Gaza war

The Gaza war[p] has been fought between

Gaza war
Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian militant
groups[q] in the Gaza Strip and Israel since 7 Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict, the Israeli–Palestinian
October 2023. It is Israel's 15th war in conflict, and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
Gaza,[76] and sparked an ongoing Middle
Eastern crisis. The first day of the war was the
deadliest for Israel, and it is the deadliest war
for Palestinians in the history of the
conflict.[77]

On 7 October 2023, Hamas-led militant groups

launched a surprise attack on Israel, in which
1,195 Israelis and foreign nationals, including
815 civilians, were killed, and 251 taken
hostage.[78][79] After clearing militants from its
territory, Israel launched an intensive bombing
campaign[80][81] and invaded Gaza on 27 Gaza Strip under Palestinian control
October with the stated objectives of Furthest Israeli advance in Gaza Strip
destroying Hamas and freeing the Evacuated areas inside Israel
hostages. [82][83] Israeli forces launched Maximum extent of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on
numerous campaigns during the invasion, Israel
including the Rafah offensive from May 2024, Areas of Gaza subject to Israeli evacuation orders
three battles fought around Khan Yunis, and the detailed map · timeline
siege of North Gaza from October 2024.
Flashpoints during the war that have attracted Date 7 October 2023 – present
(1 year, 5 months and 4 days)
global attention include the kidnapping of the
Bibas family, the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital Location Gaza Strip and Israel
explosion, the Flour massacre, the Tel al-Sultan Status Ceasefire since 19 January 2025
attack, and the killing of five-year-old Hind Belligerents
Rajab. A temporary ceasefire in November
Hamas Israel[a]
2023 broke down, but both sides agreed to a
Palestinian allies:
new deal on 15 January 2025,[84] which took
Palestinian Islamic
effect four days later.[85]
Jihad
Since the start of the Israeli offensive, over Popular Front for the
48,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been reported Liberation of Palestine
as killed,[r] over half of them women and Democratic Front for
children.[15][86][87] The Lancet has estimated the Liberation of Palestine
more than 70,000 direct deaths due to traumatic Al-Aqsa Martyrs'
injuries.[20] More than 100,000 Palestinians Brigades
have also been injured.[88] Israel's tightened
blockade cut off basic necessities, causing a Palestinian
severe hunger crisis with a high risk of famine Mujahideen Movement
persisting as of November 2024.[89][90] By Commanders and leaders
early 2025, Israel had caused unprecedented
Yahya Sinwar † Benjamin Netanyahu
destruction in Gaza and made large parts of it
Ismail Haniyeh X Israel Katz
uninhabitable,[91] leveling entire cities[92] and
destroying the healthcare system, agricultural Mohammed Deif X Yoav Gallant[b]
land,[93] religious and cultural landmarks,[94] Marwan Issa X
educational facilities,[95][96] and cemeteries.[97] Units involved
Nearly all of the strip's 2.3 million Palestinian
See Order of battle
population have been forcibly displaced.[98][99]
Strength
Over 100,000 Israelis were internally displaced
as of February 2024.[100] Torture and sexual 20,000–40,000+[c] 529,500[d]
violence were committed by Palestinian Casualties and losses
militant groups and Israeli forces.[101] Gaza Strip: Israel:
Various experts and human rights organizations
61,709+ reported 994 civilians killed[m]
have stated that Israel and Hamas have
killed, including 991 security forces
committed war crimes, and that Israel has
14,000+ missing and killed[n]
committed genocide in Gaza.[102] A case presumed dead[7][8][e]
accusing Israel of committing genocide is 13,500+ Israelis
(a larger estimate of
being reviewed by the International Court of wounded (as of 31
70,000+ exists for total
Justice, while the International Criminal Court Dec. 2024)[o][71][72][73]
direct deaths)[20]
has issued arrest warrants for Israeli and 251 captured or
Indirect deaths[f][22]
Hamas leaders indicted for war crimes.[103] abducted[46]
likely to be multiple
Israel assassinated Hamas leaders inside and
times higher[23][24][g] Total killed: 1,985+
outside Gaza. Israel received extensive military
and diplomatic support from the United States, 111,860+
wounded[10][12]
which has vetoed multiple pro-ceasefire
resolutions from the UN Security Council.[104] 16,300+ detained[32]
The war has reverberated regionally, with Axis West Bank:[h]
of Resistance groups across several Arab
countries and Iran clashing with the United 905 killed[11][33][34]
States and Israel. By late 2024, a year of strikes 7,370+ wounded[11][34]
between Israel and Hezbollah led to a brief 14,300+ detained[35]
Israeli invasion of Lebanon, as well as the fall
of the Assad regime and an ongoing Israeli Militants inside
invasion of Syria. The war continues to have Israel:[i]
significant regional and international
1,609 killed[36]
repercussions, with large protests worldwide
calling for a ceasefire, as well as a surge of 200+ captured[37]
antisemitism and anti-Palestinianism.
Lebanon and Syria:
Lebanon:

4,047+ killed[j] (1,356+

killed since 23
 September 2024)[39][40]

Names 16,638+ injured[38]

Syria:
The Gaza war is referred to by different names.
567 killed[k]
Israel calls it the "iron swords war" (Hebrew:
‫)מלחמת חרבות ברזל‬.[105][s] It has also been
Total killed: 68,837+[l]
referred to as the "Simchat Torah war", as the
war started on the Jewish holiday of Simchat
Torah, reminiscent of the Yom Kippur War.[108] Palestinian militant groups refer to it as the "battle of al-
Aqsa Flood" (Arabic: ‫)معركة طوفان األقصى‬, in reference to Operation al-Aqsa Flood.[109][110] Western
media outlets have variably described it as the "Israel–Hamas war"[111] or the "Israel–Gaza war",[112]
while others use "war in Gaza".[113] Others have used the term "October 7 war".[114][115] Some have
rejected "war" as an appropriate framework and call it the "Gaza genocide",[116][91] "second Nakba",[117]
or "Nakba 2023".[118][119]

Background
The 1948 Palestine war saw the establishment of Israel over
most of what had been Mandatory Palestine, with the
exception of two separated territories that became known as
the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which were held by Jordan
and Egypt respectively. Following the 1967 Six-Day War,
Israel occupied the Palestinian territories of the West Bank
and the Gaza Strip.[121] The upcoming period witnessed two
popular uprisings by Palestinians against the Israeli
occupation; the First and Second Intifadas in 1987 and 2000
respectively,[122] with the latter's end seeing Israel's unilateral Israeli and Palestinian deaths preceding
withdrawal from Gaza in 2005.[123][124] the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, of
which most were civilians[48][120]
Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been governed by Hamas, an
Islamist militant group, while the West Bank remained under
the control of the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. After Hamas' takeover, Israel imposed a blockade of the
Gaza Strip,[125][126] that significantly damaged its economy.[127] The blockade was justified by Israel
citing security concerns,[128] but international rights groups have characterized the blockade as a form of
collective punishment.[129][130][131] Due to the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, UNRWA reported that
81% of people were living below the poverty level in 2023, with 63% being food insecure and dependent
on international assistance.[120][132]

Since 2007, Israel and Hamas, along with other Palestinian militant groups based in Gaza, have engaged
in conflict,[128][126][133] including in four wars: in 2008–2009, 2012, 2014, and 2021.[134][135] These
conflicts killed approximately 6,400 Palestinians and 300 Israelis.[136][48][120] In 2018–2019, there were
large weekly organized protests near the Gaza-Israel border, which were violently suppressed by Israel,
whose forces killed hundreds and injured thousands of Palestinians by sniper fire.[137][138] Soon after the
2021 Israel–Palestine crisis began, Hamas' military wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades, started planning the 7
October 2023 operation against Israel.[139][140] According to diplomats, Hamas had repeatedly said in the
months leading up to October 2023 that it did not want another military escalation in Gaza as it would
worsen the humanitarian crisis that occurred after the 2021 conflict.[131]

Hamas officials stated that the attack was a response to the Israeli occupation, blockade of the Gaza Strip,
Israeli settler violence against Palestinians, restrictions on the movement of Palestinians, and
imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians, whom Hamas sought to release by taking Israeli
hostages.[141][142][143] Numerous commentators have identified the broader context of Israeli occupation
as a cause of the war.[144][145][146] The Associated Press wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a
never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza".[147] Several human rights
organizations, including Amnesty International,[148] B'Tselem[149] and Human Rights Watch[150] have
likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid, although supporters of Israel dispute this
characterization.[151][152] However, an advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice published in
July 2024 affirmed the occupation as being illegal and said it violated Article 3 of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which prohibits racial segregation
and apartheid.[153] The Netanyahu government has been criticized within Israel for granting work permits
to Gazan residents, facilitating the transfer of funds to Hamas and pursuing relative calm. These actions
have been criticized as having backfired in light of the attacks on 7 October 2023.[154][155][156] US
President Joe Biden has said the aim of the 7 October attacks was to disrupt the Saudi–Israel
normalization talks.[157]

