 2011). It is an underutilized edible fruit in the tropics carcinogens. It works against cancer by becoming a cytotoxic
and subtropics with phenolic and flavonoid contents and element for various cancer cells (Lippi and Mattiuzzi 2020).
antioxidant properties (Gupta et al. 2011). Kiwi has a high quantity of dietary fiber. These fibers help
in reducing the occurrence of colon cancer. They contain
various antimutagenic components which help in the pre-
Anti-cancer vention of mutations in genes that in future can initiate the
process of cancer (He et al. 2019). Kiwi fruit has catechin,
The presence of various phytocompounds like minerals,
this compound is responsible for the reduction of toxicity
caretoinds, oils, nutrients, fibers, polyphenols in subtropical
present in anti-cancerous agents. They do this process by
fruits helps in providing various health properties especially
narrowing the proliferation of bone marrow. A phytochem-
when we talk about cancer. Cancer is one of the most abun-
ical named lutein which is present in the fruit pulp of kiwi
dant and dangerous diseases found in the human race.
helps in attenuating the effect of prostate cancer (el Azab
Scientists are working on various domains and finding dif-
and Mostafa 2021). Loquat is highly recommended for anti-
ferent ways to conquer this disease (Pereira-Netto 2018,
cancerous activities against various cancer. Loquat leaves
Kumoro, Alhanif, and Wardhani 2020). Fruit Components
show cytotoxic effects against triple-negative breast cancer
specially having polymethoxyflavones are identified to play
cell lines, lung carcinoma and cervical cancer (Kang et al.
an important role in the treatment of cancer disease (Li
2006). Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid derived from loquat
et al. 2009). Researchers found that citrus limonoids which
leaves suppress the proliferation of human lymphoid can-
include limonin oxime, obacunone glucoside, limonin, nom-
ilinic acid glucoside have antiproliferative potential against cerous cells (Liu, Du, and Yu 2019). Procyanidin oligomers
breast cancer line MCF-7. Similarly, there are numerous present loquat demonstrates cytotoxic effects against
more phytocompounds present in different plants which MDA-MB-231 cells line (You et al. 2016). Hydrophilic loquat
exhibit anti-cancer properties (Cirmi et al. 2017, Gyawali extracts show anticancer properties against meth-A-fibro-
and Kim 2014). sarcoma cells through immunomodulation activity (Alshaker
Emblic is also known as Indian gooseberry and show et al. 2011). Apart from this, loquat seed extract shows
various medicinal properties. Aqueous extract of emblic is anti-cancerous effects via inhibition of several migratory
used in the various treatment of cancer as its extract has cancerous cells of the human breast (Kim and Shin 2009).
the potential of inhibiting the growth of various carcinomas Research theories revealed that carambola (star fruit) was
specially for lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma studied for biotransformation of dihydro-epi-deoxyartean-
(Bhattacharya et al. 2007). niun B. 3-α-hydroxydihydro-epideoxyarteannuin mixed with
Passion fruit has a high content of bioactive compounds. this 7α-hydroxy-dihydro-epideoxyarteannuin B in cell cul-
Ballesteros-vivas investigated the antiproliferative activity of tures was used on cancerous cell lines. The result demon-
passion fruit against colon cancer cell line HT-29. They strates that Carambola cells have the capacity for reducing
showed the potential of passion fruit in blocking HT-29 the proliferation power of various cells lines like HeLa cells.
cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. This was accomplished They inhibit the effects of tumor cells and the inhibitory
by inactivating the cancer cell signaling pathway named concentration of 3-α-hydroxydihydro-epideoxyarteannuin
FAT10 (Ballesteros-Vivas et al. 2020). Another bioactive and 7α-hydroxy-dihydro-epideoxyarteannuin B was
compound chrysin was analyzed as attenuates the expression 59.29 ± 0.99 µmol/mL and 40.63 ± 1.45 µmol/mL respectively
of nuclear factor-kB, cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear antigen (Xingyi Li 2012). Elephant apple extract contains botulinic
which results in regression of cancer cell growth (Kasala acid which inhibits the growth K562 tumor cells and shows
et al. 2016). Guava has a very important anticarcinogenic the inhibitory concentration of 1C50 6.25 μg/ml. This acid
property. Many researchers did various analyses on guava results in the death of cancerous cells via induction of apop-
extracts and concluded that quercetin glycosides and gua- tosis. This fruit is already used on various cancer cell lines
vinosides have the potential to inhibit the cell proliferation like HL60, U937, and K562. They show cytotoxic activities
of various carcinoma like breast carcinoma, gastric carci- against tumor cells and inhibit their growth. The fruit ele-
noma and lung carcinoma (Feng et al. 2015). The researcher phant apple show anti-leukemic activity and it contain a
also worked on guava pulp and demonstrated the compound known as dimethylbenzene(α)anthracene (DMBA)
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 17

which inhibit the growth of melanoma cells (Boparai et al. activities against several cancer cell line with an inhibition
2016; Barua, Yasmin, and Buragohain 2018). Pitaya peel has percentage of 40%, concertation of 40 mg/l (Meng et al.
antiproliferative activity against tumor cells which help in 2014). The extracts of Water apple is used against breast
the inhibition of tumor growth (Guimarães et al. 2017). cancer cell line, colon cancer cell lines, lung cancer cell
Pitaya peels also demonstrate cytotoxic activity against var- lines and liver cancer cell lines. The methanolic leaf extract
ious cancer cells like B cap-37, PC3 and human gastric has the potential for reducing the functionality of
cancer cell line (Luo et al. 2014). The fruit pulp extract of microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3. It also reduces
pitaya is effective against Breast cancer. They decreased the the expression of beclin telomerase and inhibits the antia-
proliferation potential of breast cancer cells and induces poptotic gene expressions (Mahomoodally et al. 2020).
apoptosis (Wu et al. 2006). The various kind of passion Annona is well-known source for antitumor activity and
fruit extracts is examined for anticancerous potential. These cytotoxic compounds. The Annona seeds contain annomolin
extracts are highly cytotoxic specially against HepG2, and annocherimolin. These two compounds are responsible
ADR5000, CCRF-CEM and HCT116 cancer cell lines for inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. This was examined
(Ramírez et al. 2017). Studies revealed that ethanolic extract in breast cancer and prostate cancer (Arun Jyothi et al.
contains polysaccharides which are responsible for inhibiting 2011). The seed extract of jaboticaba is used for inhibiting
the functioning of matrix-metalloprotease (MMP-2) (Puricelli the growth of oral carcinoma. The seed extract contains
et al. 2003). Yellow passion fruit shows a high inhibition some phenolic compounds which help in reducing the pro-
rate thereby increasing the life span. Oral administration of gression of cancer cells. Gallic acid present in jaboticaba
passion fruit extracts inhibits the growth of sarcoma cells fruit show anti-cancer activity. This was examined in pros-
(He et al. 2020). Rambutan is a tropical fruit that is majorly trate and breast cancer cell lines (Wang, Qu, et al. 2014).
cultivated in the southeast part of India. The anticancer
activity is examined in methanol extract of rambutan fruit
for breast cancer cell lines, HeLa cells and ostecarcoma Anti-diabetic
cancer cells. The results were effective as they inhibited the
Several tropical fruits have been used as traditional medicine
growth and activity of cancer cells. The seeds and pericarp
for the treatment of the chronic metabolic disorder, diabetes,
of rambutan also show their activity toward cancer cells by
correctly justified by the presence of antidiabetic bioactive
using DPPH and ABTS radical methods. Studies revealed
compounds (Beidokhti and Jäger 2017).
that methanol extract can be used for drug delivery systems
Kiwi fruit has the potential to inhibit the action of alpha
(Perumal et al. 2021; Khaizil, Nik, and Mohd 2017). The
amylase which breaks starch into glucose, describing its
pericarp and stem of mangosteen contain α-Mangostin
antidiabetic role (Patel, Padse, and Ingole 2015). This fruit
which induces the cell death of D-17 osteosarcoma cells can be consumed by patients suffering from type 2 diabetes
and carcinoma cell lines (Krajarng et al. 2012). Studies mellitus because of its favorable low glycemic index (Satpal
revealed that α-Mangostin also induces cell death through et al. 2021). The lutqua leaf has hypoglycemic effect as
caspase-independent apoptosis by releasing endonuclease G observed in diabetic rats (induced by alloxan) and reduced
from mitochondria (Aisha et al. 2012). It also shows cyto- the levels up to 50.06% and was comparable with the syn-
toxic effects against several cancer cell lines. They also cause thetic drug metfromin (Goyal, Middha, and Usha 2020).
cell death of the breast cancer cell line via apoptosis. It also The hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of carambola was exam-
decreases the growth of cancer cells and inhibits their fur- ined on rats and showed a significant decrease in the levels
ther proliferation (Johnson et al. 2012). In vivo experiments of fasting glucose (Ferreira et al. 2008). The flavonoid gly-
were examined by using the leaf extract of silver berry, as cosides act as insulin signaling inhibitors and were identified
a result, the extract showed potential for inhibiting the to be potential generators of hypoglycemic effect in hyper-
growth of the human hepatoma Hepg2 cell line. This was glycemic rats, they can reduce the glycogen content with
in a dose-dependent manner. They were also used for sup- insulin mimicking activity (Cazarolli et al. 2012). Its hypo-
pressing the H22 hepatoma cells. Methanol extract of silver glycemic effect can be attributed to its high fiber level and
berry has the potential for improving the pathological obser- other phytocompounds (Lakmal et al. 2021). Tree tomato
vation of tumor tissue (Tehranizadeh, Baratian, and is rich in phenolic compounds specially chlorogenic acid
Hosseinzadeh 2016). The peel extract of Durian fruit is used and shows the health benefit like antidiabetic activities with
for inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. Durian fruits con- a reduction in blood glucose levels (Diep, Rush, and Yoo
tain polyphenols which are responsible for inhibiting the 2020). Tamarillo is also rich in flavonoids with efficient
proliferative function of the cancer cell. They also help in antidiabetic properties. Tree tomato can reduce blood glu-
protecting nitic-oxide in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line cose levels in rats with intraperitoneal alloxan-induced dia-
(Jayakumar and Kanthimathi 2011, Aziz and Mhd Jalil 2019). betes with favorable results of tree tomato as an anti
Logan fruit pulp contains LPS1 polysaccharide which is hyperglycemic (Yuliani 2018). This fruit was studied in the
responsible for lowering the growth of hepatoma cancer diabetic Wistar rats induced by the drug streptozocin and
cells. It shows positive effects against it by using a nicotinamide, a significant reduction in blood glucose levels
dose-dependent manner. This happens due to the immuno- was observed with potential increased secretion of insulin
modulatory effect of (1→6)-α-d-glucan (Zhu et al. 2013). from the cells of islet of Langerhans as well as regeneration
Another polysaccharide named LP1, show high antitumor of cells (Talukdar et al. 2012). Rambutan fruits also show
18 T. SARKAR ET AL.

