Pokhara University

Faculty of Science and Technology

Course No.: CMM 344 (3 Credits) Full marks: 100

Course title: Digital Signal Analysis and Pass marks: 45
Processing (3-1-2)
Nature of the course: Theory and Practical Total Lectures: 45 hrs
Level: Bachelor Program: BE (CE, SE and IT)

1. Course Description

This course covers theory and methods for digital signal analysis processing including basic
principles governing the analysis and design of discrete-time systems as signal processing
devices. Major parts of the course will concentrate on signal analysis using Fourier transforms,
linear system analysis and filter design. The discrete Fourier transform and its properties as
well as the relationship between continuous and discrete time transforms will be studied. The
course presents an analysis on how discrete time, linear shift invariant systems can be
characterized using linear difference equations and the impulse response and show how tools
such as the z-transform and discrete Fourier transform can be used in the design and analysis
of such systems. An introduction to Fast Fourier Transform and the design and implementation
of digital filters is presented towards the end of the course.

2. General Objectives

• To provide fundamental knowledge of digital signal processing techniques and

applications.
• To introduce basic techniques in designing and implementing digital signal processing
systems.
• To learn basic methods of spectral analysis.
• To teach students to design digital filters

3. Methods of Instruction

Lecture, Discussion, Readings, Practical works and Project works.

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

1
• Learn about the basics of 1. Discrete Signals and systems: (8 hrs)
discrete time signals and 1.1. Introduction of signals, Basic Elements of DSP
its classification system, application of DSP, Sampling continuous
• Understand the concept of signals and spectral properties of sampled signals,
different types of discrete
Basic Elementary signals - unit impulse signal, unit
time systems
• Comprehend the concept step ,signal, ramp signal , Sigmoid signal, exponential
of discrete linear signal, sinusoidal signal.
convolution and its 1.2. Classification of signals – analog and digital signals,
properties deterministic and random signals, periodic and
aperiodic signals, even and odd signals and energy and
power signals.
1.3. Transformation of independent variable – Time
shifting, Amplitude scaling, Time scaling, Time
inversion and Combined Operations
1.4. Discrete time system, Classification- static and
dynamic systems, time variant and time invariant
systems, linear and nonlinear systems, causal and
noncausal systems, stable and unstable systems
1.5. Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System, Convolution
summation of discrete systems, response to discrete
inputs, Properties of Convolution – Commutative
property, Associative property, Distributive property,
Causality and Stability of LTI system

• Comprehend the concept 2. Z-transform (6 Hrs)

of Z-Transform, ROC and 2.1. Definition, Region of Convergence of Z-transform ,
properties of Z-transform Relationship to causality and stability
• Learn to perform forward 2.2. Properties of Z-transform (linearity, time shift,
and inverse Z-transform multiplication by exponential sequence,
• Understand the difference differentiation, time reversal, convolution,
between Unilateral and multiplication, Parseval's theorem)
Bilateral Z-transform 2.3. Inverse z-transform by long division and partial
• Grasp the concept of fraction expansion, by power series expansion.
causality and stability

• Grasp the concept of 3. Analysis of LTI system in frequency domain (5 hrs)

plotting Magnitude and 3.1. Frequency response of LTI system, response to
Phase Response of LTI complex exponential
system 3.2. Linear constant co-efficient difference equation and
• Understand the concept of corresponding system function
poles and zeros and their 3.3. Relationship of frequency response to pole-zero of
relationship to causality system
3.4. Linear phase of LTI system and its relationship to
causality.

2
 • Learn to represent FIR 4. Discrete filter structures (6 hrs)
and IIR filters in direct, 4.1. Structures for FIR filter (direct form, cascade, lattice)
cascade and lattice 4.2. Structures for IIR filter (direct form I, direct form II,
structure. cascade, lattice, lattice ladder)
• Understand the effect of 4.3. Quantization effect ( truncation, rounding)
Quantization and limit
cycles

• Grasp the concept of 5. IIR Filter Design (7 hrs)

designing analog 5.1. Introduction to Classical filter design using
Butterworth and polynomial approximations - Butterworth, Chebyshev
Chebyshev filters. 5.2. Filter design using impulse invariance method and bi-
• Comprehend how analog
linear transformation
IIR filter is converted to
digital IIR filter 5.3. Properties of Chebyshev & Elliptic filters
• Understand the idea of
converting LPF prototype
filter to LP, HP, BP and
BS filters
• Learn the property of
Butterworth, Chebyshev
and Elliptical filters and
their differences.
• Understand Gibbs 6. FIR Filter Design (7 hrs)
phenomena 6.1. Gibbs phenomena in FIR filter design approximations
• Grasp the concept of 6.2. Applications of window functions - Rectangular
designing FIR filters using window, Triangular window, Hanning Window,
Windowing and frequency Hamming Window and Kaiser windows
sampling methods. 6.3. FIR filter design by the frequency sampling method
• Understand the concept of
designing optimum FIR
filters
• Understand the concept of 7. Discrete Fourier Transform (6 hrs)
Discrete Fourier 7.1. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) definition and
Transform and its representation,
properties 7.2. Properties of DFT (linearity, time shift, frequency
• Grasp the concept of shift, conjugation and conjugate symmetry, duality,
circular convolution convolution, multiplication), circular convolution
• Learn about FFT, DIT, 7.3. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm (decimation
DIF algorithms. in time algorithm, decimation in frequency algorithm)
• Comprehend the 7.4. Computational complexity of FFT algorithm.
computational complexity
of FFT algorithm
5.List of Tutorials

The following tutorial activities of 15 hours per group of maximum 24 students should be
conducted to cover all the required contents of this course.