Confrontations

7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel

In the morning of 7 October 2023,[158] during the Jewish holidays of Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret
on Shabbat,[159] Hamas announced the start of what it called "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", firing between
3,000 and 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes, killing at least five
people.[160][161][162] In the evening, Hamas launched another barrage of 150 rockets towards Israel.[161]
Simultaneously, around 3,000 Hamas militants[37] infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, motorcycles,
bulldozers, speedboats, and paragliders.[147][158][163] They took over checkpoints at Kerem Shalom and
Erez, and created openings in the border fence in five other places.[164]

Militants massacred civilians in several kibbutzim,[165][166] where they took hostages[167] and set fire to
homes.[168] In one massacre at an outdoor music festival near Re'im, at least 325 people were killed, with
more injured or taken hostage.[169][170] In total, 251 people, mostly civilians, were taken hostage,
including[171][172] children, elderly people, and soldiers.[173] Hamas militants also reportedly engaged in
mutilation, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence.[174][175][176]

The 7 October attack was described as "an intelligence failure for the ages"[177] and a "failure of
imagination" on the part of the Israeli government.[178] A BBC report commented on Hamas's
"extraordinary levels of operational security".[179] It later emerged that abnormal Hamas movements had
been detected the previous day by Israeli intelligence, but the military's alert level was not raised and
political leaders were not informed.[180]
 Clockwise from top:
Approximate situation on 7–8 October · A blood-stained floor in the aftermath of the Nahal
Oz attack · Aftermath of Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of Barzilai Medical Center
· Satellite view of widespread fires in Israeli areas surrounding the Gaza Strip · Footage of
Israeli soldiers securing the area after the Nova music festival massacre

A briefing in The Economist noted that "the assault dwarf[ed] all other mass murders of Israeli civilians",
and that "the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during
the Holocaust."[166] Hamas stated that its attack was a response to the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the
expansion of illegal Israeli settlements, rising Israeli settler violence and recent escalations at Al-
Aqsa.[141][142][143] According to both Hamas officials and external observers, the attack was a calculated
effort to create a "permanent" state of war and revive interest in the Palestinian cause.[181][182]

Initial Israeli counter-operation (October 2023)

The IDF began Israel's counter-attack several hours after the Hamas-led invasion.[183] The first
helicopters sent to support the military arrived at the Gaza Strip an hour after fighting began.[169] They
encountered difficulties in determining which places were occupied, and distinguishing between civilians,
IDF soldiers, and Palestinian militants on the ground.[169] A June 2024 UN report[184][185] and a July
2024 Haaretz investigation revealed that the IDF ordered the Hannibal Directive to be used, killing many
Israeli civilians and soldiers.[186][187] An ABC News (Australia) investigation reported that at least 13
civilians were killed in a 'Hannibal' incident in Beeri. At 6:40 p.m., anticipating that militants would flee
back to Gaza, the Israeli army launched artillery strikes targeting the border fence area. The IDF said it
was not aware of any civilians being hurt in these bombardments,[186] but eyewitness accounts and
testimony contradicted the IDF's official review, which exonerated itself.[186][188]
 Clockwise from top:
Approximate situation on 9 October · Aftermath of a Hamas rocket hit on the maternity
ward of Barzilai Medical Center, a hospital in Ashkelon, Israel, on 8 October 2023 ·
Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles · Remains of the Sderot
police station, following recapture by IDF · Destruction of a residential building in Gaza by
an Israeli airstrike

The attack was a complete surprise to the Israelis.[189] In a televised broadcast, Benjamin Netanyahu,
Prime Minister of Israel, announced that the country was at war.[163] He threatened to "turn all the places
where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins", called Gaza "the city of evil", and urged its
residents to leave.[190][141] Overnight, Israel's Security Cabinet voted to act to bring about the
"destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad".[191]
The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies 80% of the Gaza Strip's electricity, cut off power to the
area.[192] This reduced Gaza's power supply from 120 MW to 20 MW, provided by power plants paid for
by the Palestinian Authority.[193]

The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",[161] mobilized tens of thousands of army
reservists,[158][192] and declared a state of emergency for areas within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of Gaza.[194]
The Yamam counterterrorism unit was deployed,[195] along with four new divisions, augmenting 31
existing battalions.[147] Reservists were reported deployed in Gaza, in the West Bank, and along borders
with Lebanon and Syria.[196] Residents near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern
and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".[192] The southern region of Israel was closed to
civilian movement,[195] and roads were closed around Gaza[147] and Tel Aviv.[192] While Ben Gurion
Airport and Ramon Airport remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights to and from
Israel.[197] On 9 or 10 October, Hamas offered to release all civilian hostages held in Gaza if Israel would
call off its planned invasion of the Gaza Strip, but the Israeli government rejected the offer.[198]
Blockade, bombardment, and evacuation of northern Gaza

Clockwise from top:

The line in black represents the IDF's boundary at Wadi Gaza for evacuation of the
northern Gaza Strip · A man carries the body of a Palestinian child killed during the
shelling of 17 October 2023 · The impact crater · Aftermath of Al-Ahli Arab Hospital
explosion · Aftermath of an Israeli airstrike on the El-Remal area of Gaza City, 9 October
2023

Following the surprise attack, the Israeli Air Force conducted airstrikes that they said targeted Hamas
targets,[161][194][199] employing its artificial intelligence Habsora ("The Gospel") software.[200][201]
These airstrikes were killing, on average, 350 persons per day during the first twenty days, totaling over
7,000 deaths during that time.[202] Israel also rescued two hostages before declaring a state of war for the
first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[203][204] On 9 October, Defense Minister Gallant announced a
"complete siege" of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel.[205]
This order drew criticism from Human Rights Watch (HRW) who described it as "abhorrent" and as a
"call to commit a war crime".[206][207] Gallant backed down under pressure from US President Joe Biden,
and a deal was struck ten days later to allow aid into Gaza.[208] The first such aid convoy entered Gaza on
21 October,[209] while fuel did not arrive until November.[210]

On 13 October, the IDF ordered all civilians in Gaza City to evacuate to areas south of the Wadi Gaza[211]
within 24 hours. The Hamas Authority for Refugee Affairs responded by telling residents in northern
Gaza to defy those orders.[212] The Israeli order was widely condemned as "outrageous" and
"impossible", and calls were made for it to be reversed.[213] As a part of the order, the IDF outlined a six-
hour window on 13 October for refugees to flee south along specified routes.[214] An explosion along one
of the safe routes killed 70 Palestinians. Israel and Hamas blamed each other for the attack.[215] The IDF
said Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating.[216] Israeli officials, foreign
governments and intergovernmental organizations condemned Hamas's use of hospitals and civilians as
human shields, which it denied doing.[217][218]
On 17 October, Israel bombed areas of southern Gaza.[219] Late in the evening, an explosion occurred in
the parking lot of the Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital in the center of Gaza City, killing hundreds. The
ongoing conflict prevented independent on-site analysis.[220] Palestinian statements that it was an Israeli
airstrike were denied by the IDF, which stated that the explosion resulted from a failed rocket launch by
Palestinian Islamic Jihad,[221] who denied any involvement.[222][223]

Initial invasion to first truce (October–November 2023)

Clockwise from top:

Israeli soldiers preparing for the ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 29 October · Israeli
military during ground operations on 31 October · Israeli military during ground operations
on 1 November · Armored IDF D9R bulldozer around 16 November 2023 · Israeli tanks
during operations on 31 October

On 27 October, after building up an invasion force of over 100,000 soldiers, the IDF launched a large-
scale ground incursion into parts of northern Gaza.[224][225] Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around al-
Quds hospital,[226] where around 14,000 civilians were believed to be sheltering.[226] The following day,
the IDF struck Jabalia refugee camp, killing 50 and wounding 150 Palestinians. Israel said the attack
killed a senior Hamas commander, whose presence Hamas denied, and dozens of militants.[227][228][229]
The attack resulted in several ambassador recalls.[230][231][232]

External videos On 31 October, Israel bombed a six-story apartment

building in central Gaza, killing at least 106 civilians
Gazan child speaks of having to carry a
including 54 children in what Human Rights Watch
decapitated body after Israeli strike on Jabalia
called an "apparent war crime".[233] On 1 November,
(https://www.irishtimes.com/video/world/middle
the first group of evacuees left Gaza for Egypt. Five
-east/2023/11/04/gazan-child-speaks-of-having
 -to-carry-decapitated-body-after-israeli-strike-o hundred evacuees, comprising critically wounded and
n-jabalia/) (via The Irish Times) foreign nationals, were evacuated over several
days.[234] On 18 November, Israel struck a marked
Médecins Sans Frontières convoy, killing two aid
workers. [235] On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for
a four-day pause[236] in hostilities to allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.[236][237] The deal
also provided for the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by
Israel.[237]