a high level of in vivo and in vitro antiglycation activities, et al. 2012). Peel and seeds of passion fruit can reduce
streptozotocin-induced diabetes in a mouse model was taken oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes (Kawasoe
and the rambutan phenolic peel extract helped reduce the et al. 2021). Its leaf extract has protective activity against
fasting blood glucose levels as well as serum levels. The free radicals, low pro-oxidant nature with inhibition of alpha
activity of enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathi- glycosidase and alpha-amylase, aldol reductase (Palanisamy
one peroxidase was also increased (Ma et al. 2017). Its and Manaharan 2013). This fruit is rich in gallic acid, ellagic
extract can regenerate functional pancreatic beta cells as acid and corilagin which have antidiabetic effects through
well as inhibit carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes like their antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. It
alpha-glucosidase and amylase (Palanisamy et al. 2011). It can prevent and even prevent hyperglycemia, cardiac com-
has phenols or volatile constituents that lower glucose levels plications (D’souza et al. 2014). Guava is phenol rich which
(Akhtar, Ismail, and Shaari 2017). contributes to its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic
Bay berry has Compounds like polyphenols, flavonols activities (Díaz-de-Cerio et al. 2016). The polyphenols from
and proanthocyanidins. It can reduce fasting glucose levels, guava peel and pulp, seeds were extracted and compared to
increase glucose tolerance levels and insulin sensitivity in the control group of diabetic mice suggesting the addition
diabetic mice as well as decreased levels of leptin, glucagon of 200–250 mg/kg of polyphenol extracts as a substitute to
amd triglycerides which highlighted it potential use as an the synthetic antidiabetic drugs (Shabbir et al. 2020). Lychee
antidiabetic approach (Liu et al. 2020). Bayberry cultivars fruit has oligonol which can aid in the health improvement
with high C-3-Glu and Q-3-Glys have great usage as poten- of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and improved pan-
tial antihyperglycemics (Zhang, Zhao, et al. 2015). The creatic damage (Park and Lee 2018). Oligonol can reduce
extracts of bayberry leaves can inhibit alpha amylase by glucose and insulin levels with a decreased amount of fat
interacting with amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan by content (Liu et al. 2020). The leaves of Annona have anti-
forming hydrogen and Vander wall bonds (Wang et al. diabetic properties, its graded doses were given to strepto-
2020). Mangosteen pericarp has xanthone compounds that zotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats which revealed
recognize and restore the damaged pancreatic beta cells for a lower plasma glucose level, serum level (Shirwaikar et al.
optimum insulin release. Nano sponges loaded with these 2004). It can increase the activity of plasma insulin and
compounds were used as an antidiabetic therapeutic with control diabetes complications (Kaleem et al. 2006). It has
high inhibition of alpha-glucosidase (Usman et al. 2021). a high phenolic content and can be used for the manage-
The ethanolic extracts of this fruit can lower high blood ment of diabetes promisingly (Adefegha, Oyeleye, and Oboh
glucose sugar in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (Karim 2015). Pitaya extracts are useful for curing aortic stiffness
and Tangpong 2018). The leaf extract of bhawa have bio- in STZ induced diabetic rats (Joshi and Prabhakar 2020).
active compounds that can inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme It can retain insulin longer due to the presence of cAMP
with xanthone derivatives and promotion of glucose con- phosphodiesterase (Prabhakar and Doble 2011). Phyto com-
sumption by 3T3-L1 cells (Phukhatmuen et al. 2020). The pounds obtained from it can reduce blood sugar levels. Ajie
hexane extract of loquat has high alpha-amylase inhibition et al. have mentioned flavonoid content mediating hypogly-
activity (Mogole, Omwoyo, and Mtunzi 2020). Phytocompound cemic action. Thus, proving that pitaya consumption can
sesquiterpene has been isolated from dried loquat leaves keep control of diabetes in patients (Joshi and Prabhakar
which might have hypoglycemic activity comparable to syn- 2020). The seeds, leaves and roots of sapodilla have hypo-
thetic drug metformin but acting on different metabolic glycemic activity because of the presence of saponins (Bano
pathways (Wahjudi et al. 2011). Silver berry fruit is rich in and Ahmed 2017). Male Wistar rats showed lower levels of
flavonols and ellagitannins with anti-glycation and enzyme glycemia and insulin through the consumption of sapodilla
inhibition capability (like aldol reductase). Its bioactive com- (Barbalho et al. 2015). Pepino fruit has an inhibitory effect
pounds can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes as well as on the enzyme’s alpha glycosidase and alpha-amylase with
obesity (Spínola et al. 2019). The extracts of leaf of durian significant antidiabetic activity on animals at 500 mg/kg dose
have flavonoids and steroids with a role in the prevention (Orhan et al. 2014). Jaboticaba’s polyphenol extract has
of diabetes (Aruan et al. 2019). Alloxan induced diabetic alpha-glucosidase inhibition with better results than acarbose
rats showed a significant decrease in the level of blood (Lin et al. 2019). It modulates the insulin signal and gly-
glucose by eating durian fruit (Muhtadi, Primarianti, and cogen inhibition with glycogen synthase kinase (Benvenutti,
Sujono 2015). The studies suggest that the presence of poly- Zielinski, and Ferreira 2021). Jackfruit extract has prenyl-
phenols in durian are responsible for its antidiabetic prop- flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and glycosides (BaoMei
erties (Chigurupati 2021). Streptozotocin-induced diabetic et al. 2019). These phytocompounds can reduce blood sugar
rats showed the influence of the phytochemicals from per- levels and be successful in alloxan-induced diabetic rats as
simmon. It has dietary fibers that reduce lipoproteins and well as Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and were com-
antioxidants with antidiabetic properties (Lee, Chung, and parable to metformin (Asmaliani and Iwo 2016).
Lee 2006). Longan fruit has a hypoglycemic effect which
can inhibit alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase activi-
ties. It has phenolic compounds like gallic and ellagic acid Anti-microbial
(Li et al. 2016). Alloxan induced diabetes in male Wistar
rats were treated with passion fruit leaf extract and showed Subtropical plants like mango, pomegranate, pineapple,
improved glycaemic control and reduce glycation (de Souza papaya, banana, tomato etc are examined to check their
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 19