3
 S.N. Tutorials
1 Solve the problems related to Section 1.2, 1.4and 1.5
2 Solve the problems related to Z-Transform (Section 2)
3 Solve the problems related to Frequency Response of LTI system (Section 3)
4 Solve the problems related to Discrete Filter Structures (Section 4)
5 Solve the problems related to the design of digital IIR filters using Impulse
Invariance and Bilinear Transformation methods
6 Solve the problems related to the design of digital FIR filters using Windowing
methods.
7 Solve the problems related to circular convolution, DIT and DIF

6.Practical Works

Laboratory work of 30 hours per group of maximum 24 students should cover implementation
of the following topics using simulation software.

SN List of Practicals

1 Generate and Investigate Basic Discrete Time Signals

i. Unit impulse signal, Unit step signal, Ramp signal, Sinusoidal Signal,
Exponential signal and square signal
ii. Compute even and odd parts of signal
iii. Convolution Sum of two sequences

2 Frequency response and pole zero plot of differential equation

3 Compute 4-point and 8-point DFT using FFT and investigate their frequency responses

4 Design an IIR lowpass filter using Impulse Invariance and Bilinear Transformation
Method
5 Design a FIR filter using different windows and compare the result.

6 Real-World Digital Signal Analysis and Processing examples and demonstrations

7. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System

The internal evaluation of a student may consist of assignments, attendances, internal

assessment, lab reports, project works etc. The internal evaluation scheme for this course is as
follows:

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Evaluation Marks

Theory 30
Attendances & Class Participations 10%

4
 Assignments 20%

Presentations/Quizzes 10%

Internal Assessment 60%

Practical 20 Semester-End 50
examination
Attendances & Class Participations 10%

Lab Report/Project Report 20%

Practical Exam/Project Work 40%

Viva 30%

Total Internal 50

Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student Responsibilities

Each student must secure at least 45% marks in the internal evaluation with 80% attendance in
the class to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to obtain such score will be given
NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) and the student will not be eligible to appear in the End-Term
examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes and complete all the assignments
within the specified time period. If a student does not attend the class(es), it is his/her sole
responsibility to cover the topic(s) taught during the period. If a student fails to attend a formal
exam, quiz, test, etc. there won’t be any provision for a re-exam.

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books
1. Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer, John R. Buck, “Discrete-Time Signal
Processing”, Pearson Education.

References
1. J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis,”Digital signal Processing”, Prentice Hall.
2. S. K. Mitra, ”Digital signal Processing, A Computer-based Approach”, McGraw Hill

5
 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code.: ELX 320 (2 Credits) Full marks: 100

Course title: Embedded System (2-1-3) Pass marks: 45
Nature of the course: Theory & Practice Time per period: 1 hour
Year, Semester:III, V Total periods: 45
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
The course typically focuses on the design, implementation, and analysis of computer
systems that are integrated into larger devices or systems to perform dedicated functions.
These systems often operate in real-time environments and are optimized for specific tasks.
The key topics of the course are: Microcontrollers, Programming Embedded Systems, Real-
time Operating Systems (RTOS), Input/Output (I/O) Devices, Interrupts and Timers, Power
Management, Optimization and Embedded Software Development Tools and IoT based
embedded systems.

2. General Objectives
The general objectives of this course are:
• To equip students with the knowledge and skills to design, develop, and
implement efficient hardware-software systems for specific, real-time applications
• To acquint students with microcontrollers, interface devices, manage real-time
operations, and optimize system performance for various embedded applications
like IoT, automotive, and robotics

3. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

• Define components, and list the Unit I: Introduction to Embedded Systems (3 hrs.)
characteristics of embedded 1.1 Definition and Overview of Embedded Systems
systems 1.2 Embedded Systems vs. General-Purpose Systems
• Differentiate between 1.3 Applications and Domains (Automotive,
embedded systems and general- Healthcare, Industrial Control, IoT, etc.)
purpose computing systems 1.4 Key Components: Microcontrollers, Sensors,
• Learn the various applications Actuators, Peripherals
and use cases of embedded
systems (e.g., automotive, IoT,
consumer electronics)
• Gain knowledge about key
components of Embedded
System.
• Provide in-depth knowledge of Unit II: Programming for Embedded Systems (5 hrs.)
programming languages 2.1 Overview of AVR Architecture
commonly used in embedded 2.2 Embedded C Programming for Microcontroller:
systems, such as Embedded C. • Introduction to C for Embedded Systems.
• Design, write, test, and debug • Data Types, Control Structures, and
software for embedded systems Pointers
that meet specific functional • Memory Management
requirements • AVR Interrupt Handling
• Input and output ports interfacing on AVR
• Timers and Counters in AVR
• Serial Communication in AVR
• Emphasize the development of Unit III: Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)(5 hrs.)
both practical and theoretical 3.1 Concepts of Real-Time Systems
understanding of real-time 3.2 Introduction to RTOS (e.g., FreeRTOS, VxWorks)
systems 3.3 Task Scheduling, Context Switching, Task
• Gain proficiency in utilizing a Synchronization
leading Real-Time Operating 3.4 Resource Sharing, Deadlock, and Priority
System (RTOS) such as Inversion
VxWorks 3.5 Multithreading and Multi-tasking in RTOS
• Evaluate the advantages and
disadvantages of various
concepts, including task
scheduling, context switching,
task synchronization, resource
sharing, deadlock, priority
inversion, multithreading, and
multitasking
• Gain insight about VHDL Unit IV: Embedded System Design using VHDL (5 hrs.)
Programming, different 4.1 Introduction to VHDL
modeling styles, data types, sub 4.2 Different Modelling styles in VHDL for
program and packages, test combinational and sequential circuits
benches. 4.3 Data types in VHDL
• Learn to program in VHDL for 4.4 Sub program and Packages
combinational and sequential 4.5 VHDL realization for combinational and sequential
cicuits circuits
• Understand the distinction Unit V: Communication Protocols (3 hrs.)
between serial and Wireless 5.1 Serial Communication:
communication and when to UART, SPI, I2C
use each in embedded 5.2 Wireless Communication:
applications. Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, LoRa, GSM/GPRS
• Explore the different types of 5.3 Networking:
communication (e.g., device-to- TCP/IP Basics in Embedded Systems
device, device-to-network, and
device-to-cloud) that are
essential for embedded systems.
 • Understand Wireless
Communication Protocols such
as Bluetooth and BLE
(Bluetooth Low Energy), Wi-
Fi, ZigBee and LoRa

• Learn the types of peripherals Unit VI: Peripherals and Interfacing (4 hrs.)
commonly used in embedded 6.1 Sensor Interfacing:Analog and Digital Sensors (e.g.,
systems, including input temperature, humidity, motion)
devices (e.g., sensors, 6.2 Actuator Interfacing:
switches), output devices (e.g., • Motor Control (DC, Stepper, Servo)
displays, actuators), and • PWM for controlling brightness, speed, etc.
communication devices (e.g., 6.3 Display Interfacing:
serial interfaces). • LCD, and Seven Segment Displays

• Understand the various Unit VII: Internet of Things (IoT) and Embedded
communication protocol used in Systems (3 hrs.)
IoT, such as MQTT 7.1 Introduction to IoT Concepts and Embedded System’s
• Understand common used Role in IoT.
hardware platforms in IoT. 7.2 IoT communication protocol: MQTT(Basic Concept)
• 7.3 Overview of common IoT hardware platforms:
Arduino, ESP32, and Raspberry Pi. (Basic Introduction)

Note: The figures in the parentheses indicate the approximate periods for the respective units.

10 Methods of Instruction
Lecture, tutorials, lab works, projects.
5. List of Tutorials
The following tutorial activities of 15 hours per group of maximum 24 students should be
conducted to cover all the required contents of this course.

S.N. Tutorials
1 Beginner-Level Projects: Home Automation System, Smart Door Lock System,
Temperature and Humidity Monitoring, Obstacle Avoidance Robot, Digital
Thermometer
2 Intermediate-Level Projects: Weather Station, Smart Irrigation System, Bluetooth-
Controlled Car, Home Security System, Pulse Oximeter
3 Advanced-Level Projects: IoT-Based Energy Meter, Drone Control System, Smart
Traffic Light System, Heart Rate Monitor using ECG, Wearable Health Monitor

6. Practical Works

S.N. Practical works

1 Introduction of VHDL for simulation of digital logic circuits and its components
2 Design and simulate basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR,
 XNOR) using VHDL
3 Implement and test combinational circuits such as multiplexers, demultiplexers,
encoders, and decoders
4 Design and simulate basic arithmetic circuits, including half adders, full adders,
and subtractors
5 Create and analyze sequential circuits like flip-flops (D, JK, T), counters (binary,
decade), and shift registers
6 Develop and simulate finite state machines, including both Mealy and Moore
models, for various applications
7. Evaluation system and Students’ Responsibilities
Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s) conducted by the Office of the Controller of Examination of
Pokhara University, the internal evaluation of a student may consist of class attendance, class
participation, quizzes, assignments, presentations, written exams, etc. The tabular presentation of
the evaluation system is as follows.
External Evaluation Marks Internal Evaluation Marks

Semester-End 50 Class attendance and participation 5

Examination Tutorials and projects works 5+5
Quizzes/assignments and presentations 10
Internal Term Exam 25
Total External 50 Total Internal 50
Full Marks 50+5 100

Students’ Responsibilities:
Each student must secure at least 45% marks in the internal evaluation with 80% attendance in
the class to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to obtain such score will be given
NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) and the student will not be eligible to appear in the End-Term
examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes and complete all the assignments
within the specified time period. If a student does not attend the class(es), it is his/her sole
responsibility to cover the topic(s) taught during the period. If a student fails to attend a formal
exam, quiz, test, etc. there won’t be any provision for a re-exam.