Resumption of hostilities (December 2023 – January 2024)

Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza. It was criticized as inaccessible,
due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity in Gaza, and confusing. Some evacuation
instructions were vague or contradictory,[238][239] and Israel sometimes struck areas it had told people to
evacuate to.[240][241][242] Law experts called these warnings ineffective.[243] Amnesty International found
no evidence of Hamas targets at the sites of some strikes, and requested that they be investigated as
possible war crimes.[244] On 6 December, Refaat Alareer, a prominent professor and writer in Gaza, was
killed by an Israeli airstrike.[245] His poem "If I Must Die" was widely circulated after his death.[246]

In December, the IDF reported its troops had reached the centers of Khan Yunis, Jabalia, and
Shuja'iyya.[247] Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians south to Rafah.[248] Between 7
December and 10 December, Israel detained more than 150 men; according to Israel, they surrendered en
masse,[249][250] but this account was disputed by several publications.[251][252][253] On 15 December, the
IDF killed three Israeli hostages in a friendly fire incident, after mistakenly identifying them as
enemies.[254][255][256] The same day, Pope Francis condemned the killing of two women sheltering at a
convent as "terrorism."[235]

On 1 January 2024, Israel withdrew from neighborhoods in North

Gaza.[257] On 15 January, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant
said the most intense fighting in the north of the Gaza Strip had
ended, and a new phase of low-intensity fighting was about to
begin.[258] By 18 January, the IDF, who had previously stated that
Hamas control over North Gaza was "dismantled", reported that
Hamas had significantly rebuilt its fighting strength in North
Gaza.[259]
Israeli Merkava tank in a Gaza
street, 4 January 2024
On 22 January, 24 IDF soldiers died in the deadliest day for the
IDF since the invasion began. Of these, 21 died when Palestinian
militants fired an RPG at a tank, causing adjacent buildings to collapse.[260][261][262] On 29 January,
Israeli forces killed Hind Rajab, a five-year-old girl, and six of her family members when the car they
were driving was struck by an Israeli tank and machine gun fire; two rescue workers who attempted to
retrieve Rajab were also killed.[263] The Red Crescent released the audio from Rajab's phone call with
rescue workers, causing international outrage over her death.[264]
Build-up to the Rafah offensive (February–April 2024)
Between February and May 2024, preparations to invade Rafah
became a dominant theme in Israeli officials' public rhetoric. On
12 February, Israel started a bombing campaign on Rafah.[265]
Food supplies became an increasing issue. On 5 February, Israeli
gunboats shelled a clearly marked UNRWA convoy, forcing
UNRWA to suspend its operations for almost 3 weeks, affecting
200,000 people.[235] On 29 February, Israeli forces opened fire on Israeli soldiers during a raid in
Palestinians waiting for food aid southwest of Gaza City, killing Rafah, February 2024
100 and wounding 750. Some of the victims were run over by
trucks as panic spread.[266] Survivors described it as an intentional
ambush by Israeli forces.[267][268] On 1 March, the United States
announced it would begin an operation to airdrop food aid into
Gaza.[269] Some experts called the initiative performative, saying
it would not alleviate the food situation.[270] During his State of
the Union Address, Biden announced that a temporary port on
Gaza's coast would be constructed to enable aid delivery.[271]
An aerial view of the Flour massacre
captured by an Israeli drone,
Al-Shifa Hospital, previously besieged in November 2023, was
February 2024
raided again between 18 March and 1 April.[272] Israeli forces
killed Faiq al-Mabhouh, who they said was head of the operations
directorate of Hamas' internal security service. Hamas said al-Mabhouh was in charge of civil law
enforcement and had been coordinating aid deliveries to north Gaza.[273][274] The IDF said it killed 200
people in the hospital fighting, including senior Hamas leaders; this account was disputed.[275][276]
Survivors denied that militants had organised on the hospital grounds.[277] Israeli forces were accused of
reducing the hospital to a "blown out, fire-blackened" state, and of massacring 400
Palestinians.[278][279][280]

A 25 March UN Security Council resolution calling for an

immediate ceasefire in Gaza for Ramadan[281] was ignored by the
IDF.[282] On 1 April, seven international aid workers from World
Central Kitchen (WCK) were killed in an Israeli airstrike south of
Deir al-Balah.[283][284][285] WCK, who said their vehicles were
clearly marked and their location known to Israel, subsequently
withdrew from operating in Gaza alongside ANERA and Project
HOPE.[284][286] On 4 April, Israel opened the Erez Crossing for
the first time since 7 October after US pressure.[287] A World Central Kitchen car after
IDF strike, April 2024
By 6 March, Israel had completed a new east-west road in Gaza. It
was intended to mobilize troops and supplies, to connect and
defend IDF positions on al-Rashid and Salah al-Din streets, and prevent people in the south of Gaza from
returning to the north.[288] On 7 April, Israel withdrew from the south Gaza Strip, with only one brigade
remaining in the Netzarim Corridor in the north.[289] Palestinians displaced from that city began to return
from the south of the Gaza Strip.[290] Israel planned to initiate its ground offensive in Rafah around mid-
April, but postponed to consider its response to the Iranian strikes on Israel.[291] On 25 April, Israel
intensified strikes on Rafah ahead of its threatened invasion.[292][293]
Beginning of the Rafah offensive (May–July 2024)
On 6 May, the IDF ordered 100,000
civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate
to Al-Mawasi, west of Khan
Yunis.[294] Later that day, Hamas
announced that it had accepted the
terms of a ceasefire brokered by
Egypt and Qatar.[295] The deal
included a 6-week ceasefire and
exchange of prisoners.[296] However,
Israel rejected this deal.[297] Israel
said that it found the terms
unacceptable, but that it would
continue to negotiate while the
military operation on Rafah was
ongoing to "exert military pressure
on Hamas".[298][299] On 31 May, the
United States announced a ceasefire
framework for ending the war.[300]

The same day, the IDF entered the

outskirts of Rafah,[301][302][303]
seizing control of the Gaza side of
the Rafah Crossing to Egypt the
following day.[304][305] On 11 May,
the IDF ordered more residents to
evacuate eastern and central Top: Israeli Merkava tanks at the Rafah Border Crossing
Rafah. [306] By 15 May, an estimated Middle: The Givati Brigade in eastern Rafah
600,000 had fled Rafah and another
Bottom: The Nahal Brigade in eastern Rafah
100,000 from the north, according to
the United Nations.[307]

On 24 May, the United Nations said only 906 aid truckloads had reached Gaza since Israel's Rafah
operation began.[308] Israel bombed the Tel al-Sultan displacement camp in Rafah on 26 May, killing at
least 45 people, allegedly including two senior Hamas officials.[309][310][311] This provoked a skirmish
between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers at the Gaza border in which one Egyptian soldier was killed.[312]
Less than 48 hours afterwards, another evacuation zone, the Al-Mawasi refugee camp, was bombed,
killing at least 21 people.[309][313][314] The IDF denied involvement in the attack.[315]

On 6 June, Israel bombed a school in the Nuseirat refugee camp, killing dozens. Two days later, Israel
conducted an attack on Nuseirat refugee camp which resulted in the rescue of four hostages[316][317] and
the deaths of 274 Palestinians.[318] On 27 June, Israeli forces re-invaded the al-Shuja'iyya
neighborhood.[319] According to Middle East Monitor and ReliefWeb, between 4 July and 10 August,
Israel attacked 21 schools in Gaza, killing 274 people.[320][321]
Rafah, Khan Yunis, and general bombardment (July–September 2024)
On 22 July, the IDF began a brief second invasion of Khan Yunis.[322][323] Israel ordered the evacuation
of the eastern part of Khan Yunis;[324] 73 people were killed during the first day of the
attack.[323][325][326] Footage from an Israeli drone surfaced showing the destruction of the Grand Mosque
in Khan Yunis.[327] A third, month-long battle ended on 30 August when the IDF withdrew its 98th
battalion from Khan Yunis and Deir el-Balah, stating it killed over 250 Palestinian militants.[328]

UN analysis covering killed Palestinian civilians between November 2023 and April 2024.[329][330]

Children (44%)
Women (26%)
Men (30%)