anti-microbial potential. Researchers studied numerous fac- and gram-negative bacteria. The best anti-bacterial result
tors and colluded various results which prove that subtrop- was against E. Coli. The researcher took 7 fractions of
ical plants have high anti-microbial potential and can be extract and out of 7, only F fraction was not showing any
used against bacteria, microbes and fungi. Methanolic and effect against E. coli. Apart from this, fraction G and frac-
chloroform extracts of guava leaves show antimicrobial activ- tion D demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity
ities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp., Escherichia (Bhagyasri et al. 2017). The bark extract of elephant apple
coli and Staphylococcus aureus. They attenuate the amount was also used to demonstrate antimicrobial properties.
of cough as methanolic extract show anti-cough activity. N-hexane was mixed with bark extract and Dichlomethane
They also suppress the growth of bacteria. Flavonoids like which results in inhibition of microbial growth and as a
terpinene and pinene are present in the aqueous extract of result majority of the bacterial population couldn’t grow
guava leaves help in suppressing the growth of pathogenic further (Boparai et al. 2016b). The study revealed that pitaya
bacteria and are used in cough sirup medicines (Yahaya peel has methanol which act against bacterial strains. The
et al. 2019). Alcohol fruit extract of guava show antimicro- methanol extract from white flesh pitaya and red flesh pitaya
bial activities against Enteroaggregative E coli, Klebsiella, has antimicrobial potential against S. aureus, S. typhi,
Enterococcus faecalis and S. aureus. The fruit extract was Klebsiella sp., P. aureus and Staphylococcus. The methanolic
mixed with 250 ml of 99% methanol (Kabir et al. 2017). extract from white pitaya is not much effective against sup-
Researchers prepared lychee seed extract by using HCl and pressing the growth of bacteria while the extract is taken
NaCl and was used to determine the inhibitory effect against from red pitaya show a wide range of inhibition. The inhi-
pathogenic bacteria. The seed extract contains a higher bition zones produced by red pitaya are effective and show
amount of protein content (Bhat and Al-Daihan 2014). Litchi high antimicrobial activity. Studies also revealed that pitaya
seed extract also shows antimicrobial effects against B. sub- extract can be used in various antimicrobial drugs as they
stiles, P. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aureus. developed frontline antimicrobial response in the human
The seed extract suppresses the growth of bacterial strain body (Luu et al. 2021, Khalili, Abdullah, and Manaf 2012).
and also help in curing the harmful effects caused by these The pulp of passion fruit contains antibacterial, antiviral
pathogenic bacteria (Zhao et al. 2020). Jackfruit leaf extract and antifungal properties. The peptide named 2S albumins
has been reported for demonstrating antimicrobial activities present in passion fruit seeds show antifungal properties
against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They also against Fusarium oxysporum, Candida parapsilosis, Aspergillus
show inhibitory effects against many fungi molds. Cell via- fumigatus and Trichoderma harzianum (Janzantti et al. 2012,
bility assay, MTT assay, hemolysis assay and agar well disk Ribeiro et al. 2012). The methanol present in the epicarp
diffusion assays were used for the investigation of antimi- of passion fruit has inhibitory effects against gram positive
crobial activity of jackfruit (Zhou et al. 2020). The ripe part and gram-negative bacteria. They help in inhibiting the
of jackfruit is used in treating cough caused by rhino virus growth of bacteria and in some cases, they kill them. The
and in other bacterial diseases. The powder of jackfruit’s inhibitory concentration ranges from 128 to 1024 μg/ml.
seed is used in antifungal creams (Vázquez-González, This is due to the presence of bioactive compounds like
Ragazzo-Sánchez, and Calderón-Santoyo 2020). Many sterols, triterpenes and polyphenols in methanol extract
researchers also reported that leave extract and seed extract (Dzotam, Touani, and Kuete 2015, Pereira et al. 2019). Many
of jackfruit is used as an alternative to antibiotics against studies have been carried out for validating the antimicrobial
many pathogenic bacteria (Eve et al. 2020). Kiwi fruit show potential of Rambutan. Studies revealed that methanol and
antimicrobial activity against S.aurues and L. monocytogenes. chloroform extract of rambutan peel extract is highly effec-
The flesh polyphenols and peel of kiwifruit help in the tive against several microbial strains like Salmonella typhi,
inhibition of microbial growth. The concentration of peel Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and
was at 100 μg/mL − 13.7 ± 0.4 mm. Researchers found that Staphylococcus aureus (Thitilertdecha, Teerawutgulrag, and
gram positive bacteria were more inhibited by kiwi fruit in Rakariyatham 2008). These extracts are not highly affected
comparison to gram negative bacteria. As gram negative against P. aeruginosa but there was a researcher named
bacteria have a thick out membrane comprised of lipopoly- Thitilertdecha who further took the seeds of Rambutan and
saccharide which enables the entry of phenolic compounds tested against P. aeruginosa (Tadtong et al. 2011). As a result,
(Alim et al. 2019). Researchers found that Carambola plant the extract was successful in inhibiting the activity of the
extract was highly active against many bacterial strains like given strain. A study also reveals that yellow rambutan seeds
- E. coli, S. aureus, B. substiles, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methanol extract is more effective for inhibiting the activity
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, Proteus vulgaris, of bacterial strains (Malini and Maheshkumar 2013). The
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyph and S. typhi. seed and peel extract of bay berry fruit show microbial
The leaves extract was majorly showing higher antimicrobial action against various microbes by creating a normal inhi-
effects by inhibiting the growth of bacteria while seed bition zone of 17.9 mm and 26.9 mm. The bark extract of
extract was involved in lowering the cell proliferation of bay berry is highly effective against microbes and is con-
various fungus. But they also revealed that crude extract of sidered to be a strong anti-microbial specialist. It is also
carambola doesn’t show a high effect against Aspergillus observed that aqueous concentrate shows strong effects
niger (Majhi, Satapathy, and Mishra 2019). Studies revealed against salt water shrimps (Panthari et al. 2012). Mangosteen
that crude extract of elephant apple in n-hexane was used contains various compounds like γ-mangostin, mangostanin
to determine the antibacterial activates against gram positive and demethylcalabaxanthone which inhibits the effects of
20 T. SARKAR ET AL.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. α-Mangostin show its effects Anti-inflammatory

against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci. The meth-
We have already studied numerous medicinal properties of
anol extract of mangosteen is used to inhibit the growth of
the sub-tropical plant. Some Subtropical plants are evaluated
various microbes (Ansori et al. 2020). The methanolic crude
for demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effect. Plants like
extract of silverberry fruits contains anti-microbial potential
Mango, tomato, jackfruit, litchi, guava, pineapple, papaya,
against E. coli and S. aureus (Khan et al. 2016). Leave
pomegranate and so on. show anti-inflammatory activity.
extract of silver berry has the potential for inhibiting the
They reduce the inflammation in the body and blocks cer-
growth of Yersinia enterocolitica. The soft extract of flow-
tain substances that cause inflammation in the body. Some
ering tops is used against different strains of microbes for
important plants showing anti-inflammatory effects are
inhibiting the growth of microbes. It is also used against
described in a subsequent section. Guava extract when
several fungal species except for Candida albicans (Okmen
mixed with ethyl acetate can stop thymus production and
and Turkcan 2013). Durian fruits contain some active com-
germ infection. It shows anti-viral properties and can
pounds which are responsible for inhibiting the microbial
enhance the expression of mRNA. The seed extract of guava
activities of several microbes. The research was occurred by
has the potential for altering the expression of heme oxy-
using diffusion wells. Apart from this, there was another
genase –1 protein and can be used as an anti-inflammatory
research study, durian fruit contains a bland zone against
agent for skin (Jang et al. 2014). Guava extract when mixed
microbial species like E. coli. The bland zone was of
with ethanol show an inhibitory effect and attenuates the
12.0 ± 1.00 mm (Basyuni et al. 2019).
manufacturing of nitric oxide and lipopolysaccharides.
Logan seed extract is highly used for inhibiting microbial Thereby suppressing the E2 expression and showing
growth of S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. Apart from this, anti-inflammatory power (Díaz-de-Cerio et al. 2017). Leave
logan fruit contains gallic acid which is also responsible in extract of guava mixed in ethyl acetate can minimize the
inhibiting the growth of microbes and it also reduces the expression of the antigen. They further stop the production
microbial activity of bacteria. Ethyl acetate derived from the of beta-hexosaminidase in RBL-2H3 cells and attenuate the
aerial part of logan fruit has anti-HIV-1 potential expression of IL-4 mRNA. Phenols present in guava extract
(Shahrajabian, Sun, and Cheng 2019). The leave and seed show an anti-inflammatory effect by blocking the expression
extract of water apple was examined against various of inflammatory agents (Felipe do Nascimento et al. 2021).
gram-positive and negative bacterial strains. It was investi- The dose of guava extract is used for the treatment of lung
gated by using the paper disk diffusion method. The extract inflammation (Flores et al. 2013). A study reported that
is dissolved in DMSO of 10%, as a result, the extract was litchi seeds contain peptide hydrolysates enzymes that have
successful in inhibiting the growth of bacteria (Habisukan anti-inflammatory potential activities. The seed extract pre-
et al. 2021). The leaves, flowers and fruit of Annona contain pared by various filtration mechanisms was used on RAW
chemical compounds which are responsible for antimicrobial macrophage cell and exhibited the downregulatory effect on
activity. Research studies revealed that leave extract has inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-6 (Saisavoey et al.
more antimicrobial functionality in comparison to other 2018). Jackfruit contains polyphenols and flavonoids which
extracts. It shows a higher inhibition zone against E. coli. show anti-inflammatory effects. They are inhibiting the
Methanolic extract of Annona show the antiviral property release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophils, mast
(Arun Jyothi et al. 2011). Studies reported that both leaves cells and macrophages which result in lowering the inflam-
and bark extract of sapodilla reflects the potential of mation (Ranasinghe, Maduwanthi, and Marapana 2019). Two
anti-microbial activities. Compounds like glycosides, flavo- novel flavonoids named as heteroflavanones A and B was
noids and terpenoids are responsible for antimicrobial activ- isolated from the root of jackfruit. The anti-inflammatory
ities. They inhibit the growth of gram positive and gram effect of these flavonoids was evaluated by determining the
negetive microbes and reduce microbial activity (Maiyo et al. inhibitor y effects on formation and release of
2010). Extracts from bark, leaves, stems and flowers of pro-inflammatory LPS mediators (Swami et al. 2012).
pepino were used to evaluate their potential for antimicro- Carambola is also known as Star fruit is considered to have
bial activities. They are also used for the treatment of micro- diverse medicinal effects. The leave extract of star fruit
bial diseases and wounds caused by microbes. Pepino demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects. They also reduce
contains terpenes and flavonoids which show anti-microbial ear edema inflammation (Cabrini et al. 2011). Star fruit
properties. Leave extract reduces the growth of gram positive juices contain flavonoids that attenuate the expression of
and negative bacteria (Olayemi 2012) Camu-camu juice IL-23 and nitric oxide. They also help in blocking the
extract of jaboticaba seed is examined for checking the expression of inflammatory cytokines (Leelarungrayub et al.
anti-microbial activity on bacterial strains named: - 2016). Leaves extract of Loquat is highly rich in ursolic acid
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces which are responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. They
cerevisiae. As a result, the extract was more effective against show their effects on alveolar macrophages (Ge et al. 2009).
S. aureus due to the presence of lipophilic compounds in Loquat seed extracts are mixed with various chemotherapy
the extract. Hydro methanolic extract of leaves also rep- drugs like 5-fluorouracil which help in the inhibition of
resents anti-microbial activities against gram-positive and mucositis (Takuma et al. 2008). They show their effects in
gram-negative bacteria (Myoda et al. 2010, Macedo-Costa lowering the inflammation caused by various microbes pres-
et al. 2009). ent in hum gut. They help in lowering the increased level
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 21