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Book
1. Simon, D. E. (1999). An embedded software primer (Vol. 1). Addison-Wesley
Professional.
2. Mazidi, M. A., Naimi, S., & Naimi, S. (2010). AVR Microcontroller and Embedded
Systems The (p. 364). Pearson India.
3. Perry, D. L. (2002). VHDL: programming by example (Vol. 4). New York: McGraw-Hill.
4. Bahga, A., & Madisetti, V. (2014). Internet of Things: A hands-on approach. Vpt.
Reference Books
1. Peckol, J. (2019). Embedded systems: A contemporary design tool (2nd ed.). Wiley.
2. Vahid, F., & Givargis, T. (2010). Embedded system design: A unified hardware/software
introduction (3rd ed.). Wiley.
 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code.: MGT 320 Full marks: 100

Course title: Engineering Management (2-1-0) Pass marks: 45
Nature of the course: Theory Time per period: 1 hour
Total periods: 30
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
This course is designed to provide essential understanding of basic management knowledge and
enhance their managerial capabilities integrating technology and contemporary issues. It includes
introduction of management, planning, organizing, staffing, leading and motivation, controlling
and recent trends in management specially tailored for software, computer and IT engineering. The
course delivery will consist of lecture sessions, case studies and presentations on professional
management practices.

2. General Objective
The course is designed to impart knowledge on management and emerging engineering
management trends and develop skills of the students to enhance their managerial capabilities and
enable them to apply in a technology-based organization.

3. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

To develop a Unit I: Introduction (6 Hrs.)
foundational 1.1 Management
understanding of 1.1.1 Functions of management
management, 1.1.2 Level and scope of management
organization and 1.1.3 Principles of management
engineering management 1.2 Organization
1.2.1 Characteristics of organization
1.2.2 Types of organization: formal and informal organizations,
virtual organization
1.3 Engineering Management
1.3.1 Importance of management in technology-driven
environments
1.3.2 Engineering functions in organizations: product
development, operations, IT systems, quality assurance and
others
1.3.3 Roles and responsibilities of an engineering manager
To familiarize students Unit II: Planning and Organizing (6 Hrs.)
with the planning and 2.1 Planning
organizing and identify 2.1.1 Levels of planning: strategic, tactical and operational
their emerging issues in 2.1.2 Steps in planning
ICT enterprises 2.1.3 Tools for planning
2.1.4 Importance of planning
 2.2 Organizing
2.2.1 Process of organizing
2.2.2 Organization structure
2.2.3 Types of organization structure
2.2.2.1 Traditional structure: line and functional
2.2.2.2 Modern structure: matrix, network, hybrid
2.4 Emerging planning and organizing issues for ICT enterprises
To enable students to Unit III: Motivation and Leadership (6 Hrs.)
analyze and address key 3.1 Motivation
issues in motivating and 3.1.1 Theories of motivation: Maslow’s hierarchy, Herzberg’s
leading a technical two factor, Expectancy, Equity
workforce 3.1.2 Techniques for motivation
3.2 Leadership
3.2.1 Leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, servant and
transformational
3.2.2 Characteristics of learning organization in the ICT
industry
3.3 Challenges and strategies for motivating and leading technical
workforce
To enhance students' Unit IV: Human Resource Management and Control (8 Hrs.)
knowledge of human 4.1 Human Resource Management
resource management 4.1.1 Functions of human resource management
and control functions, 4.1.2 Job analysis, job specification, job description
emphasizing their 4.1.3 Recruitment and selection
practical application for 4.1.4 Human resource training (on the job and off the job)
managing ICT 4.1.5 Performance appraisal and methods
organization 4.1.6 Challenges in managing people in ICT workforce
4.2 Control
4.2.1 Importance
4.2.2 Process and types
4.2.3 Techniques
4.2.4 ICT tools for effective control of engineering projects and
organizations.
To expose students to Unit V: Emerging trends in engineering management (4 Hrs.)
emerging trends in 5.1 Participative management, conflict resolution, change
engineering management management, quality management, innovation management and
and their application in disruption
ICT driven organizations 5.2 Recent engineering management concepts for managing ICT
based projects and organizations
4. Methods of Instruction
Lecture, Tutorials, Discussions, Assignments and Presentation

5. List of Tutorials
 S.N. Tutorials
1 IT companies case studies related to management functions
2. Students’ presentation on course contents, and relevant current management issues
3. Identification and use of recent ICT based management tools

6. Evaluation system and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s) conducted by the Office of the Controller of Examination of
Pokhara University, the internal evaluation of a student may consist of class attendance, class
participation, quizzes, assignments, presentations, written exams, etc. The tabular presentation of
the evaluation system is as follows.
External Evaluation Marks Internal Evaluation Marks

Semester-End 50 Class attendance and participation 10

Examination Case Study Discussion 5
Quizzes/assignments and presentations 5
Internal Term Exam 30
Total External 50 Total Internal 50
Full Marks 50+50=100

Students’ Responsibilities:
Each student must secure at least 45% marks in the internal evaluation with 80% attendance in the
class to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to obtain such a score will be given NOT
QUALIFIED (NQ) and the student will not be eligible to appear in the End-Term examinations.
Students are advised to attend all the classes and complete all the assignments within the specified
time period. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of
the course.