On 13 July, at least 90 people were killed and 300 were injured in an Israeli strike on Al-Mawasi and 22
people were killed in an Israeli strike targeting people gathered to pray in the Al-Shati refugee
camp.[331][332][333] On 10 August, at least 80 Palestinians were killed in Israeli airstrikes on Al-Tabaeen
school.[334] The IDF claimed to have killed 200 militants and discovered dozens of weapons in Tel al-
Sultan in one week in its operation in Rafah.[335] On 10 September, Israeli missile strikes on a tent
encampment in Al-Mawasi killed 19 to 40 people.[336][337][338] An IAF UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter
crashed in Rafah while trying to evacuate a critically injured combat engineer, killing two Israeli soldiers
and injuring seven others.[339]

An Israeli airstrike on Nuseirat refugee camp on 11 September killed at least 18 people.[340][341][342]

Continued operations throughout Gaza (October – December 2024)

In October, Israeli airstrikes on Shuhada al-Aqsa mosque in Deir el-Balah and a school in central Gaza
killed at least 26 Palestinians and injured over 93.[343][344][345] An Israeli strike on Rufaida school which
was serving as a shelter for displaced people in Deir el-Balah killed at least 28 people and injured 54
others.[346][347][348] Oxfam condemned the killing of four engineers working with one of its partners by
an Israeli airstrike, despite prior coordination of their activities with Israeli authorities.[349]

On 8 October, the IDF began to encircle Jabalia camp, killing several Palestinian militants and civilians
in air strikes and street battles.[350][351] On 10 October, the IDF issued evacuation orders for three
hospitals in northern Gaza.[350] The IDF's air and ground operations in Jabalia continued for the rest of
October.[352] During that month and November, strikes on Jabalia killed hundreds of people.[353] On 10
December, the IDF said that it killed 10 Hamas operatives who were involved in the killing of three
Israeli soldiers one day prior.[354] On 30 December, the IDF said that it killed dozens of militants in
Jabalia.[355]

The IDF has been accused of blocking aid delivery to the Gaza Strip by allowing looting gangs to target
aid convoys.[356] On 16 November, 98 out of 109 food trucks carrying UN aid from Kerem Shalom
crossing were looted in Israeli-controlled areas of the Gaza strip.[356][357][358] On 1 December, the UN
suspended its aid shipments to Gaza through the Kerem Shalom crossing, blaming Israel for failing to
"ensure safe conditions for delivering relief supplies."[359] On 12 December, two Israeli strikes on an aid
convoy in southern Gaza killed 13 people and wounded at least 30 people, including several of them
seriously.[360][361][362]

On 30 November, a strike on a World Central Kitchen vehicle transporting supplies killed three aid
workers.[363][364][365] An Israeli airstrike on a group of Palestinians waiting for receiving food from an
aid convoy in Khan Yunis killed at least 12 Palestinians and injured several others.[366] On 9 December,
an Israeli strike hit people who lined up for buying flour in Rafah, killing 10 people.[367]

On 16 October, IDF ground forces killed Yahya Sinwar in a shootout in Tal as-Sultan.[368] The conscript
soldiers who participated in the shootout were initially unaware of Sinwar's presence, and he was
identified the following day by his dental records.[369] There were no hostages in Sinwar's vicinity at the
time of his death,[370] and no civilian casualties were reported.[371] Biden urged Israel to end the war after
Sinwar's death.[372]

Siege of northern Gaza

On 13 October, senior IDF officials told Haaretz that the government was not seeking to revive hostage
talks and that political leadership was pushing for the annexation of parts of the Gaza Strip.[373] In the
later weeks of October, Israel's siege of North Gaza intensified and daily aid shipments dropped
significantly. Eyewitnesses reported the shelling of hospitals, razing of shelters, and abductions of men
and boys by the Israeli military, leading to speculation that Israel had decided to implement a plan by a
group of retired generals to turn the northern Strip into a closed military zone and declare all who refuse
to leave as combatants.[374] On 5 November, Israeli Brigadier General Itzik Cohen told reporters that
"there is no intention of allowing the residents of the northern Gaza Strip to return" and that no food aid
had entered northern Gaza because there were "no more civilians left".[375]

The IDF continued its encirclement of Jabalia by sending tanks to Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun and
issuing evacuation orders to residents.[376] On 24 October, an IDF attack destroyed at least 10 residential
buildings in the Jabalia refugee camp. According to an assessment by Gaza Civil Defense, 150 people
were killed or injured.[377] On 25 October, the WHO said it had lost contact with Kamal Adwan hospital,
and UN human rights chief Volker Türk called recent developments in North Gaza the "darkest moment"
in the war so far.[378] Food aid to Gaza reached a new low in October at an average of 30 trucks per day,
or less than 6% of the daily pre-war average.[379] Residents of northern Gaza said in November that no
aid had reached their cities since 5 October.[375] The UN warned that the situation had become
"apocalyptic" and that "The entire Palestinian population in North Gaza is at imminent risk of dying from
disease, famine and violence".[380] On 2 November, UNICEF said that over 50 children were killed in
Israeli strikes in Jabalia in the past two days.[381] On 12 November, aid in Gaza fell to its lowest level in
11 months despite a US ultimatum that it be restored.[382]
On 24 November, Israel issued a new wave of evacuation orders, triggering another round of
displacements in Jabalia.[383] UNRWA said that Israel had rejected nine attempts to deliver aid to north
Gaza in the month of November and obstructed an additional 82 attempts; they added that the survival
conditions were diminishing for the 60,000 to 70,000 civilians remaining in north Gaza.[384] Mahmoud
Almadhoun, a chef who founded the Gaza Soup Kitchen, was targeted and killed by an Israeli quadcopter
near Kamal Adwan hospital.[385] On 5 December, Israeli Army Radio announced that 18,000 Palestinians
were evacuated from Beit Lahia and that soldiers killed approximately 20 militants during fighting on the
previous day.[386]

On 13 December, Israeli tank fire

killed Dr. Sayeed Joudeh, the last
orthopedic surgeon in northern
Gaza.[387] On 26 December, an Israeli
air strike hit a building in the vicinity
of Kamal Adwan Hospital, killing
about 50 people, including five
staff.[388] Over the next days, the
World Health Organization announced
that the hospital had been put out of
service by Israeli attacks and the
hospital's director, Hussam Abu A street in northern Gaza pictured in the aftermath of the siege
Safiya, had been abducted: the IDF during the initial phase of the 2025 ceasefire
forced patients to evacuate to an
already-destroyed hospital by cutting
off their oxygen.[389] The IDF claimed to have killed 19 militants during its raid;[390][391] Gaza Health
Ministry said that 50 people including hospital staff were killed.[390]

Truces

First ceasefire (November 2023)

Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered truce on 24 November, active fighting in the Gaza Strip
ceased. Hamas exchanged some hostages for the release of Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[392] Israel
arrested almost as many Palestinians as it released during the truce.[393] This occurred until 28 November,
when both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce.[394][395] On 30 November, in a
"last-minute agreement", Hamas released eight hostages in exchange for the release of 30 imprisoned
Palestinians and a one-day truce extension.[396] The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas
blamed each other for failing to agree on an extension.[397]

Second ceasefire (January 2025 – present)

On 15 January 2025, an agreement was announced between Israel and Hamas, through the mediation of
Qatar, in which Hamas agreed to release a number of Israeli hostages held in the Gaza Strip since the 7
October attack in exchange for Hamas militants and other Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli prisons.
The two parties also agreed to a ceasefire for the second time during the war;[398] it went into effect on
 Clockwise from top:
13-year old Israeli hostage released by Hamas during the first ceasefire, 26 November
2023. · Exchanges during second ceasefire (January – February 2025): Second · Third ·
Fourth · Fifth

the morning of 19 January 2025.[399] On 27 January, tens of thousands of Palestinians began a mass
return to northern Gaza after Israel opened a corridor for civilian movement following a 48-hour
delay.[400] Hamas claimed that Israel had violated the terms of the ceasefire, and announced the
suspension of the release of Israeli hostages on 10 February.[401] After Netanyahu and Trump threatened
to restart fighting in Gaza,[402] Hamas relented on 13 February,[403] allowing the release of hostages to
begin again two days later.[404] On 22 February, Hamas released six Israeli hostages;[405] however, Israel
refused to release the 600 Palestinian prisoners, with Netanyahu objecting to the "use of hostages for
propaganda" and saying that Israel would release the prisoners once the next hostage release was
guaranteed without the ceremonies.[406] On 25 February, Israel and Hamas reached a deal to exchange the
bodies of Israeli hostages who were agreed to be handed over during the first phase for releasing
hundreds of Palestinian prisoners without public ceremony.[407]

On 1 March, the day the first phase of the ceasefire was scheduled to end, Hamas rejected an Israeli
proposal to extend it to release more hostages, demanding the implementation of the second phase.[408]
Netanyahu's office said that Israel endorsed a US plan to extend the Gaza truce for the Ramadan and
Passover periods. Under this plan, half of the living and dead hostages would be released on the first day
of the extended truce and the remaining hostages would be released at the end of the period if a
permanent truce was reached. It claimed that the initial deal allowed Israel to resume war at any moment
after 1 March if negotiations were deemed ineffective. Following Hamas's refusal to accept the US
proposal,[409][410] Netanyahu ceased the entry of aid to Gaza the next day.[411][412]
The humanitarian aid blockade was condemned by mediators, namely Egypt, as a violation of the
ceasefire, which stipulated that phase one would automatically be extended as long as phase two
negotiations were in progress.[413][414] On 9 March, Israeli Energy Minister Eli Cohen ordered a halt to
supply of Israeli electricity to Gaza.[415]

Post-war plans
After the announcement of a second ceasefire in January 2025, Donald Trump announced his intention to
displace the Palestinian population of Gaza, reiterating his position that they should be resettled in
neighboring Arab countries three more times that month. Ahead of a February 4 meeting with Netanyahu,
Trump specified his intention to permanently displace Gaza's Palestinian inhabitants, which would be in
violation of international law. He proposed a US takeover of Gaza that evening during a press conference
with Netanyahu.