of pro-inflammatory cytokinase like IL-8 and IL-10 which edema. It reduces the formalin in mice. The extract also
are responsible for cellular inflammation (Lee et al. 2008). inhibits the cyclooxygenase enzymes type 1. Results also
Ethyl extract of Elephant apple present in stem bark demon- revealed that the regular use of this extract for the next
strates anti- inflammatory effects. Studies show that ethyl two weeks reduces the pain of patients suffering with lichen
acetate extracts show peripheral and central analgesic effects planus (Beigom et al. 2010, Farahbakhsh et al. 2011).
on various animal models. Ethyl extract demonstrates sig- Durian: – The mature Durian fruit was first extracted
nificant activity in chronic inflammation which is induced and the anti-inflammatory function was tested using cell
by mixing formalin and carrageenan in bark extract. It is culture U937-activated lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The result
also used to treat kin inflammation. They also help in heal- was that in the concentration of 0.1 and 0.20 mg/ml of
ing the wounds caused by wistar rats. Botulinic acid was Durian fruit extract can reduce IL-8 release by 23–36%.
also examined for anti-inflammatory activity wad its con- This shows that Durian fruit skin extract contains
certation was 107.6 mg/g (Kviecinski et al. 2017, Monirul anti-inflammatory activity. This anti-inflammatory effect is
Islam et al. 2013). Pitaya contains squalene and betalins present due to some bioactive compounds present in various
which has anti-inflammatory potential. Studies revealed that parts of the durian (Chingsuwanrote et al. 2016). Water
non-encapsulated betalains and encapsulated maltodextrin extract of logan pericarp (WLP) fruit is examined for check-
betalins show anti-inflammatory effects. These are present ing the antimicrobial potential against various bacterial
in pitaya peel extract. The encapsulated betalains have a strains. As a result, the extract was successful in inhibiting
high anti-inflammatory effect in comparison to the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide which was pro-
non-encapsulated. Betalains encapsulated with maltodextrin duced in macrophages. Apart from this, the concentration
pectin show a five to six-fold higher anti-inflammation effect of Water extract of logan pericarp, (in the range of 100–
(Rodriguez et al. 2016). The betalains which have a high 400 mg/kg) showed inhibiting of paw edema development.
power of radical scavenging show high effects against neural It is also responsible for inhibiting the functioning of tumor
inflammation through mechanisms like prostaglandins and necrosis factors (Huang et al. 2012). The water apple extract
cholinergic pathways (Eldeen et al. 2020). The is responsible for anti-inflammatory effects. The leaves
anti-inflammatory properties of passion fruits are evaluated extract is also used for anti-inflammatory effects. It is used
t hroug h inf lammat ion w hich is induce d by to inhibit the activity of 5-lipoxygenase (LOX),
2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid, substance P, histamine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1).
and dextran sodium sulfate (Cazarin et al. 2015). Peel of Studies also revealed that this extract is also used for reduc-
ing the level of leukocytes which were responsible for
passion fruit mixed with sodium sulfate attenuates the effect
inflammation in rats (Sobeh et al. 2018). The ethanolic and
of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-12, IL-17 and IL-8.
hydroalcoholic extracts Annona have been reported for
They also decrease the functionality and expression both of
Anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model. Annona con-
MCP-1. The intraperitoneal injection containing polysaccha-
tains metabolites like arachidonic acid which are involved
ride extracted from dried passion fruit pulp help in reducing
in anti-inflammatory processes. They also inhibit the mech-
the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta level (Cazarin
anisms of COX and LOX (Hamid et al. 2012). The meth-
et al. 2016, Silva et al. 2011). Many experimental studies
anolic extract of Sapodilla was used to examine the
were carried out to find the anti-inflammatory effects of
anti-inflammatory effects in the rat by using rat paw edema
bay berry in animal models. The ethyl extract of bayberry
test. As a result, methanolic extract decreases the volume
bark was used against rat paw edema for demonstrating the
of paw edema in the rat. These effects can be caused by
anti-inflammatory effects. As a result, there was 15-25%
flavonoids and tannins. The methanolic extract of pepino
inhibition in the rat. The study concluded that flavonoids was used to examine the anti-inflammatory effects. 500 mg
might be responsible for anti-inflammatory effects (Panthari of methanolic fruit extract was used on murine macrophage
et al. 2012). The ethanol extract Rambutan peel is used cell line – RAW 264.7. 20 of µL of a 5 mg/mL MTT solution
against arthritis induced by collagen by using different dose was used in the cell viability test. As a result, the extract
levels of 100 and 200 mg/g. As a result, the extract reduced reduces the level of IL-10 and IL-8. It also reduces the
inflammation and also induced significant changes in the inflammatory effects of cytokines (Herraiz et al. 2016). The
body like weight loss and paw edema. They also reduce the leaves and peel of Jaboticaba are used for intestinal inflam-
C-reactive protein. The seeds of Rambutan show both anal- mation and hemoptysis. Apart from this, anthocyanins of
gesic and anti-inflammatory effects (Kumar et al. 2012). The jaboticaba are used for reding the inflammation caused by
fruit hull of mangosteen is used against the various treat- cigarette smoke. Majorly this compound shows its activity
ment of inflammatory diseases. It inhibits the effects of NO toward chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Dastmalchi
and PGE2 and show moderate effects by inhibiting the et al. 2012).
effects of IL-4. γ-mangostin and α-Mangostin are used for
reducing the inflammatory activity of No synthase. Studies
revealed that isogarcinol is used for maintaining the
Cardiovascular effects
anti-inflammatory activities against the arthritis induced by
collagen (Tewtrakul, Wattanapiromsakul, and Mahabusarakam Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading all over the world
2009, Fu et al. 2014).The aqueous extract of silver berry and is becoming a major cause of death. Epidemiological
whole fruit and pericarp was examined against the paw studies revealed that the consumption of fruits in CVD will
22 T. SARKAR ET AL.

attenuate the risk of CVD. Fruits have the potential to pre- rat heart can be reduced through pitaya juice as it is highly
vent CVD and also help in the restoration of heart func- rich in carbohydrates (Anand Swarup et al. 2010; Nurul and
tioning (Aune et al. 2017). They help in the regulation of Asmah 2014). Passion fruit contains ascorbic acid which
lipid metabolism. Maintain blood pressure, suppress throm- helps in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Ascorbic
bosis, provide protection toward vascular endothelium and acid maintains the nervous system which results in the
help in attenuating inflammation (Zhao et al. 2017). prevention of ischemic heart diseases, congestive heart fail-
Guava budding leaves extract help in attenuating athero- ure, heart attack, atherosclerosis and hypertension
sclerosis. They show their effect on bovine aortal endothelial (Leuenberger et al. 2012). Studies also revealed that con-
cells, help in the prevention of low-density lipoprotein and sumption of passion fruit juice help in the reduction of
its cytotoxicity, help in delaying the oxidation of low-density systolic blood pressure in hypertensive rats (Zhao et al.
lipoprotein (Owen et al. 2007). Budding guava leaves extract 2017). Apart from this, intake of passion fruit pulp for
acts as an anticoagulant in plasma. They reduce the time 16 weeks improves cardiac functionality and platelet aggre-
of thrombin clotting and inhibit the functioning of anti- gation (Ishihata et al. 2016). Bayberry fruit juice contains
thrombin III (Díaz-de-Cerio et al. 2017). Apart from this, components like phenols which lower arterial blood pressure
phenolic compounds present in guava juices help in reducing and heart rate. The pulp of bay berry is used in reducing
the hypertension effect and thereby keeping the human body the cholesterol level and also help in atherosclerosis. The
away from CVD. They inhibit the functioning of leave pulp of bayberry helps in maintaining the level of
angiotensin-1 and xanthine oxidase (Irondi et al. 2016). platelets and improve platelet aggregation. Bayberry fruit
Additionally, the fruit and leaf extract of guava help in extract help in maintaining the heart system and improves
decreasing the LDL cholesterol thereby raising the level of the functionality of the cardiovascular system (AlAjmi,
HDL cholesterol. This help in the reduction of blockage in Al-Hadiya, and El Tahir 2013). Studies revealed the acute
arteries and veins (Kumari 2016) The blue passion flower, effects of bark extract of rambutan. These extracts were
is a rich source of phenolic compounds, amino acid α-alanine examined on cardiovascular diseases as a result they showed
and organic acids. A high concentration of flavonoids a prolonged cardiovascular response which increases systolic
including isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, saponarin and rutin blood pressure, heart rate and MABP (Sukmandari et al.
were also found (el Houda Lezoul et al. 2020). Fruit extract, 2017). Studies proved that pericarp extract of mangosteen
when tested in swiss albino mice with pilocarpine-induced is used in atherosclerotic rats. As a result, α-Mangostin was
convulsions, showed anticonvulsant activity by delaying the used to determine the effects of the antioxidant effects of
onset of convulsions and decreasing the duration of clonic mangosteen for inhibiting the atherosclerosis process. This
convulsions. Reduced oxidative damage, better cognitive study was majorly performed for patients who are at high
function and dose-dependent improvement of cholinergic risk of Framingham (Munandar Zulkifli Ismail et al. 2021).
neurotransmission also evidenced the therapeutic potential The aqueous extract of silver berry helps in enhancing the
(de Souza et al. 2012). flow of coronary arteries, help in maximizing the increase
Kiwifruit has potassium and fibers which help in heart and decrease the velocity of myocardial and also enhance
diseases. Fibers can reduce cholesterol levels which result the left ventricular developed pressure. It also helps in
in the reduction of heart attack (Duttaroy 2013). Potassium improving the lipid profile and reduces the level of plasma
plays a vital role in reducing cardiovascular risk, as kiwi triglycerides (Wang, Qu, et al. 2014; Belarbi et al. 2011).
has low sodium quantity and high potassium levels. Cholesterol is also known as hyperlipidemia is a situation
Potassium helps in the regulation of heart rate by lowering in which the level of blood protein increases. This is due
the side effects of sodium (Richardson, Ansell, and to genetic hereditary or depends on individual diets. Durian
Drummond 2018). Kiwi fruit is a rich source of omega-3 has bioactive compounds which are anti-cholesterol in
fatty acids which help in lowering the effects of coronary nature. They help in lowering the level of blood protein
heart disease (Bowen, Harris, and Kris-Etherton 2016). which are responsible for rising the cholesterol level (Muhtad
Carambola is highly rich in fibers and nutrients which help et al. 2016). Water apples do not contain sodium and cho-
in lowering the cholesterol levels and bile acids in the lesterol in excessive amounts. Due to this water apple juice
human body (Herman-Lara et al. 2014). A study revealed helps in reducing the chances of heart ailment, stroke, ath-
that star fruit fiber concentrate lowers the concentrations erosclerosis and blood pressure (Sushma, Bhavana, and
of total serum cholesterol and liver lipids. Thereby reducing Padmalatha 2021). The methanolic extract of Annona plant
the chance of hypertension. They also help in reducing the is used for lowering the level of cholesterol. Studies reported
level of myocardial infractions and heart strokes in human that the administration of methanolic extract in a
beings (Lakmal et al. 2021). The pitaya fruit extract help dose-dependent manner helps in reducing the level of tri-
in lowering the blood lipid level concentration, attenuates glycerides, LDL-cholesterol and plasma total cholesterol
the level of liver cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol concentration while it also helps in increasing the level of HDL cholesterol.
and total liver cholesterol concentration (Nurul and Asmah This results in reducing the chances of atherosclerosis
2014). The water pulp extract was examined and as a result, (Verma et al. 2011). Sapodilla fruit juice has bioactive com-
researchers found that it reduces the stiffness of arteries, pounds which are responsible for lowering the level of cho-
lowers the risk of atherosclerosis and reduces the risk of a lesterol in the blood. They also augment the level of
heart attack. Studies demonstrated that diastolic stiffness of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. Sapodilla extract also
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 23