7. Prescribed Books and References

Test and Reference Books
1. Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich, Essentials of Management
2. Prem Raj Pant, Principles of Management
3. Govinda Ram Agrawal, Organization and Management in Nepal.

Recommended Resources
1. Online resources on content and cases
2. Articles collected from various Journals and Periodicals
 Pokhara University

Faculty of Science and Technology

Course No.: CMP 348 Full marks: 100
Course title: Software Engineering Pass marks: 45
Nature of the course: Theory/Tutorial/Practical Time per period: 1 hour
Total periods: 45
Level: Undergraduate Program: BE

1. Course Description

This course intends to provide students with an in-depth knowledge and practical skills pertaining
to the field of Software Engineering. It intends to make students familiar with the principles and
practices followed in the field of software development and gives a comprehensive understanding
of various phases of Software Development activities including Requirements Engineering, Design,
Testing and Maintenance. Apart from that the course has also been designed to provide students with
a managerial perspective needed to oversee and plan large software development activities using
contemporary technologies ensuring product and process quality.

2. General Objectives

The course is designed with the following objectives:

1. To make the students familiar with the principles and practices of Software

Engineering required for successfully carrying out development activities

2. To provide students with a detailed knowledge of different phases of software

development lifecycle like requirements engineering, architectural design,

implementation and testing

3. To equip students with necessary skills and knowledge required for overseeing

software development activities including project management, quality assurance,

configuration management

4. To familiarize students with the recent trends in the field of software engineering
3. Methods of Instruction

The method of instruction includes lectures, tutorials and practical classes to cover the theoretical,
tutorial and practical aspects. Students can be involved in group discussions and presentations in
order to assimilate new ideas and current trends in the field of software engineering. Short quizzes
can be held in the class to check the students’ level of comprehension. Project work needs to be
assigned to students to come up with a comprehensive documentation of a software product
demonstrating their level of understanding of the contents studied in the course.

4. Contents in detail with specific objectives

Specific Objectives Contents

The chapter intends to provide a brief Chapter 1: Software Engineering and Project
Management (7 Hrs)
introduction of the field of software
engineering and software project 1.1 Nature and Characteristics of Software
management and ethics 1.2 Software versus System Engineering

Students make use of the management aspect 1.3 Software Crisis and Myths
of software engineering required to undertake 1.4 Four Ps of Software Project
software related projects like estimation,
Management
measurement, risk management and ethics
1.5 Process and Project Metrics

1.6 Measurement of Software: Metrics,

Measure, Indicator

1.7 Project Estimation, Empirical Estimation

Models

1.8 Software Risks, Assumption, Issues,

Dependency

1.8.1 Identification

1.8.2 Mitigation
 1.8.3 Monitoring

1.8.4 Management

1.9 Software Engineering Ethics and

Professional Practice

In this chapter students learn about different Chapter 2: Software Process Models and
types of software process models, their Agility (5 Hr)
strength and weaknesses and their 2.1 Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)
applicability 2.2 Waterfall, Incremental, Prototyping,
Iterative, Spiral, Rapid Application
Students also learn to make use of Agile
Development, Aspect Oriented Software
development strategies for software
Engineering
development process
2.3 Agile Software Development
2.3.1 Extreme Programming
2.3.2 Scrum
2.3.3 Agile Project Management and Scaling
Agile Methods
2.4 Pros and Cons of Process Models and their
Applicability

This chapter helps students learn how to Chapter 3: Requirements Engineering and
gather, analyze, and specify software Principles (7 Hr)

requirements 3.1 Types of Requirements

Students make use of various techniques like 3.2 Requirements Modeling Principles
structured and object oriented approaches for 3.3 Domain Analysis and System Models
requirements modeling and management
3.3.1 Context Models

3.3.2 Behavioural Models

3.3.3 Data Models

 3.4 Requirements Engineering Process

3.4.1 Feasibility Study

3.4.2 Requirements Elicitation, Analysis,

Modeling, Specification

3.4.3 Requirements Validation

3.5 Object Oriented Analysis

This chapter intends to get students well Chapter 4: Software Design, Architecture and
acquainted with software design principles Principles (7 Hr)

and patterns. 4.1 Design Modeling Principles

Students use various architectural styles and 4.2 Design Process

design patterns including object oriented 4.3 Architectural design
approach for designing software systems
4.3.1 Layered

4.3.2 Repository

4.3.3 Client Server

4.3.4 Pipe and Filter

4.4 Interface, Component, Database Design

4.5 Design Patterns

4.6 Security by Design

4.7 Object Oriented Design

4.8 Embedded System Design

This chapter imparts knowledge regarding Chapter 5: Testing Techniques and
various testing techniques used for proper Maintenance (7 Hr)

validation and verification of software. It also 5.1 Validation and Verification

lets students become aware of the inevitable
5.2 Testing Phases
changes that occur and ways of maintaining
software systems 5.2.1 Development Testing

5.2.1.1 Unit Testing

Students design test cases for proper
validation and verification of the software 5.2.1.2 Component Testing
product 5.2.1.3 System Testing