Trump insisted that neighboring countries would pay for Gaza's reconstruction and that "world people"
would live there. He did not rule out deploying US troops if necessary. On 5 and 6 February, Trump aides
and Trump himself walked back some of his comments, including his willingness to deploy US soldiers.
On 10 February, Trump said that Palestinians who leave Gaza would have no right of return. In a meeting
with King Abdullah II of Jordan, Trump said that the US would take rather than buy Gaza because "It's a
war torn area. It's Gaza. There is nothing to buy."[416]

These statements were met with condemnation from world leaders; however, in Israel, Itamar Ben-Gvir
praised Trump, saying that Palestinian "migration" was the only solution to the war.[417] Netanyahu and
Ben-Gvir characterized the planned displacement of Gazans as a "voluntary migration", but
communications minister Shlomo Karhi said the transfer will be forced rather than voluntary.[418]

Arab governments have rejected Trump's transfer plan, instead backing an Egyptian proposal. The Arab
League, meeting on 4 March in Cairo, devised a $53bn plan detailing the reconstruction of Gaza while
keeping its population in place.[419]

Spillover
The war's spillover has resulted in a major escalation of existing tensions between Israel and Iran, with
groups in the Axis of Resistance launching attacks on American military bases, and the Yemeni Houthi
movement attacking commercial vessels in the Red Sea and incurring a US-led military operation.[420]
Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and the Houthi movement in Yemen launched limited attacks against
Israel shortly after the start of the war. Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Syria have also traded attacks
with the US and IDF.[421]

Israel has bombed targets in and around Damascus throughout the war,[422][423][424] with an attack on the
Iranian embassy in Damascus on 1 April 2024 leading to a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel in
response.[425][426] On 31 July, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was assassinated in Tehran, where
he had traveled to attend the inauguration of President Masoud Pezeshkian,[427] and on 1 October, Iran
fired approximately 200 missiles at Israel.[428][429]
 Rising smoke after the Israel strike on Hezbollah headquarters · A damaged building in
Kiryat Shmona, northern Israel · Two United States carrier strike groups in the
Mediterranean Sea.

By the end of 2024, a year-long exchange of strikes between Israel and Hezbollah escalated into a brief
Israeli invasion of Lebanon, before it was paused after a ceasefire.[430] The crisis has also seen the fall of
the Assad regime and an ongoing Israeli invasion of Syria.[431][432]

West Bank and Israel

Amnesty International released a report[433] on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out
unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that
Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of
international law.[434][435]

Before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20
years. Violence in the West Bank has increased since the war began with more than 607 Palestinians and
over 25 Israelis killed.[436][437] At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270
attacks, against 856 for all of 2022.[438] About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers
since 7 October and almost half of the clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively
supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.[439] According to the
West Bank Protection Consortium, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been
abandoned due to the violence.[440]

On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight
Israeli raids across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West
Bank, Hassan Yousef.[441]

In July, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers of land in the occupied West
Bank. According to Peace Now, this was the largest single appropriation approved since the 1993 Oslo
accords."[442] Israeli authorities also approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied West
Bank.[443] By July 2024, Israeli land seizures exceeded the combined total of the previous 20 years.[444]
The following month, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the occupied West
Bank,[445][446] and it was reported that Israeli settlers had taken
advantage of the ongoing war to expand settlement activity
supported by a far-right Israeli government,[447][438][448] including
land seizure and large scale settlement plans.[449]

On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the

regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata Camp.[450][451] On 28
August, Israel launched the largest military operation into the
northern West Bank in more than 20 years. Israeli Foreign
Minister Israel Katz said that the operation was a "full-fledged
war".[452] Israeli forces carried out simultaneous operations in
Jenin, Tubas, Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarem. In Jenin, Israeli
forces destroyed the city's infrastructure and carried out mass
arrests of men and boys. Civilians were trapped in their homes and
denied access to food, water and medicine. Members of the press
were denied access to the city and the army blocked access to
hospitals and ambulances.[453] A day later, UN Secretary General
Antonio Guterres demanded a halt to the operations,[454] and EU
foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the operations "must not
constitute the premises of a war extension from Gaza, including
full-scale destruction."[455] On 3 September, Israeli media reported
that the IDF had classified the West Bank as a "combat zone" and West Bank sector of war
now viewed it as the second most important front in the West Bank Palestinian enclaves
war.[456][457] Yoav Gallant said that Israel was "mowing the lawn" (Areas A & B)
with its West Bank operations, but that it would eventually need to West Bank under Israeli control
"pull out the roots".[458] On 6 September, Turkish-American (Area C)
Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem
protestor Ayşenur Eygi was killed by an Israeli sniper at a
demonstration near Nablus.[459]

On 3 October, an Israeli airstrike in Tulkarm Camp killed at least 20 people.[460][461] On 13 November,

Israeli far-right finance minister Bezalel Smotrich said that with Donald Trump's victory in the 2024
United States presidential election, Israel was "a step away" from "sovereignty in Judea and Samaria."
Later comments by Mike Huckabee, chosen by Trump as the next ambassador to Israel, corroborated the
possibility of an Israeli annexation of the West Bank.[462] On 21 January 2025, the IDF said it launched a
major raid in West Bank.[463][464] On 29 January, the IDF said that it conducted a drone strike targeting a
group of militants in Tammun, killing at least 10 people.[465][466][467]

Attacks in Israel
On 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen killed three and wounded eleven Israeli civilians at a bus stop
on the Givat Shaul Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.[468] On 16 February 2024, a
Palestinian gunman shot and killed two Israeli civilians and injured four others in Kiryat Malakhi, Israel.
The shooter was killed by an off-duty IDF reservist at the scene.[469] On 12 April, a 14-year-old Israeli
shepherd went missing near Ramallah and was found dead a day later. On 15 April, two Palestinians were
killed by Israeli settlers in Aqraba.[470] On 13 May, at the Tarqumiya checkpoint, a convoy of trucks
carrying food supplies to Gaza was attacked by Israeli settlers, who damaged the trucks and threw
supplies on the ground.[471]
Israeli prisons and detention camps
Israel has increased its administrative detention of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, as well as
Palestinian citizens of Israel, since the start of the war. Administrative detention was already at a 20-year
high before October 2023.[472] More than 11,000 Palestinians are held in Israeli jails, not counting
detainees taken from Gaza during the war.[473] At least 60 Palestinians have died in Israeli detention since
7 October.[474] They are held without charge or trial, which violates international law.[475]

In December 2023, a military base at Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert was converted to a detention camp
by the IDF. Whistleblowers and detainees reported beatings and torture of Palestinian detainees at the
camp, as well as amputations of limbs due to injuries sustained from handcuffing, medical neglect,
arbitrary punishment and sexual abuse. Prisoners have been coerced to make confessions that they are
members of Hamas.[476][477][478] After conditions in the camp came to light in May 2024, the Supreme
Court of Israel held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 of the prisoners to Ofer Prison.[479]
Detainees have reported severe instances of violence during transfers between prisons.[474][480]

Several Palestinian healthcare workers have been abducted from Gaza hospitals during sieges by Israeli
forces.[480] On 5 December, Israeli forces abducted the adult men present at Al-Awda hospital and took
them to Sde Teiman camp. Dr. Adnan Al-Bursh was detained and later died in Israeli custody.[481] In
March, Israeli forces abducted Khaled Alser, lead author of the first Lancet paper on trauma among
Gazan ER patients and doctors, from Nasser Hospital. As of 31 August, he remains in detention and his
whereabouts are unknown.[482]