helps in reducing the risk of heart attack by keeping the potential of these fruits mostly in in-vitro conditions, the
blood pressure in control (Barbalho et al. 2015). Studies diversified medicinal prospects, dose-response study and
revealed that the consumption of freeze peel of jaboticaba their in-vivo investigations are yet to be unveiled.
helps in increasing the level of HDL and reduces the level
of LDL in the blood. Almost 41.7% of HDL was increased
when examined in a muse model. They show hypolipidemic Current status of minor tropical fruits as an
activities in the blood (Lenquiste et al. 2012). ingredient for functional food development
The minor tropical fruits are used in various fields of food
industries e.g. dehydrated fruit product formulation, as fla-
Anticonvulsant voring and coloring agent, as a preservative and as fortifi-
cation agent (Figure 3).
Kiwifruit is rich in flavonoids which attribute to its multiple
health benefits. The peel of kiwifruit of two species was
studied for their hypnotic effects and their oral digestion Traditional uses
produced a dose-dependent sleep latency as well as increased
sleep duration suggesting its potential use as sleep-inducing Traditionally, Lutqua has been used largely for medicinal
on pentobarbital mice (Yang et al. 2013). The extracts of purposes. It may be applied as an anti-phlogistic to treat
mangosteen from its raw materials have a significant effect cellulitis, rheumatoid arthritis. For constipation treatment,
on changing the behavior of animals under the swimming the juice of the bark, and seeds are successfully used. In
test without causing any negative impact under the Porzolt Morang district located in Assam, as snake venom antidote
method. It has anti-anxiety effects even in the absence of fruit juice is used by the local inhabitants (Khan et al. 2021).
a depriving effect (Fedorova et al. 2021). Passion fruit has Carambola is quite useful in treating several diseases like
alkaloids that can cause mild sedation as well as relax the diabetic nephropathy (DN), arthralgia, vomiting, lithangiuria,
nervous system inducing sleep (Vimal and Devaki 2004). coughing and hangovers. In Malaysia, crushed leaves have
Its extracts interact with the benzodiazepine receptors and been used traditionally to control headaches since ages. In
inhibit the seizure in STR induced mice as well as inter- the treatment of eczema, fever, and diarrhea, ripe fruit is
acting with inhibitory glycine or NMDA amino acid neu- used in Indian traditional medicine. In traditional Chinese
rotransmitters (Tripathi 2018). The leaves of water apple medicine different parts of the tree are used (Binita et al.
have carbohydrates, alkaloids, phytosterols, flavonoids, phe- 2016). Elephant apple may be used to treat stomach illness.
nolics and tannins. Its leave showed anticonvulsant activity It is popular in the state of Assam, India. In different ancient
in both chemically and electrically induced seizures with texts, the use of the plant is described. It gives a cooling
dose-dependent action in MES and PTZ induced convulsion effect to the body during fever. It also possesses anti-diabetic,
(Lim and Rabeta 2013). Its extract has benzodiazepine which anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects (Kamboj, Talukdar, and
can bind to the GABAA receptor resulting in its increased Banerjee 2019). The leaves of the Rambutan plant are used
receptor activity, inhibition of the action potential generated to get relief from headaches. It has astringency property
(Geethu Krishna 2017). The hexane extracts of guava leaves and decoction of the roots are used in fever treatment (Lim
contain sesquiterpenes which have antidepressant activities 2013). Bay-berry stem, bark as well as fruit is medicinally
on the CNS. This fruit is also rich in terpenes such as very beneficial. It can cure skin problems, ulcers. The plant
caryophyllene oxide and beta selinene that could latent the is used in the treatment of cholera, stomach diseases. It also
convulsion from leptazol (Meckes et al. 1996). Annona has acts as anti-oxidant agent (Kumnerdkhonkaen et al. 2018).
been used as an anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant traditionally. Passion fruit is quite famous in the traditional medicine
Annona has alkaloids that have high specific affinities to system; it can be used as a moisturizing agent. Various
serotonergic 5HT1A receptors. In mice, aerial parts of products like vinegar, beverage, jam, jelly, tea etc have been
Annona were administered during the forced swimming made with the fruit. In Brazil, juice as a drink is used in
test and confirmed their scope as antidepressants the traditional medicinal system (Granato et al. 2011). Water
(Martínez-Vázquez and Estrada-Reyes 2014). The bark, apple as a medicinal plant it has been well utilized in the
leaves extract of the jackfruit have been known to report treatment of several diseases. Mostly its use is found as
anticonvulsant properties in swiss mice and provide them antibiotics. Its antioxidant activity is due to the presence of
protection against maximal electroshock as well as induced phenolic compounds present in it (Sobeh et al. 2018).
seizure with delayed onset of strychnine nitrate caused con- Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh roots and leaves
vulsions. The leaf extracts are more potent than the bark have anthelmintic properties. Thus traditionally they have
(Prakash 2013). It has a potent effect against neurodegen- been used in fever treatment. Besides this from the dried
erative disorders with dose-dependency as well as seed kernel, aromatic oils are also produced (Lim 2013).
chemical-induced convulsions (Jain et al. 2009). Phyllanthus emblica is extremely popular in the Indian tra-
Most of the MTFs covered in this review show several ditional medicinal system. Ayurvedic and Unani medicine
health benefits (Table 4). With the presence of various ben- systems use this fruit mainly due to its anti-oxidant prop-
eficial phytochemicals, and natural pigments the MTFs pos- erties (Golechha et al. 2014). Psidium Guajava has been used
sess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenicity, and in folk medicine owing to its antimicrobial and anticancer
anti-diabetic effects. Researchers have studied the medicinal properties (Goyal, Middha, and Usha 2020). Each part of
Table 4. Medicinal properties of the minor tropical fruits. 24
Fruit Antioxidant Anti-cancer Anti-diabetic Antimicrobial Cardiovascular diseases Anti-inflammatory References
Guava AAC MTT assay of dH2O. 200–250 mg/kg.bw of 1.875 ± 14.43 mg/mL MIC guava fruit extract: 50 50 μg/mL (Oncho, Ejigu, and Urgessa
144 ± 60 mg/100g EOH and NH polyphenol extracts −0.05 mg/ml 2021, Lim et al. 2006, Jang
-(51.73 ± 4.31)%, of pulp as an et al. 2014, Shabbir et al.
(54.18 ± 9.05)%, alternative to 2020,
and diabetic drugs Lok et al. 2020)
(29.93 ± 3.07)%
Lychee At 120 lg/ml, the MTT:-20 to – Inhibitory activity 150 µg/mL – lychee 5 mg/mL MTT solution (Punia and Kumar 2021,
T. SARKAR ET AL.