5.2.2 Release Testing

5.2.2.1 Requirements-based Testing

5.2.2.2 Scenario Testing

5.2.2.3 Performance Testing

5.2.3 User Testing

5.2.3.1 Alpha Testing

5.2.3.2 Beta Testing

5.2.3.3 Acceptance Testing

5.3 Test Case Development Strategies

5.3.1 Boundary Value Analysis

5.3.2 Equivalence Partitioning

5.3.3 Basis Path Testing

5.3.4 Control structure Testing

5.4 Software Changes and Evolution

5.5 Maintenance Process and Reengineering

This chapter focuses on quality management Chapter 6: Software Quality Assurance
of software and the existing standards for Process (4 Hr)

compliance and assessing capability 6.1 Software Quality Concepts, Software

In this chapter, students make use of ways of Reliability

ensuring quality in process and product by 6.2 Software Quality Management and Planning
adhering to the standards which is essential in
6.3 Software Standards and their Compliance
producing good software
6.3.1 ISO, CMMI

6.4 Capability Assessment and Process

Improvement

6.5 Process and Product Standards

6.6 Reviews and Inspections

This chapter focuses on the need and process Chapter 7: Software Configuration
of proper management of software Management (4 Hr)

configuration items produced as deliverables 7.1 Software Configuration Items

during the software development process
7.2 Configuration Management Activities

Students use the techniques and tools that 7.2.1 Change Management

exist for keeping track of the software 7.2.2 Version Management

configuration items
7.2.3 System Building

7.2.4 System Release

This chapter deals with the recent trends and Chapter 8: Advanced Software Engineering
advancements in the field of software Concepts (4 Hr)

engineering 8.1 Software Reuse

This chapter enables students to make use of 8.1.1 Application Frameworks

contemporary techniques for reusing software 8.1.2 Software Product Lines
and software components and use advanced
8.1.3 COTS Product Reuse
technologies for software development
8.2 Cloud Based Software Engineering

8.3 Artificial Intelligence in Software

Engineering

5. List of Tutorials

The following tutorial activities of 15 hours per group of maximum 24 students should be conducted
to cover all the required contents of this course.

S.N. Tutorials

1 Discussions and exercises on Process models and their suitability

2 Exercises on computing metrics for a software system (Function Point, Lines

of Code (LOC), COCOMO model) and using them to derive measures and
indicators

3 Exercises on computing risk exposure factor and prioritizing risks

4 Exercises on developing test cases using testing techniques like Basis Path
Testing, Boundary Value Analysis, Equivalence Partitioning and Control
Structure Testing

5 Exercises on performing Domain investigation/analysis and specifying

requirements

6 Exercises on drawing Data Flow diagram (Context and lower level diagrams)

7 Exercises on drawing Entity Relationship diagram

 8 Exercises on drawing Use case, Sequence, Activity diagram

9 Exercises on drawing Architectural, Component and Class diagram

6. Practical Work

The practical work should consist of exercises focusing on all of the aspects covered in the course
pertaining to software development. Students are required to make use of a CASE tool to come up
with the documentation of the deliverables of each and every phase of the Software Development
Life Cycle including analysis, design, implementation, testing.

A project work should be given to students in which they are required to demonstrate the assimilated
knowledge in the course by coming up with detailed artifacts.

S.N. Practical works

1 Introduction of a CASE tool for Software Engineering Activities (Rational

Rose, Star UML, draw.io, Dia, Visio etc.)

2 Identify a domain that needs automation through the use of software and
perform Domain analysis/investigation of that domain

3 Perform Requirements analysis of a system and develop a requirements

catalog, translate them into task or user story format and enter them in a
project management tool (Trello, Jira etc.)

4 Use a CASE tool to develop Data Flow Diagram of the functional

requirements captured

5 Use a CASE tool to develop Entity Relationship (ER) diagram

6 Use a CASE tool to develop visual models of the requirements captured

using Use case, Sequence and Activity diagram

7 Design the overall architecture of a software system

8 Develop a testing strategy and test cases for testing a software system

9 Use automated tools for properly managing software configuration items and
their versions
7. Evaluation system and students’ responsibilities

Internal Evaluation

In addition to the formal end-semester exam(s), the internal (formative) evaluation of a student may
consist of quizzes, assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation and presentation etc. The
tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows. The components may differ according
to the nature of the subjects.

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Marks

Evaluation

Theory 30

Attendance & Class Participation 10%

Assignments 20%

Presentations/Quizzes 10%

Semester-End 50
Internal Assessment 60% examination

Practical 20

Attendance & Class Participation 20%

Lab Report/Project Report 30%

Practical Exam/Project Work 30%

Viva 20%

Total Internal 50

Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student requirements:

Each student must secure at least 45% marks in internal evaluation with 80% attendance in the class
in order to appear in the semester-end examination. Failing to get such a score will be equated with
NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) and the student will not be eligible to appear in the End- Semester
examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes and complete all the assignments within
the specified time period. Failure of a student to attend a formal exam, quiz, test, etc. won’t qualify
him/her for re-exam. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the
completion of the course

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books:
Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 10th Edition, Addison - Wesley, ISBN-13:
978-0-13-703515-1