Al-Araby TV correspondent Mohammed Arab was abducted from the Gaza strip in March 2024 and
transferred to Ofer prison in July. After reports of his treatment were leaked to al-Araby, he was beaten,
threatened and tortured. According to Arab's testimony, prison guards used dogs and fire extinguishers to
enact sexual violence on other prisoners.[473]

In July 2024, military police raided Sde Teiman to arrest ten soldiers "suspected of the serious sexual
abuse" of a Palestinian detainee. Israeli national security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir and other members of
the far-right Otzma Yehudit party condemned the arrests.[476] Supporters of the arrested soldiers
including Ben Gvir, Amihai Eliyahu, Zvi Sukkot, and Nissim Vaturi stormed Sde Teiman that night in
protest. Hours later, protestors broke into Beit Lid where the soldiers were being held.[483]

On 7 October 2024, American journalist Jeremy Loffredo and three other international and Israeli
journalists were detained at a checkpoint in the West Bank on suspicion of "assisting an enemy in war"
for their reporting on the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. The journalists' cameras and phones
were confiscated. Loffredo was released after four days in detention, and barred from leaving the country
until 20 October.[484]

As of February 2025, at least 160 healthcare workers from Gaza were believed to be held in detention by
Israel, with another 24 missing after being taken from hospitals in Gaza. Al-Shifa hospital director
Mohammed Abu Selmia, who was detained for 7 months and released without charges, detailed many of
the abuses he faced and said that "no day passes without torture" in Israeli prisons.[485]
American involvement
The extent of American support for Israel has led the war to be
labelled as 'the first US-Israeli joint war'.[486] Alongside
substantial military, financial, and diplomatic support, the US also
intervened in the war directly. 100 American soldiers were
deployed in combat to man a THAAD anti-air battery.[487][488] In
addition, America piloted drones over Gaza in order to provide
intelligence to Israel.[489] This intelligence was aimed at locating
Palestinian militant leaders in Gaza and the location of US Secretary of State Antony
hostages;[490] this also included information on Sinwar's Blinken and Israeli President Isaac
location.[491] Herzog in Tel Aviv, Israel, 9 January
2024
During the ceasefire, American president Donald Trump declared
that the United States would take over the Gaza Strip after
Palestinians were forcefully cleansed from the region.

Casualties

Civilians Children
Victims of the... Total
Total % Total %

October 7 attacks 1,195[44] 815[44] 68.2% 36[492] 3.2%

Israeli invasion of Gaza 48,405[493] ~80%[t] 33.1%[497]

Israeli attacks in the West 555From 2025-01-01 to 2025-01-

Bank 31.[498] 102[498] 18.37%

As of 4 March 2025, over 50,000 people – 48,405 Palestinian[493][498] and 1,706 Israeli[u] – have been
reported killed in the Gaza war according to the official figures of the Gaza Health Ministry, as well as
166 journalists and media workers,[v] 120 academics,[511] and over 224 humanitarian aid workers, a
number that includes 179 employees of UNRWA.[512] Scholars have estimated 80% of Palestinians killed
are civilians.[495][494][496][513] A study by OHCHR, that verified fatalities from three independent
sources, found that 70% of the Palestinian killed in residential buildings or similar housing were women
and children.[330][514]

The majority of casualties have been in the Gaza Strip. The Gaza Health Ministry (GHM) total casualty
count is the number of deaths directly caused by the war. The demographic breakdown is a subset of
those individually identified.[15][515] On 17 September 2024, the GHM published the names, gender and
birth date of 34,344 individual Palestinians whose identities were confirmed and continues to attempt to
identify all casualties.[15] The GHM count does not include those who have died from "preventable
disease, malnutrition and other consequences of the war".[516] An analysis by the Gaza Health Projections
Working Group predicted thousands of excess deaths from disease and birth complications.[517]

In January 2025, a peer-reviewed analysis of deaths in the Gaza war between October 2023 and 30 June
2024 was published in The Lancet. The paper estimated 64,260 deaths from traumatic injury during this
period, and likely exceeding 70,000 by October 2024, with 59.1% of them being women, children and the
elderly. It concluded that the GHM underestimated trauma-related deaths by 41% in its report, and also
noted that its findings "underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not
account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and
inadequate water and sanitation."[20]

A survey by PCPSR reported showed over 60% of Gazans have lost family members since the war
began.[518][519] Thousands of more dead bodies are thought to be under the rubble of destroyed
buildings.[520][521] The number of injured is greater than 100,000;[88] Gaza has the most amputated
children per capita in the world.[522]

The 7 October attacks on Israel killed 1,195 people, including 815 civilians.[44] A further 806 Palestinians
have been killed in the occupied West Bank (including East Jerusalem).[523] Casualties have also
occurred in other parts of Israel, as well as in southern Lebanon,[524] Syria,[525] Yemen,[526] and Iran.[527]

According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense's Rehabilitation Division, about 1,000 soldiers are wounded
every month.[528] On 14 August 2024, the ministry predicted that it would have to account for 100,000
disabled IDF veterans by 2030 due to the war.[529]

Humanitarian crisis
The Gaza Strip is experiencing a humanitarian crisis as a result of
the war,[530][531] including a hunger crisis, in which famine-like
conditions occurred in some areas of the strip and a high risk of
famine persists as of October 2024,[532][90] as well as a healthcare
collapse. At the start of the war, Israel tightened its blockade on
the strip, resulting in significant shortages of fuel, food,
medication, water, and essential medical supplies.[530][533][534]
This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability,
Residents inspect the ruins of an
impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting apartment in Gaza destroyed by
down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.[535] In Israeli airstrikes
July 2024, available water worked out to 4.74 litres per person per
day, just under a third of the recommended minimum in
emergencies.[536] Doctors warned of disease outbreaks spreading due to overcrowded hospitals.[531] A
polio epidemic was the target of mostly-successful vaccination campaigns.[537]

Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further
deepening the crisis. Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades,
and fuel shortages caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.[538][539][540]
Lack of internet access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of
IDF operations, and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.[538]
The blackouts impeded emergency services, making it harder to locate and access the time-critical
injured,[538] and have impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists.[538] By December 2023,
200,000 Gazans (approximately 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM
provided by Connecting Humanity.[541]
The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 4,000 children killed in
the war's first month.[542] UN Secretary-General António Guterres
stated that Gaza had "become a graveyard for
children."[w][545][546] Indirect Palestinian deaths are expected to
be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of
healthcare infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe
places for civilians to flee to, and reduction in UNRWA funding,
with a Lancet study stating that the death toll in Gaza, including
future deaths indirectly caused by the war, may exceed
186,000.[495][547]

Scale of destruction
The scale and pace of
destruction and damage of UN OCHA casualties summary, as
buildings in the Gaza Strip of 19 June 2024
ranks among the severest in
modern
history,[548][549][550] surpassing the bombing of Dresden,
Hamburg, and London combined during World War
II,[551][552][553][x] and included apartment buildings, hospitals,
Rimal in Gaza City following an schools, religious sites, factories, shopping centres, and municipal
Israeli airstrike, 10 October 2023 infrastructure.[553] As of January 2024, researchers at Oregon
State University and the City University of New York estimated
that 50–62% of buildings in the Gaza Strip had been damaged or destroyed.[555][556][y][z] The damage to
buildings in northern Gaza reportedly exceeds that in Bakhmut and Mariupol in the Russian invasion of
Ukraine,[552] Aleppo in the Battle of Aleppo,[548] and Mosul and Raqqa in the War against the Islamic
State.[548] The 29,000 munitions Israel had dropped on Gaza in three months exceeded the amount
(3,678) dropped by the US between 2004 and 2010 after its invasion of Iraq.[559] According to satellite
analyses, 68% of roads, 70% of greenhouses, and nearly 70% of tree crops have been damaged or
destroyed.[560] After a year, the UN estimates that a total of 42m tonnes of rubble clutter the Strip, to
clear and rebuild which might take 80 years and cost over $80bn.[561]

The Guardian reported that the scale of destruction has led international legal experts to raise the concept
of domicide, which it describes as "the mass destruction of dwellings to make [a] territory
uninhabitable".[549] In October 2024, after monitoring and analyzing Israel's war conduct in Gaza for
more than a year, Forensic Architecture published a cartographic map platform detailing Israel's
campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide", accompanied by an 827-page text report that
concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy
conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".[562]
War crimes
A UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may
have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have
violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable."[563][564][565] On 27 October, a
spokesperson for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.[566]

The International Criminal Court (ICC) confirmed that its mandate to investigate alleged war crimes
committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine extends to the current conflict.[567][568] On 20 May,
ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced his intention to seek arrest warrants against Hamas leaders Yahya
Sinwar, Mohammed Deif and Ismail Haniyeh, as well as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and
then-Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity during the
war.[569][570][571] On 21 November, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant, and Deif for
alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity.[572][573][574]