scavenging abilities of 320 μg/m − 15 ± 0.55 mm and extract (in PBS), 150 µL Emanuele et al. 2018, Wang
DPPH radicals were 13.5 mg/g seed DMSO et al. 2006, Saisavoey et al.
94.9% content 2018)
Jackfruit (IC50 = 0.6433 ± 0.0029 mg/ 50 µg/kg–200 µg/kg IC 50 is 56,43 % Inhibition range: − 8.5 200 µg/mL – concentration MEJL − 41% (Vázquez-González,
ml). +/- 0.5 mm, MIC: and IC50 − 50% Ragazzo-Sánchez, and
− 62.50, MBC: Calderón-Santoyo 2020,
− 250 mg/ml Thiruselvi and Durairaj
2018, Zuraidah et al. 2017,
Asmaliani and Iwo 2016)
Tree Tomato (12.17 ± 0.53 μM Fe (II)/g, 0.5 mg/mL in PBS – MIC less than 0.31 mg/ 600 mg mL −1- extract MTT assays:-30 µM (Chao et al. 2012, Kim et al.
3.72 ± 0.20 μM Fe ml concentration 2019, Cha et al. 2017,
(II)/g) Noor Atiqah, Maisarah, and
Asmah 2014)
Bay Berry – 9.62 mg/g IC50 value of 200 µL -Extract MTT :- 20 µl of DPPH :- 0.1 mM in (Zhang et al. 2016, Saini et al.
3.075 ± 0.073 μg/mL. concentration methanol, 5 mL 2013, Wang et al. 2019)
Kiwifruit DPPH: − 191.8 ± 7.2% Ethane – Peel phenol Methanolic extract:- 0.1 ml Inhibitory activity: (An et al. 2016, Jung et al.
concentration: concentration: − 81%, 68%, 63%, 2005, D’Eliseo et al. 2019)
− 70%, extract − 11.4 ± 0.3 mm, 76% against IL-6
concentration: 12.6 ± 0.2 mm and TNF-α
− 50 mg/ml
Loquat APC- 64.15 to 100 in the Extract α-amylase inhibitory Minimum inhibitory – MTT solution: − 5 mg/ (Kim et al. 2009, Zar et al.
peel and from 59.49 concentration: activity of 24% at concentration: ml 2014, Shen et al. 2021)
to 97.95 in the pulp. − 25 to 50µg/ml 1 μg/ml − 0.625 μg/mL

Pitaya DPPH: - red peel extract: IC50: − 0.61 to – 10 g of the extract in DAP: − 87.8 ± 1.5 mmHg BSA: − 28.41–39.52 μg/ (Luo et al. 2014, Khalili et al.
− 35.85%–54.50 % 0.73 mg mL–1 100 mL of DMSO ml 2012, Smeriglio et al. 2021,
Anand Swarup et al. 2010)
Passion fruit DPPH: −5-40 µM – – inhibitory Passion fruit juice IC50: − 34.92 µM, NO (Sano et al. 2011, Hu et al.
concentrations: − 128 concentration: − 50% production 2018, Dzotam et al. 2015,
to 1024 μg/ml (50 g/100 mL) decreases Souza et al. 2012)
Mangosteen ORAC value (1.7 × 104 μm Minimum inhibitory MIC 0.9352 ± 0.0856 µM MIC: − 20 μg/mL – – (Aisha et al. 2012,
concentration Tatiya-aphiradee et al. 2016,
(MIC) Usman et al. 2021)
6.5 ± 1.0 μg/ml)
Silver berry 3.62 mM Trolox (TE)/100 g – - MIC: − 3250–6500 μg/ml – Aqueous extract: Okmen and Turkcan 2013,
d.m. (FRAP assay), and − 1000 mg/kg Farahbakhsh et al. 2011)
5.11 mM TE/100 g d.m.
(DPPH assay).

Durian – Fruit extract IC50 values for MIC: − 250 μg/ml Fruit extract: − 500 mg/kg Fruit extract (Basyuni et al. 2019,
concentration: n-hexane extracts BW concentration: Chingsuwanrote et al. 2016,
− 600 being 9.79 μg/mL − 0.20 mg/ml Alkandahri et al. 2021, Aziz
µ and Jalil 2019)
g/mL
Longan – Inhibition The IC50 values of hot MIC: 64 mg/mL lipid peroxidation with WLP: − 100–400 mg/kg (Meng et al. 2014, Huang
percentage: water and 50% IC50: − et al. 2012, Farahbakhsh
− 40%. Extract ethanol ultrasonic 537.01 ± 42.32 µg/mL et al. 2011)
concentration: extracts against the
− 40 mg/l α-glucosidase were
9.2 and 13.4 mg/
mL, and those
against the
β-galactosidase
were 12.9 and
19.7 mg/mL,
respectively.

Water apple – inhibitory activity: – DMSO: − 10% – IC50 of syzygium (Tewtrakul, Wattanapiromsakul,
− 24.2 ± 2.8 μg/ aqueum leaves and Mahabusarakam 2009;
mL extract: - LOX Basyuni et al. 2019; Yusuf
− 2.5401 ± 0.19 µg/ Alkandahri et al. 2021)
ML, COX-1
7.11 ± 0.43 µg/ML
Sapodilla – dimethyl sulfoxide – MIC: − 256 ∼ 512 g/ml Methanolic extract: ethanolic extracts: (Huang et al. 2012; Meng
(DMSO): − 500 mg/kg − 48.9 % et al. 2014; Sukmandari
− 100 μL et al. 2017; Aziz and Jalil
2019)
Pepino – DPPH: − 0.1 mM 500 mg/kg dose MIC: − – MTT: − 20 µL of a (Herraiz et al. 2016; Paul et al.
(27.1%). 10 ± 0.2 − 22 ± 0.3 mg/ 5 mg/mL 2021; Yusuf Alkandahri
ml et al. 2021)
Jaboticaba – ethanol DPPH: IC50 of 0.0031 mg.mL-1 MIC: − 384.6 µg/ml DPPH: − 2.5 mL of 0.1 mM DMSO: − 125 μg/m (Sravani et al. 2015; Tan,
− 750 μL Norhaizan, and Chan 2018;
0.0025% Rummun et al. 2021;
Osman et al. 2011)
Lutqua – cytotoxic activity: lowering the blood MIC 3.20 mg/ml ethanolic seed extract: Methanol extract: (Olayemi 2012; Priya and
- LC50 value glucose levels by − 500 mg/kg − 10 mg/kg Chellaram 2014; Wang, Qu,
74.2 µg/ml (50.06%) et al. 2014; Souza et al.
2017)
Persimon – persimmon – DMSO Gallic acid: − 21.89/± 2.2 chloroform extract: (Cock and Mohanty 2011;
calyx- 500 µg/ml : − 0.5 mL − 200 mg/kg Amin and Nabi 2015; Nesa
showed 31% et al. 2018; de Lima Paula
inhibition in et al. 2021)
growth
Rambutan – IC50 : 5.42 ± 1.67 μg/ Alpha glucosidase MIC 2.0 mg/mL Seed extract - t 19.2 mg/ Methanol extract (Park and Lee 2018; Goyal,
ml (EC50=2.7 μg/mL) kgbw − 51.27% Middha, and Usha 2020;
and alpha amylase Bawazeer and Rauf 2021;
(EC50=70.8 μg/mL), Sultana Chowdhury 2021)

Bhawa 200 ppm, TPTQ: 800 mg/kg of IC50 value 0.5 μM MIC: 20 μg/mL methanolic extract: Extract concentration: (Park et al. 2008; Jo et al.
BHA extract showed − 1000 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 2011; Tadtong et al. 2011;
98.0% antioxidant Emylia, Snz, and Dasuki
activity 2013; Morshed et al. 2014)
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Continued
25
Table 4. (Continued). 26

Fruit Antioxidant Anti-cancer Anti-diabetic Antimicrobial Cardiovascular diseases Anti-inflammatory References

Pulasan – IC – MIC: 312.5 µg/m – Methanolic extract: (Susilowati et al. 2018; Espirito
50 250 and 500 mg/kg, Santo et al. 2020; Putri
Inhibition: 41.59 % et al. 2021),
IC
50
T. SARKAR ET AL.

IC
50

Ethanol
-IC50:-
20.70 ± 0.49
Annona – EtOH – MIC: 128 mg/ml Methanolic extract: EtOH: 400 mg/kg (Prasanth et al. 2013;
:- 500 mg/kg 250 mg/kg Tatiya-aphiradee et al. 2016;
Paul et al. 2017; Wahyuni
et al. 2017)
Pepino The EC50 values of ripe DPPH: 0.1 mM – MIC: 10 ± 0.2 to – MTT: − 20 µL of a (Chan et al. 2012; Herraiz et al.
ethanolic extract on 22 ± 0.3 mg/ml 5 mg/mL 2016; Paul et al. 2021),
DPPH radical, reducing
power, ferrous ion
chelation were
obtained to be 2.20,
2.81 respectively.

Carambola It has ethyl acetate and Carambola fruit – MIC: 15 µg/ml 1000 mg/kg MEACL IC50value is less than (de Sousa et al. 2010; Okolie,
n butanol which show extract: − 25 mg/ 50 ppm, maximum Agu, and Eze 2013;
a great result with kg/ inhibition of Morshed et al. 2014; Cabral,
IC50 values being 73 ± 3% Cardoso L de, and
90.92 and 124.48 µg/ Pinheiro-Sant’Ana 2014)
mL, respectively.
Elephant 1.06 × 104 μmol TE/g and IC50: 34.62 ± 5.2 µM IC50 values 56.77, – MDIB: 11.09 ± 0.22 – (Arun Jyothi et al. 2011;
Apple ferric reducing against HeLa 63.04, 20 μl of MTT, Leelarungrayub et al. 2016)
antioxidant power of cells cells: −
2320 μmol Fe(II)/g– 10 × 10−4 cells per
100 μl of media
Indian – Ethanolic extract: – MIC: − 25-100 µl fruit powder- 0.1% hydroalcoholic extract: (Priya and Chellaram 2014; PK
gooseberry - IC50 values = − 700 mg/kg 2014; Aladaileh et al. 2019;
0.12–0.65 mg/mL Majhi, Satapathy, and
Mishra 2019)
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 27

Figure 3. Application of minor tropical fruits in various filed of food industries.