Roger S. Pressman, Bruce R. Maxim, Software Engineering a Practitioner's Approach. 8th

Edition, McGraw Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0-07-802212-8

References:
Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, The Unified Modeling Language
User Guide, Addison Wesley, ISBN: 0-201-57168-4

Frederick P. Brooks, The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering, ISBN-
10. 9780201835953

Derek Partridge, Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering, ISBN 9780893916060

Muthu Ramacharan, Zaigham Mahmood, Software Engineering in the Era of Cloud

Computing, 2021, ISBN: 978-3-030-33623-3

Pankaj Jalote, Software Engineering- A Precise Approach, Latest Edition

Rajib Mall, Fundamental of Software Engineering, Latest Edition

 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course No.: CMP 346 (3 Credits) Full marks: 100

Course title: Artificial Intelligence (3-1-3) Pass marks: 45
Nature of the course: Theory and Practical Total Lectures: 45 hrs
Level: Bachelor Program: BE (Computer)

1. Course Description

This course is designed to provide an in-depth introduction to the field of Artificial Intelligence
(AI). It covers the fundamental concepts, methodologies, and applications of AI, including
problem-solving by searching, knowledge representation, reasoning and machine learning.
Students will also explore ethical issues.

2. General Objectives

• To provide the students with foundational principles and techniques of Artificial

Intelligence.
• To develop the skills and ability in students to formulate AI-based solutions to real-
world problems.
• To acquaint the students with the knowledge of various AI domains such as machine
learning, expert systems, neural network and fuzzy systems.
• To provide the students with the knowledge to critically evaluate the ethical
implications of AI and its impact on society.

3. Methods of Instruction

Lecture, Discussion, Readings, Practical works and Project works.

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

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• Explain artificial 1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (4 hrs)
intelligence, its 1.1. Intelligence
approaches and its 1.1.1. Types of Intelligence
foundations. 1.1.2. Components of Intelligence
• Critically evaluate the 1.2. Artificial Intelligence
1.2.1. Approaches of AI
ethical implications of AI
1.2.1.1. Acting Humanly
and its impact on society. 1.2.1.2. Thinking Humanly
1.2.1.3. Thinking Rationally
1.2.1.4. Acting Rationally
1.2.2. Foundations of AI
1.2.3. History of AI
1.2.4. Risk and Benefits of AI
1.3. Ethics and Societal Implications
1.3.1. Ethical Implications of AI
1.3.2. AI and Society: Work and Automation,
Employment, Privacy and Security
1.3.3. Governance and Regulation
● Design and implement 2. Intelligent Agents (5 hrs)
intelligent agents. 2.1. Agents and Environments
2.2. Concept of Rationality
2.2.1. Performance Measures
2.2.2. Rationality and Rational Agent
2.3. Task environment and its properties
2.4. Structure of Agents
2.4.1. Agent programs
2.4.2. Types of agent programs
2.5. Learning Agents

● Formulate the real 3. Problem Solving and Search Algorithms (10 hrs)
world problems and 3.1. Problem Solving
apply the search 3.1.1. Problem Solving Agents
algorithms to solve 3.1.2. Problem solving process
them. 3.1.3. Production System
3.1.4. Well-defined and ill-defined problems
3.1.5. Problem formulation
3.2. Search Algorithms
3.2.1. Uninformed Search
3.2.1.1. Breadth- First Search
3.2.1.2. Depth-First Search
3.2.1.3. Iterative Deepening Search
3.2.2. Informed Search
3.2.2.1. Heuristics
3.2.2.2. Greedy Best-First Search
3.2.2.3. A* Search
3.3. Local Search and Optimization Problems
3.3.1. Hill-Climbing Search and its problems
(Local maxima, plateaus, and ridges)
3.3.2. Simulated Annealing

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 3.3.3. Genetic Algorithms
3.3.4. Gradient Descent
3.4. Adversarial Search and Game Playing
3.4.1. Minimax algorithm
3.4.2. Alpha-beta pruning
3.5. Constraint Satisfaction Problems
3.5.1. Representation of CSPs
3.5.1.1. Variables
3.5.1.2. Domains
3.5.1.3. Constraints
3.5.2. Search Algorithms for CSPs
3.5.2.1. Backtracking search
3.5.2.2. Constraint propagation
3.5.3. Optimization Technique: Min-Conflicts
Heuristic1
● Represent the 4. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (10 hrs)
knowledge of a domain 4.1. Propositional Logic
and apply inference 4.1.1. Syntax
rules to draw 4.1.2. Semantics
conclusions. 4.1.3. Inference in Propositional Logic
4.1.4. Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF)
4.1.5. Resolution Theorem Proving
4.1.6. Limitations of Propositional Logic
4.2. Predicate Logic
4.2.1. Syntax
4.2.2. Semantics
4.2.3. Inference in Predicate Logic
4.2.4. Resolution in Predicate Logic
4.3. Reasoning Under Uncertainty
4.3.1. Probabilistic Reasoning
4.3.1.1. Bayesian Networks
4.3.2. Probabilistic reasoning over time
4.3.2.1. Hidden Markov Models
4.4. Other Approaches to Knowledge Representation
4.4.1. Semantic Nets and Frames
4.4.2. Rule-based Representation
4.4.3. Ontological-Based Representation
● Develop and apply the 5. Machine Learning (6 hrs)
machine learning 5.1. Definition and Evolution of Machine Learning
algorithms to classify 5.2. Learning by Analogy
and cluster the data. 5.3. Explanation-based learning
● Design an artificial 5.4. Supervised Learning Algorithms
neural network that can 5.4.1. Classification and Regression
learn. 5.4.2. Linear regression
5.4.3. K-Nearest Neighbour
5.5. Unsupervised Learning Algorithms
5.5.1. Clustering
5.5.2. K-means Clustering