On 7 June 2024, both Israel and Hamas were added to the list of shame, an annex attached to an annual
report submitted by the UN Secretary-General documenting rights violations against children in armed
conflict. While past reports accused Israel of grave rights violations against children, the country was
never included in the annex.[575][576][577]

On 19 June 2024, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian
Territory presented a detailed report to the United Nations Human Rights Council covering the war from
7 October to 31 December 2023, affirming that both Hamas and Israel committed war crimes and that
Israel's actions also constituted crimes against humanity.[578] In a second report, the Commission found
that Israel had carried out a policy of destroying Gaza's healthcare system.[579][580]

The June report found that the military wing of Hamas and six other Palestinian armed groups were
responsible for the war crimes of intentionally directing attacks against civilians, murder or willful
killing, torture, inhuman or cruel treatment, destroying or seizing the property, outrages upon personal
dignity, and taking hostages, including children.[581][582] In relation to IDF operations and attacks in
Gaza, the commission concluded that Israeli authorities are responsible for the war crimes of starvation as
a method of warfare, murder or willful killing, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian
objects, forcible transfer, sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment, arbitrary detention and
outrages upon personal dignity. It also found that Israel committed numerous crimes against humanity,
including carrying out the extermination of Palestinians and gender persecution targeting Palestinian men
and boys.[583][584][585] The commission said that they had submitted 7,000 pieces of evidence to the ICC
related to crimes committed by Israel and Hamas, as part of the International Criminal Court investigation
in Palestine.[586]

In another report published in October 2024, the commission accused Israel of "committing war crimes
and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical
personnel and facilities" as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical
personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza. The report also
addressed the detention of Palestinians in Israeli military camps and facilities, finding that thousands of
child and adult detainees, many arbitrarily detained, faced widespread abuse, including physical and
psychological violence, rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence, and conditions
amounting to torture, highlighting that deaths resulting from such abuse or neglect constituted war crimes
and violations of the right to life. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had
an "anti-Israel" bias.[580][587]

On 5 December 2024, Amnesty International published a report concluding that Israel was committing
genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip;[91][588] and on 19 December 2024, Human Rights Watch
published a 179-page report concluding that Israel is responsible for the crime of genocide by
intentionally depriving Palestinians in Gaza of access to safe water for drinking and sanitation needed for
basic human survival.[589]

Diplomatic impact
The war sparked a diplomatic crisis, with countries around the
world reacting strongly to the conflict that affected the momentum
of regional relations.[590] At least nine countries withdrew their
ambassadors or cut diplomatic ties with Israel.[591][592] The war
has also resulted in a renewed focus on a two-state solution to the
broader conflict.[593][594] Global public opinion of Israel dropped
during the war; a Morning Consult poll published in January 2024
US Secretary of State Antony
indicated that the United States was the only remaining wealthy
Blinken and foreign ministers of the
country in which Israel had net positive approval.[595] Gulf Cooperation Council member
states in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 19
Negotiations have focused on the possibility of a ceasefire, with April 2024
United States, Egypt and Qatar serving as negotiation mediators
between Israel and Hamas.[596][597] The United Nations Security
Council passed resolution 2728 in March 2024, demanding an immediate ceasefire and the unconditional
release of hostages for the month of Ramadan.[281][598] The United Nations Security Council passed
resolution 2735 in June 2024, demanding acceptance of the three-phase ceasefire proposal.[599]

Following talks mediated by China, on 23 July 2024, Palestinian groups including Hamas and Fatah
reached an agreement to end their divisions and form a unity government for Gaza, which they
announced in the Beijing Declaration.[600]

At the UNGA, Saudi Arabia announced a global alliance to push for a two-state solution. Norwegian
Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said almost 90 countries were at the launch of The Global Alliance for
the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State Solution.[601][602][603] On 29 September, Saudi
Arabia said they would send aid to the Palestinian Authority, $60 million in six installments according to
a senior PA official. The aid is seen as means of keeping the PA solvent and maintaining the push for a
two-state solution, notwithstanding Israeli financial restrictions.[604]
Reactions

Israel
The Israeli government's response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including
a military response leading to the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip. In October, the Knesset approved a
war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu
and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.

Settler expansions and officials' remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's
law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism.[605]

In an interview to the Wall Street Journal on 25 December, Netanyahu said that Israel's objectives were to
"destroy Hamas, demilitarize Gaza and deradicalize the whole of Palestinian society".[606] There was
broad support in Israeli society for military operations in Gaza.[607][608] Public opinion poll conducted in
December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war in
Gaza.[609]

Palestinian territories
Initially, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinian people's right to self-defense
against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops"[610] and condemned the orders by Israel for residents
to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba".[611] Later, Abbas rejected the killing of civilians on
both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative of the
Palestinian people.[612]

International
Significant geopolitical divisions emerged during the war. Much of the
Western world provided strong diplomatic and military support to
Israel,[613] including the United States,[614] United Kingdom,[615] and
Germany,[616] however several European nations have been less
supportive of Israel's actions, most notably Spain, Norway, and Ireland
who formally recognised the State of Palestine in a coordinated move in
June 2024.[617] Spain and Ireland have also supported South Africa's
genocide case against Israel.[618][619] This has led to retaliatory action by
Israel, who recalled its ambassadors to all three countries and later
announced that it would be closing its embassy in Dublin.[620][621][622]
Hugh Lovatt of the European Council on Foreign Relations says that
during the Cold War, Israel sided with the West against the Arab countries US Vice President Kamala
supported by the Soviets, and Western leaders generally see Israel "as a Harris with Israeli President
fellow member of the liberal democratic club" and that this partially Isaac Herzog at the 60th
Munich Security
"explains the continued strong Western support for Israel – which has now
Conference in Germany,
February 2024
largely become reflexive".[613] At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its
conduct on 7 October as terrorism, including a joint statement by the US, UK, France, Italy, and
Germany.[623]

In contrast, the Islamic world and much of the Global South denounced the actions of Israel and its allies,
criticizing the "moral authority of the West" and alleging that it holds double standards surrounding
human rights.[613][624] The double standards, in their view, is condemning an illegal occupation in
Ukraine while standing firmly behind Israel that has occupied Palestinian lands.[625] Bolivia has cut all
ties with Israel as a result of the conflict, while Colombia and Chile recalled their ambassadors to the
country.[231][624]

The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have supplied Israel with substantial military and
medical aid.[615][626][627]

The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.[628]

Evacuations of foreign nationals

Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft.[629] Poland
announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 Polish nationals.[630]
Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania
evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two TAROM planes and two private
aircraft on the same day.[631] Australia also announced repatriation flights.[632] 300 Nigerian pilgrims in
Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.[633]

On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben
Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due
to available commercial flights. However, most commercial flights were suspended.[634] Nepal arranged a
flight to evacuate at least 254 of its citizens who were studying in Israel.[635] India launched Operation
Ajay to evacuate its citizens from Israel.[636] Ukraine facilitated the evacuation of ~450 of its citizens
from Israel as of 18 October, with additional evacuation flights planned for the near future.[637]

Impacts

Regional impact
According to Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in Palestinian politics. They
predicted the PLO's further decline if the status quo held.[638] Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate
effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO.[639]

Amit Segal, chief political commentator for Israel's Channel 12, said that the conflict would test
Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as prime minister, noting that past wars had toppled the governments of
several of his predecessors such as that of Golda Meir following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Menachem
Begin following the 1982 Lebanon War, and Ehud Olmert following the 2006 Lebanon War.[640] Citing
the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to the incumbent government focusing
more on internal dissent, the judicial reform, and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian
territories,[641] some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up
Hamas,[154] and described him as a liability.[642][643]

In an analysis by The Times of Israel, the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes
back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered
deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."[644] Andreas Kluth wrote in his Bloomberg News column that
Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed
between Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the US would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to
"blow the whole thing up". He added that viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse,
considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution. He suggested they would
prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid
state.[645]

Economic impact
The Bank of Israel estimates that by 2025, the war will have cost the country US$67 billion,
notwithstanding a $14.5 billion US aid package, part of the $22.76 billion the U.S. has so far allocated for
military assistance.[646][aa]

As early as 9 November 2023, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labor supply caused by the war
was costing the Israeli economy $600 million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP. The bank also stated that
the estimate did not include damage caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.[648] In the
final quarter of 2023, the Israeli economy shrank by 5.2% quarter-to-quarter due to labour shortages in
construction and from the mobilization of 300,000 reservists.[649] While Israel did still see economic
growth of 2%, this was down from 6.5% growth in the year before the war. Consumer spending declined
by 27%, imports declined by 42% and exports declined by 18%.