Litchi chinensis is used in a traditional medicinal system like stroke, hypertension, angina (Hernawati et al. 2018).
fruits, seeds, pulp, flowers. The phytochemicals present in Dimocarpus longan is well known for several medicinal activ-
this plant make it extremely useful for medicinal purposes ities like anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory
(Luan et al. 2021). Annona cherimola is quite useful in effects (Huang et al. 2012). Manilkara zapota is supposed to
infection-related diseases like dysentery, ulcer. Traditionally be an ideal ingredient used in the traditional medicinal sys-
as an antimicrobial agent, this plant is well documented (Sun tem due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity, diuretic
et al. 2013). Hylocereus polyrhizus plant has antioxidant activ- properties, the latex content also been used in tooth cavity
ities thereafter uses are found as anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, filling (Ritthiwigrom, Laphookhieo, and Pyne 2013). Myrciaria
immunomodulatory agent (Granato et al. 2011). Garcinia jaboticaba is mentioned in folk medicine as a heal to asthma,
mangostana plant has been effectively used in the traditional cardiovascular treatment, throat inflammation (Tehranizadeh,
medicinal system. Due to its antimicrobial nature, it may Baratian, and Hosseinzadeh 2016). Different medicinal prop-
heal several diseases like dysentery, ulcer. It also possesses erties make different parts of Artocarpus heterophylus tree
anti-inflammatory properties (Krishnaveni and Mirunalini extremely popular in the traditional medicinal system (Husin
2010). Garcinia cowa has so many medicinal properties like et al. 2018).
anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory properties thus
this plant is documented in the traditional medicinal system
(Daswani, Gholkar, and Birdi 2017). Eriobotrya japonica is Use as a colorant
found in the folk medicine system as it can treat inflamma-
tion, cough, diabetes (Pareek et al. 2014). Elaeagnus latifolia Day by day demands for natural colorant in different appli-
is found to be used in the traditional medicinal system as cation is rapidly increasing due to growing safety conscious-
it contains several beneficial effects, like diuretic, analgesic ness about the various detrimental effects of rapidly used
in nature (Kilari and Putta 2016). Durio zibethinus is low-cost different synthetic colorants (Xie et al. 2015)
acclaimed to be highly useful in the traditional medicinal Natural colorants are derived from various fruits, vegetables
system. The leaf and root is an ailment to malaria, phlegm, and their by-products (Ghosh et al. 2021, Ghosh et al.
swelling, skin diseases (Coria-Téllez et al. 2018). In the 2022). More innovative research ideas toward valorization
Chinese medicinal system, the plant Diospyros kaki is noted. of fruits, vegetables along with their different under-utilized
The leaf of the plant is used for the treatment of ischemia by-products and wastes are one of the key components
28 T. SARKAR ET AL.

toward enhancing the production and exploration of new profile by using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas
natural colorants (Huang et al. 2012). chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with headspace
In fruits, the prime source of colorants is the presence gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (Beltrão Lessa
of anthocyanin as one of the major natural pigments due et al. 2016). By using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
to their high color stability and purity (Baskar, Hemalatha, (GC-MS) and multidimensional gas chromatography olfactom-
and Muneeshwari 2020). Minor topical fruits are coming etry (GC/GC-O), researchers have identified and quantified 29
out as an excellent source of different pigments (majorly flavor components in kiwi fruit (Jordán et al. 2002). 20 strong
anthocyanin, carotenoids etc.) which seeks the attention of aroma volatile compounds in rambutan have been listed which
their different possible application in various food applica- are responsible for “civet-like”-sweaty, spicy, and woody notes
tion in line with compatibility. In Guava, carotenoids (β- generated from rambutan as essence (Ong, Acree, and Lavin
and α- carotene) are identified as major sources of colorants 1998). The volatile compounds of durian varieties have been
by HPLC-PDA which may be used in different food appli- analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME)
cations (Patil 2013). For Carambola fruits, researchers have coupled to fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
reported the carotenoid content was 22 μg/g fresh weight (GC-MS) identified a total of 39 volatile compounds (Muhtadi
(Lobo de Andrade et al. 2015). Researchers have reported et al. 2016). Researchers have reported the post-harvest survey
the use of rambutan peel as a source of natural dye for of volatile compounds of longon, mangosteen, durian, rambu-
cotton fabric application (Paramita et al. 2017). Scholars tan, and sapodilla and identified individual tropical fruit’s
have reported the dyeability and function of silk fabrics aroma profile by using headspace-solid phase microextraction
using Myrica Rubra rind extract (Lee 2018). Basitah with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique
reported the application of Natural Dyes from the Fresh (Laohakunjit et al. 2007). Volatile flavor compounds of guava
Rind of Mangosteen (Basitah 2015). Pigment extract from and passion fruit have been extracted through comparison and
silver berry has been extensively used as a food colorant optimization of an internally cooled fiber [cold fiber with
in traditional Vietnamese foods (Cortez et al. 2017) Yoo polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) loading] and several commercial
and Shin reported the application of Persimmon peel extract solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. It has been found
in indigo dyeing as an eco-friendly alternative reductant that the cold fiber was the most appropriate fiber to extract
(Patil 2013). Researchers have analyzed different natural volatile compounds (Carasek and Pawliszyn 2006). A study
food colorants extracted from Passion fruit (Kawasoe et al. reported innovative research where they have studied the sen-
2021). Functional dye has been developed from Jabuticaba sory evaluation and consumer acceptability in teenagers about
fruit (Beltrão Lessa et al. 2016). Betalain has been from the flavor profile of five tropical fruits - mangosteen, caram-
Pitaya for natural food coloring purposes (Naderi bola, persimmon and dragon (Stanley, Dietzgen, and
et al. 2010). Gidley 2009).
Along with the presence of the potential nutraceuticals,
various bioactive compounds and the health beneficial
Use as a flavor enhancer effects the MTFs have incredible sensory attributes which
make them suitable for functional food and/or food forti-
Flavors are essential commodity foods, cosmetics, perfum-
fication ingredients (Table 5). The above mentioned instances
eries and phytosanitary products. The characteristic flavor
prove the prospect of the MTFs as the agent for nutritional,
of exotic tropical fruits is one of their most attractive attri-
color, flavor, textural, rheological, and sensory property
butes to consumers. Different flavors are generated from
modification.
different tropical fruits in two ways − 1. Extraction of essen-
tial oil by different methods and then essential oil is used
for flavor generation, 2. Another interesting way for flavor Conclusion
generation is that different yeast species with high flavoring
production potential has been grown over the skin of dif- MTFs are gaining popularities in terms of commercializa-
ferent tropical fruits which are isolated from the fruit skin tion, functional food development, and consumer perspective
and flavors are extracted by following different biotechno- and mostly consumed as raw fruit. MTFs contain high
logical methods. amount of antioxidants, such as, flavonoids, phenolic acids,
Researchers have reported the aromatic profile in commer- ascorbic acids, and other polyphenols. Therefore, it has a
cial guava essence and fresh fruit puree extracted with solvent great potential to enrich human diets with a large amount
yielded a total of 51 components (Kadam, Kaushik, and Kumar of natural antioxidants beneficial to health, thereby avoiding
2012). Passion fruit flavor profile consists of more than 20 the use of expensive and synthetic antioxidants, and poten-
essence volatile components which have extensive application tial hazards, such as toxicity, associated with synthetic
in different food applications including bakery, beverages and dietary supplements. MTFs are produced mainly in the
so on (Le et al. 2018). Researchers have studied developing countries, thus, it can be concluded that apart
carotenoid-derived flavor Precursors from fresh carambola Fruit from the public health related benefits, it could be beneficial
(Jia et al. 2019). More than 60 flavor compounds have been for economic and social development of the MTF producing
identified using GC-MS with thermal desorption system (TDS) countries. The 26 MTFs have been discussed in this work
in Lutqua (Mann, Satpathy, and Gupta 2016). Researchers have are gaining importance financially and modifying the live-
used lychee in wine preparation and characterized its flavor lihood of the stakeholders associated with the harvesting
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 29

Table 5. Application of minor tropical fruits in food industries.