3
 5.6. Artificial Neural Network
5.6.1. Biological Inspiration
5.6.2. Basic Components of ANN
5.6.3. Training Neural Networks
5.6.3.1. Forward Propagation
5.6.3.2. Loss Function
5.6.3.3. Backward Propagation
5.6.3.4. Learning Rate
5.6.4. Single-Layer Perceptron
5.6.5. Multi-Layer Perceptron

● Apply the fuzzy logic 6. Fuzzy Logic (5 hrs)

for reasoning in an 6.1. Classical vs Fuzzy Logic
expert system. 6.2. Fuzzy Sets and Membership Functions
6.3. Fuzzy Operations
6.4. Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems
6.5. Fuzzification and Defuzzification
6.6. Fuzzy Inference System: Mamdani

● Design and develop an 7. Expert System (5 hrs)

expert system to solve a 7.1. Definition and History of Expert System
real-world problem. 7.2. Architecture of Expert Systems
7.3. Knowledge Representation in expert system
7.3.1. Logic based representation
7.3.2. Rule-based system
7.3.3. Semantic networks
7.3.4. Ontology-based Systems
7.3.5. Frame-based Systems
7.4. Inference Mechanisms
7.4.1. Forward Chaining
7.4.2. Backward Chaining
7.5. Knowledge Acquisition and Learning
7.6. Applications of Expert Systems

5. Practical Works

Laboratory work of 45 hours per group of maximum 24 students should cover implementation
of the following lab works:

SN Implementation Description

1 Implement search algorithms (e.g., BFS, DFS, A*)

2 a.Create a program with facts about a different domain (e.g., a book collection,
family tree) and perform queries to extract information.

4
 b.Extend the family tree with new rules to find relationships between grandparents,
siblings, or cousins. Enhance the program with additional rules and variables to solve
a given set of queries. Include comments explaining the logic.
c.Develop a program that solves a specific problem related to a domain of interest
(e.g., a recommendation system) and prepare a brief report explaining the design and
logic.
d.Implement Semantic Network in for Knowledge Representation and Querying (For
example, a simple hierarchy might involve concepts such as “Animal”, “Bird”, and
“Mammal” with relationships such as is_a, has_parts, or can_fly)
e.Implement a Frame-Based Representation with Inheritance and Queries.

3 Develop a simple expert system using rule-based reasoning/fuzzy logic.

4 Implement and evaluate classification algorithms (e.g. linear regression and k-NN)
and clustering algorithms (e.g. k-means)

5 Build and train single layer and multi-layer perceptron.

6 Implement the fuzzy logic for reasoning in an expert system.

Students should submit a project work that uses all the knowledge obtained from this course to
solve any problem chosen by themselves. The marks for the practical evaluation must be based
on the project work submitted by students.

6. List of Tutorials

The various tutorial activities that suit your course should cover all the content of the course to
give students a space to engage more actively with the course content in the presence of the
instructor. Students should submit tutorials as assignments or class works to the instructor for
evaluation. The following tutorial activities of 15 hours per group of maximum 24 students
should be conducted to cover the content of this course:

A. Discussion-based Tutorials: (3 hrs)

a. Evolution of Artificial Intelligence (Class discussion).
b. AI and Society: Employment, Privacy and Security (Class discussion).

B. Problem solving-based Tutorials: (6 hrs)

a. Apply a search technique to solve a real world problem.
b. Design and develop a simple expert system that solves a real world problem.

C. Review and Question/Answer-based Tutorials: (6 hrs)

a. A detailed case study on any one fuzzy system. (Class Presentation)
b. Students ask questions within the course content, assignments and review key course
content in preparation for tests or exams.

7. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System

5
The internal evaluation of a student may consist of assignments, attendance, internal
assessment, lab reports, project works etc. The internal evaluation scheme for this course is as
follows:

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Evaluation Marks

Theory 30

Attendance & Class Participation 10%

Assignments 20%

Presentations/Quizzes 10%

Internal Assessment 60% Semester-End 50

examination
Practical 20

Attendance & Class Participation 10%

Lab Report/Project Report 20%

Practical Exam/Project Work 40%

Viva 30%

Total Internal 50

Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student Responsibilities

Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End
Examination. Failing to get such a score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear for
the Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam,
test, etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are
required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books
1. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Pearson.

References

1. Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to

Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition.
Pearson.
2. Bird S., Klein E., & Loper E. (2009). Natural Language Processing with Python. O'Reilly
Media.

6
3. Bishop, C. M. (2006). Pattern recognition and machine learning. Springer.