Israel's high-tech factories reported in December that recent bureaucratic obstacles with electronic
imports from China had led to higher import costs and delayed delivery times.[650] Israeli officials also
reported that China had refused to send workers to their country during the war against the backdrop of a
worker shortage in Israel's construction and farming sectors.[651] China's actions were described as a de
facto sanction.[652][650]

The 3,500-member Water Transport Workers Federation of India said it would refuse to operate
shipments carrying weapons to Israel.[653] The declaration came a few months after one Indian company
halted production of Israeli police uniforms due to the war in Gaza.[654]

About 9,855 Thai workers in the agricultural sector, 4,331 workers in the construction sector and 2,997 in
the nursing sector left Israel following the 7 October attack. In addition, the prevention of 85,000
Palestinian workers from entering Israel created a shortage of about 100,000 foreign and Palestinian
workers.[655]

It has been calculated that the carbon cost in terms of climate impact of rebuilding Gaza would exceed the
annual greenhouse emissions of 135 countries.[656]
Media coverage
In reporting on the conflict, foreign media have limited access to Gaza and only in the presence of Israeli
soldiers. Vox reported that the news organizations "have to submit all materials and footage to the IDF for
review before publication".[657] The conflict has also seen large numbers of journalists wounded or killed
in action. On 14 December, CBS reported on a statement from the International Federation of Journalists
that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed the amount
killed in the Vietnam War, which lasted two decades".[658] Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint
with the International Criminal Court under section 8.2.b of the Rome Statute, accusing Israel of
committing war crimes against 8 journalists.[659][657] It also lodged a complaint against Hamas, under
section 8.2.a of the Rome Statute for the killing of a reporter covering the 7 October attack.[659] The
Committee to Protect Journalists accused Israel of targeting journalists reporting from Gaza and their
families, saying that in at least two cases, "journalists reported receiving threats from Israeli officials and
Israel Defense Forces officers before their family members were killed".[660]

See also
Misinformation in the Gaza war
Outline of the Gaza war
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
List of wars involving Israel
List of wars involving the State of Palestine
Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023
Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2024

Notes
a. See List of military aid to Israel during the Gaza war for more details
b. Fired by Netanyahu as defense minister on 5 November 2024.
c. The combined forces of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad add up to 37,000.[1][2]
Estimates for Hamas alone are highly variable, from 20,000 to over 40,000.[3][4]
d. Including 169,500 active personnel[5] and 360,000 reservists[6]
e. Per the Gaza Health Ministry[9] the number recorded killed is 48,453.[10][11][12]
The number of killed identified is 34,344:[13][14][15]

Israeli estimate: 36,000+ killed including nearly 20,000 militants[16]

US intelligence estimate: 10,000–15,000 militants (as of January 2025)[17][18][19]

f. In addition to direct deaths, armed conflicts result in indirect deaths "attributable to the
conflict". Mortality due to indirect deaths could be due to a variety of causes, such as
infectious diseases.[21]
g. Estimated 51,000 natural deaths, natural death rate has gone up from 3.5/1000 to
22/1000 (late June 2024).[25]
At least 45 deaths confirmed due to starvation and malnutrition only and deaths were
also confirmed due to dehydration,[26][27][28][29] but the true figure is likely to be far
higher.[30][31]
h. Per the Palestinian Health Authority
i. Based in Israel proper (1967 borders).
j. (per Hezbollah, Hamas, PIJ and Lebanese Health Ministry)[38]
k. (per Syrian Observatory for Human Rights)[41][42]
l. Total is derived from taking the current number of killed in Gaza, the current number of killed
in West Bank, the current number of militants killed inside Israel, the current number of killed
in Lebanon and the current number of killed in Syria.
m. Including:

810[43]–815[44] on October 7 (including foreign or dual national citizens and including "up
to" 14 Israeli civilians killed by the Israeli military as part of the Hannibal Directive[43][45])
82 dead hostages (including 34 dead hostages that remain in Gaza) hostages in Gaza
thought dead[46]
46 on the Lebanese border[47]
3 in Alexandria, Egypt
23 in the West Bank and Israel by 6 January 2025 (per OCHA oPt and The Times of
Israel),[48][49] not including 1 mistakenly killed by Israeli forces in Jerusalem[50] and 4
killed by militants (2 near Ofra,[51] 1 in Tel Aviv[52], 1 near al-Khader[53], 1 in Haifa[54],
and 1 near Pardes Hanna-Karkur[55]), bringing the total to 30 conflict-related deaths for
the period
2 in Gaza Strip[56][57]
8 in Tel Aviv[58][59]
3 in Allenby Bridge[60]
1 in Hadera[61]
1 in Afula by heart attack in Iranian missile attack[62]
1 in Herzliya[63]
1 in Rishon LeZion by heart attack in a Houthi missile attack[64]
1 in the West Bank from Israeli fire[65]
n. Including:[66][67][68][69][70]
912 (844 confirmed by names) Israel Defence Force soldiers
69 Israel Police officers
10 Shin Bet personnel
The higher figure for IDF soldier deaths includes soldiers who died since the start of the war,
but not necessarily as a result of it. The lower figure for IDF soldier deaths includes only
those listed by the IDF as killed in the war. Both figures include deaths in areas other than
the Gaza Strip, including Israel proper, the West Bank, Golan and Lebanon.
o. including 5,569 soldiers (as of 2 January 2025)
p. Also referred to as the 'Israel–Gaza war', 'Israel–Hamas war', 'war on Gaza', the 'war of iron
swords' (Hebrew: ‫)מלחמת חרבות ברזל‬, the 'battle of al-Aqsa Flood' (Arabic: ‫معركة طوفان‬
‫)األقصى‬, 'October 7 war,' and others. For more information, see Names.
q. Including Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Al-Aqsa
Martyrs' Brigades, the Palestinian Mujahideen Movement and the Democratic Front for the
Liberation of Palestine.[74][75]
r. 34,344 Palestinians of which have been fully identified as of 17 September 2024.
s. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu is reported to have backed changing the name of
the war to 'Genesis,' evoking the biblical Book of Genesis.[106][107] A group of Israeli
politicians supported the name change because of what they see as "its universality and
association with a new reality, separating between darkness and light, good and evil,
barbarism and civilization."[107] The plan has also been presented to National Unity Party
leader Benny Gantz and Israel's Public Diplomacy Directorate.[107]
t. Sources:[494][495][496]
u. Including:
915 civilians killed

828 on October 7[44][499][500][501][502] (including 258 foreign or dual national citizens

and 14+ hostages in Gaza)[43]
33 additional hostages in Gaza thought dead[499]
27 on the Lebanese border[503][504]
3 in Alexandria, Egypt
14 in the West Bank and Israel by 11 August 2024 (per OCHA oPt)[48] not including 1
mistakenly killed by Israeli forces in Jerusalem[50] and 3 killed by militants (2 near
Ofra[51] and 1 near Kedumim),[505] bringing the total to 18 conflict-related deaths for
the period
1 in Rafah, Gaza Strip[506]
1 in Tel Aviv[507]
3 in Allenby Bridge[60]
791 security forces killed[66]
715 soldiers
66 Israel Police officers
10 Shin Bet personnel[508]
v. Casualty by nationality[509][510]
152–158 Palestinian
2–4 Israeli
6–9 Lebanese
0–1 Syrian
w. Israeli UN Ambassador Gilad Erdan responded directly to Guterres, stating, "Shame on
[Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9-month-old baby as well as toddlers and
children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against
their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate
this terrorist organization."[543][544]
x. By December 2023, the percentage of buildings damaged or destroyed in Gaza exceeded
Dresden and Cologne during World War II and approached the level of destruction seen in
Hamburg.[552][554]
y. In northern Gaza, including Gaza City, the number of buildings damaged or destroyed is as
high as 80 percent.[557]
z. In October 2024, The New York Times estimated 168,000 buildings in Gaza had been
damaged or destroyed.[558]
aa. A conservative estimate for U.S. funding for Israel's military operations and related U.S.
operations in the area sets the figure for the fiscal year between 7 October and 30
September at $22.76 billion.[647]

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External links
Israel–Hamas war (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2235848) at the
Encyclopædia Britannica
Israel–Hamas war (https://news.google.com/topics/CAAqKAgKIiJDQkFTRXdvTkwyY3ZNVE
ZzTXpaclgyNDVaaElDWlc0b0FBUAE) at Google News
Hostilities in Gaza and Israel, Humanitarian Situation Updates (https://www.ochaopt.org/upd
ates), OCHA.
Monthly Bulletin (Action by UN System and IGOs Relevant to Question of Palestine) (https://
www.un.org/unispal/data-collection/monthly-bulletin/), UNRWA
Swords of Iron (https://www.gov.il/en/departments/topics/swords-of-iron/govil-landing-page),
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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