Fruit Application Reference
Kiwi-fruit 1. Coagulant activity (in milk product manufacturing). (Tang, He, et al. 2019)
2. Medicine use-Antioxidant and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, antiproliferative inhibition effect,
Anti-inflammatory.
3. Functional food additive-Antimicrobial and antioxidant.
4. Nanocomposite for packaging.
Lutqua 1. Food supplements. (Kermasha et al. 1987)
2. Food products development - Jam, juice and wine industries.
Carambola 1. Food supplement – to improve the appetite of people. (Luan et al. 2021)
2. To effectively remedy malarial splenomegaly and food poisoning caused by meat sources.
3. Medicinal uses – to treat diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN), chronic paroxysmal headache,
as an anti-diarrheal and febrifugal drug.
Tree Tomato 1. Antioxidant supplements. (Jordán et al. 2002; Ordóñez
2. Functional-food products or Ingredients for food processing. et al. 2009)
3. Food products development -Preparation of juice, decoction, and maceration.
4. Medicinal uses- Promising Antioxidative and Anticholinesterase Activity.
Elephant apple 1. Medicinal uses - fruit pulp is used as tonic and laxative for treatment of chest pain, abdominal (Kamboj, Talukdar, and Banerjee
disorders mixed with sugar against coughs. It reduces blood pressure and control hypertension 2019; Rai et al. 2020)
problem.
2. Ingredients for food processing - used in curry and fish preparations and often mixed with
peanuts or coconut and spices to make ketchups pickled.
3. Therapeutic Benefit in cure of Diabetes and Its associated Complications.
Rambutan 1. Food products development - juice, marmalade, jam, and jellies. (Mahmood et al. 2018)
2. Traditional use- - dried peel of rambutan used in traditional medicine.
3. Medicinal uses – Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial and antiviral potentials, Anticancer and
anti‑allergic effects, Anti‑obesity effect, Antidiabetic activity, Anti‑arthritic activities, Improved
cardiovascular response.
Bay berry 1. Food products development - Juice and wine and canned, frozen or dried as alternatives to fresh (Joyce and Sanewski 2010;
consumption. Kumnerdkhonkaen et al.
2. Traditional use - folk medicines. 2018)
3. Medicinal uses - Bayberry extracts contain antioxidants that exhibit bioactivities counteracting
inflammation, allergens, diabetes, cancer, bacterial infection, diarrhea and other health issues.
Mangosteen 1. Food products development - beverage and jelly from mangosteen rind, mangosteen rind (Aizat, Ahmad-Hashim, and Syed
powder, Nano mangosteen tea, mangosteen sirup, Jaafar 2019)
2. Food and functional food products - Functional foods fortified with mangos-teen fruit extract are
yogurt, ice cream, chocolate, and lozenges.
3. Animal feed supplementation.
4. Utilization in advanced materials of biomedical benefit.
5. Serve as an appropriate source for AC production.
6. Generation of C-dots for biosensor analysis.
7. Natural dye for fabric and solar cells.
Bhawa 1. Food products development- food supplements, fortification of pasta with spray dried Bhawa (Pillai et al. 2012; Wahyuni et al.
powder, 2017; Ritthiwigrom,
2. Microencapsulation of fruit extract with whey protein isolate as wall material. Laphookhieo, and Pyne 2013)
3. Medicinal uses - Anti-inflammatory activity, best source of secondary metabolites, providing
flavonoids, phloroglucinols and xanthones.
Loquat 1. Food products development – Jelly, juice, wine, canned fruit, dried slices, tofu, cookies, and (Fröhlich and Schreier 1990;
noodles. Pareek et al. 2014)
2. Medicinal uses - anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidative, antimutagenic, antidiabetic activity.
Silver berry 1. Food products development -Juice, jam, ketchup and pickle. (Lachowicz et al. 2019; Kar et al.
2. Medicinal uses - in combating against kidney dysfunctions, antioxidant. 2019)
Durian 1. Food products development -Noodles, Polysaccharide gel. (Ho and Bhat 2015;
2. Medicinal uses – sources of folate, Anti-atherosclerotic activity, Anti-Proliferative Activity, Probiotic Chingsuwanrote et al. 2016)
Effects, antioxidant activity.
Persimon 1. Persimmon (Peel and Calyx) as a Source for Bio-ethanol Production. (Horvat et al. 1991; Kim et al.
2. Application of persimmon peel extract in indigo dyeing as an eco-friendly alternative reductant. 2015)
3. Extraction of bioactive compounds in persimmon for dermatological and cosmetic use.
4. Persimmon hydrolase gene expression and its use in tomato maturation.
5. Food products development -Jam.
Longan 1. Antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. (Zhang, Zhao, et al. 2015)
Passion 1. Medicinal uses-Antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-tumor, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic activities. (Souza et al. 2012; Kawasoe
2. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity on the preserved meat products. et al. 2021)
Water apple 1. Medicinal uses- Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Pain-Killing and Anti-inflammatory Activities. (Sobeh et al. 2018)
Pulsan 1. Medicinal uses- Anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, (Mahmood et al. 2018)
anti-dengue, anti-hypercholesterolemic, and antihyperglycemic effects.
2. Potential Use of Fruit Extract to Protect Skin Keratinocytes from Inflammation.
3. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activities.
4. Amla Juice Powder.
Guava 1. Food products development - Guava juice, blended RTS beverages, Guava wine, Guava powder, (Casarotti et al. 2018; Aziz and
jam, toffee. Cheese, ice cream topping, nectar, Toffee, Guava leather, Guava pectin. Jalil 2019)
2. Medicinal uses- (a) Gastrointestinal infections; (b) Malaria; (c)Respiratory infections; (d) Oral/dental
infections; (e) Skin infections; (f ) Diabetes; (g) Cardiovascular/hypertension; (h) Cancer; (i)
Malnutrition; (j) Women problems; (k) Pain; (l) Fever; (m) Liver problems; (n) Kidney problems.

(Continued)
30 T. SARKAR ET AL.

Table 5. (Continued).
Fruit Application Reference
Lychee 1. F ood products development -Litchi Juice, Squash, Sirup, Cordia, Probiotic Litchi based beverage, (Chyau et al. 2003; Sarkar,
honey, jelly and wine. Nayak, and Chakraborty
2. Medicinal uses- Hypoglycemic, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti-platelet, 2018; Z.S. Tang, He, et al.
anti-tussive, analgesic, antipyretic, hemostatic, diuretic, and antiviral activities. 2019)
Annona 1. Medicinal uses- Antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anxiolytic, antiviral, antitumor and (Jamkhande, Ajgunde, and
cytoprotective activity. Jadge 2017)
Pitaya 1. Food products development -Food colorant, wine from fruit pulp, betacyanin, jam from fruit peel, (Luo et al. 2014; Guimarães
fat replacer in ice cream, food packaging and edible coatings. et al. 2017; Joshi and
2. Cosmeceutical Sunscreen Agent. Prabhakar 2020)
3. Antioxidant and Photoprotective Properties.
4. Medicinal uses- Retards Alcoholic Liver Disease Progression by Modulating Oxidative Stress and
Inflammatory Responses.
Jaboticaba 1. Food products development -Juice. (Plagemanna et al. 2012;
2. Medicinal uses- Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, Lenquiste et al. 2015)
cardioprotective, and antiproliferative
3. Jaboticaba skin flour.
Jackfruit 1. Food products development -Jam, Jelly, Squash, Pickle. (Goswami and Chacrabati 2016;
2. Medicinal uses- Treatment of asthma, prevent ringworm infection, and heal cracking of the feet. Ranasinghe, Maduwanthi,
and Marapana 2019)

and post-harvest management of the fruits. Out of these 26 New technologies and efficient collaborations between
MTF, it has been observed that only a few have been academia and industry will be required to ensure the future
explored for their bioactive, and functional food develop- success of commercialization of the speciality products from
ment potential; while most of the MTF are yet to be MTFS as new and novel therapeutic entities that can make
explored in terms of phytochemical, flavor and sensory pro- a significant contribution to the treatment of human ail-
file. The seasonal availability of the MTF may be overcome ments, and reduction in health care cost.
with proper preservation techniques. Due to the presence Limited pieces of evidence are there for MTFs as food
of different natural pigments in the MTF, it can be used as fortifying agents, thus multidisciplinary investigation is
a reservoir of natural pigment extraction. Even the in-edible required in the field of nutrition, food safety, sensory study,
parts of the MTF or the waste generated from these MTF toxicity, bioactivity, extraction and chemical exploration.
can be used as a source of natural pigment, and bioactive
extraction. The MTFs have been studied for their medicinal
properties though a very less data is available particularly Acknowledgements
in this domain. From the nutritional, organoleptic and bio- Funding for open access charge: University of Vigo/CISUG
active potential it is obvious that the MTFs are the hidden
treasure in the field of food fortification; though a limited
number of regional cuisines are available only with the MTFs. Disclosure statement
All authors have no conflict of interest.

Future perspective
The peel, seeds and non-edible parts of fruits are generally Availability of data and material
treated as waste. There are a few or limited studies available
All the data used in the manuscript are available in the tables and
on the utilization of the waste part of the MTFs. Further,
figures.
safety related issues need to be investigated for utilization
of the waste generated from the MTFs.
The absorption efficiency, bio-accessibility and bioavail- Code availability
ability of the bioactive compounds of the MTFs in the
human/animal system needs to be investigated. Not applicable.
It is necessary to investigate the use of the explored
phytochemicals from MTFs in many elements of gastroin- Ethics approval
testinal and food systems in order to understand their
release processes and application efficacy. Not applicable.
Exploration for appropriate processing and preservation
techniques for the MTFs are pre-requisite to combat the
seasonal and limited availabilities of some of the fruits. Consent to participate
Simultaneous researches in packaging and transportation All authors has given their full consent to participate.
requirements are unavoidable to meet the global demand.
For the cost-effective commercial extraction and utiliza-
tion of phytochemicals, pigments and nutraceuticals from
Consent for publication
MTFs, novel green technology approaches are necessary. All authors has given their full consent for publication.
 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 31

Funding Altemimi, A.,. N. Lakhssassi, A. Baharlouei, D. Watson, and D.

Lightfoot. 2017. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identifi-
The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work cation of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants 6 (4):42.
featured in this article. doi: 10.3390/plants6040042.
Altendorf, S. 2018. Minor tropical fruits mainstreaming a niche mar-
ket. FAO Food Outlook. 67–73. http://www.fao.org/3/a-I8080e.pdf
ORCID Amin, R., and M. N. Nabi. 2015. Evaluation of cytotoxic and antiox-
idant activity of different fractions of methanolic extract of Baccaurea
Tanmay Sarkar http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3869-1604 ramiflora (Lour.) fruits. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal
Maksim Rebezov http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0857-5143 4 (6):386–9. doi: 10.3329/icpj.v4i6.23288.
Ill-Min Chung http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-0611 Amiri Tehranizadeh, Z., A. Baratian, and H. Hosseinzadeh. 2016.
Mohammad Ali Shariati http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9376-5771 Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) as a herbal healer. BioImpacts
Jesus Simal-Gandara http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-9737 : Bioimpacts 6 (3):155–67. doi: 10.15171/bi.2016.22.
Amudha, P. An overview of phytochemical and pharmacological po-
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